Part 1

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE LABYRINTHULIDEA: "From each cyst ultimately emerges a single amoeba, or more rarely four (figs. 6, 7)." 'amoeba' amended from 'amoebae'.

ARTICLE LACE: "... upon the lace-making industry in Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire contains many illustrations of laces made in these counties from the 17th century to the present time." 'Bedfordshire' amended from 'Bedforshire'.

ARTICLE LACONIA: "The coast, especially on the east, is rugged and dangerous." 'especially' amended from 'expecially'.

ARTICLE LA FARGE, JOHN: "Hokusai: A Talk about Hokusai (New York, 1897), and An Artist's Letters from Japan (New York, 1897)." 'Hokusai' amended from 'Hoksuai'.

ARTICLE LAMELLIBRANCHIA: "The series of oval holes on the back of the lamella are the water-pores which open between the filaments in irregular rows separated horizontally by the transverse inter-filamentar junctions." 'filamentar' amended from 'filmentar'.

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771. SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784. THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797. FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810. FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817. SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824. SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842. EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860. NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889. TENTH " ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes, 1902-1903. ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of the UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

_All rights reserved_

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XVI L to LORD ADVOCATE

New York

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

VOLUME XVI, SLICE I

L to Lamellibranchia

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

L LA FARINA, GIUSEPPE LAACHER SEE LA FAYETTE, GILBERT MOTIER DE LAAGER LA FAYETTE, LOUISE DE LAAS, ERNST LA FAYETTE, ROCH GILBERT DU MOTIER LA BADIE, JEAN DE LA FAYETTE, PIOCHE DE LA VERGNE LABEL LAFAYETTE LABEO, MARCUS ANTISTIUS LA FERTÉ LABERIUS, DECIMUS LA FERTÉ-BERNARD LABIATAE LA FERTÉ-MILON LABICANA, VIA LAFFITTE, JACQUES LABICHE, EUGÈNE MARIN LAFFITTE, PIERRE LABICI LA FLÈCHE LABID LAFONT, PIERRE CHÉRI LABIENUS LA FONTAINE, JEAN DE LABLACHE, LUIGI LAFONTAINE, SIR LOUIS HIPPOLYTE LABOR DAY LAFOSSE, CHARLES DE LA BOURBOULE LAGARDE, PAUL ANTON DE LABOUR CHURCH, THE LAGASH LA BOURDONNAIS, FRANÇOIS LAGHMAN LABOUR EXCHANGE LAGOON LABOUR LEGISLATION LAGOS (province of Nigeria) LABOUR PARTY LAGOS (seaport of Nigeria) LABRADOR LAGOS (seaport of Portugal) LABRADORITE LA GRÂCE LABRADOR TEA LA GRAND' COMBE LABRUM LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS LA BRUYÈRE, JEAN DE LAGRANGE-CHANCEL, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH LABUAN LA GRANJA LABURNUM LAGRENÉE, LOUIS JEAN FRANÇOIS LABYRINTH LA GUAIRA LABYRINTHULIDEA LA GUÉRONNIÈRE, DUBREUIL HÉLION LAC LAGUERRE, JEAN HENRI GEORGES LACAILLE, NICOLAS LOUIS DE LAGUNA LACAITA, SIR JAMES LA HARPE, JEAN FRANÇOIS DE LA CALLE LAHIRE, LAURENT DE LA CALPRENÈDE, COSTES LAHN LA CARLOTA LAHNDA LACCADIVE ISLANDS LA HOGUE, BATTLE OF LACCOLITE LAHORE LACE LA HOZ Y MOTA, JUAN CLAUDIO DE LACE-BARK TREE LAHR LACEDAEMON LAIBACH LACÉPÈDE, BERNARD DE LA VILLE LAIDLAW, WILLIAM LACEWING-FLY LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON LA CHAISE, FRANÇOIS DE LAING, DAVID LA CHAISE-DIEU LAING, MALCOLM LA CHALOTAIS, DE CARADEUC DE LAING, SAMUEL LA CHARITÉ LAING'S NEK LA CHAUSSÉE, NIVELLE DE LAIRD, MACGREGOR LACHES LAÏS LACHINE LAISANT, CHARLES ANNE LACHISH LAI-YANG LACHMANN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM LAKANAL, JOSEPH LACINIUM, PROMUNTURIUM LAKE, GERARD LAKE LA CIOTAT LAKE LA CLOCHE, JAMES DE LAKE CHARLES LA CONDAMINE, CHARLES MARIE DE LAKE CITY LACONIA (Peloponnese district) LAKE DISTRICT LACONIA (New Hampshire, U.S.A.) LAKE DWELLINGS LACONICUM LAKE GENEVA LACORDAIRE, JEAN BAPTISTE HENRI LAKE OF THE WOODS LACQUER LAKE PLACID LACRETELLE, PIERRE LOUIS DE LAKEWOOD LACROIX, ANTOINE FRANÇOIS ALFRED LAKH LACROIX, PAUL LAKHIMPUR LACROMA LAKSHMI LA CROSSE LALAING, JACQUES DE LACROSSE LALANDE, JOSEPH JÉRÔME LEFRANÇAIS DE LA CRUZ, RAMÓN DE LALÍN LACRYMATORY LA LINEA LACTANTIUS FIRMIANUS LALITPUR LACTIC ACID LALLY, THOMAS ARTHUR LACTONES LALLY-TOLLENDAL, TROPHIME GÉRARD LA CUEVA, JUAN DE LALO, EDOUARD LACUNAR LA MADDALENA LACUZON LAMAISM LACY, FRANZ MORITZ LAMALOU-LES-BAINS LACY, HARRIETTE DEBORAH LAMA-MIAO LACY, MICHAEL ROPHINO LAMAR, LUCIUS QUINTUS CINCINNATUS LACYDES OF CYRENE LAMARCK, ANTOINE DE MONET LADAKH AND BALTISTAN LA MARGHERITA, CLEMENTE SOLARO LADD, GEORGE TRUMBULL LA MARMORA, ALFONSO FERRERO LADDER LAMARTINE, LOUIS DE PRAT DE LADING LAMB, CHARLES LADISLAUS I LAMB LADISLAUS IV. LAMBALLE, LOUISE OF SAVOY-CARIGNANO LADISLAUS V. LAMBALLE LA DIXMERIE, NICOLAS BRICAIRE DE LAMBAYEQUE LADO ENCLAVE LAMBEAUX, JEF LADOGA LAMBERMONT, AUGUSTE LADY LAMBERT, DANIEL LADYBANK LAMBERT, FRANCIS LADYBRAND LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH LADY-CHAPEL LAMBERT, JOHN (English martyr) LADY DAY LAMBERT, JOHN (English general) LADYSMITH LAMBERT OF HERSFELD LAELIUS LAMBESSA LAENAS LAMBETH LAER, PIETER VAN LAMBETH CONFERENCES LAESTRYGONES LAMBINUS, DIONYSIUS LAETUS, JULIUS POMPONIUS LAMBOURN LAEVIUS LAMECH LAEVULINIC ACID LAMEGO LA FARGE, JOHN LAMELLIBRANCHIA

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XVI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. Ch. A. B. CHATWOOD, B.SC., A.M.INST.C.E., M.INST.ELEC.E.

Lock.

A. B. R. ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A., D.SC, F.R.S., F.L.S.

Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of _Text Book on Classification of Flowering Plants, &c._

Leaf.

A. C. F. ALEXANDER CAMPBELL FRASER, LL.D.

See the biographical article: FRASER, A. C.

Locke, John.

A. C. S. ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.

See the biographical article: SWINBURNE, A. C.

Landor.

A. D. HENRY AUSTIN DOBSON, LL.D.

See the biographical article: Dobson, HENRY AUSTIN.

Locker-Lampson.

A. Fi. PIERRE MARIE AUGUSTE FILON.

See the biographical article: FILON, P. M. A.

Labiche.

A. F. P. ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under the Protector Somerset_; _Henry VIII._; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

Lambert, Francis; Lambert, Nicholson.

A. Gl. ARNOLD GLOVER, M.A., LL.B. (d. 1905)

Trinity College, Cambridge; Joint-editor of _Beaumont and Fletcher_ for the Cambridge University Press.

Layard.

A. Go.* REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

Lecturer in Church History in the University of Manchester.

Laurentius, Paul; Libertines.

A. G. D. ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G., M.A., LITT.D., F.R.HIST.S., F.R.S.(Canada).

Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada. Author of _The Cradle of New France_; &c. Joint editor of _Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada_.

Lafontaine.

A. H. S. REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, LITT.D., LL.D.

See the biographical article: SAYCE, A. H.

Laodicea.

A. J. G. REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.

Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University, and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

Logos (_in part_).

A. J. L. ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.

Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of the _Rio News_ (Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901.

Lima (_Peru_).

A. L. ANDREW LANG.

See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW.

La Cloche.

A. M. An. ADELAIDE MARY ANDERSON, M.A.

H.M. Principal Lady Inspector of Factories, Home Office. Clerk to the Royal Commission on Labour, 1892-1894. Gamble Gold Medallist, Girton College, Cambridge, 1893. Author of various articles on Industrial Life and Legislation, &c.

Labour Legislation.

A. M. C. AGNES MARY CLERKE.

See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.

Lagrange; Laplace; Leverrier.

A. N. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

Lämmergeyer; Lapwing; Lark; Linnet; Loom.

A. P. C. ARTHUR PHILEMON COLEMAN, M.A., PH.D., F.R.S.

Professor of Geology in the University of Toronto. Geologist, Bureau of Mines, Toronto, 1893-1910. Author of _Reports of the Bureau of Mines of Ontario_.

Labrador (_in part_).

A. P. Lo. ALBERT PETER LOW.

Deputy Minister of Department of Mines, Canada. Member of Geological Survey of Canada. Author of _Report on the Exploration in the Labrador Peninsula_; &c.

Labrador (_in part_).

A. Se.* ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.

Professor of Zoology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Fellow, and formerly Tutor, of Trinity College, Cambridge. Professor of Zoology in the University of Cambridge, 1907-1909.

Larval Forms.

A. Sl. ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.

Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of _The London Water-Supply_; _Industrial Efficiency_; _Drink, Temperance and Legislation_.

Liquor Laws.

A. So. ALBRECHT SOCIN, PH.D. (1844-1899).

Formerly Professor of Semitic Philology in the Universities of Leipzig and Tübingen. Author of _Arabische Grammatik_; &c.

Lebanon (_in part_).

A. S. C. ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.

Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Author of _Ancient Needle Point and Pillow Lace_; _Embroidery and Lace_; _Ornament in European Silks_; &c.

Lace.

A. St H. G. ALFRED ST HILL GIBBONS.

Major, East Yorkshire Regiment. Explorer in South Central Africa. Author of _Africa from South to North through Marotseland._

Lewanika.

A. S. M. ALEXANDER STUART MURRAY, LL.D.

See the biographical article: MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART.

Lamp.

A. S. W. AUGUSTUS SAMUEL WILKINS, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D. (1843-1905).

Professor of Latin, Owens College, Manchester, 1869-1905. Author of _Roman Literature_; &c.

Latin Language (_in part_).

A. T. T. A. T. THORSON.

Official in Life Saving Service, U.S.A.

Life-boat: _United States_.

A. W. H.* ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.

Leopold I. (_Roman Emperor_); Levellers.

A. W. Hu. REV. ARTHUR WOLLASTON HUTTON, M.A.

Rector of Bow Church, Cheapside. Librarian National Liberal Club, 1889-1899. Author of _Life of Cardinal Newman_; _Life of Cardinal Manning_; &c.

Leo XIII.

A. W. R. ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.

Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.

Landlord and Tenant; Letters Patent; Lodger and Lodgings.

A. W. W. ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D.

See the biographical article: WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM.

Lodge, Thomas.

B. D. J. BENJAMIN DAYDON JACKSON, PH.D.

General Secretary of the Linnean Society. Secretary to Departmental Committee of H.M. Treasury on Botanical Work, 1900-1901. Author of _Glossary of Botanic Terms_; &c.

Linnaeus.

C. THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF CREWE.

See the biographical article: CREWE, 1ST EARL OF.

Laprade.

C. C. W. CHARLES CRAWFORD WHINERY, A.M.

Cornell University. Assistant editor 11th Edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_.

La Salle; Lincoln, Abraham (_in part_).

C. Di. CHARLES DIBDIN. F.R.G.S.

Secretary of the Royal National Life-boat Institution. Hon. Secretary of the Civil Service Life-boat Fund, 1870-1906.

Life-boat: _British_.

C. D. W. HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON WRIGHT.

See the biographical article: WRIGHT, HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON.

Labour Legislation: _United States_.

C. E.* CHARLES EVERITT. M.A., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.

Formerly Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.

Light: _Introduction and History_.

C. F. A. CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold Harbour_.

Long Island (_Battle_).

C. F.-Br. CHARLES FORTESCUE-BRICKDALE.

Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Registrar of the Office of the Land Registry, Lincoln's Inn Fields. Author of _Registration of Title to Land_; _The Practice of the Land Registry_; _Land Transfer in Various Countries_; &c.

Land Registration.

C. H.* SIR CHARLES HOLROYD.

See the biographical article: HOLROYD, SIR CHARLES.

Legros.

C. H. Ha. CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member of the American Historical Association.

Leo I.-X. (_Popes_).

C. J. B.* REV. CHARLES JAMES BALL, M.A.

University Lecturer in Assyriology, Oxford. Author of _Light from the East_.

Lamentations.

C. L. K. CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, MA., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary, Board of Education. Author of _Life of Henry V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_ and Stow's _Survey of London_.

Lancaster, John of Gaunt, duke of.

C. M. CARL THEODOR MIRBT, D.TH.

Professor of Church History in the University of Marburg. Author of _Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregor VII._; _Quellen zur Geschichte des Papstthums_; &c.

Lateran Councils.

C. Mo. WILLIAM COSMO MONKHOUSE.

See the biographical article: MONKHOUSE, W. C.

Leighton, Lord.

C. R. B. CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of Modem History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.

Leif Ericsson; Leo, Johannes.

De B. HENRI G. S. A. DE BLOWITZ.

See the biographical article: BLOWITZ, H. DE.

Lesseps, Ferdinand de.

D. F. T. DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.

Author of _Essays in Musical Analysis_: comprising _The Classical Concerto_, _The Goldberg Variations_, and analysis of many other classical works.

Lasso, Orlando.

D. G. H. DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A.

Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naucratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907; Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.

Latakia; Lebanon (_in part_).

D. H. DAVID HANNAY.

Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short History of the Royal Navy_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.

La Hogue, Battle of; Lauria, Roger de; Lepanto, Battle of; Lissa.

D. Ll. T. DANIEL LLEUFER THOMAS.

Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Stipendiary Magistrate at Pontypridd and Rhondda.

Llantwit Major.

D. Mn. REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A.

Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Author of _Constructive Congregational Ideals_; &c.

Leighton, Robert (_in part_).

D. M. W. SIR DONALD MACKENZIE WALLACE, K.C.I.E., K.C.V.O.

Extra Groom of the Bedchamber to H.M. King George V. Director of the Foreign Department of _The Times_, 1891-1899. Member of the Institut de Droit International and Officier de l'Instruction Publique (France). Joint-editor of New Volumes (10th ed.) of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. Author of _Russia_; _Egypt and the Egyptian Question_; _The Web of Empire_; &c.

Lobánov-Rostovski.

E. B.* ERNEST CHARLES FRANÇOIS BABELON.

Professor at the Collège de France. Keeper of the department of Medals and Antiquities at the Bibliothèque Nationale. Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et de Belles Lettres, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Descriptions Historiques des Monnaies de la République Romaine_; _Traités des Monnaies Grecques et Romaines_; _Catalogue des Camées de la Bibliothèque Nationale_.

Leptis.

E. C. B. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., M.A., D.LITT. (Dublin).

Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of Palladius," in _Cambridge Texts and Studies_, vol. vi.

Leo, Brother.

E. Da. EDWARD GEORGE DANNREUTHER (1844-1905).

Member of Board of Professors, Royal College of Music, 1895-1905. Conducted the first Wagner Concerts in London, 1873-1874. Author of _The Music of the Future_; &c. Editor of a critical edition of Liszt's _Etudes_.

Liszt.

E. D. J. W. EDWARD D. J. WILSON.

Formerly Leader-writer on _The Times_.

Londonderry, 2nd Marquess of.

E. G. EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D., D.C.L.

See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND.

Lampoon; Lie, Jonas L. E.

E. Ga. EMILE GARCKE, M.INST.E.E.

Managing Director of British Electric Traction Co., Ltd. Author of _Manual of Electrical Undertakings_; &c.

Lighting: _Electric (Commercial Aspects)_.

E. He. EDWARD HEAWOOD, M.A.

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society, London.

Livingstone Mountains.

E. J. D. EDWARD JOSEPH DENT, M.A., MUS.BAC.

Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Author of _A. Scarlatti: his Life and Works_.

Leo, Leonardo.

E. O.* EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC.

Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of Cambridge, London and Durham. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students_.

Liver: _Surgery of Liver and Gall Bladder_.

E. Pr. EDGAR PRESTAGE.

Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Examiner in Portuguese in the Universities of London, Manchester, &c. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences, Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. Author of _Letters of a Portuguese Nun_; _Azurara's Chronicle of Guinea_; &c.

Lobo, F. R.; Lopes, Fernão.

E. R. L. SIR EDWIN RAY LANKESTER, K.C.B., F.R.S., D.SC.

Hon. Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. Director of the Natural History Departments of the British Museum, 1898-1907. President of the British Association, 1906. Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in University College, London, 1874-1890. Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford, 1891-1898. Vice-President of the Royal Society, 1896. Romanes Lecturer at Oxford, 1905. Author of _Degeneration_; _The Advancement of Science_; _The Kingdom of Man_; &c.

Lamellibranchia (_in part_).

E. V. L. EDWARD VERRALL LUCAS.

Editor of _Works of Charles Lamb_. Author of _Life of Charles Lamb_.

Lamb, Charles.

F. E. B. FRANK EVERS BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.

Prosector of Zoological Society, London. Formerly Lecturer in Biology at Guy's Hospital, London. Naturalist to "Challenger" Expedition Commission, 1882-1884. Author of _Monograph of the Oligochaeta_; _Animal Colouration_; &c.

Leech.

F. E. W. REV. FREDERICK EDWARD WARREN, M.A., B.D., F.S.A.

Rector of Bardwell, Bury St Edmunds. Fellow of St John's College, Oxford, 1865-1882. Author of _The Old Catholic Ritual done into English and compared with the Corresponding Offices in the Roman and Old German Manuals_; _The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church_; &c.

Lection, Lectionary; Lector; Litany; Liturgy.

F. G. M. B. FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.

Lombards (_in part_).

F. G. P. FREDERICK GYMER PARSONS, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., F.R.ANTHROP.INST.

Vice-President, Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Lecturer on Anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital and the London School of Medicine for Women. Formerly Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons.

Liver: _Anatomy_.

F. J. H. FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A.

Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Brasenose College. Ford's Lecturer, 1906-1907. Fellow of the British Academy. Author of Monographs on Roman History, especially Roman Britain; &c.

Legion (_in part_); Limes Germanicus.

F. L.* SIR FRANKLIN LUSHINGTON, M.A.

Formerly Chief Police Magistrate for London. Author of Wagers of Battle.

Lear, Edward.

F. V. B. F. VINCENT BROOKS.

Lithography.

F. v. H. BARON FRIEDRICH VON HÜGEL.

Member of Cambridge Philological Society; Member of Hellenic Society. Author of _The Mystical Element of Religion_.

Loisy.

F. Wa. FRANCIS WATT, M.A.

Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Author of _Law's Lumber Room_; _Scotland of to-day_; &c.

Law, John.

F. W. R.* FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.

Labradorite; Lapis Lazuli.

F. W. Ra. FRANCIS WILLIAM RAIKES, K.C., LL.D. (1842-1906).

Judge of County Courts, Hull, 1898-1906. Joint-author of _The New Practice_; &c.

Lien.

G. A. Gr. GEORGE ABRAHAM GRIERSON, C.I.E., PH.D., D.LITT. (Dubl.).

Member of the Indian Civil Service, 1873-1903. In charge of Linguistic Survey of India, 1898-1902. Gold Medallist, Royal Asiatic Society, 1909. Vice-President of the Royal Asiatic Society. Formerly Fellow of Calcutta University. Author of _The Languages of India_; &c.

Lahnda.

G. E. REV. GEORGE EDMUNDSON. M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1909-1910. Employed by British Government in preparation of the British Case in the British Guiana-Venezuelan and British Guiana-Brazilian boundary arbitrations.

Limburg.

G. F. B. GEORGE FREDERICK BARWICK.

Assistant-Keeper of Printed Books and Superintendent of Reading-room, British Museum.

Lavigerie.

G. F. K. GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, A.M., PH.D., D.SC.

Gem Expert to Messrs Tiffany & Co., New York. Hon. Curator of Precious Stones, American Museum of Natural History, New York. Fellow of Geological Society of America. Author of _Precious Stones of North America_; &c. Senior Editor of _Book of the Pearl_.

Lapidary and Gem-cutting.

G. H. C. GEORGE HERBERT CARPENTER, B.SC.

Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Author of _Insects: Their Structure and Life_.

Lepidoptera.

G. Sa. GEORGE SAINTSBURY, D.C.L., LL.D.

See the biographical article: SAINTSBURY, GEORGE E. B.

La Bruyère; La Fontaine; Lamartine; La Rochefoucauld; Le Sage.

G. S. L. GEORGE SOMES LAYARD.

Trinity College, Cambridge. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Author of _Charles Keene_; _Shirley Brooks_; &c.

Linton, William James.

G. W. T. REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D.

Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.

Labid.

H. A. L. HENDRIK ANTOON LORENTZ.

Professor of Physics in the University of Leiden. Author of _La théorie electromagnétique de Maxwell et son application aux corps mouvants_.

Light: _Nature of_.

H. B. W.* HENRY BENJAMIN WHEATLEY, F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary, Royal Society of Arts, 1879-1909. President of the Samuel Pepys Club, 1903-1910. Vice-President of the Bibliographical Society, 1908-1910. Author of _The Story of London_; _London Past and Present_; &c.

London: _History_.

H. B. Wo. HORACE BOLINGBROKE WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S.

Formerly Assistant Director of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. President Geologists' Association, 1893-1894. Wollaston Medallist, 1908.

Logan, Sir William E.; Lonsdale, William.

H. Ch. HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the 11th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; Co-editor of the 10th edition.

Lloyd George, D.

H. De. REV. HIPPOLYTE DELEHAYE, S.J.

Bollandist. Joint-author of the _Acta Sanctorum_.

Lawrence, St; Linus.

H. F. G. HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, M.A., F.R.S., PH.D.

Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_ (Cambridge Natural History).

Lizard.

H. F. P. HENRY FRANCIS PELHAM, LL.D.

See the biographical article: PELHAM, H. F.

Livy (_in part_).

H. H. J. SIR HENRY HAMILTON JOHNSTON, K.C.B., G.C.M.G.

See the biographical article: JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON.

Liberia.

H. M. S. HENRY MORSE STEPHENS, M.A., LITT.D.

Professor of History and Director of University Extension, University of California. Author of _History of the French Revolution_; _Revolutionary Europe_; &c.

Littré.

H. R. T. HENRY RICHARD TEDDER, F.S.A.

Secretary and Librarian of the Athenaeum Club, London.

Libraries (_in part_).

H. St. HENRY STURT, M.A.

Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; and _Personal Idealism_.

Lange, Friedrich Albert.

H. T. A. REV. HERBERT THOMAS ANDREWS.

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, New College, London. Author of the "Commentary on Acts," in the _Westminster New Testament_; _Handbook on the Apocryphal Books_ in the "Century Bible."

Logia.

H. W. B.* HERBERT WILLIAM BLUNT, M.A.

Student, Tutor, and Librarian, Christ Church, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of All Souls' College.

Logic: _History_.

H. W. C. D. HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of _Charlemagne_; _England under the Normans and Angevins_; &c.

Lanfranc; Langton, Stephen.

H. Y. SIR HENRY YULE, K.C.S.I.

See the biographical article: YULE, SIR HENRY.

Lhasa (_in part_).

I. A. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS.

Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature in the University of Cambridge. Formerly President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author of _A Short History of Jewish Literature_; _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_; _Judaism_; &c.

Lazarus, Emma; Leon, Moses; Leon of Modena.

J. An. JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D.

Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Assistant Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and Rhind Lecturer, 1879-1882 and 1892. Editor of Drummond's _Ancient Scottish Weapons_; &c.

Lake Dwellings.

J. A. F. JOHN AMBROSE FLEMING, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Pender Professor of Electrical Engineering in the University of London. Fellow of University College, London. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Vice-President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Author of _The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy_; _Magnets and Electric Currents_; &c.

Leyden Jar; Lighting: _Electric_.

J. A. F. M. JOHN ALEXANDER FULLER MAITLAND, M.A., F.S.A.

Musical critic of _The Times_. Author of _Life of Schumann_; _The Musician's Pilgrimage_; _Masters of German Music_; _English Music in the Nineteenth Century_; _The Age of Bach and Handel_. Editor of _Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians_; &c.

Lind, Jenny.

J. A. H. JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. Author of _The Geology of Building Stones_; &c.

Lias; Llandovery Group.

J. Dr. SIR JAMES DEWAR, F.R.S., LL.D.

See the biographical article: DEWAR, SIR J.

Liquid Gases.

J. D. B. JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S.

King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent of _The Times_ in South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order of St Alexander of Bulgaria.

Larissa.

J. D. Br. JAMES DUFF BROWN.

Borough Librarian, Islington Public Libraries. Vice-President of the Library Association. Author of _Guide to Librarianship_; &c.

Libraries (_in part_).

J. F.-K. JAMES FITZMAURICE-KELLY, LITT.D., F.R.HIST.S.