Part 2
Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool University. Norman McColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow of the British Academy. Member of the Royal Spanish Academy. Knight Commander of the Order of Alphonso XII. Author of _A History of Spanish Literature_; &c.
La Cueva; Larra; Literature.
J. F. St. JOHN FREDERICK STENNING, M.A.
Dean and Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. University Lecturer in Aramaic, Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew at Wadham College.
Leviticus.
J. Ga. JAMES GAIRDNER, C.B., LL.D.
See the biographical article: GAIRDNER, JAMES.
Lancaster, House of; Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of.
J. G. F. SIR JOSHUA GIRLING FITCH, LL.D.
See the biographical article: FITCH, SIR J. G.
Lancaster, Joseph.
J. G. N. JOHN GEORGE NICOLAY (1832-1901).
Marshal of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1872-1887. Joint-author of _Abraham Lincoln_: &c.
Lincoln, Abraham (_in part_).
J. G. P.* JAMES GORDON PARKER, D.SC., F.C.S.
Principal of Leathersellers Technical College, London. Gold Medallist, Society of Arts. Author of _Leather for Libraries_; _Principles of Tanning_; &c.
Leather.
J. G. R. JOHN GEORGE ROBERTSON, M.A., PH.D.
Professor of German Language and Literature, University of London. Editor of the _Modern Language Journal_. Author of _History of German Literature_; _Schiller after a Century_; &c.
Lessing (_in part_).
J. Hn. JUSTUUS HASHAGEN, PH.D.
Privat-dozent in Medieval and Modern History, University of Bonn. Author of _Das Rheinland unter der französische Herrschaft_.
Lang, Karl Heinrich; Ledochowski; Leo, Heinrich.
J. H. F. JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A.
Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.
Leo VI. (_Emperor of the East_).
J. Hl. R. JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D.
Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of Pitt_; &c.
Las Casas.
J. J. L.* REV. JOHN JAMES LIAS, M.A.
Chancellor of Llandaff Cathedral. Formerly Hulsean Lecturer in Divinity and Lady Margaret Preacher, University of Cambridge.
Langen.
J. K. I. JOHN KELLS INGRAM, LL.D.
See the biographical article: INGRAM, J. K.
Leslie, Thomas E. C.
J. Le. REV. JAMES LEGGE, M.A.
See the biographical article: LEGGE, JAMES.
Lâo-Tsze.
J. L. M. JOHN LINTON MYRES, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S.
Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Formerly Gladstone Professor of Greek and Lecturer in Ancient Geography, University of Liverpool. Lecturer in Classical Archaeology in University of Oxford.
Leleges; Locri (_Greece_).
J. L. W. JESSIE LAIDLAY WESTON.
Author of _Arthurian Romances unrepresented in Malory_.
Lancelot.
J. Mu. SIR JOHN MURRAY, K.C.B., F.R.S.
See the biographical article: MURRAY, SIR JOHN.
Lake.
J. M. C. REV. JAMES M. CROMBIE.
Author of _Braemar: its Topography and Natural History_; _Lichenes Britannici_.
Lichens (_in part_).
J. M. G. JOHN MILLER GRAY (1850-1894).
Art Critic and Curator of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, 1884-1894. Author of _David Scott, R.S.A._; _James and William Tassie_.
Leech, John.
J. P. E. JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHÉMAR ESMEIN.
Professor of Law in the University of Paris. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Member of the Institute of France. Author of _Cours élémentaire d'histoire du droit français_; &c.
Lettres de Cachet.
J. P. P. JOHN PERCIVAL POSTGATE, M.A., LITT.D.
Professor of Latin in the University of Liverpool. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Editor of the _Classical Quarterly_. Editor-in-chief of the _Corpus Poetarum Latinorum_; &c.
Latin Literature (_in part_).
J. P. Pe. REV. JOHN PUNNETT PETERS, PH.D., D.D.
Canon Residentiary, P. E. Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director of the University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of _Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates_; _Scriptures, Hebrew and Christian_.
Lagash; Larsa.
J. S. JAMES SULLY, LL.D.
See the biographical article: SULLY, JAMES.
Lewes, George Henry (_in part_).
J. Si. JAMES SIME, M.A. (1843-1895).
Author of _A History of Germany_; &c.
Lessing (_in part_).
J. S. F. JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S.
Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society of London.
Laccolite; Lamprophyres; Laterite; Leucite: _Leucite Rocks_; Limestone.
J. S. K. JOHN SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D., F.S.S., F.S.A. (Scot.).
Secretary, Royal Geographical Society. Hon. Member, Geographical Societies of Paris, Berlin, Rome, &c. Editor of the _Statesman's Year Book_. Editor of the _Geographical Journal_.
Livingstone.
J. S. W. JOHN STEPHEN WILLISON, LL.D., F.R.S. (Canada).
Editor of _The News_ (Toronto). Canadian Correspondent of _The Times_. Author of _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; &c.
Laurier.
J. T. Be. JOHN THOMAS BEALBY.
Joint-author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.
Ladoga (_in part_); Livonia (_in part_); Lop-nor.
J. T. Br. J. TAYLOR BROWN.
Leighton, Robert (_in part_).
J. T. C. JOSEPH THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S.
Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Assistant Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to the Marine Biological Association.
Lamellibranchia (_in part_).
J. T. S.* JAMES THOMSON SHOTWELL, PH.D.
Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City.
Languedoc.
J. V.* JULES VIARD.
Archivist at the National Archives, Paris. Officer of Public Instruction. Author of _La France sous Philippe VI. de Valois_; &c.
Le Maçon.
J. W. D. CAPTAIN J. WHITLY DIXON, R.N.
Nautical Assessor to the Court of Appeal.
Log.
J. W. He. JAMES WYCLIFFE HEADLAM, M.A.
Staff Inspector of Secondary Schools under the Board of Education. Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Professor of Greek and Ancient History at Queen's College, London. Author of _Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire_; &c.
Lasker.
J. W. L. G. JAMES WHITBREAD LEE GLAISHER, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Formerly President of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and the Royal Astronomical Society. Editor of _Messenger of Mathematics_ and the _Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics_.
Legendre, A. M.; Logarithm.
K. H. KILLINGWORTH HEDGES, M.INST.C.E., M.INST.ELECT.E.
Hon. Secretary of the Lightning Research Committee. Author of _Modern Lightning Conductors_; &c.
Lightning Conductor.
K. S. KATHLEEN SCHLESINGER.
Editor of _The Portfolio of Musical Archaeology_. Author of _The Instruments of the Orchestra_.
Lituus.
L. A. W. LAURENCE AUSTINE WADDELL, C.B., C.I.E., LL.D., M.B.
Lieut.-Colonel I.M.S. (retired). Author of _Lhasa and its Mysteries_; &c.
Lhasa (_in part_).
L. B. LAURENCE BINYON.
See the biographical article: BINYON, L.
Lawson, Cecil Gordon.
L. D.* LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER DUCHESNE.
See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L. M. O.
Liberius.
L. J. S. LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A.
Assistant in the Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_.
Leadhillite; Lepidolite; Leucite (_in part_); Liroconite.
L. T. D. SIR LEWIS TONNA DIBDIN, M.A., D.C.L., F.S.A.
Dean of the Arches; Master of the Faculties; and First Church Estates Commissioner. Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. Author of _Monasticism in England_; &c.
Lincoln Judgment, The.
L. V.* LUIGI VILLARI.
Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Dept.). Formerly Newspaper Correspondent in east of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New Orleans, 1906, Philadelphia, 1907, and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910. Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; &c.
Leopold II. (_Grand Duke of Tuscany_).
M. Br. MARGARET BRYANT.
Landor: _Bibliography_; La Sale.
M. Ca. MORITZ CANTOR, PH.D.
Honorary Professor of Mathematics in the University of Heidelberg. Author of _Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Mathematik_; &c.
Leonardo of Pisa.
M. H. S. MARION H. SPIELMANN, F.S.A.
Formerly Editor of the _Magazine of Art_. Member of Fine Art Committee of International Exhibitions of Brussels, Paris, Buenos Aires, Rome, and the Franco-British Exhibition, London. Author of _History of "Punch"_; _British Portrait Painting to the Opening of the Nineteenth Century_; _Works of G. F. Watts, R.A._; _British Sculpture and Sculptors of To-day_; _Henriette Ronner_; &c.
Line Engraving (_in part_).
M. N. T. MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD, M.A.
Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in Epigraphy. Joint-author of _Catalogue of the Sparta Museum_.
Laconia; Leonidas; Leotychides.
M. O. B. C. MAXIMILIAN OTTO BISMARCK CASPARI, M.A.
Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in Greek at Birmingham University, 1905-1908.
Leo I.-V. (_Emperors of the East_); Lesbos; Leuctra.
M. P.* LEON JACQUES MAXIME PRINET.
Formerly Archivist to the French National Archives. Auxiliary of the Institute of France (Academy of Moral and Political Sciences).
L'Aubespine.
N. G. G. NICHOLAS G. GEDYE.
Chief Engineer to the Tyne Improvement Commission.
Lighthouse (_in part_).
O. Hr. OTTO HENKER, PH.D.
On the Staff of the Carl Zeiss Factory, Jena, Germany.
Lens.
P. A. K. PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN.
See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, PRINCE P. A.
Ladoga (_in part_); Lithuanians and Letts: _History_; Livonia (_in part_).
P. C. M. PETER CHALMERS MITCHELL, M.A., F.R.S., D.SC., LL.D.
Secretary to the Zoological Society of London. University Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy and Assistant to Linacre Professor at Oxford, 1888-1891. Lecturer on Biology at Charing Cross Hospital, 1892-1894; at London Hospital, 1894. Examiner in Biology to the Royal College of Physicians, 1892-1896, 1901-1903. Examiner in Zoology to the University of London, 1903.
Life; Longevity.
P. C. Y. PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A.
Magdalen College, Oxford.
Laud, Archbishop; Lauderdale, Duke of; Leeds, 1st Duke of.
P. G. PERCY GARDNER. LITT.D., LL.D., F.S.A.
See the biographical article: GARDNER, PERCY.
Leochares.
P. Gi. PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D.
Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and University Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary of the Cambridge Philological Society. Author of _Manual of Comparative Philology_; &c.
L.
P. G. H. PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON.
See the biographical article: Hamerton, PHILIP GILBERT.
Line Engraving (_in part_).
R. A. S. M. ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A.
St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Lachish.
R. G. RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.
See the biographical article: GARNETT, RICHARD.
Leopardi.
R. I. P. REGINALD INNES POCOCK, F.Z.S.
Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, London.
Leaf-insect; Locust (_in part_).
R. J. M. RONALD JOHN MCNEILL, M.A.
Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the _St James's Gazette_, London.
Lawn Tennis; Leicester, R. Sidney, earl of; Lockhart, George.
R. K. D. SIR ROBERT KENNAWAY DOUGLAS.
Formerly Professor of Chinese, King's College, London. Keeper of Oriental Printed Books and MSS. at British Museum, 1892-1907. Member of the Chinese Consular Service, 1858-1865. Author of _The Language and Literature of China_; _Europe and the Far East_; &c.
Li Hung Chang.
R. L.* RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882. Author of _Catalogue of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in the British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_; _The Game Animals of Africa_; &c.
Langur; Lemming (_in part_); Lemur; Leopard (_in part_); Lion (_in part_); Litopterna.
R. M'L. ROBERT M'LACHLAN.
Editor of the _Entomologists' Monthly Magazine_.
Locust (_in part_).
R. M. B. ROBERT MICHAEL BALLANTYNE.
See the biographical article: BALLANTYNE, R. M.
Life-boat: _British (in part)_.
R. N. B. ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909).
Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of _Scandinavia: the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1513-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613-1725_; _Slavonic Europe: the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c.
Ladislaus I. and IV. of Hungary; Laski.
R. S. C. ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.).
Professor of Latin and Indo-European Philology in the University of Manchester. Formerly Professor of Latin in University College, Cardiff; and Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Author of _The Italic Dialects_.
Latin Language (_in part_); Liguria: _Archaeology and Philology_.
R. We. RICHARD WEBSTER, A.M.
Formerly Fellow in Classics, Princeton University. Editor of _The Elegies of Maximianus_; &c.
Long Island.
R. W. C. THE VERY REV. R. W. CHURCH, D.D.
See the biographical article: CHURCH, R. W.
Lombards: _The Kingdom in Italy_.
S. A. C. STANLEY ARTHUR COOK, M.A.
Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine_; &c.
Levites.
S. C. SIDNEY COLVIN, LL.D.
See the biographical article: COLVIN, SIDNEY.
Leonardo da Vinci.
St C. VISCOUNT ST CYRES.
See the biographical article: IDDESLEIGH, 1ST EARL OF.
Liguori.
S. D. F. S. REV. STEWART DINGWALL FORDYCE SALMON, M.A., D.D. (1838-1905).
Professor of Systematic Theology and Exegesis of the Epistles, U.F.C. College Aberdeen, 1876-1905. Author of _The Parables of our Lord_; &c. Editor of _The International Library of Theology_; &c.
Logos (_in part_).
S. N. SIMON NEWCOMB, LL.D., D.SC.
See the biographical article: NEWCOMB, SIMON.
Latitude; Light: _Velocity_.
T. As. THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT., F.S.A.
Director of the British School of Archaeology at Rome. Corresponding Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, Oxford, 1897. Author of _The Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna_; &c.
Labicana, Via; Labici; Lampedusa; Lanciano; Lanuvium; Larino; Latina, Via; Latium; Laurentina, Via; Lavinium; Lecce; Leghorn; Leontini; Licodia Eubea; Ligures Baebiani; Liguria: _History_; Locri: _Italy_.
T. A. I. THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.A., LL.D.
Trinity College, Dublin.
Livery Companies; London: _Finance_.
T. Ca. THOMAS CASE, M.A.
President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Formerly Waynflete Professor of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy at Oxford and Fellow of Magdalen College. Author of _Physical Realism_; &c.
Logic.
T. C. A. SIR THOMAS CLIFFORD ALLBUTT, K.C.B., M.A., M.D., D.SC., LL.D., F.R.S.
Regius Professor of Physic in the University of Cambridge. Physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Editor of _Systems of Medicine_.
Lister, 1st Baron.
T. Da. THOMAS DAVIDSON, LL.D.
Longfellow.
T. F. C. THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN COLLIER, PH.D.
Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., U.S.A.
Laodicea, Synod of.
T. F. H. THOMAS F. HENDERSON.
Author of _Mary Queen of Scots and the Casket Letters_; &c.
Latimer.
T. H. H.* SIR THOMAS HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., D.SC., F.R.G.S.
Colonel in the Royal Engineers. Superintendent, Frontier Surveys, India, 1892-1898. Gold Medallist, R.G.S. (London), 1887. H.M. Commissioner for the Perso-Beluch Boundary, 1896. Author of _The Indian Borderland_; _The Gates of India_; &c.
Ladakh and Baltistan
T. K. THOMAS KIRKUP, M.A., LL.D.
Author of _An Inquiry into Socialism_; _Primer of Socialism_; &c.
Lassalle.
T. Mo. THOMAS MOORE, F.L.S. (1821-1887).
Curator of the Garden of the Apothecaries Company at Chelsea, 1848-1887. Editor of the _Gardeners' Magazine of Botany_; Author of _Handbook of British Ferns_; _Index Filicum_; _Illustrations of Orchidaceous Plants_.
Labyrinth.
T. M. L. REV. THOMAS MARTIN LINDSAY, LL.D., D.D.
Principal of the United Free Church College, Glasgow. Formerly Assistant to the Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. Author of _History of the Reformation_; _Life of Luther_; &c.
Lollards.
T. Se. THOMAS SECCOMBE, M.A.
Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1891-1900. Author of _The Age of Johnson_; &c.
Lever, Charles.
T. W. R. D. THOMAS WILLIAM RHYS DAVIDS, LL.D., PH.D.
Professor of Comparative Religion, Manchester University. Professor of Pali and Buddhist Literature, University College, London, 1882-1904. President of the Pali Text Society. Fellow of the British Academy. Secretary and Librarian of Royal Asiatic Society, 1885-1902. Author of _Buddhism_; _Sacred Books of the Buddhists_; _Early Buddhism_; _Buddhist India_; _Dialogues of the Buddha_; &c.
Lamaism.
T. Wo. THOMAS WOODHOUSE.
Head of the Weaving and Textile Designing Department, Technical College, Dundee.
Linen and Linen Manufactures.
V. B. L. VIVIAN BYAM LEWES, F.I.C., F.C.S.
Professor of Chemistry, Royal Naval College. Chief Superintendent Gas Examiner to the Corporation of the City of London.
Lighting: _Oil and Gas_.
V. H. B. VERNON HERBERT BLACKMAN, M.A., D.SC.
Professor of Botany in the University of Leeds. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.
Lichens (_in part_).
W. A. B. C. REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S.
Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide to Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor of _The Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889.
Lausanne; Leuk; Liechtenstein; Linth; Locarno; Locle, Le.
W. A. P. WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A.
Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c.
Laibach, Congress of; Lights, Ceremonial use of.
W. E. Co. THE RT. REV. WILLIAM EDWARD COLLINS, M.A., D.D.
Bishop of Gibraltar. Formerly Professor of Ecclesiastical History, King's College, London. Lecturer of Selwyn and St John's Colleges, Cambridge. Author of _The Study of Ecclesiastical History_; _Beginnings of English Christianity_; &c.
Libellatici.
W. F. I. WILLIAM FERGUSSON IRVINE, HON. M.A. (Liverpool).
Hon. Secretary and General Editor of Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. Hon. Local Secretary for Cheshire of the Society of Antiquaries. Author of _Liverpool in the reign of Charles II._; _Old Halls of Wirral_; &c.
Liverpool.
W. H. Be. WILLIAM HENRY BENNETT, M.A., D.D., D.LITT. (Cantab.).
Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in New and Hackney Colleges, London. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Lecturer in Hebrew at Firth College, Sheffield. Author of _Religion of the Post-Exilic Prophets_; &c.
Lamech.
W. H. F. SIR WILLIAM HENRY FLOWER, F.R.S.
See the biographical article: FLOWER, SIR W. H.
Lemming (_in part_); Leopard (_in part_); Lion (_in part_).
W. M. R. WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI.
See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL.
Lely, Sir Peter; Lippi.
W. P. T. WILLIAM PETERFIELD TRENT, LL.D., D.C.L.
Professor of English Literature. Columbia University. Author of _English Culture in Virginia_; _A Brief History of American Literature_; &c.
Lanier.
W. R. So. WILLIAM RITCHIE SORLEY, M.A., LITT.D., LL.D.
Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College. Author of _The Ethics of Naturalism_; _The Interpretation of Evolution_; &c.
Leibnitz.
W. R. S.-R. WILLIAM RALSTON SHEDDEN-RALSTON, M.A.
Formerly Assistant in the Department of Printed Books, British Museum. Author of _Russian Folk Tales_; &c.
Lermontov.
W. T. Ca. WILLIAM THOMAS CALMAN. D.SC., F.Z.S.
Assistant in charge of Crustacea, Natural History Museum, South Kensington. Author of "Crustacea" in _A Treatise on Zoology_, edited by Sir E. Ray Lankester.
Lobster.
W. T. D. WILLIAM TREGARTHEN DOUGLASS, M.INST.C.E., M.I.M.E.
Consulting Engineer to Governments of Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Cape of Good Hope, &c. Erected the Eddystone and Bishop Rock Lighthouses. Author of _The New Eddystone Lighthouse_; &c.
Lighthouse (_in part_).
W. W. R.* WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL, LIC.THEOL.
Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
Leo XI. and XII. (_popes_).
W. W. S. WALTER WILLIAM SKEAT, LITT.D., LL.D., D.C.L.
See the biographical article: SKEAT, W. W.
Layamon.
W. Y. S. WILLIAM YOUNG SELLAR, LL.D.
See the biographical article: SELLAR, WILLIAM YOUNG.
Latin Literature (_in part_).
PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES
Labiatae. Larch. Leprosy. Lacrosse. Lead Poisoning. Libel. Lagos. Leeds. Liberal Party. Lahore. Legitimacy. Liliaceae. Lake District. Leguminosae. Lille. Lambeth Conferences. Leicestershire. Lily. Lanarkshire. Leipzig. Limitation, Statutes of. Lancashire. Leith. Lincoln. Lantern. Lemnos. Lincolnshire. Lapland. Lemon. Lippe. Larceny. Lent. Lisbon.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.
ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
ELEVENTH EDITION
VOLUME XVI
L a letter which was the twelfth letter of the Phoenician alphabet. It has in its history passed through many changes of form, ending curiously enough in its usual manuscript form with a shape almost identical with that which it had about 900 B.C. ([symbol] L). As was the case with B and some other letters the Greeks did not everywhere keep the symbol in the position in which they had borrowed it [symbol]. This, which was its oldest form in Attica and in the Chalcidian colonies of Italy, was the form adopted by the Romans, who in time converted it into the rectangle L, which passed from them to the nations of western Europe. In the Ionic alphabet, however, from which the ordinary Greek alphabet is derived it appeared as [symbol]. A still more common form in other parts of Greece was [symbol], with the legs of unequal length. The editors of Herodotus have not always recognized that the name of Labda, the mother of Cypselus, in the story (v. 92) of the founding of the great family of Corinthian despots, was derived from the fact that she was lame and so suggested the form of the Corinthian [symbol]. Another form [symbol] or [symbol] was practically confined to the west of Argolis. The name of the Greek letter is ordinarily given as _Lambda_, but in Herodotus (above) and in Athenaeus x. p. 453 _e_, where the names of the letters are given, the best authenticated form is _Labda_. The Hebrew name, which was probably identical with the Phoenician, is _Lamed_, which, with a final vowel added as usual, would easily become _Lambda_, _b_ being inserted between m and another consonant. The pronunciation of _l_ varies a great deal according to the point at which the tongue makes contact with the roof of the mouth. The contact, generally speaking, is at the same point as for _d_, and this accounts for an interchange between these sounds which occurs in various languages, e.g. in Latin _lacrima_ from the same root as the Greek [Greek: dakru] and the English _tear_. The change in Latin occurs in a very limited number of cases and one explanation of their occurrence is that they are borrowed (Sabine) words. In pronunciation the breath may be allowed to escape at one or both sides of the tongue. In most languages _l_ is a fairly stable sound. Orientals, however, have much difficulty in distinguishing between _l_ and _r_. In Old Persian _l_ is found in only two foreign words, and in Sanskrit different dialects employ _r_ and _l_ differently in the same words. Otherwise, however, the interchanges between _r_ and _l_ were somewhat exaggerated by the older philologists. Before other consonants _l_ becomes silent in not a few languages, notably in French, where it is replaced by _u_, and in English where it has occasionally been restored in recent times, e.g. in _fault_ which earlier was spelt without _l_ (as in French whence it was borrowed), and which Goldsmith could still rhyme with _aught_. In the 15th century the Scottish dialect of English dropped _l_ largely both before consonants and finally after _a_ and _u_, _a'_ = all, _fa'_ = fall, _pu'_ = pull, _'oo'_ = wool, _bulk_ pronounced like _book_, &c., while after _o_ it appears as _w_, _row_ (pronounced _rau_) = roll, _know_ = knoll, &c. It is to be observed that L = 50 does not come from this symbol, but was an adaptation of [symbol], the western Greek form of [chi], which had no corresponding sound in Latin and was therefore not included in the ordinary alphabet. This symbol was first rounded into [symbol] and then changed first to [symbol], and ultimately to L. (P. Gi.)
LAACHER SEE, a lake of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine Province, 5 m. W. of Brohl on the Rhine, and N. of the village of Niedermendig. It occupies what is supposed to be a crater of the Eifel volcanic formation, and the pumice stone and basalt found in great quantities around it lend credence to this theory. It lies 850 ft. above the sea, is 5 m. in circumference and 160 ft. deep, and is surrounded by an amphitheatre of high hills. The water is sky blue in colour, very cold and bitter to the taste. The lake has no natural outlet and consequently is subjected to a considerable rise and fall. On the western side lies the Benedictine abbey of St Maria Laach (_Abballa Lacensis_) founded in 1093 by Henry II., count palatine of the Rhine. The abbey church, dating from the 12th century, was restored in 1838. The history of the monastery down to modern times appears to have been uneventful. In 1802 it was abolished and at the close of the Napoleonic wars it became a Prussian state demesne. In 1863 it passed into the hands of the Jesuits, who, down to their expulsion in 1873, published here a periodical, which still appears, entitled _Stimmen aus Maria Laach_. In 1892 the monastery was again occupied by the Benedictines.