Part 3

LAAGER, a South African Dutch word (Dutch _leger_, Ger. _lager_, connected with Eng. "lair") for a temporary defensive encampment, formed by a circle of wagons. The English word is "leaguer," an armed camp, especially that of a besieging or "beleaguering" army. The Ger. _lager_, in the sense of "store," is familiar as the name of a light beer (see BREWING).

LAAS, ERNST (1837-1885), German philosopher, was born on the 16th of June 1837 at Fürstenwalde. He studied theology and philosophy under Trendelenburg at Berlin, and eventually became professor of philosophy in the new university of Strassburg. In _Kant's Analogien der Erfahrung_ (1876) he keenly criticized Kant's transcendentalism, and in his chief work _Idealismus und Positivismus_ (3 vols., 1879-1884), he drew a clear contrast between Platonism, from which he derived transcendentalism, and positivism, of which he considered Protagoras the founder. Laas in reality was a disciple of Hume. Throughout his philosophy he endeavours to connect metaphysics with ethics and the theory of education.

His chief educational works were _Der deutsche Aufsatz in den obern Gymnasialklassen_ (1868; 3rd ed., part i., 1898, part ii, 1894), and _Der deutsche Unterricht auf höhern Lehranstalten_ (1872; 2nd ed. 1886). He contributed largely to the _Vierteljahrsschr. f. wiss. Philos._ (1880-1882); the _Litterarischer Nachlass_, a posthumous collection, was published at Vienna (1887). See Hanisch, _Der Positivismus von Ernst Laas_ (1902); Gjurits, _Die Erkenntnistheorie des Ernst Laas_ (1903); Falckenberg, _Hist. of Mod. Philos._ (Eng. trans., 1895).

LA BADIE, JEAN DE (1610-1674), French divine, founder of the school known as the Labadists, was born at Bourg, not far from Bordeaux, on the 13th of February 1610, being the son of Jean Charles de la Badie, governor of Guienne. He was sent to the Jesuit school at Bordeaux, and when fifteen entered the Jesuit college there. In 1626 he began to study philosophy and theology. He was led to hold somewhat extreme views about the efficacy of prayer and the direct influence of the Holy Spirit upon believers, and adopted Augustinian views about grace, free will and predestination, which brought him into collision with his order. He therefore separated from the Jesuits, and then became a preacher to the people, carrying on this work in Bordeaux, Paris and Amiens. At Amiens in 1640 he was appointed a canon and teacher of theology. The hostility of Cardinal Mazarin, however, forced him to retire to the Carmelite hermitage at Graville. A study of Calvin's _Institutes_ showed him that he had more in common with the Reformed than with the Roman Catholic Church, and after various adventures he joined the Reformed Church of France and became professor of theology at Montauban in 1650. His reasons for doing so he published in the same year in his _Déclaration de Jean de la Badie_. His accession to the ranks of the Protestants was deemed a great triumph; no such man since Calvin himself, it was said, had left the Roman Catholic Church. He was called to the pastorate of the church at Orange on the Rhone in 1657, and at once became noted for his severity of discipline. He set his face zealously against dancing, card-playing and worldly entertainments. The unsettled state of the country, recently annexed to France, compelled him to leave Orange, and in 1659 he became a pastor in Geneva. He then accepted a call to the French church in London, but after various wanderings settled at Middelburg, where he was pastor to the French-speaking congregation at a Walloon church. His peculiar opinions were by this time (1666) well known, and he and his congregation found themselves in conflict with the ecclesiastical authorities. The result was that la Badie and his followers established a separate church in a neighbouring town. In 1669 he moved to Amsterdam. He had enthusiastic disciples, Pierre Yvon (1646-1707) at Montauban, Pierre Dulignon (d. 1679), François Menuret (d. 1670), Theodor Untereyk (d. 1693), F. Spanheim (1632-1701), and, more important than any, Anna Maria v. Schürman (1607-1678), whose book _Eucleria_ is perhaps the best exposition of the tenets of her master. At the head of his separatist congregation, la Badie developed his views for a reformation of the Reformed Churches: the church is a communion of holy people who have been born again from sin; baptism is the sign and seal of this regeneration, and is to be administered only to believers; the Holy Spirit guides the regenerate into all truth, and the church possesses throughout all time those gifts of prophecy which it had in the ancient days; the community at Jerusalem is the continual type of every Christian congregation, therefore there should be a community of goods, the disciples should live together, eat together, dance together; marriage is a holy ordinance between two believers, and the children of the regenerate are born without original sin, marriage with an unregenerate person is not binding. They did not observe the Sabbath, because--so they said--their life was a continual Sabbath. The life and separatism of the community brought them into frequent collision with their neighbours and with the magistrates, and in 1670 they accepted Society is in Miss Edith Sichel's _Women and Men of the French Renaissance_ (1901). See also J. Favre, _Olivier de Magny_ (1885).

LABEL (a French word, now represented by _lambeau_, possibly a variant; it is of obscure origin and may be connected with a Teutonic word appearing in the English "lap," a flap or fold), a slip, ticket, or card of paper, metal or other material, attached to an object, such as a parcel, bottle, &c., and containing a name, address, description or other information, for the purpose of identification. Originally the word meant a band or ribbon of linen or other material, and was thus applied to the fillets (_infulae_) attached to a bishop's mitre. In heraldry the "label" is a mark of "cadency."

In architecture the term "label" is applied to the outer projecting moulding over doors, windows, arches, &c., sometimes called "Dripstone" or "Weather Moulding," or "Hood Mould." The former terms seem scarcely applicable, as this moulding is often inside a building where no rain could come, and consequently there is no drip. In Norman times the label frequently did not project, and when it did it was very little, and formed part of the series of arch mouldings. In the Early English styles they were not very large, sometimes slightly undercut, sometimes deeply, sometimes a quarter round with chamfer, and very frequently a "roll" or "scroll-moulding," so called because it resembles the part of a scroll where the edge laps over the body of the roll. Labels generally resemble the string-courses of the period, and, in fact, often return horizontally and form strings. They are less common in Continental architecture than in English.

LABEO, MARCUS ANTISTIUS (c. 50 B.C.-A.D. 18), Roman jurist, was the son of Pacuvius Antistius Labeo, a jurist who caused himself to be slain after the defeat of his party at Philippi. A member of the plebeian nobility, and in easy circumstances, the younger Labeo early entered public life, and soon rose to the praetorship; but his undisguised antipathy to the new régime, and the somewhat brusque manner in which in the senate he occasionally gave expression to his republican sympathies--what Tacitus (_Ann._ iii. 75) calls his _incorrupta libertas_--proved an obstacle to his advancement, and his rival, Ateius Capito, who had unreservedly given in his adhesion to the ruling powers, was promoted by Augustus to the consulate, when the appointment should have fallen to Labeo; smarting under the wrong done him, Labeo declined the office when it was offered to him in a subsequent year (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 75; Pompon, in fr. 47, _Dig._ i. 2). From this time he seems to have devoted his whole time to jurisprudence. His training in the science had been derived principally from Trebatius Testa. To his knowledge of the law he added a wide general culture, devoting his attention specially to dialectics, philology (_grammatica_), and antiquities, as valuable aids in the exposition, expansion, and application of legal doctrine (Gell. xiii. 10). Down to the time of Hadrian his was probably the name of greatest authority; and several of his works were abridged and annotated by later hands. While Capito is hardly ever referred to, the dicta of Labeo are of constant recurrence in the writings of the classical jurists, such as Gaius, Ulpian and Paul; and no inconsiderable number of them were thought worthy of preservation in Justinian's _Digest_. Labeo gets the credit of being the founder of the Proculian sect or school, while Capito is spoken of as the founder of the rival Sabinian one (Pomponius in fr. 47, _Dig._ i. 2); but it is probable that the real founders of the two _scholae_ were Proculus and Sabinus, followers respectively of the methods of Labeo and Capito.

Labeo's most important literary work was the _Libri Posteriorum_, so called because published only after his death. It contained a systematic exposition of the common law. His _Libri ad Edictum_ embraced a commentary, not only on the edicts of the urban and peregrine praetors, but also on that of the curule aediles. His _Probabilium_ ([Greek: pithanôn]) _lib. VIII._, a collection of definitions and axiomatic legal propositions, seems to have been one of his most characteristic productions.

See van Eck, "De vita, moribus, et studiis M. Ant. Labeonis" (Franeker, 1692), in Oelrichs's _Thes. nov._, vol. i.; Mascovius, _De sectis Sabinianor. et Proculianor._ (1728); Pernice, _M. Antistius Labeo. Das röm. Privatrecht im ersten Jahrhunderte der Kaizerzeit_ (Halle, 1873-1892).

LABERIUS, DECIMUS (c. 105-43 B.C.), Roman knight and writer of mimes. He seems to have been a man of caustic wit, who wrote for his own pleasure. In 45 Julius Caesar ordered him to appear in one of his own mimes in a public contest with the actor Publilius Syrus. Laberius pronounced a dignified prologue on the degradation thus thrust on his sixty years, and directed several sharp allusions against the dictator. Caesar awarded the victory to Publilius, but restored Laberius to his equestrian rank, which he had forfeited by appearing as a mimus (Macrobius, _Sat._ ii. 7). Laberius was the chief of those who introduced the mimus into Latin literature towards the close of the republican period. He seems to have been a man of learning and culture, but his pieces did not escape the coarseness inherent to the class of literature to which they belonged; and Aulus Gellius (xvi. 7, 1) accuses him of extravagance in the coining of new words. Horace (_Sat._ i. 10) speaks of him in terms of qualified praise.

In addition to the prologue (in Macrobius), the titles of forty-four of his mimi have been preserved; the fragments have been collected by O. Ribbeck in his _Comicorum Latinorum reliquiae_ (1873).

LABIATAE (i.e. "lipped," Lat. _labium_, lip), in botany, a natural order of seed-plants belonging to the series Tubiflorae of the dicotyledons, and containing about 150 genera with 2800 species. The majority are annual or perennial herbs inhabiting the temperate zone, becoming shrubby in warmer climates. The stem is generally square in section and the simple exstipulate leaves are arranged in decussating pairs (i.e. each pair is in a plane at right angles to that of the pairs immediately above and below it); the blade is entire, or toothed, lobed or more or less deeply cut. The plant is often hairy, and the hairs are frequently glandular, the secretion containing a scent characteristic of the genus or species. The flowers are borne in the axils of the leaves or bracts; they are rarely solitary as in _Scutellaria_ (skull-cap), and generally form an apparent whorl (_verticillaster_) at the node, consisting of a pair of cymose inflorescences each of which is a simple three-flowered dichasium as in _Brunella_, _Salvia_, &c., or more generally a dichasium passing over into a pair of monochasial cymes as in _Lamium_ (fig. 1), _Ballota_, _Nepeta_, &c. A number of whorls may be crowded at the apex of the stem and the subtending leaves reduced to small bracts, the whole forming a raceme- or spike-like inflorescence as in _Mentha_ (fig. 2, 5) _Brunella_, &c.; the bracts are sometimes large and coloured as in _Monarda_, species of _Salvia_, &c., in the latter the apex of the stem is sometimes occupied with a cluster of sterile coloured bracts. The plan of the flower is remarkably uniform (fig. 1, 3); it is bisexual, and zygomorphic in the median plane, with 5 sepals united to form a persistent cup-like calyx, 5 petals united to form a two-lipped gaping corolla, 4 stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, two of which, generally the anterior pair, are longer than the other two (didynamous arrangement)--sometimes as in _Salvia_, the posterior pair is aborted--and two superior median carpels, each very early divided by a constriction in a vertical plane, the pistil consisting of four cells each containing one erect anatropous ovule attached to the base of an axile placenta; the style springs from the centre of the pistil between the four segments (_gynobasic_), and is simple with a bifid apex. The fruit comprises four one-seeded nutlets included in the persistent calyx; the seed has a thin testa and the embryo almost or completely fills it. Although the general form and plan of arrangement of the flower is very uniform, there are wide variations in detail. Thus the calyx may be tubular, bell-shaped, or almost spherical, or straight or bent, and the length and form of the teeth or lobes varies also; it may be equally toothed as in mint (_Mentha_) (fig. 2, 3), and marjoram (_Origanum_), or two-lipped as in thyme (_Thymus_), _Lamium_ (fig. 1) and _Salvia_ (fig. 2, 1); the number of nerves affords useful characters for distinction of genera, there are normally five main nerves between which simple or forked secondary nerves are more or less developed. The shape of the corolla varies widely, the differences being doubtless intimately associated with the pollination of the flowers by insect-agency. The tube is straight or variously bent and often widens towards the mouth. Occasionally the limb is equally five-toothed, or forms, as in _Mentha_ (fig. 2, 3, 4) an almost regular four-toothed corolla by union of the two posterior teeth. Usually it is two-lipped, the upper lip being formed by the two posterior, the lower lip by the three anterior petals (see fig. 1, and fig. 2, 1, 6); the median lobe of the lower lip is generally most developed and forms a resting-place for the bee or other insect when probing the flower for honey, the upper lip shows great variety in form, often, as in _Lamium_ (fig. 1), _Stachys_, &c., it is arched forming a protection from rain for the stamens, or it may be flat as in thyme. In the tribe _Ocimoideae_ the four upper petals form the upper lip, and the single anterior one the lower lip, and in _Teucrium_ the upper lip is absent, all five lobes being pushed forward to form the lower. The posterior stamen is sometimes present as a staminode, but generally suppressed; the upper pair are often reduced to staminodes or more or less completely suppressed as in _Salvia_ (fig. 2, 2, 6); rarely are these developed and the anterior pair reduced. In _Coleus_ the stamens are monadelphous. In _Nepeta_ and allied genera the posterior pair are the longer, but this is rare, the didynamous character being generally the result of the anterior pair being the longer. The anthers are two-celled, each cell splitting lengthwise; the connective may be more or less developed between the cells; an extreme case is seen in _Salvia_ (fig. 2, 2), where the connective is filiform and jointed to the filament, while the anterior anther-cell is reduced to a sterile appendage. Honey is secreted by a hypogynous disk. In the more general type of flower the anthers and stigmas are protected by the arching upper lip as in dead-nettle (fig. 1) and many other British genera; the lower lip affords a resting-place for the insect which in probing the flower for the honey, secreted on the lower side of the disk, collects pollen on its back. Numerous variations in detail are found in the different genera; in _Salvia_ (fig. 2), for instance, there is a lever mechanism, the barren half of each anther forming a knob at the end of a short arm which when touched by the head of an insect causes the anther at the end of the longer arm to descend on the insect's back. In the less common type, where the anterior part of the flower is more developed, as in the _Ocimoideae_, the stamens and style lie on the under lip and honey is secreted on the upper side of the hypogynous disk; the insect in probing the flower gets smeared with pollen on its belly and legs. Both types include brightly-coloured flowers with longer tubes adapted to the visits of butterflies and moths, as species of _Salvia_, _Stachys_, _Monarda_, &c.; some South American species of _Salvia_ are pollinated by humming-birds. In _Mentha_ (fig. 2, 3), thyme, marjoram (_Origanum_), and allied genera, the flowers are nearly regular and the stamens spread beyond the corolla.

[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Flowering Shoot of Dead-nettle (_Lamium album_). 1, Flower cut lengthwise, enlarged; 2 calyx, enlarged; 3, floral diagram.]

[Illustration: FIG. 2.--1, Flower of Sage (_Salvia officinalis_); 2, Corolla of same cut open showing the two stamens; 3, flower of spearmint (_Mentha viridis_); 4, corolla of same cut open showing stamens; 5, flowering shoot of same, reduced; 6, floral diagram of _Salvia_.]

The persistent calyx encloses the ripe nutlets, and aids in their distribution in various ways, by means of winged spiny or hairy lobes or teeth; sometimes it forms a swollen bladder. A scanty endosperm is sometimes present in the seed; the embryo is generally parallel to the fruit axis with a short inferior radicle and generally flat cotyledons.

The order occurs in all warm and temperate regions; its chief centre is the Mediterranean region, where some genera such as _Lavandula_, _Thymus_, _Rosmarinus_ and others form an important feature in the vegetation. The tribe _Ocimoideae_ is exclusively tropical and subtropical and occurs in both hemispheres. The order is well represented in Britain by seventeen native genera; _Mentha_ (mint) including also _M. piperita_ (peppermint) and _M. Pulegium_ (pennyroyal); _Origanum vulgare_ (marjoram); _Thymus Serpyllum_ (thyme); _Calamintha_ (calamint), including also _C. Clinopodium_ (wild basil) and _C. Acinos_ (basil thyme); _Salvia_ (sage), including _S. Verbenaca_ (clary); _Nepeta Cataria_ (catmint), _N. Glechoma_ (ground-ivy); _Brunella_ (self-heal); _Scutellaria_ (skull-cap); _Stachys (woundwort); _S. Betonica_ is wood betony; _Galeopsis_ (hemp-nettle); Lamium_ (dead-nettle); _Ballota_ (black horehound); _Teucrium_ (germander); and _Ajuga_ (bugle).

Labiatae are readily distinguished from all other orders of the series excepting Verbenaceae, in which, however, the style is terminal; but several genera, e.g. _Ajuga_, _Teucrium_ and _Rosmarinus_, approach Verbenaceae in this respect, and in some genera of that order the style is more or less sunk between the ovary lobes. The fruit-character indicates an affinity with Boraginaceae from which, however, they differ in habit and by characters of ovule and embryo.

The presence of volatile oil renders many genera of economic use, such are thyme, marjoram (_Origanum_), sage (_Salvia_), lavender (_Lavandula_), rosemary (_Rosmarinus_), patchouli (_Pogostemon_). The tubers of _Stachys Sieboldi_ are eaten in France.

LABICANA, VIA, an ancient highroad of Italy, leading E.S.E. from Rome. It seems possible that the road at first led to Tusculum, that it was then prolonged to Labici, and later still became a road for through traffic; it may even have superseded the Via Latina as a route to the S.E., for, while the distance from Rome to their main junction at Ad Bivium (or to another junction at Compitum Anagninum) is practically identical, the summit level of the former is 725 ft. lower than that of the latter, a little to the west of the pass of Algidus. After their junction it is probable that the road bore the name Via Latina rather than Via Labicana. The course of the road after the first six miles from Rome is not identical with that of any modern road, but can be clearly traced by remains of pavement and buildings along its course.

See T. Ashby in _Papers of the British School at Rome_, i. 215 sqq. (T. As.)