CHAPTER XXXVII

EXTERNAL OPPRESSION AND INTERNAL CONSOLIDATION

(pp. 143-169)

Formy natzionalnavo dvizhenia v sovremiennykh gosudarstvakh, St. Petersburg., 1910, pp. 399-423, 778-783.

Dubnow, "Letters," St. Petersburg, introduction and pp. 294-361.

_Svoboda i Ravienstvo_, 1907, Nos. 30-32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43-45, 46.

Stenographic Reports of the Duma for 1908-1909.

"A Study of Internal Affairs," in _Yevr. Mir._, 1909, Book I.

_Russian Jew. Encycl._, vol. VII, p. 374.

J. Klausner, Novoyevreyskaya Literatura ("The New Jewish Literature"), 2d edition, Odessa, 1912.

M. Pines, Histoire de la Litterature Judéo-Allemande, Paris, 1910.

INDEX

INDEX

=Aaron= (=I.=), king of Khazars, I 26

=Aaron= (=II.=), king of Khazars, I 26

=Aaron=, rabbi of Tulchyn, I 148

=Aaron=, of Karlin, hasidic leader, I 234

=Aaron Samuel Kaidanover=, see Kaidanover

=Abderrahman III.=, caliph of Cordova, I 24

=Abraham=, son of Isaac, Polish minter, I 42

=Abraham Prokhovnik=, see Prokhovnik

=Abrahams, Israel=, quoted, I 160

=Abramius=, Russian priest, objects to erection of synagogue, I 252

=Abramovich, Shalom Jacob= (_Mendele Mokher Sforim_), Hebrew and Yiddish writer, II 231 ff, III 60 f

=Abydos=, near Constantinople, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, I 206, 219

=Adam=, see Lebensohn, Abraham Baer

=Adamovich, Mary=, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 73

=Adrianople=, Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 207

=Agriculture=, among Jews in Lithuania, I 60, 68, II 72 in Poland, I 68, 264, II 89 championed by Nota Shklover, I 338; by Isaac Baer Levinsohn and by Maskilim in general, II 126 promoted by Russian Government, I 342 f, II 20, 61, 71 hampered by it, II 48, 197, III 10, 24 f; see also Colonization

=Ahad Ha'am=, pen-name of Asher Ginzberg, II 423 Hebrew writer and thinker, II 423, III 59 f exponent of Spiritual Zionism, II 48 ff associated with Palestinian colonization, III 49 founder of Order _Bne Moshe_, III 49 participates in Zionist Convention, III 51 founder and editor of _Ha-Shiloah_, III 58, 162 f

=Ahijah=, the prophet, alleged teacher of _Besht_, I 228

=Aix-la-Chapelle=, Jewish question discussed at Congress of, I 398 f

=Akhal-Tekke=, oasis in Central Asia, offered to Jews for settlement, II 306

=Akmolinsk=, territory of, in Siberia, II 367

=Aksavok, Ivan=, Russian publicist, advocates limited emancipation of Jews, II 208 defends pogroms, II 278

=Aktziznik=, Russian name for farmer of excise dues, II 186, 241

=Albedinski=, governor-general of Warsaw, suppresses pogrom, II 282

=Albo, Joseph=, philosophic work of, studied in Poland, I 133 f

=Alexander the Great=, indirectly responsible for Jewish immigration into Eastern Europe, I 13 f

=Alexander= (=Yaghello=), grand duke of Lithuania (1492-1506) and king of Poland (1501-1506), grants autonomy to Karaites, I 64 f favors Jewish capitalists, I 65, 71 expels Jews from Lithuania, and confiscates their property (1495), I 65 allows Jews to return to Lithuania and restores their property (1503), I 65, 70 f attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132

=Alexander I.=, emperor of Russia (1801-1825), I 335-413 receives report of "Jewish Committee," I 341 f sanctions Jewish Statute of 1804, I 342 agrees to postponement of expulsion from villages, I 347 invites Jews to send deputies, I 351 establishes friendly relations with Napoleon, I 350 f orders again expulsion from villages, I 361 again postpones it, I 352 Hasidim indebted to, I 356 releases Shneor Zalman, hasidic leader, I 378 praises patriotism of Jews, I 358 accords friendly reception to Jewish deputations, I 358, 359, 392 f appealed to by Christian residents of Vilna and Kovno against Jews, I 369 f orders investigation of ritual murder, II 74 issues decree forbidding charge of ritual murder, II 74 grants autonomy to Poland, II 88 appoints his brother Constantine military commander of Poland, II 16 receives report on Jews of Poland, II 94 appealed to by Poles against Jews, II 97, 99 vetoes Polish law barring Jews from liquor trade, II 94 reaction under, I 390 ff, 395 ff favors conversion of Jews, I 396 establishes "Society of Israelitish Christians," I 396 f refuses to dissolve it, I 400 sanctions severe measures against "Judaizers," I 403 receives memorandum of Lewis Way on Jews of Russia, I 398 renews oppression of Jews, I 404 decrees expulsion from villages in White Russia, I 406 appoints new "Jewish Committee," I 407 objects to residence of Jews in Russian Interior, I 409 contemplates introduction of military service among Jews, II 15 favors agriculture among Jews, II 197, III 24; see I 363 ff beginnings of revolutionary movement under, I 410

=Alexander II.=, emperor of Russia (1855-1881), II 154-242 descendants of Jewish converts prominent during reign of, I 388 releases imprisoned Jewish printer, II 124 confirms sentence of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 152 pardons them later, II 153 abolishes juvenile conscription, II 155 f sanctions opening of Russian Interior to first guild merchants, II 162; to university graduates, II 166, 348; to artisans, II 170 promotes handicrafts among Jews, II 346 f Jewish trade school named after, III 13 does not favor agriculture among Jews, II 197 refuses right of universal residence to "Nicholas Soldiers," II 171 ff; finally grants it, II 29, 172 restricts appointment of rabbis and teachers, II 175 sanctions removal of Jewish disabilities in Poland, II 95, 181 f admits Jews to bench, III 26 receives memorandum from Brafman, II 187 approves of popular representation, II 245 grants liberties to Zemstvos, II 386 assassinated, II 243, 279 influence of, on succeeding reign, II 349 laws in favor of Jews enacted by, repealed by successor, II 399 Jewish policy of, declared ineffective, II 271, 309 era of, depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, III 61

=Alexander III.=, emperor of Russia (1881-1894), II 243-429 prejudiced against Jews while yet crown prince, II 202, 203, 244 influenced by Pobyedonostzev, II 245 holds conferences to decide policy of state, II 244 promises to maintain autocracy, II 246 receives Jewish deputation, II 260 f endorses Ignatyev's anti-Jewish policy, II 272 appoints Gubernatorial Commissions, II 272 regrets necessity of suppressing pogroms, II 284 disregards Jews in coronation manifesto, II 338 bent on limiting admission of Jews to schools, II 339 f, 349 closes Jewish school of handicrafts, II 347 supports anti-Jewish minority of Pahlen Commission, II 370 affected by "miraculous" escape in railroad accident, II 378 condemns Jews for Crucifixion, II 379 reads and supports anti-Semitic papers, II 380 disregards Solovyov's appeal in favor of Jews, II 390 appealed to by Mayor of London in favor of Jews, II 390 angered by London appeal, II 393 United States Congress decides to appeal to, II 395 endorses emigration of Jewish proletariat, II 414 favors liquor state monopoly as anti-Jewish measure, III 22 refuses petition of Jewish soldiers to remain in Moscow, II 404 expels heads of Moscow Jewish community, II 424 threatens to sell at auction Moscow synagogue, II 424, III 12 causes expulsion of Jews from Yalta, II 429, III 18 death of, II 429 Jewish sect promises to name children after, II 334

=Alexandria=, Egypt, emigration from, to South Russia, I 16

=Alexandra= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III 100

=Alexandrovka=, village in Podolia, II 301

=Alexeyev=, member of Russian Senate, investigates condition of Jews, I 347 f, 352

=Alexeyev=, burgomaster of Moscow, opposes Jews, II 400 f

=Alexis Michaelovich=, Russian Tzar, annexes Little Russia, I 152 f, 244 invades Polish provinces, I 245 expels Jews from Moghilev, I 153 persecutes Jews of Vilna, I 154 imposes death penalty on converts to Judaism, I 253

=Alexis=, son of Nicholas II, birth of, occasions manifesto, III 98

=Alexius=, Russian priest, converted to Judaism, I 36

=Alfasi=, work of, studied in Poland, I 118

=Algiers=, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 69

=Aliens=, Jews in Russian law designated as, II 367

_Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums_, quoted, II 55 founded by Ludwig Philippson, II 67, 219 hails end of persecution in Russia, II 67

=Alliance, the Holy=, inaugurates European reaction, I 390 assembles in Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398

=Alliance Israélite Universelle=, headed by Crémieux, II 153 suspected by Russian anti-Semites, II 189, 194 assists Russian-Jewish emigrants, II 268 f, 297 establishes agricultural settlement in Palestine, II 322

=Alma=, locality in Crimea, I 26

=Altaras, Isaac=, of Marseilles, visits Russia, II 69

=Alter, Isaac Itche Meier=, hasidic leader in Poland, II 122

=Alubika=, locality in Crimea, I 26

=Alus=, locality in Crimea, I 26

=America=, see Argentina and United States

=American Hebrew, The=, quoted, II 296

=Amoraim=, names of, collected by Polish rabbi, I 200

=Amsterdam=, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 204 Jews of, petition Peter the Great, I 246

=Ananyev= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, II 251

=Anapa=, see Gorgippia

=Andreas=, of Brixen, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 179

=Andrusovo=, Treaty of (1667), provides for cession of Polish territory to Russia, I 159; and release of prisoners, I 245

=Anna= (=or Anne=), Russian empress, permits retail trade to Jews, I 251 expels Jews from Little Russia, I 254 attended by Jewish body-physician, I 258

=Anti-Semitism=, in Poland, I 281 f, II 94 ff, III 166 ff German A., referred to by Russian dignitaries, II 309 contrasted with Russian, III 6 f in Russia, condemned by Russian writers, II 208 denounced by Solovyov, II 387 effect on Zionism, III 48 f

=Anti-Trinitarians=, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland, I 79, 136

=Antwerp=, Russian Jews in, II 420

=Apostol=, see Daniel Apostol; see also Conversion

=Apter, Joshua Heshel=, hasidic leader, II 121

=Arabs=, backward condition of, II 375 Jews in Palestine buy land from, II 422

=Arakcheyev, Alexis=, Russian reactionary, I 395, 406, II 19

=Arbeiter Stimme=, socialistic organ in Yiddish, III 56

=Archangel=, government of, II 367

=Arendar=, name explained, I 93 position of, I 93, 112, 265 f in the Ukraine, I 141 f, 152 maltreated by Poles, I 169 f

=Arendator=, see Arendar

=Argentina=, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 413, 416 ff, 419

=Arians=, heterodox Christian sect in Poland, I 91, 136, 164 Isaac Troki argues with, I 137

=Aristotle=, studied in Polish yeshibahs, I 120, 126

=Arisu=, Slavonic tribe, I 26

=Armenians=, in Crimea, I 34 in Lemberg, I 53

=Armleder=, persecution of, drives Jews to Poland, I 50

=Army=, Jews volunteer in Polish A., I 152, 293 ff, II 105 f Jews assist Polish A., in defence of country, I 147 f, 154, 293 Jews barred from advancement in Russian A., II 157, 354 number of Jews disproportionately large in Russian A., II 355 ff, 394. promotion of Jews in Russian A., limited to rank of sergeant, II 157 Third Russian Duma proposes exclusion of Jews from, III 155 f See Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers

=Aronovich, Joseph=, Polish-Jewish patriot, I 394

=Artemisia=, name of Jewess in Crimea, I 16

=Arthur=, president of United States, submits to Congress papers relating to Russian Jews, II 294

=Artisans=, Jews form 50% of A., in Poland, I 264 excluded from Christian trade-guilds, I 266 form special estate in Russia, I 308 form part of "burgher class," II 405 encouraged in Jewish Statute of 1804, I 344 opposed by Christian trade-guilds, I 360 exempted from military service, II 20 granted right of residence outside Pale, II 161, 168, 170 fictitious A., in St. Petersburg, II 343 f restricted to products of their own workmanship, II 347 wives of, forbidden to engage in trade, II 385 attempt to withdraw from, right of residence outside Pale, II 399 school for A., closed, II 347 bank for A., opposed, III 25 f expelled from Moscow, II 402, III 14 Baron Hirsch's gift in favor of, declined, II 415

=Asefat Hakamim=, Hebrew magazine, II 223

=Ash, Shalom=, Yiddish novelist and playwright, III 162

=Asher=, rabbi in Cracow, I 104 f

=Ashkenasi, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132

=Asia, Central=, steppes of, suggested for settlement of Russian Jews, II 285, 306

=Asia Minor=, emigration from, to Black Sea coast, I 13 f, 16 establishment of Jewish state in, advocated, I 412; see also Turkey

=Assimilation=, see Polonization and Russification

"=Assortment=" (classification), of Jews, decreed by Nicholas I., II 64 ff, 141 ff reflected in manifesto of Alexander II., II 157

=Astrakhan= (city), ancient Khazar capital situated near, I 19

=Astrakhan= (government), mosques destroyed in, I 254 opened to Jewish agriculturists, I 342 villages in, forbidden to Jews, I 343 Jews compared with Kalmycks in, II 367

=Atyeney ("Athenaeum")=, Russian magazine, defends Jews, II 208

=Augustus II.=, king of Poland (1697-1704), I 167 ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168 expels Jews from Sandomir, I 173

=Augustus III.=, king of Poland (1733-1763), I 167 ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168, 180 appealed to by Jews of Posen, I 175 acquits Jews of ritual murder charge, I 176 grants safe conduct to Frankists, I 215 acts as God-father to Frank, I 218 Austria, Jews flee from, to Poland, I 66 Polish Jews export goods to, I 67 Polish Jews pass, on way to Palestine, I 209 shares in partitioning of Polish territory, I 186, 262, 274, 371 Frank stays in, I 220 Berek Yoselevich arrested in, I 297 wages war against duchy of Warsaw, I 303 forbids Jews to communicate with Paris, I 346 f represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 f Jews of, forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409 grants emancipation to Jews, II 30 imposes military duty on Jews, II 30 Jewish policy of, serves as model for Russia, II 46, 49 Israel of Ruzhin escapes to, II 121 Parliament of, meets in Kremsier, II 177 Jewish socialists expelled from, II 224 Russian-Jewish students in, II 351 Government of, supports plans of Baron Hirsch, II 416 anti-Semitism rampant in, III 42

=Autocracy=, upheld by Alexander III., II 246; by Nicholas II., III 8 re-establishment of, favored by Black Hundred, III 149

=Autoemancipation=, doctrine of, propounded by Leo Pinsker, II 330 ff contrasted with emancipation, II 331

=Autonomism=, national-cultural, doctrine of, propounded by Dubnow, III 41, 51 ff adopted as political platform, III 144

=Autonomy=, Jewish, in ancient Tauris, I 16 granted, or confirmed, by kings of Poland, I 52, 53, 62, 72 f, 83 f, 98, 104, 105 rise and development of, I 103 ff, 188 ff _magna charta_ of (1551), I 105 ff curtailment of, advocated by Poles, I 273, 280 f, 282 Jews of Poland plead for preservation of, I 291 recognized by Russian Government (1776), I 308 ff curtailed by it (1795), I 319 f recognized in modified form in Statute of 1804, I 344 larger amount of, demanded by Jews, I 349 abolition of, recommended by Council of State (1840), II 49 abolished by Nicholas I. (1844), II 59 ff scheme of, proposed for kingdom of Poland, II 92 abolished in Poland (1822), II 102 abolition of last remnants of, recommended by Committee of Russian Government, II 195 St. Petersburg Jews, plead for, II 370 demanded by adherents of national-cultural Autonomism, III 53 f; by "Bund," III 57; by Vilna community, III 109; by League for Equal Rights, III 112; by Russian Jewry in general, III 161; see also Kahal

=Azariah=, alleged biblical prophet, quoted to substantiate ritual murder libel, II 73

=Azov, Sea of=, Jewish settlements on shores of, I 14 f movement of Khazars towards, I 19

=Baal-Shem=, name explained, I 223 Joel, I 203 founder of Hasidism acting as, I 224 _Israel Baal-Shem-Tob_, see Israel

=Bab Al-Abwab= (now Derbent), city in Caucasia, I 26

=Babunj=, land of, synagogue destroyed in, I 22

=Babylonia=, Judaism of, influences Khazars, I 20 scholars of, invited by Khazars 21, I 27 Poland compared with, I 122

=Baer=, of Lubavici, head of _Habad_ sect, II 117

=Baer=, of Mezherich, disciple of Israel _Baal-Shem-Tob_, I 227, I 229 f, I 232 disciples of, carry Hasidism to North, I 234; establish Hasidism in Poland, I 33, 34 great-grandson of Israel of Ruzhin, II 120

=Bagdad=, caliphate of, relation of Khazars to, I 22 city of, threatened by Russians, I 26 f Gaon of, communicates with Jewish scholars in Russia, I 33

=Bahurs=, or Yeshibah students, supported by Jewish communities in Poland, I 116 large number of in Lithuania, II 113 affected by _pilpul_ method, I 119 study Aristotle, I 120

=Bak-Tadlud=, city in Caucasia, I 26

=Bakchi-Sarai=, Tartar capital, I 35

=Bakst=, professor, attends Jewish conference in St. Petersburg, II 304 opposes Jewish emigration from Russia, II 306

=Balkan Peninsula=, movement of Khazars towards, I 20

=Balta= (Podolia), pogrom at, II 299 ff, 314, 316, 321 rabbi of, pleads for rioters, II 316 visited by governor-general, II 316 f Jewish community of, sends deputation to St. Petersburg, II 316 f

=Baltic Provinces=, number of Jews in, II 168 new Jewish settlers expelled from, II 32 Jews barred from (1835), II 40 expulsion of old settlers from, repealed, II 428 in throes of terrorism (1905), III 130; see Courland and Livonia

=Bank=, St. Petersburg lawyer, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., II 261

=Baptism=, see Conversion

=Bar= (Podolia), massacre at, I 149 Polish conference of, I 183

=Bar=, the Russian, established 1864, II 173 Jews admitted to, II 73 excluded from, II 352 f; III 26 f Bar Association of St. Petersburg protests against Beilis case, II 166

=Baranov=, Russian Senator, dispatched to White Russia, I 406

"=Bare-Footed Brigade=," the, nickname for tramps, II 253 active in pogroms, 253, 256

=Bartnit=, city in Crimea, I 26

=Baruch=, see Borukh

=Bashi-Buzuks=, Turkish irregular troops, II 253 pogrom makers compared with, II 253, 289

=Basil=, the Macedonian, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 23

=Basil=, Christian martyr, I 17

=Basil=, grand duke of Moscow, I 242

=Basle=, Council of, adopts canonical laws against Jews, I 63 Zionist Congresses at, III 44 f, 84 f, 144 "Program," III 44; modified by Ahad Ha'am, 50

=Basurman=, Russian name for non-Orthodox, I 35

=Batory, Stephen=, king of Poland (1576-1586), forbids charge of ritual murder and desecration, I 89, 96 ratifies and amplifies Jewish privileges, I 89 defends Jews of Posen, I 90 patronizes Jesuites, I 90 f grants license to Jewish printer, I 131 attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132 recaptures city of Polotzk, I 243

=Bavaria=, Wagenseil, anti-Jewish writer, native of, I 138 Max Lilienthal, native of, II 52

=Beaconsfield, Earl of=, champions equal rights for Jews, II 202 hostile to Russia, II 288

=Beards=, shaving of (and of earlocks), recommended by Polish reformers, I 282, and by Kalmansohn, I 385 "bearded regiment" in Warsaw, II 106; see Earlocks

=Beilis, Mendel=, accused of ritual murder, III 82, 164 ff nickname for Jews in Poland, III 167

=Bekri, Al-=, Arabic writer, quoted, I 21

=Belza=, Polish judge, arranges libel against Jews, I 101

=Belzhytz= (Province of Lublin), Jacob of, author of polemical treatise in Polish, I 136

=Bench=, the Russian, Jews excluded from, II 352 f, III 26

=Benckendorff=, chief of Russian gendarmerie, II 21

=Benedict XIV.=, appealed to by Jews of Poland, I 179

=Benjacob=, bibliographer in Vilna, II 136

=Benjamin=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Benjamin of Tudela=, Jewish traveller, I 32; II 233

=Benjamin II.= (Joseph Israel), Jewish traveller, II 233

=Benjamin III.=, name of fictitious traveller in Yiddish and Hebrew novel, II 233

=Berdychev= (government of Kiev), Levi Itzhok, hasidic leader, resident of, I 232 f, 382 Jews of, release fellow-Jews from prison, I 266 Jews of, support Polish cause, I 292 Tobias Feder, Hebrew writer, of, I 388 Max Lilienthal accorded friendly reception at, II 56 Halperin, resident of, member of Rabbinical Commission, II 57 Mendele Mokher Sforim, resident of, II 232 pogrom at, averted by Jewish self-defence, II 256 f visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418 Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108

=Berdychevsky, Micah Joseph=, Hebrew writer, III 60

=Berek=, Kahal elder, I 172

=Berek Yoselovich=, see Yoselovich

=Bergson, Jacob=, prominent Jew of Warsaw, II 103

=Berkovich, Joseph=, son of Berek Yoselovich, calls for Jewish volunteers to Polish army, II 105

=Berlin= (Germany), Mendelssohn circle in, centre of enlightenment, I 238 attracts Jewish students from Poland and Russia, I 239, 388, II 114 "Berliner" synonymous with heretic, I 278, 384 enlightenment of, hated by hasidic leaders, I 383 influences Warsaw, I 300 f, 384 f epidemic of conversions in, I 388 Congress of, II 202 Jewish socialists in, II 223 stock-exchange of, affected by pogrom at Rostov, II 358 refugees from Moscow arrive in, II 408 Russian Jews emigrate to, II 420 place of publication, I 386, III 51, 52, 58, 60

=Berlin, Shmerka=, of Velizh, accused of ritual murder, II 75, 77

=Berlin, Slava=, wife of former, arrested on same charge, II 77

=Berlin=, Jewish scholar, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., II 261

=Berliner, A.=, quoted, I 179

=Bernardine Monks=, in Poland, active in ritual murder libel, I 100 f, 177

=Bersohn=, Polish-Jewish writer, quoted, I 105

=Berthenson, I.=, converted Jew, Russian court physician, II 214

=Besht=, see Israel Baal-Shem-Tob

=Bessarabetz=, anti-Semitic paper in Kishinev, III 169 ff

=Bessarabia=, included in Pale (1835), II 40 Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72 expulsions from, II 385 anti-Semitic agitation in, III 69 ff von Raaben, governor of, III 74, 77 Urussov, governor of, III 93, 97; see Kishinev

=Bezalel=, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 167

=Bezalel=, of Kobrin, Hebrew author, I 201

=Bialocerkiew=, see Byelaya Tzerkov

=Bibikov=, governor-general of Kiev, criticises Jews in official report, II 47 arrests Israel of Ruzhyn, II 120 f

=Bialik, Hayyim Nahman=, Hebrew poet, III 63, 162 composes poem on Kishinev massacre, III 79 f

=Bialystok=, province of, annexed by Prussia (1795), I 297

=Bialystok= (city, government of Grodno), Samuel Mohilever, rabbi of, II 378 Poles threaten massacre of Russians and Jews in, I 357 Jewish labor movement in, III 55 pogroms at, III 114 f, 120, 136 f; discussed by First Russian Duma, 137 f

=Bible=, studied by Khazars, I 21 taught in Yiddish translation in Poland, I 114 study of, encouraged by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 126

=Bible Society=, of London, model of Russian Bible Society, I 396 Lewis Way, representative of, champions cause of Russian Jews, I 397

=Bible Society=, the Russian, established under Alexander I., I 396

=Bielsk= (Lithuania), Jew of, accused of ritual murder, I 87

_Bielski_, Polish chronicler, quoted, I 80

"=Bilu=," society of Palestinian pioneers, organized in Kharkov, II 321 f

=Bismarck=, German chancellor, favors equal rights for Jews, II 202

=Black Death=, the, stimulates immigration of Jews into Poland, I 50 penetrates to Poland, I 52 ravages of 1648 compared with those of, I 157

=Black Hundred=, the, patronized by Nicholas II., III 113, 151 deputation of, received by Nicholas II., III 131 supposed to number 100,000, III 126 organized as "League of Russian People," III 141 gain in Second Duma, III 142 triumph of, III 149 ff active in organizing pogroms, III 113 ff, 124 ff, 126 ff, 136 engineer Beilis case, III 164 ff take advantage of Jewish rightlessness, III 132 intimidate Jews during elections, III 134, 153 insult Jewish deputies in Duma, III 156; see League of the Russian People

=Black Sea=, the, ancient Jewish settlements on shores of, I 13 ff Khazars move in direction of, I 19, 28 Petahiah of Ratisbon travels to, I 33 establishment of Jewish colonies in neighborhood of, advocated, I 331

=Blaine, James G.=, American Secretary of State, expresses resentment at persecution of Russian Jews, II 395 f

=Blinov=, Russian student, killed while defending Jews, III 116

=Blondes, David=, Jewish barber in Vilna, accused of ritual murder, III 37

=Board of Deputies=, Jewish organization in London, pleads for Russian Jews, II 262

=Bobovnya= (government of Minsk), Jewish convert from, slanders Jews, II 80 Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121

=Bobrov, District of= (government of Voronyezh), Judaizing sect spreads to, I 401

=Bogdanov=, Russian soldier, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 151

=Bogdanovich=, Russian general, organizes pogroms, III 125 f

=Bogolepov=, Minister of Public Instruction, bars Jews from schools, III 27 f assassinated by Russian terrorist, 29

=Bogrov, Grigory=, Russian-Jewish writer, II 241 f

=Bogrov=, assassinates Stolypin, III 164 f

=Bohemia=, visited by Pethahiah of Ratisbon, I 33 oppressed Jews of, emigrate to Poland, I 41 Jews from, form community in Cracow, I 104 Magdenburg Law adopted in many parts of, I 41 talmudic learning carried from, to Poland, I 122 Mordecai Jaffe, native of, famous rabbi in Poland, I 127 Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious guidance, I 125

=Boleslav the Pious= (_Polish_, Boleslav Pobozny), of Kalish, prince of Great Poland, grants charter to Jews, I 45 ff charter of, ratified by successors, I 51, 59; embodied in Polish code of law, I 71

=Boleslav the Shy= (_Polish_, Boleslav Wstydliwy), Polish prince, encourages immigration of Germans, I 44

=Bona Sporza=, Polish queen, sells office of state, I 76

=Bonaparte=, see Napoleon

=Border Zone=, along Polish-Prussian and Polish-Austrian border (Twenty-one-Verst Zone), barred to Jews by Polish Government (1823), II 95 law excluding Jews from, repealed by Alexander II., II 95, 181 along Western Russian border (Fifty-Verst Zone), villages in, barred to new Jewish settlers (1835), II 40, 366 expulsion of Jews from entire B. Z. ordered, II 63; but not executed, II 64 new attempt to expel Jews from, II 385

=Borispol= (government of Poltava), pogrom at, II 267

=Borki= (government of Kherson), railroad accident to Alexander III., in neighborhood of, affects his policies, II 378

=Borukh Leibov=, Jewish tax-farmer, I 249 publicly executed, I 251 ff

=Borukh Shklover=, translates Euclid into Hebrew, I 381

=Borukh of Tulchyn=, hasidic leader, I 232 succeeded by Joshua Heshel, II 121

=Bosporan Era, The=, I 15

=Bosporus=, the Cimmerian, or Taurian, also called Panticapaeum (now Kerch), ancient Jewish community in, I 14 f Greco-Jewish inscription found in, I 15 bishop of, instructed to convert Jews, I 18

=Boycott=, economic, against Jews in Poland, III 166 ff

=Brafman, Jacob=, Jewish apostate, accuses Jews of forming illegal Kahal organization, II 187 ff author of "Book of the Kahal," I 189 accuses _Alliance Israélite_ of heading world Kahal, II 189 accuses Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment of forming part of Kahal, II 216 influences Russian authorities, II 190, 193 ff, 240 example of, followed by Lutestanski, II 202

=Bramson, L.=, member of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III 112 deputy to First Russian Duma, III 134

=Bratzlav= (Podolia), Polish deputy from, objects to extension of Jewish rights, I 288 Nahman of, leader of "Bratzlav Hasidim," I 382 f; II 121 f former name for government of Podolia, I 317

=Breslau=, Church Council of, adopts anti-Jewish restrictions, I 47 ff; ratified by Church Council of Kalish, I 57 visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239

=Brest-Kuyavsk=, name explained, I 75 anti-Jewish riot in, I 75 home of Jacob Koppelman, Hebrew author, I 133

=Brest-Litovsk=, name explained, I 75 Jews of, form important community, I 59, 73 Jewish community of, represented in Polish Federation of Kahals, I 110; and later in Lithuanian Federation, I 112 Jewish community of, headed by Saul Udich (Saul Wahl), I 94 Michael Yosefovich, tax-farmer, native of, I 72 Mendel Frank, rabbi of, I 73, 104 supposed former rabbi of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 173 Jews expelled from (1495), I 65 Jews of, express loyalty to Sigismund I., I 81 Jews of, protected by Sigismund III., I 94 Jews of, import goods to Moscow, I 243 Starosta of, upholds authority of Kahal, I 190 Kahal of, upbraided by Polish authorities for delaying elections, I 192 pogroms in (17th century), I 99, 161 (May, 1905), III 119

=Briskin, Arye=, Jewish apostate, informs against Jews of Mstislavl, II 85

=British East Africa=, see Uganda

=British Government, The=, see England

=Brodski=, Jewish merchant of Kiev, offers to establish trade bank, III 25 f

=Brody= (Galicia), rabbis assembled at, excommunicate Frankists, I 214; and Hasidim, I 237 Besht settles in, 223 Jewish merchants of, settling in Odessa, spread Haskalah, II 133 rallying-point of pogrom refugees, II 268 f, 321

=Bruchsaal= (Germany), Alexander I., receives Jewish deputation at, I 359, 391

=Bruhl=, Polish Prime Minister, I 180

=Brünn=, capital of Moravia, Jacob Frank settles in, I 219

=Brussels=, newspaper in, defends Russian Government, II 393; place of publication, II 178

=Bryce, James=, English statesman, addresses London protest meeting against pogroms, II 290

=Buarezm=, see Khwarizm

=Buchner, Abraham=, Polish assimilationist, II 103 f

=Buckee=, influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 209

=Buda= (Ofen), Hungary, Church Council of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 49; ratified by Council of Kalish, I 57

=Budak=, city in Crimea, I 26

=Budberg=, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, member of Committee to consider Jewish legislation, I 347

=Budek=, Polish priest, foments anti-Jewish agitation in Cracow, I 56

=Budny, Simon=, Polish theologian, holds disputations with Jews, I 136

=Budushchnost= ("The Future"), Zionist weekly in Russian, III 59

=Buenos Ayres=, Russian Jewish immigrants settle in, II 421

=Bukovina, The=, I 150 Hasidism gains footing in, II 121

=Bulan=, King of Khazars, embraces Judaism, I 21, 25

=Bulgar, The=, Slav tribe, I 26

=Bulgaria=, on the way to Khazaria, I 25 called upon by Congress of Berlin to grant equality to Jews, II 202 villages in, attacked by Bashibuzuks, II 253, 289

=Bulgarin, Thaddeus=, Russian anti-Semitic writer, II 139

=Bulyghin=, Russian Minister of Interior, receives rescript from Nicholas II. concerning Duma, III 110 Chairman of Committee to discuss Jewish franchise, III 121 recommends denial of Jewish franchise, III 122 "the Bulyghin Constitution" published, III 124

"=Bund=," League of the Jewish Workingmen of Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, organized (1897), III 56 ff holds secret conventions, III 56 f demands Jewish-national rights, III 57 arranges demonstrations, III 68; and strikes, III 130 held responsible for pogroms, III 89 boycotts First Duma, III 134 refuses co-operation with other Jewish parties, III 111, 148; see Revolutionary Movement and Socialism

=Burghers= form estate in Poland, I 44 hostile to Jews, I 70 enter into relations with, I 84 f receive civil rights from Polish Diet, I 279 form estate in Russia, I 308 restricted in right of transit, I 322 bear burden of conscription, II 23, 29; later relieved, II 200 subject to corporal punishment, II 405 artisans included in estate of, II 405 segregation of Jews as unsettled B. proposed by Nicholas I., 142 f

=Burgomaster=, office of, barred to Jews, II 199, 425

=Burtas=, Slav tribe, I 26

=Butrymovich= (_Polish_, Butrymowicz), Polish deputy, member of Jewish Commission, I 264, 287 f offers plan of Jewish reform, I 271, 274, 281 ff, 283 his plan used as a model, I 326 f, 385

=Byelaya Tzerkov= (_Polish_, Bialocerkiew), Treaty of (1651), readmits Jews to Ukraina, I 152

=Byzantine Sea, The=, see Black Sea

=Byzantium, Empire of=, influences Jewish colonies in Tauris, I 17 ff Jews persecuted in, I 23 f Jews emigrate from, to Tauris, I 28 relation of, to Khazars, I 19 ff defeats Khazars in Crimea, I 28 relation of, to Russia, I 30 relations of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut with, I 24

=Cabala=, firmly entrenched in Poland, I 134 f attracts Solomon Luria, I 126 esteemed and defended by Joel Sirkis, I 130, 133 vies with Rabbinism, I 199 study of, forbidden before the age of forty, I 214 adopted by sect of Frankists, I 214 studied by Elijah of Vilna, I 235 preached by Nohum of Chernobyl, I 382

=Cabala=, Practical, name explained, I 134 spreads in Poland, I 134 f, 202 ff introduced from Italy, I 208 studied and pursued by Besht, I 222 f, 224

=Cadets, The=, see Constitutional Democrats

=Calahora, Arie-Leib=, Jewish martyr in Posen, I 174 f

=Calahora, Mattathiah=, Jewish martyr in Cracow, I 164 f

=Calahora, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132

=Caliphate=, Eastern, or Caliphate of Bagdad, checks movement of Khazars, I 19 relation of, to Khazars, I 22

=Caliphate, of Cordova=, connected by Hasdai ibn Shaprut with other lands, I 24

=Calvinists=, in Poland, welcome invading Swedes, I 155

=Candia=, Delmedigo, author, born in, I 134

=Campe=, German author, work of, translated into Hebrew, II 134

=Canada=, Jewish emigration from Russia to, II 421 immigration of Dukhobortzy, Russian sect, to, III 10

=Candidate=, learned degree in Russia, term explained, II 165

=Candle Tax=, see Tax

=Canterbury, Archbishop of=, sends representative to London protest meeting against pogroms, II 289 joins pogrom relief committee, II 291

=Cantonists=, or juvenile recruits, name explained, II 19 institution by Nicholas I., II 19 sent to outlying Russian provinces, II 24 f hunters, or "captors," of, II 23 martyrdom of, II 24 ff forced conversion of, II 26, 45 institution of, not extended to Poland, II 109 abolished by Alexander II., II 156; see Conscription, Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers

=Capistrano=, papal legate, "Scourge of the Jews," I 62

=Capitals=, the Russian (St. Petersburg and Moscow), Jewish first and second guild merchants permitted to visit (1835), II 40 Jewish physicians, though admitted into Interior, excluded from (1865), III 167 admission of Jews to schools of, restricted to 3%, II 350 admission of Jews to universities of, restricted to 2%, III 29

=Capiton=, Christian martyr, I 17

=Carlowitz=, Treaty of (1699), returns Podolia to Poland, I 208

=Carmelites=, Church of, in Posen, holds demonstration against Jews, I 95 monk, member of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 100 bring law suit against Jews of Posen, I 174

=Caro, Joseph=, author of _Beth-Yoseph_, I 123 author of Shulhan-Arukh, see Shulhan-Arukh

=Carpathian Mountains, The=, Besht retires to, I 223

=Casimir the Great= (1333-1370), king of Poland, rejuvenates country, I 50 f ratifies and amplifies Jewish charter of Boleslav, I 51 f annexes Red Russia, I 42, 53 grants autonomy to Jews of Lemberg, I 53 infatuated with Jewess, I 53 f charter of, ratified by Vitovt, I 59 referred to as patron of Jews, II 98

=Casimir IV.=, king of Poland (1447-1492), pursues liberal policy towards Jews, I 61 f grants Jews new charter, I 61 f attacked by archbishop of Cracow, I 62 forced to rescind Jewish privileges, I 63 fines magistracy of Cracow for permitting riots against Jews, I 64 charter of, ratified by Sigismund II., I 83

=Casimir the Just=, Polish ruler, Jews active as ministers during reign of, I 42

=Caspian Sea, The=, called Sea of Jorjan, I 23 Khazars settled on shores of, I 19, 26; dislodged from, I 28

=Castellan=, title of Polish official, explained, I 287

=Catherine I.=, empress of Russia, changes and deports Jewish tax-farmer (1727), I 249

=Catherine II.=, The Great (1762-1796), empress of Russia, fictitious ukase of, permitting pogroms, I 183 refuses to admit Jews into Russia, I 259 f; and into Little Russia, I 260 f attitude of, towards Jews of annexed Polish provinces, I 306 ff appealed to by the Jews of White Russia, I 311 f attitude of, towards Jews, changes for worse, I 314 ff lays foundation of Pale of Settlement, I 314 ff favors removal of Jews from villages, I 319, 366 curtails Jewish autonomy, I 319, 366 endeavors to destroy "Jewish separateness," I 367 admits Jews to South Russia, I 316 substitutes term "Yevrey" for "Zhyd," I 320

=Caucasus, The=, ancient trade route leading through, I 23 Khazars originate from, I 19 Khazars occupy cities in, I 26 Jewish agriculturists permitted to settle in (1804), I 342; but not in villages of, I 343 "Judaizers" deported to, I 403 ritual murder trial in, II 204

=Censorship=, over Hebrew books, exercised by Council of Four Lands, I 195 f Government C. advocated by Polish reformers, I 723, 281 disregard of, severely punished, II 123 enforcement of, advocated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 130 hasidic books subjected to, II 212 Russian C., hampers Maskilim in Vilna, II 136 interferes with Jewish press, I 219 f suppresses _ha-Emet_, II 223; _Voskhod_, 407, III 98; _Novosti_, II 407 rages throughout Russia, II 371 suppresses news of pogroms, II 302, 358; and of Moscow expulsion, II 407 prevents Russian press from expressing sympathy with Jews, II 387 forbids Russian press to publish collective statements concerning Jews, II 387 confiscates pamphlet defending Jews, II 388 grants full scope to anti-Semitic press, III 31; see also Printing

=Census=, of the Jewish population, in Poland (1764), I 197 in White Russia (1772), I 307 in Russia (1816-1819), I 390 Jews of Vilna released from municipal C. (1682), I 166; see Statistics

=Central Committee=, see Committee

=Champagny=, French Cabinet Minister, conducts negotiations with Polish Government, I 299

=Charles IX.=, French king, succeeded by Henry, Polish king, I 89

=Charles XII.=, Swedish king, invades Poland, I 154 ff, 169

=Charnetzki=, Polish general, massacres Jews, I 155 f

=Charter=, granted to Jews by Leshek, prince of Poland (905), I 40 issued by Boleslav of Kalish (1264), I 45 ff included in Polish code of law (1505), I 71 ratified and amplified by Casimir the Great, I 51 f; burned, I 61 issued by Vitovt, grand duke of Lithuania (1388), I 59 f granted by Casimir IV. (1447), I 61 f granted to Jews of Lithuania by Sigismund I. (1540), I 81 ratified by Sigismund II. (1548), I 83 f old Ch's. ratified by Stephen Batory, I 89; by Vishniovetzki, I 160; by Augustus II., I 168; by Augustus III., I 168, 180 Ch. of Jewish autonomy issued by Sigismund II. (1551), I 105 ff Ch. demanding admission of Jews into Russia sent by Sigismund II. to Ivan the Terrible (1550), I 243 granted to Jews of Cracow by John Casimir (1661), I 159 "Golden Ch." by Catherine the Great, permitting pogroms, I 183 Theodor Herzl seeks to obtain Ch. from Sultan, III 84 offered by British Government for colonization of Uganda, III 84; see also Statute

=Chartoriski (or Chartoryski), Adam=, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, I 335 chairman of Committee to consider Jewish question in Poland, II 89, 91 opposes liberal project of Novosiltzev, II 93

=Chatzki, Thaddeus=, Polish historian, makes special study of Jewish problem, I 263 ff proposes Jewish reforms, I 271, 288 suggestions of, adopted by others, I 327, 385

=Chatzkin=, Russian-Jewish journalist, II 207

=Chazars=, see Khazars

=Chekhovich, Martin=, Polish theologian, holds disputations with Jews, I 136 f

=Chenstokhov= (_Polish_, Czenstochowa), province of Piotrkov, Jacob Frank imprisoned in, I 218 f occupied by Russian troops, I 219 pogrom at, III 36 f

=Cherkaski=, Count, burgomaster of Moscow, favors limitation of Jews in municipal government, II 199

=Cherkassy= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

=Chernigov= (city), Jews of, exterminated, I 149 pogrom at, III 128 ritual murder at Gorodnya, in neighborhood of, I 247 home of Isaac, early Russian-Jewish scholar, I 33 home of Litman Veigin, merchant, II 38

=Chernigov= (province or government), subject to Poland, I 140 closed to Jews (1649), I 151 opened again to Jews (1651), I 152 Jews of, exterminated, I 157 ceded to Russia (1667), I 159 few Jews left in, I 246 made part of Pale (1794), I 317, II 40 pogroms in localities of, II 257, 267, 315, 411, III 129 court of, sentences rioters, II 315 Jews expelled from villages of, II 341 governor of, misapplies laws relating to Jews, II 341 governor of, permits Jews to open stores on Christian holidays, II 411 localities in: Gorodnya, I 247 Karpovich, II 315 Konotop, II 257 Nyezhin, II 267, III 129 Semyonovka, III 129 Starodub, II 411

=Chernikhovsky, Saul=, Hebrew poet, III 64

=Chernobyl= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, I 232, 382 "dynasty" of, widely ramified, I 382, II 119 ff

=Chernovitz= (Bukowina), Sadagora, in neighborhood of, hasidic center, II 121

=Chernyshev=, Count, governor-general of White Russia, assures Jews of former liberties, I 306 f sets apart Jews as an estate, I 309

=Chernyshevski=, radical Russian author, influences Jewish _Intelligenzia_, II 207, 209 effect of, on Lilienblum, 237

=Chersonesus=, near Sevastopol, bishops of, force Jews into baptism, I 17 scene of rivalry between Jews and Byzantines, I 30

=Chetvertinski=, Count, betrays Jews of Tulchyn, I 147 f

=Chiarini, Abbé=, Polish anti-Semitic writer, II 104

=Chigirin= (province of Kiev), home of Khmelnitzki, I 144

=Chikhachev=, Russian Navy Minister, favors emigration of Jews from Russia, II 419

=Chikhachev=, member of Council of State, favors Jewish franchise, III 12

=Chlenov=, Zionist leader, III 47

=Chmelnicki=, see Khmelnitzki

=Chresta=, name of Greco-Jewish woman, I 15

=Christianity=, propaganda of, in Tauris, I 17 f; among Khazars, I 20 fusion of Judaism and Ch. attempted by Jewish sect in Russia, II 335; see Church and Conversion

=Chudnov= (Volhynia), young Jews of, martyred, III 117

=Chufut-Kale= (Crimea), harbors old Karaite community, I 35

=Church=, the Greek-Orthodox, persecutes Jews in Byzantine empire, I 18 Pobyedonostzev reports on affairs of, III 9

=Church=, the Roman-Catholic, in Poland, spreads hatred of Jews, I 44, 47 ff gains strength under Yaguello, I 54 f opposes Casimir IV., I 62 f hostile to Jews during Reformation, I 79, 85 f agitates against Jews, I 99 ff prompts anti-Jewish legislation of Polish Diets, I 160 responsible for anti-Jewish riots, I 161 Jews forbidden to leave houses during Ch. processions, I 160

=Church Council=, or Synod, of Breslau (1266), introduces canonical laws into Poland, I 47 f of Buda (1279), passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 49 of Constance (1420), attended by Polish ecclesiastics, I 57 of Kalish (1420), ratifies former canonical enactments against Jews, I 57 f of Piotrkov (1542), adopts "Constitution" against Jews, I 82 f, 171 of Lovich (1720), forbids building of new synagogues, I 171 of Plotzk (1733), insists on necessity of Jewish suffering, I 171

=Chwolson, Daniel=, professor, converted Jew, member of Committee to investigate ritual murder, II 151 disproves ritual murder, II 205 member of Executive Committee of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214

=Cilicia= (Asia Minor), harbors Jewish communities, I 14

=Cimmerian Bosporus=, see Bosporus

=Cincinnati=, Max Lilienthal, rabbi of, II 59

"=Circular Jews=," name explained, II 404 privileges of, withdrawn, II 428

=City Government=, see Municipalities

=Civil Service=, Jews barred from by Church councils, I 49 Jews in Russian army promised admission to, II 29 possessors of learned degrees admitted to, II 165 Jewish physicians admitted to, II 167; barred from, III 27 Jews in general barred from, II 352; III 26; see Tax-Farmer

=Clement XIII.=, pope, protects Polish Jews, I 180

=Clement XIV.=, see Ganganelli

=Cohen, Jacob Joseph=, disciple of Besht, I 227, 230 f stirs wrath of Elijah Gaon, I 237

=Cohen, Joshua Falk=, rabbi of Lublin, I 111 f presides over Council of Four Lands, I 128 head of talmudic academy in Lemberg, I 128

=Cohen, Naphtali=, Polish rabbi, engages in magic and enters into relations with Sabbatians, I 204

=Cohen, Nehemiah=, Messianic propagandist, I 207

=Cohen, Sabbatai=, called _Shak_, of Vilna, author of commentary on _Shulhun Arukh_, I 130 issues epistle picturing persecutions of 1648, I 157 f

=Colchians=, tribe, I 15

=Colonies=, Jewish, in South Russia, visited by emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418 pogroms in, II 271; III 35

=Colonization, of Jews=, undertaken by Russian Government in New (South) Russia, I 352, 363 ff; II 70 ff; checked by Government, II 365 in White Russia, II 72 in Siberia, II 71 in Palestine, II 321 f; III 42, 46, 49; promoted by Baron Rothschild, II 375 in United States, II 328, 374 in Russia, proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 415; and by ICA of Paris, III 10; but discouraged by Russian Government, III 24 f in Argentina, II 416, 421; see Agriculture

=Commerce=, Jews as mediators in, between Europe and Asia, I 23 Jews engage in, with Slav countries, I 39 Jews in Polish C., I 264, 266 f Polish kings encourage Jews in, I 85 Sigismund III. confirms Jewish rights of (1588), I 93 Jews restricted in, in Posen, I 74 f; Lemberg, I 75; Cracow, I 98; Vilna, I 99 restrictions in, imposed upon Jews by Polish Diets (1538), I 78; (1768), I 182; (1643), I 99 anti-Jewish restrictions in, demanded by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 82; and by Polish journalist (1798), I 281 Russian Government permits Jews to engage in, at fairs of Little Russia and Kharkov government, I 250 ff Little Russians plead for admission of Jews in interest of, I 260 f Jews in Russian C., I 359 f; II 366 deprecated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 126; and other Maskilim, II 137 attitude of Russian Government towards Jewish C., II 185 Jews with higher education granted unrestricted right of (1904), III 98; see also Economic Life and Merchants

=Commission=, "C. for Jewish Reform," appointed by Polish Diet (1790), I 287 ff project of, submitted to Diet and postponed, I 289 resumes labors but fails, I 290 Butrymovich, member of, I 264 project of, adopted by Friesel, Russian governor of Vilna, I 326 f

=Commission=, "High C. for revision of current Laws concerning Jews" ("Pahlen C."), appointed 1883, II 336 composition of, II 336 examines material of "Gubernatorial Commissions," II 337, 363 futility of, II 337 serves as screen for anti-Jewish legislation, II 338 discusses projected educational restrictions against Jews ("school norm"), II 339; votes against them, II 349 conclusions of, II 363 ff deprecates Jewish disabilities, II 364, 366 refers to revolutionary leanings of Jews, II 364 f criticize Jewish separation and exploitation, II 365 describes poverty of Jews, II 366 f; favors gradual emancipation of Jews, II 368 f minority of, favors continuation of repression policy, II 369; supported by Alexander III., II 370 invites Jewish experts, II 369 f disbanded, II 380

=Commissions=, the Gubernatorial, appointed to counteract "injurious influence" of Jews (1881), II 272 ff circular of Ignatyev concerning appointment of, II 273; quoted by Cardinal Manning, II 289 anti-Jewish recommendations of, II 275 influence Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 277, 309 material of, examined and discarded by Pahlen Commission, II 337, 363 charges of, denied by Jewish Conference, II 307

=Commission=, the Rabbinical, see Rabbinical Commission

=Committee=, to consider Jewish questions, appointed by Polish Government (1815), II 89 f; (1825), II 103 f to investigate ritual murder (1864), II 151 to investigate Brafman's charges against Kahals (1866), II 189 f, 240 Russo-Jewish C. in London, II 388 f Central C. of ICA in St. Petersburg, II 420 secret C. under Plehve plans Jewish counter-reforms (1891), II 399 C. of governors and high officials appointed with anti-Semitic instructions (1904), III 93

=Committee= for Amelioration of Jews, called "Jewish Committee" (1802), I 335 ff appointment of, causes alarm among Jews, I 336 invites deputies from Jewish Kahals, I 337 Nota Shklover invited to assist, I 338 elaborates plan of Jewish reform, I 338; and submits it to Kahals, I 339 conflicting tendencies within, I 339 f submits report to Alexander I., I 341 f supplies basis for Statute of 1804, I 342 reappointed 1809, advises against expulsion of Jews from villages, I 352 ff, 405 reappointed 1823, plans to reduce number of Jews in Russia, I 407 f drafts principal enactments concerning Jews, II 31 suggest expulsion of Jews from Courland, II 32 frame Statute of 1835, II 34 appointed 1871, II 191 charged to consider Kahal organization and economic exploitation, II 193 ff

=Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews=, appointed 1840, II 49 f, 157 presided over by Kisselev, II 50, 157 considers plan of "assorting" Jews, II 64 ff Moses Montefiore permitted to communicate with Nicholas I. through, II 68 suggests modification of conscription system, II 155 resuscitated (1856), II 161 discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 161 ff, 163 ff, 169 favors opening of Interior to retired soldiers, II 171 suggests law demanding secular education of teachers and rabbis, II 175

=Committee for Revision of Jewish Question=, appointed 1881, II 277 suggests unpopulated localities for Jewish settlement, II 285 plans expulsion of Jews from villages, II 285 frames "Temporary Law" of 1882, II 309 ff

=Committee of Ministers= approves measures against "Judaizers," I 402 approves expulsion of Jews from villages of White Russia, I 406 instructed to provide relief for expelled Jews, I 406 advised to stop expulsion, I 407 formulates function of "Jewish Committee," I 408 question of admitting artisans into Interior transferred to, II 169 f modifies "temporary Rules" of Ignatyev, II 311 f, 318 objects to pogroms, II 312 f advocates school norm for Jews, II 339, 349 discusses emigration to Argentina, II 419 entrusted by Nicholas II. with execution of constitutional reforms, III 106 presided over by Witte, III 107 discusses Jewish question, III 123; see Council of Ministers

=Committee on Freedom of Conscience=, appointed by Second Duma, favors Jewish emancipation, III 142

=Conference of Jewish Notables=, in St. Petersburg (September, 1881), II 277; (April, 1882), II 304 ff refuses to regulate emigration, II 307 disastrous results of decision of, II 321

=Congregation of New Testament Israelites=, Judeo-Christian sect in Kishinev, II 335

=Congregational Board=, supersedes Kahal in Poland, II 102 f (of Warsaw), objects to separate Jewish regiment, II 106 sends deputation to St. Petersburg to plead for equal rights, II 110 president of, arrested by Russian Government, II 181

=Congress=, of Aix-la-Chapelle, discusses Jewish question, I 398 f of Berlin, demands equal rights for Balkan Jews, II 202 of Vienna, see Vienna, Congress of Jewish C. proposed by Pinsker, II 331 of Medicine, in Moscow, III 15 Zionist C., III 41, 44 f, 84 f, 144 of United States, see United States of Poland, see Poland, kingdom of

=Congressional Record=, quoted, II 294, 296, 395

=Conscription=, see Cantonists, Military Service, and Recruits

=Constance=, Synod of, attended by Polish clergy, I 57

=Constantine, Old=, see Constantinov

=Constantine Pavlovich=, grand duke, Russian heir-apparent, II 13, 129 proclaimed emperor but resigns, II 13 appointed commander of Poland, II 13, 16, 91 suggests expulsion of Jews from border zone, I 408 expels Jews from villages, II 31 Isaac Baer Levinsohn submits memorandum to, II 129

=Constantinople=, capital of Byzantium, I 17 captured by Turks, I 35 patriarchs of, carry on Christian propaganda in Tauris, I 18 Church of, hopes for conversion of Khazars, I 20 Spanish exiles in, I 27 Abydos, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, in neighborhood of, I 206 Jewish pilgrims on way to Palestine arrive in, I 209 Ignetyev, Russian ambassador at, II 259

=Constantinov, Old=, or Staro-(Volhynia), Cossack massacre at, I 149 "protest" against conscription at, II 21 f

=Constitution=, "anti-Jewish C.," passed by Polish Diet of 1538, 1 77 f adopted by Piotrkov Church Council of 1542, I 82 f Polish C. of May 3, 1791, 289 f. introduced by Napoleon into duchy of Warsaw, I 398 violated by Government of duchy, I 299 ff "Jewish C." of 1804, I 342 ff

=Constitutional Democratic Party=, the (Cadets), in Russia, mistrusts Government, III 130 forms majority in First Duma, III 135 loses in Second Duma, III 142 weak in Third Duma, III 153 Jews in, III 119 Vinaver, leader of, III 134 majority of Jewish deputies belong to, III 135

=Contra-Talmudists=, name for Frankists, I 214 f

=Conversion=, of Jews, to Christianity, recommended by patriarch of Constantinople and bishop of Bosporus, I 18, 20 forced upon Jews of Byzantium, I 23 forcible C. of children punished by Polish law (1264), I 47 of Jewish Messianic pilgrims in Palestine, I 210 of Jacob Frank and followers, I 217 f; deplored by Besht, I 229 carried on through military service, II 26 f, 45, 156 f feared by Jews of Vilna, II 54 f endeavors of Russians towards, stopped, II 173 f of Haskalah pioneers, II 132 of disillusioned _intelligenzia_, II 327 as result of expulsions in St. Petersburg, II 344; and Moscow, II 425; see Society of Israelitish Christians C. epidemic in Berlin, I 388 forced by Ivan the Terrible upon Jews of Vitebsk, I 154; and upon Jews of Polotzk, I 243 Russian Government aims at, I 396 ff; II 44 f, 188 of Khazars, to Judaism, I 20 attempted C. of Vladimir, I 30 of Turkish Sabbatians, to Mohammedanism, I 210

=Converts=, to Christianity, permitted by King John Casimir to return to Judaism, I 151 accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 173 f; II 73, 80 inform against Hebrew books, II 42 in city of Saratov, II 150 individual converts: Abraham Yosefovich, I 73 Berthenson, II 214 Bogrov, II 242 Brafman, II 187 ff Briskin, II 85 Chwolson, II 151, 205, 214 Efron-Litvin, III 38 Grudinski, II 80 Horvitz, II 202, 244 Kronenberg, II 178 Nyevakhovich, I 388 Peretz, I 388 Pfefferkorn, II 189 Priluker, II 335 Savitzki, II 73 Serafinovich, I 173 f See also, Judaizers

=Cordova=, Caliphate of, see Caliphate

=Coronation Diets=, see Diets, Coronation

=Cosmopolitanism=, advocated by Jewish socialists, II 222; by Levanda, II 240; by Bogrov, II 241

=Cossacks=, name explained, I 142 origin of, I 142 ff Ukrainian C's., I 142 Zaporozhian C's., see Zaporozhians massacre Jews (1637), I 144; (1648), I 144 ff, 154, 246 exclude Jews from their country (1649), I 151 readmit Jews to their territory (1651), I 152 ally themselves with Russia (1654), I 152 ff invade Polish territories, I 154, 156, 244 ff rise against Poles and Jews, I 182 ff Jews visit territory of, despite prohibition, I 246 C's. of Little Russia plead for admission of Jews, I 250 See also Khmelnitzki

=Costanda=, military governor of Moscow, inaugurates expulsion of Jews, II 401

=Council, Church C.=, see Church Council

=Council of Ministers=, in duchy of Warsaw, opposes Jewish emancipation, I 299 in Russia, Nicholas I. appends resolution to report of, II 62 reports to Tzar on Jewish agricultural colonization, II 71 recommends appointment of "High Commission" on Jewish question, II 336 passes anti-Jewish laws, II 338 not consulted in expulsion from Moscow, II 402 favors grant of franchise to Jews, III 122 presided over by Witte, II 125 suggests moderate Jewish reforms to Nicholas II., II 141

=Council of State=, in Poland, discusses Jewish question, II 93 f formation of, in Russia, I 335 bars Jews from Russian Interior, I 316 condemns expulsion of Jews from White Russian villages, I 407; II 34 objects to further expulsions, II 34 f discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 35 f, 161 ff, 163 ff, 169 f recommends alleviation in military service, II 36 disagrees on expulsion from Kiev, II 36 f passes Statute of 1835, II 37 receives memoranda on Jewish question, II 38 discusses Jewish question and suggests measures (1840), II 47 ff discusses exact limits of Pale, II 70 acquits Velizh Jews of ritual murder charge, II 81 ff convicts Jews of Saratov, II 152 discusses Jewish separatism, under influence of Brafman's charges, II 190 recommends appointment of Commission of Amelioration of Jews, II 191, 193 material on Jewish question prepared for, II 336 plans of Pahlen Commission said to have been brought before, II 320 disregarded by Alexander III. in issuing "Temporary Rules," II 312, 386; in passing anti-Jewish restrictions, II 338; in passing school norm, II 349; in expulsion from Moscow, II 402 confirms exclusion of Jews from Zemstvos, II 386 members of, favor Jewish franchise, III 122

=Courland=, added to Pale, I 321 Jews settled in, I 341 new Jewish settler expelled from, II 32 Lipman Levy, Russian financial agent, native of, I 248 Mordecai Aaron Ginzburg, Hebrew writer, resident of, II 133 Nisselovich, Duma deputy for, III 153

=Courts=, Jews of Poland exempted from jurisdiction of municipal and ecclesiastic C's., I 45 f, 51 f, 84, 94, 103 cases between Jews tried by royal C's., or Voyevoda C. (in Lithuania, Starosta C.), I 45 f, 51 f, 59 f "Jewish Judge," Polish official nominated by Jews, attached to Voyevoda C., I 46, 52, 192 Voyevoda C. tries cases between Jews and Christians, I 84, 191; acts as Court of Appeals, I 191; Kahal elders attached to, I 84 tax-farmer Yosko and employees placed under jurisdiction of royal C., I 71 Jews on noble estates placed under C's. of nobles, I 84 Municipal C's. claim jurisdiction over Jews, I 93 f ritual murder cases tried by C's. without proper jurisdiction, I 95 f civil and partly criminal cases between Jews tried by C. of rabbis and Kahal elders, I 83, 105 f Kahal C. granted right of imposing _herem_ and other penalties, I 73, 105 f Kahal C. granted exclusive jurisdiction in cases between Jews, I 191 Kahal C. consists of rabbis as judges and Kahal elders as jury, I 191 Council of Four Lands acts as C., I 111; appoints provincial judges, I 111 Kahal C. of Vilna issues _herem_ against Hasidim (1772), I 237 Kahals recognized as C's. by Russian Senate (1776), I 309 cases between Jews tried by C's. of District and Gubernatorial Kahals, I 309 Gubernatorial Kahals act as C's. of Appeal, I 309 cases between Jews and Christians tried by municipal C's., I 309 Senate questions legality of special Jewish C's. (1782), I 310 Jews admitted to membership in municipal C's. (1783), I 310 cases between Jews tried by municipal C's. (1786), I 313 Jews represented on municipal C's. by elective jurymen, I 313 Kahal C's. limited to spiritual affairs (1786), I 313; (1795), I 319 Jews of Lithuania plead for preservation of Kahal C's. (1795), I 320 Statute of 1804 places Jews under jurisdiction of Russian C's., I 344 Jews continue to resort to Kahal C., I 367; see Kahal, Jewish Judge, and Rabbi

=Cox, Samuel S.=, of New York, protests in Congress against pogroms, II 294 ff

=Cracow=, leading city of Little Poland, I 42, 110, 196 capital of Western Galicia, I 53 election diets held in, I 98 superseded as Polish capital by Warsaw, I 85 conquered by Swedes, I 154 surrendered by Shlakhta, I 155 Province of, annexed by Austria, I 297 Jewish refugees from Crusade seek shelter in, I 41 Jewish Community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 Jewish communities in Province of, destroyed, I 156 Jewish charter ratified by Casimir the Great, in, I 51 Jews of, receive charter from John Casimir, I 159 anti-Jewish riots in, I 56 f, 63 f, 75 f, 102, 161, 166 Jews of, subjected to commercial restrictions, I 74 f, 98 restrictions for Jews of, demanded by Church Synod, I 82 ghetto established in, I 64, 85 ritual murder trial in, I 164 f host trial in, I 101 f "Judaizing" tendencies in, I 79 f anti-Semitic writers in, 96 f Oleshnitzki, archbishop of, I 62 Gamrat, bishop of, I 79 Kmita, Voyevoda of, I 76 Hebrew printing-press in, I 131, 195 Delacruta, Cabalist, resident of, I 134 Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabalist, studies in, I 135 Pollak, Jacob, head of yeshibah in, I 122 Spira, Nathan, head of yeshibah in, I 135 Rabbis of: Asher, I 104 Fishel, I 105, 132 Heller, I 158 Isserles, I 123 Kaidanover, Samuel, I 200 Meir of Lublin, I 129 Meisels, II 179 Peretz, I 104 Sirkis, I 133

=Crémieux, Adolf=, president of _Alliance Israélite_, corresponds with Lilienthal, II 67 petitions Alexander II. on behalf of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 153 criticized by governor-general of Kiev, II 194

=Crimea, The=, name defined, I 13 Greeks in, I 13 f conquered by Khazars, I 19 f last refuge of Khazars, I 28 known as Khazaria, I 28 f ruled by Pechenegs and Polovtzis, I 29 conquered by Tatars, I 33 Tataric Khanate of, I 35 f, 142 Tatars of, ally themselves with Cossacks, I 143 ff Kaffa, Genoese colony in, I 33 f list of cities in, I 26 visited by Petahiah of Ratisbon, I 33 Taman peninsula, in neighborhood of, I 23 Jews in, I 14 ff, 33 ff Karaite communities in, I 35 Jews of, settle in Kiev, I 30; in Lithuania, I 35 expelled Lithuanian Jews emigrate to, I 65 Jewish State in, suggested, I 412; see Tavrida, government of

=Crimean War=, stops plan of Jewish "Assortment," II 143 effect of, on Jewish situation II 149 f, 154

=Crown=, the, signifying Poland as contrasted with Lithuania, I 72, 88, 110, 113, 127, 162, 193 =Crown Rabbis= ("official," or _kazyonny_, rabbis), name explained, II 176 forced upon congregations, II 176 act as Government agents See Rabbis

=Crown Schools=, see Schools

=Crusades=, the, stimulate immigration of Jews into Poland, I 33, 41 give rise to Teutonic order, I 63 victims of Cossack massacres (1648) compared with those of, I 156

=Cyril=, Christian missionary, disputes with Jews, I 18

=Daitzelman=, Jewish merchant in Nizhni-Novgorod, victim of pogrom, II 361

=Dakota, North and South=, Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374

=Damascus=, ritual murder trial of, II 68

=Daniel Apostol=, Hetman of Little Russia, pleads for admission of Jewish salesman, I 250

=Dantzic=, annexed by Prussia, I 292

=Danube, The=, Jewish emigration form provinces of, to Poland, I 41

=Dardanelles, The=, commerce between Genoa and Crimea through, I 34

=Darkest Russia=, periodical published in England, II 381

=Darshanim= (Preachers), in Poland, I 201 f

=Darvin, Charles=, influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 209

=Dashevski, Pincus=, assaults Krushevan to avenge Kishinev massacre, III 81 f trial of, induces Plehve to forbid Zionism, III 82 receives greetings of Russian-Jewish convention, III 132

=Davidov=, Russian military leader, praises Jews, I 357

=Davis, Noah=, Judge, speaks at New York protest meeting, II 297

=Decembrists= (_Russian_, Dyekabrist), Russian revolutionaries, name explained, I 410 suppressed by Nicholas I., II 13 attitude of, towards Jews, I 409 ff

=Dekert, John=, mayor of Warsaw, champion of burgher class, I 286

=Delacruta, Mattathiah=, Italian Cabalist in Cracow, I 134 =Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon=, called _Yashar_, of Candia, arraigns Polish Jews for opposing secular culture, I 134

=Dembrovski=, Polish bishop, arranges disputations between Frankists and Talmudist, I 214 f orders burning of Talmud, I 215

=Demiovka=, suburb of Kiev, pogrom at, II 254 f

=De non Tolerandis Iudæis=, right of excluding Jews in Warsaw (and other Polish cities), I 85 in Kiev, I 94 f abolished in Zhitomir, Vilna (and other cities), II 172 abolished throughout Poland (1862), II 181

=Denis=, Greek-orthodox priest, converted to Judaism, I 36

=Department of Law=, part of Council of State, considers Jewish legislation, II 34 ff

=Deputation of the Jewish People, The=, created by Alexander I., I 392 ff disbanded in 1825, I 395 instrumental in stopping ritual murder trial in Grodno, II 74 induces Alexander I. to veto prohibition of liquor trade in Poland, II 94

=Derbent=, see Bab Al-Abwab

=Diaspora=, Jewish, neglected by Zionism, III 52 as conceived by National-Cultural Autonomism, III 53 ff as conceived by Russian-Jewish historians, II 65

=Diet, The=, in Poland, term defined, I 76 controlled by Shlakhta, I 58, 77, 160 authority of, undermined by _liberum veto_, I 92, 168 Jews represented at, by "syndics," I 111 anti-Jewish tendency of, I 76 f, 160 preceded by anti-Jewish propaganda, I 165 counteracts benevolent intentions of kings, I 160 censures King Sobieski for interest in Jews, I 167 condemns anti-Jewish riots, I 166 f, 171 fixes amount of Jewish head-tax, I 194 granted right to elect government, I 263 Jews admitted to Warsaw during sessions of, I 268 ff re-established in duchy of Warsaw, I 298 Coronation D's., name explained, I 98 Jewish privileges ratified at, I 98, 160, 168

=Election D's.=, name explained, I 98 Individual Diets, according to years: 1423 (of Varta), restricts financial operations of Jews, I 58 1454 (of Nyeshava), rescinds Jewish privileges, I 63 1496 (of Piotrkov), confirms restrictions of Nyeshava Diet, I 64 1521 (of Piotrkov), limits commerce of Lemberg Jews, I 75 1538 (of Piotrkov), passes anti-Jewish "constitution," I 77; confirmed by Diet of 1562, 1565 and 1768, I 87 1548 (of Piotrkov), Sigismund II. ratifies Jewish charter at, I 83 1618, discusses passionately Jewish question, I 97 1643 (of Warsaw), restricts profits of Jews, I 99 1658 (of Warsaw), expels sectarians from Poland, I 91 1670 (of Warsaw), restricts financial operations of Jews, I 160 1693 (of Grodno), arraigns Bezalel, Jewish tax-farmer, I 167 1717 (of Warsaw), increases Jewish head-tax, I 169; protests against anti-Jewish riots, I 171 1740, rejects resolution turning Jews into serfs, I 170 1764 (of Warsaw), alters system of Jewish taxation, I 181, 197; prohibits conventions of Jewish District elders, I 198 1768 (of Warsaw), renews commercial restrictions of 1538, I 182, 267; admits Jews temporarily to Warsaw, I 268 1788-1791, see Diet, Quadrennial 1808, elections to, force Government to take up Jewish question, I 299 1818, first D. of kingdom of Poland, displays anti-Jewish attitude, II 96, 99 1831, releases Jews from conscription, II 107

=Diet, The Quadrennial=, or Great (1788-1791), name explained, I 263 reflects liberal ideas, I 278 elaborates modern constitution, I 263 equalizes burgher class, I 278 discusses agrarian question, I 279 prepares for struggle with Russia, I 279 attitude of, towards Jewish question, I 263 ff, 279 ff, 285, 288 ff refers Jewish question to special commission, I 264, 279, 287, 327 finance committee of, reports on Jews, 263 ff Chatzki, Polish historian, member of, I 263, 288 Butrymovich, champion of Polish Jews, member of, I 264, 274, 280 f, 285, 289 Chatzki and Butrymovich submit proposals to, I 271 Jews admitted to Warsaw during, I 285 notified of anti-Jewish demonstration in Warsaw, I 286; and investigates it, I 287 literature centering around, I 279 ff appealed to by Simeon Wolfovich against Kahals, I 276 project of Jewish reforms submitted to king during, I 284

=Dietines=, the, Polish provincial diets, I 76 provide occasions for anti-Jewish riots, I 170 serve as pattern for Jewish D., I 113, 196 f Jewish D., called officially "synagogues," I 196

=Dilke, Sir Charles=, English Under-Secretary of State, interpellated about pogroms, II 262

=Dillon, Eliezer=, army purveyor, represents Jews before Russian Government, I 358 member of Deputation of Jewish People, I 392 f

=Disabilities=, see Restrictions

=Disputations=, religious, between Jews and Christians, I 136 f between Frankists and orthodox Jews, I 214 f, 216 f; attended by Besht, I 229

=Disraeli=, see Beaconsfield

=Distillers=, Jewish, admitted to Russian Interior, II 170

=Distilling=, see _Propinatzya_

=Dlugosh, Jan=, called Longinus, Polish historian, quoted, I 57

=Dnieper=, the, river, Petahiah of Ratisbon reaches banks of, I 33 Jews disappear from left bank of, I 157 Jews decimated on right bank of, I 157 southern basin of, subject to Poland, I 140 left bank of, called Little Russia, ceded to Russia, I 159 Jews penetrate into Little Russia "from other side of," I 253 Cossacks beyond Falls of, I 143 ff uprising against Poles and Jews on right bank of, I 182 Cossack army "on both sides of," plead for admission of Jewish salesmen, I 250 central river of Pale, I 317 See Moghilev on the Dnieper

=Dniester, The=, river, Moghilev on, I 98

=Dobrolubov=, Russian critic, influences Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 207, 209

=Doctor=, official title of rabbis in ancient Poland, I 72, 104, 109

=Dolgoruki=, Count, governor-general of Moscow, friendly to Jews, II 400 f

=Dombrovski=, Polish revolutionary leader, I 303

=Domestics, Christian=, the keeping of, prohibited by Church Council of Breslau (1266), I 49 by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 82 by "Lithuanian Statute" (1566), I 87 by Diet of Warsaw (1670), I 160 prohibition of, in Russia, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333, and Golitzin, 404 prohibited by Russian Senate (1820), I 404 f prohibited for permanent employment (1835), II 40 Christians of Pereyaslav call upon Jews to refrain from, II 266 Pobyedonostzev deplores influence of Jews on their D., III 9

=Domestics, Jewish=, outside Pale, Jewish merchants allowed limited number of, II 162 Jewish university graduates allowed two, II 166, 344 fictitious D. in St. Petersburg, II 344 f

=Dominican Order=, the, church of, in Posen, collects regular fine from Jews, I 55 priest of, in Cracow, causes execution of Jews, I 164 general of, in Rome, calls upon head of, in Cracow, to defend Jews, I 165

=Don=, the, river, Khazars move towards, I 19 Territory of D. Army closed to Jews, II 346

=Dondukov-Korsakov=, governor-general of Kiev, criticizes Jews, II 193 f

=Drabkin=, rabbi of St. Petersburg, reports conversation with Ignatyev, II 305

=Drenteln=, governor-general of Kiev, ferocious Jew-baiter, abets pogroms, II 252, 254 recommends severe repression of Jews, II 276 upbraids Jews of Balta, II 316 f misconstrues "Temporary Rules" against Jews, II 341

=Dresden=, Jews of, appeal to Augustus III. against ritual murder libel, I 176

=Dress, Christian=, forbidden to Jews by "Lithuanian Statute" (1566), I 87 deprecated by rabbis (1607), I 112 prescribed for Jewish visitors to Russian Interior (1835), II 40 prescribed for Jewish members of municipalities (1804), I 345 German D. adopted by "Berliners," I 384 Russian D. preferred by Jews to German D., I 350; see Dress, Jewish

=Dress, Jewish= (hat or badge), prescribed by Synod of Breslau (1266), I 48 by Synod of Buda (1279), I 49 by Synod of Kalish (1420), I 57 by Diet of Piotrkov (1538), I 78 by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 83 abandoned by some Jews in Warsaw, I 300 f defended by Polish rabbi, I 283 Jews of Warsaw demand equal rights as reward for discarding, I 385 f prohibition of, recommended by Butrymovich, I 281; by Polish nobility of Lithuania, I 326; by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327; and Dyerzhavin, I 333 tax imposed on, in Russia (1843), I 110; extended to Poland (1845), I 110 Russian Council of State finds principal source of Jewish separatism in (1840), II 48; and suggests prohibition, II 49; but modifies view (1870), II 190 f governors-general advised of impending prohibition of, II 66 prohibition of, enacted (1850), I 144; and extended to female attire (1851), I 144 prohibition of, remains ineffective, I 144 f Alexander II. displeased with, in Poland, II 190 luxury in, forbidden (1566), I 87; deprecated by Abraham Hirshovich, I 284; by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128; by Christians of Pereyaslav, II 266 white D. favored by early "Hasidim," I 209, 231, 237; objected to by assembly of rabbis, I 237; see Dress, Christian

=Dreyfus Affair=, the, exploited by Russian press, III 32 witnessed by Doctor Herzl, III 42

=Druskeniki= (government of Grodno), Conference of "Lovers of Zion" at, II 377

=Drusus=, name of Greek Jew, I 15

=Dubnow, S. M.=, author of present work, quoted, I 114, 163, 235 champions national rejuvenation of Judaism in Russia, II 327 formulates theory of Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural Autonomism, III 52 member of central committee of League for Equal Rights, III 42 editor of periodical _Yevreyskaya Starina_, III 160

=Dubossary=, ritual murder libel at, III 70 f pogrom at, frustrated by Jews, III 71

=Dubrovin=, head of Black Hundred, received by Nicholas II., III 149

=Dubrovna= (government of Moghilev), Voznitzin, captain of navy, converted to Judaism at, I 252

=Duchy of Warsaw=, see Warsaw, Duchy of

=Dukhobortzy=, Russian sect, flees from persecution to Canada, III 10

=Duma, Imperial Russian=, plans for, formulated, III 122; and published, III 124 manifesto of October 17 promises establishment of, III 127 _First D._, elections to, III 133 League for Equal Rights participates in elections to, III 133 f Zionists participate in elections to, III 145 boycotted by Left, III 134 Jewish deputies to, III 134 Jewish question before, III 135 ff pogroms discussed by, III 126, 136 ff appoints commission to investigate Bialystok pogrom, III 137 adopts resolution condemning pogroms, III 139 dissolved, III 139 _Second D._, convoked, III 141 only three Jewish deputies elected to, III 142 Jewish question referred by, to committee, III 142 dissolved, III 142 _Third D._, called the Black, III 153 only two Jewish deputies elected to, III 153 violently anti-Semitic, III 153 ff discusses Beilis case, III 165 _Fourth D._, anti-Semitic agitation in Poland during elections to, III 167 Jewish D. deputies co-operate with joint Jewish Council in St. Petersburg, III 148

=Dunaigrod= (Podolia), ritual murder trial at, I 178

=Durnovo=, Russian official, investigates ritual murder trial at Saratov, II 150

=Durnovo=, Russian Minister of Interior, fanatic reactionary, II 379 bars Jews from local self-government (Zemstvos), II 386; and municipal self-government, II 425 suggests expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 402 revokes decree of 1880, causing expulsion of "circular Jews," II 428 continues in office under Nicholas II., III 9, 16 member of Witte cabinet, III 31

=Dusyaty= (government of Kovno), pogrom at, III 115

=Dvina=, river, Jews drowned by Russian troops in, I 243

=Dyekabristy=, see Decembrists

=Dyelanov=, Minister of Public Instruction, decrees "school norm," limiting admission of Jews to schools and universities, II 349 ff applies school norm leniently, III 27 f

=Dyen= ("The Day"), Russian-Jewish weekly, II 218, 220, 238

=Dyerzhavin, Gabriel=, member of Russian Senate, becomes interested in Jewish question, I 327 meets Jews for first time on tour to White Russia, I 328 meets modernized Jewish physician in White Russia, I 386 pursues anti-Jewish purpose on tour, I 329 f prepares elaborate "Opinion" on Jews, I 330 ff appointed Minister of Justice, I 335 "Opinion" of, studied by Committee for Amelioration of Jews, I 335 f retires, I 337 example of, followed later in White Russia, 405

=Earlocks= (_Peies_), discarded by modernized Jews, I 384 cutting off of, recommended in Poland, I 385 wearing of, prohibited by Nicholas I., II 144 f See Beards

=Easter=, Russian, duration of, II 249 season of pogroms, II 248, 299; III 34, 71 ff, 96 f, 114 f, 134

=Economic= life, of Jews, in Poland, I 42, 44 f, 67 f, 160, 264 ff, 270 in Polish Silesia, I 42 in Lithuania, I 60 in Russia, I 353 f, 359 ff in White Russia, I 310 ff; II 14 in Russian South-west, II 193 f in Kiev, II 264 undermined under Nicholas I., II 70, 72 improved under Alexander II., II 185 f E. importance of Russian Jews pointed out by Vorontzov, II 64 f; by Pahlen Commission, II 366; and by foreign press, II 408 Russian Jews accused of E. exploitation, II 193 f, 270 ff restricted under Alexander III., II 318, 346 ff E. misery of Russian Jews, II 318, 366 f collapse of, under Nicholas II., III 22 ff in America, II 374 E. boycott in Poland, III 166 ff

=Edels, Samuel=, called Maharsho, famous Polish talmudist, I 129 f

=Education, Jewish=, see Heder and Yeshibah modernization of, in Poland, urged by Kalmansohn, I 385; by David Friedländer, II 90; by Polish assimilationists, II 101 criticized by Russian Council of State, II 48 negative effects of, pointed out by author, II 113 national E. demanded by Zionist Convention at Minsk, III 45 fostered by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III 160 autonomy of, demanded by League for Equal Rights, III 112 progress of, in Palestine, III 148 See School

=Education, Secular=, promotion of, among Jews, urged by Russian dignitaries, I 327, 333 championed by Frank, Jewish physician, I 331; by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128; and by Maskilim of Vilna, II 137 encouraged by Alexander I., I 344 f; by Nicholas I., II 20, 57 f; and by Alexander II., II 163 ff, 166, 175, 216 shunned by Russian Jews, I 350, 380; II 48, 53 ff, 175 spreads under Alexander II., II 176 f, 216 promoted by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment spread of, among Jews feared by Russian authorities, II 339, 348 disparaged in general by Pobyedonostzev, II 348

=Educational Restrictions=, demanded by Alexander III., II 349 issued by Minister of Instruction (1887), II 350 disastrous effects of, II 350 f compel Jewish youth to study abroad, II 351; III 31 stimulate emigration, II 373 applied with increasing rigor under Nicholas II., III 27 ff abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905), III 124 restored (1907), III 152 placed on Statute books in 1908, III 157 f See Enlightenment, School, and University

=Efron-Litvin=, converted Jew, anti-Semitic playwright, III 38

=Egypt=, emigration of Jews from, into Tauris, I 16 Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205

=Eibeschütz=, upheld by Polish rabbis in struggle with Emden, I 204

=Einhorn, David=, modern Jewish writer, III 162

=Eisenbaum, Anton=, Polish-Jewish assimilationist, head of rabbinical seminary, II 103

=Eisenmenger=, anti-Jewish writer, II 104

=Eisenstadt, Michael=, represents Kahals before Russian Government, I 393

=Ekaterinoslav=, see Yekaterinoslav

=Ekron=, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 375

=Eliezer=, Bohemian scholar, quoted, I 43

=Elijah=, the prophet, believed to associate with Besht, I 228 Russian church festival in honor of, II 358

=Elijah of Vilna=, called the Gaon, idolized by rabbis of Lithuania and other countries, I 235 f familiar with Cabala, I 235 studied secular sciences, I 235 f tolerant towards pursuit of secular sciences, I 381 avoids _pilpul_ and cultivates method of textual analysis, I 236 introduces method into yeshibahs of Lithuania, I 380; particularly into yeshibah of Volozhin, I 381 fragmentary nature of literary work of, I 236 rigorist in religious practice, I 236 opposes Hasidism, I 236 causes issuance of _herem_ against Hasidism, I 237 reaffirms _herem_, I 373 checks growth of Hasidism in Vilna, I 372 refuses to see Shneor Zalman, I 374 f death of, I 375 Hasidim of Vilna rejoice over death of, I 375

=Elimelech of Lizno=, hasidic leader, I 232

=Elizabeth Petrovna=, Russian empress (1741-1761), persecutes non-Orthodox, I 254 decrees expulsion of Jews from entire Russian empire (1727), I 255 refuses plea of Ukrainians and Livonians for admission of Jews, I 257 pens famous resolution against Jews (1743), I 257 decrees again unconditional expulsion of Jews (1744), I 257 f dismisses Sanches, Jewish court physician, I 258 policy of, followed by Catherine II., I 259

=Elizabethgrad=, see Yelisavetgrad

=Emancipation= (Equal Rights), introduced by Napoleon into duchy of Warsaw, I 298 not applied to Jews, I 298 f Warsaw Jews apply to Polish Government for, I 299 opposed by Polish Council of Ministers, I 299 suspended by duke of Warsaw for ten years, I 299 17 Jews of Warsaw apply for, as reward for assimilation, I 300 refused by Polish Minister of Justice, I 300 f representatives of Warsaw community plead for, I 301 f opposed by Polish Senate, I 302 Warsaw Jews apply to Nicholas I. for, II 110 granted to Jews of Poland by Alexander II. (1862), II 181 ff promised to Jews by early Russian revolutionaries, I 413 prominent St. Petersburg Jews apply to Alexander II. for, II 159 f recommended by Stroganov, governor-general of New Russia, II 168 f advocated by Russian-Jewish press, II 219 f, 238, 332 claimed by Young Israel, heterodox Jewish sect, II 334 recommended by Pahlen Commission, II 364, 368 urged by Guildhall meeting in London, II 391 demanded by Russian lawyers and writers for all citizens, III 105 partial E. promised by Russian Government, III 106 unrestricted E. demanded by Russian Jews, III 108 ff demanded by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III 111 urged by League for Equal Rights, III 111 f adopted for all citizens by First Duma, III 135 bill providing for E. of Jews referred by First Duma to Committee, III 137 f opposed by Nicholas II., III 141 bill providing for, passed by Committee of Second Duma, III 142 forms platforms of Jewish people's group, III 140 f See League for Attainment of Equal Rights

=Emden, Jacob=, opposed by Polish rabbis in fight with Eibeshütz, I 204

=Emigration=, of Jews, from Lithuania, prevented by Sigismund I. (1540) I 81 from Poland, caused by Khmelnitzki massacres (1648 ff), I 157 from Russia, caused by persecutions and pogroms, II 268, 327 ff, 413, 420; III 96 causes shortage of Jewish recruits, II 356 prompts imposition of military fine, II 373, 414 stimulated by educational restrictions, I 373 welcomed by Russian Government as solution of Jewish problem, II 419 f; III 10 encouraged by Russian Government, II 285, 414, 417 f, 420 old Russian law prohibiting E. not enforced, II 69, 285 Plehve promises to support E., III 83 to Algiers, proposed by French Jews, II 69 to Argentina, II 413, 416 ff, 419 f to Canada, II 421 to Palestine, I 269 f; II 321 f, 419 ff, 421 ff; advocated by _Poale Zion_, III 145; importance of, recognized by Russian Jewry, III 54, 147 to United States, II 297 f, 320 f, 373 ff, 409, 413, 420 f; III 96, 104; calls forth protest of U. S. Government, II 396; importance of, recognized by Russian Jewish parties, III 54, 145, 147

=Emigration, Regulation of=, attempted by emigrant societies, II 297 f urged by Mandelstamm and part of Jewish press, II 298 feared by prominent St. Petersburg Jews, II 298 deprecated by _Voskhod_ as subversive of emancipation, II 298 f rejected by Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg (April, 1882), II 307; disastrous results of rejection, II 420 proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 416, 419 sanctioned by Russian Government, II 420

=Encyclopedists=, French, praise polemical treatise of Isaac Troki, I 138

=England=, represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 Parliament in, discusses pogroms, II 262 f, 281 f, 287 ff, 388 ff prominent men in, approach Nicholas I. on behalf of Russian Jews, II 63 Priluker, Russian Jew, missionary in, II 335 Russian-Jewish students in, II 351 offers Uganda to Zionists, III 85 See London

=Enlightenment=, see Haskalah

=Equal Rights=, see Emancipation

=Ephes-Dammim=, name of biblical place, used as book title, II 131

=Ephesus=, city in Asia Minor, Jewish community in, I 14

=Epstein, Samuel=, represents Jews before Russian Government, I 393

=Eshet Hayil=, term explained, II 113

=Estate, Real=, see Property, Real

=Estherka=, concubine of Casimir the Great, I 53 f

=Euclid=, geometry of, translated into Hebrew, I 381

=Euler=, German mathematician, criticizes dismissal of Jewish court physician in St. Petersburg, I 258

=Europe, Eastern=, beginnings of Diaspora in, I 13

=Euxine Colonies=, see Black Sea

=Evangelists=, Protestant sect in Poland, I 91

=Evarts, William M.=, American Secretary of State, makes representations to Russian Government, II 293

=Eve=, daughter of Jacob Frank, head of Frankist sect, I 220

=Excise Farmers=, called _aktzizniks_, II 186

=Excommunication=, see _Herem_

=Execution=, or forcible seizure, term explained, II 20

=Exilarchs=, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20

=Exploitation=, economic, Russian Jews accused of, II 193 used as pretext for pogroms, II 261 f, 264, 270 ff, 315 handicrafts stigmatized as, I 347

=Expulsion=, of Jews, by Polish Government from Lithuania (1495), I 65 from Sandomir, I 173 from Warsaw, I 260, 286 f by Russian troops, from invaded Polish cities (1654), I 153 f, 245 by Russian Government, from Little Russia (1727), I 249 f, 253 ff from Russia in general (1741), I 255; (1744), I 257 f from Courland and Livonia (1829), II 32 from Port Arthur and Kuantung Peninsula (1904), III 94 from Russian Interior (outside of Pale), in general, I 402 f; II 264, 399, 428; III 95, 154, 157; foreign Jews expelled from, II 262, 293, 345 from Kharkov, II 319 from Moscow, II 264, 319, 396 f, 399 ff, 402, 408, 424 f; III 14 f from Oryol, II 264 from Riga, II 256 from St. Petersburg, II 319, 344, 399, 410 from Pale of Settlement; Fifty-Verst Zone, I 408; II 62 ff, 385 from Kiev, II 31, 33, 263 f, 319, 346; III 157 from Nicholayev, II 32 from Sevastopol, II 32 from Yalta, II 428 f; III 18 f from villages, I 319, 323 f, 326, 343, 345 ff, 349, 351 f, 354 f, 405 ff; II 30 f, 32 f, 35, 48, 310 f, 318 f, 385; III 17, 157 For particulars see special headings; see also Residence, Right of, and Temporary Rules

=Externs=, _extra muros_ pupils, result of educational restrictions, II 351; III 31 school norm applied to, without sanction of Duma, III 159 join revolutionary ranks, III 31

=Factor=, Polish name for agent, I 170; II 55

=Fair=, commercial, Jews permitted to visit F's. of Little Russia, for wholesale trade (1728), I 250; and for retail trade (1734), I 251 of government of Smolensk (1731), I 251 of government of Kharkov, for retail trade (1734), I 251 of Warsaw (1768), I 268 of Nizhni-Novgorod, Kharlov, and other cities (1835), II 40 Jews travel to F's. abroad, particularly Leipsic, I 359 Polish F's. provide occasion for Jewish conferences, I 109 f F. of Lublin, chief meeting-place of Council of Four Lands, I 109 F. of Lantzkrona, mystical services of Frankists during, I 213, 215 F's. of Brody and Zelva, rabbis assembled at, excommunicate Hasidim, I 237

=Farrar, Canon=, addresses Mansion House Meeting in London, II 290

=Feder, Tobias=, Hebrew writer, I 388 criticizes translation of Bible into Yiddish, I 388

=Feigin, Litman=, of Chernigov, submits memorandum on Jewish question to Council of State, II 38 f

=Feldshers=, Jewish, name explained, II 167 granted right of universal residence (1879), II 167 admission of, into army restricted, II 319

=Fergusson=, English Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, replies to interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 382

=Fez= (Morocco), Alfasi native of, I 118

=Fichman=, modern Hebrew writer, III 162

=Fifty-Verst Zone=, see Border Zone

=Finkelstein, Nahum=, delegate of Jews wishing to engage in agriculture, I 363

=Finns=, oppressed by Russian Government, III 159

=Fishel, Moses=, chief-rabbi of Cracow, I 105 studied medicine in Padua, I 132

=Foreign Jews= forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409 expelled from Russia, II 262, 293, 345

=Foster, John W.=, United States Minister to Russia, reports about pogroms, II 260

=Fox=, Polish tailor, starts anti-Jewish riot at Warsaw, I 286 f

=Fraind=, Yiddish daily in St. Petersburg, III 162

=France= (and French), Napoleon's policy towards Jews of, I 298 Jews killed by French for loyalty to Russia (1812), I 358 represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 high officials of, favor immigration of Russian Jews to Algiers, II 69 Polish-Jewish patriots, pursued by Russia, flee to, I 298; II 105, 109 French witness protest against pogroms, II 326 Russian Jews, in search of university education, go to, II 351 Dreyfus Affair in, III 32, 42; see Paris

=Franchise=, Jewish, discussed by Russian officials, III 121 proposed denial of, elicits protests from Jewish communities in Russia, III 121; and representatives of Russian people, III 122 finally granted, III 122

=Frank=, physician in White Russia, adherent of Mendelssohn, suggests Jewish reforms, I 331, 386

=Frank, Helena=, English translator of Peretz' works, III 62

=Frank, Jacob=, Polish-Jewish sectarian, born in Podolia, I 211 settles in Wallachia, I 212 travels as salesman in Turkey, I 212 joins, and later heads, Turkish Sabbatians, I 212 banished by Polish authorities to Turkey, I 213 regarded as reincarnation of Sabbatai Zevi, I 214 reappears in Podolia, I 216 submits to preliminary baptism in Lemberg, I 217 appears for final baptism in Warsaw, I 217 f Polish king acts as godfather of, I 218 poses as Messiah, I 218 arrested in Warsaw, I 218 imprisoned in Chenstokhov, I 219 f freed by invading Russian troops, I 219 escapes to Brünn (Moravia), I 219 moves to Vienna, I 220 settles in Offenbach (Germany), I 220 supported in Offenbach by adherents in Poland, I 283 See Frankists

=Frank, Mendel=, rabbi of Brest, receives large powers from Polish king, I 73, 104 f

=Frankfort-on-the-Main=, Naphtali Cohen, Polish Cabalist and Sabbatian, settles in, I 204 Offenbach, in neighborhood of, residence of Jacob Frank, I 220 Oppenheim, Jewish painter, resident of, II 67 place of publication, II 202

=Frankists=, adherents of Jacob Frank, hold mystical services and engage in excesses, I 213 f excommunicated by rabbis, I 214 address themselves to Demboviski, Catholic bishop, I 214 denounce Talmud and recognize Trinity, I 214 call themselves "Contra-Talmudists," and "Zoharists," I 214 bishop arranges disputation between, and rabbis, I 214 f acknowledged victorious in disputation and awarded fine, I 215 obtain safe-conduct from Polish king, I 215 offer to embrace Christianity, I 216 hold second disputation with rabbis, I 216 f accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 216 f large number of, baptized at Lemberg, I 217 remain loyal to Frank, I 218, 283 follow Frank to Chenstokhov, his place of imprisonment, I 219 settle with Frank in Offenbach, I 220 Sabbatian movement compromised by, I 222 shunned and despised by Poles, I 283 ultimately absorbed by Poles, I 230

=Frederic, Harold=, quoted, II 378

=Freeman=, see Lieberman, A.

=Frederick of Austria=, Jewish charter of, used as model by Polish rulers, I 45

=Frederick II., The Great=, annexes Polish territory, I 262

=Frederick Augustus=, Saxon king, made ruler of duchy of Warsaw, I 297 receives report of Council of Ministers, opposing Jewish emancipation, I 299 issues decree, postponing Jewish emancipation for ten years (1808), I 299 receives anti-Jewish report from Polish Senate, I 302

=Frelinghuysen, Frederic T.=, American Secretary of State, expresses regret at treatment of Russian Jews, II 294

=Friedlaender, Israel=, quoted, II 235 translator of Dubnow, III 52 translator of Ahad Ha'am, III 60

=Friedländer, David=, submits memorandum to Polish Government, suggesting reform of Polish Jewry, II 90 f followers of, in Warsaw, plead for secular culture, I 386

=Friedman=, Jewish deputy to Third Duma, III 153 complains about Jewish disabilities, III 157

=Friesel=, governor of Vilna, invites Polish nobility of Lithuania to express opinion on Jews, I 325 f submits opinion of nobility to Senate with his own memorandum, I 326 urges Jewish cultural reforms, I 327

=Frischman, David=, Hebrew writer, III 60

=Frug, Simon=, Russian and Yiddish poet, III 63 resides in St. Petersburg as "flunkey," II 345 glorifies emigration, II 330 pictures despair of Russian Jewry, II 371 appeals for victims of Kishinev massacres, III 78

=Fünn, Samuel Joseph=, Jewish historian and writer, II 136 editor of _Pirhe Tzafon_, II 136; and _ha-Karmel_, II 217

=Gabbaim=, directors of Kahal institutions, I 107 "gentlemen in waiting" of Tzaddiks, II 120

=Galatia= (Asia Minor), Jewish communities in, I 14

=Galatovski=, Ukrainian writer, quoted, I 205

=Galicia=, divided into Eastern and Western, I 53 annexed by Austria (1772), I 187, 262 Sabbatian propaganda in, I 208, 210 f intellectual development of Jews in, contrasted with North-west, I 221 Besht, founder of Hasidism, active in, I 223 Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274 type of Tzaddik in, I 233 rabbis of, excommunicate Hasidim, I 237 Tzaddik of Sadagora (Bukovina) attracts Hasidim from, II 121 I. B. Levinsohn associates with Maskilim of, II 125 f; contrasted with them, II 127 Haskalah carried from, to Odessa, II 133 Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136 Meisels, rabbi of Cracow, joins Polish patriots in, II 179 Baron Hirsch establishes schools in, II 416 Hebrew writers in, III 163; see Russia (Red), Lemberg, and Yaroslav

=Galicia, Eastern=, see Russia, Red Uniat Church in, I 141

=Galilee=, Jewish colonies in, II 375

=Gamrat, Peter=, bishop of Cracow, condemns woman to death for adhering to Jewish doctrine, I 79 leads agitation against Jews, I 81 f

=Ganganelli=, cardinal, later Pope Clement XIV., defends Polish Jews against ritual murder charges, I 179 f

=Gania=, Cossack leader, perpetrates Jewish massacre in Niemirov, I 146

=Gans, David=, work of, copied by Halperin, Polish-Jewish chronicler, I 201

=Gaons=, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20 Gaon of Bagdad corresponds with early Russian rabbis, I 33 Gaon of Vilna, see Elijah of Vilna

=Gapon=, Russian priest and demagogue, III 106

=Gatchina=, near St. Petersburg, secret conferences of high Russian dignitaries held at, II 244 f Jewish deputation received by Alexander III. at, II 261

=Geiger, Abraham=, quoted, I 136 corresponds with Lilienthal, II 67

=Gemara=, term explained, II 114; see Talmud

=Gendarmerie=, see Police

=Genoa=, commercial colony of, in Crimea, I 33 f

=Germany=, Poland commercially dependent on, I 39; and religiously, I 40 f, 44 Polish rulers welcome settlers from, I 43 f; bestow upon them autonomy (Magdeburg Law), I 44 Jews of, carry on commerce with Slav countries, I 39 Jewish delegation from, pleads for admission of Jews to Poland, I 40 Jews of, immigrate to Poland, I 33, 41, 66 anti-Jewish hatred in Poland fed from, I 57; fostered by German burghers in Poland, I 95 Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Palestine pass through, I 209 Jacob Frank settles in, I 220 Jews of Slav lands culturally dependent on, I 33; invite rabbis from, I 43 Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious advice, I 125 grandfather of Solomon Luria native of, I 124 Haskalah originates in, I 239, 384 ff Polish Jews contrasted with Jews of, I 386 Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136 Russian-Jewish students in, II 381 Hebrew writers in, III 163 Doctor Herzl negotiates with emperor of, III 46 penalty of _Spiessruten_ introduced into Russia from, II 85 See Prussia and Berlin

=Gershon Kutover=, see Kutover

=Gershuni=, member of Social-revolutionary party, III 67

=Ghederah=, Jewish colony in Judea, II 375

=Gher= (Poland), see Goora Kalvaria

=Ghetto=, separate Jewish quarter in cities, creation of, demanded by Polish Church, I 48, 57 in Cracow, I 64, 85 in Moghilev (on the Dnieper), I 98 f in Posen, I 85 in Vilna, I 99 in Warsaw, I 269 former Moscow Gh. called Glebov Yard, II 403

=Gicatilla, Joseph=, Cabalist, work of, published in Poland, I 134

=Giers, De=, Russian minister for Foreign Affairs, discusses Jewish question with American Government, II 293, 396

=Ginzberg, Asher=, see Ahad Ha'am

=Ginzburg, Mordecai Aaron=, Hebrew writer, II 133 f translates German works into Hebrew, II 134 influences formation of neo-Hebraic style, II 134

=Giovio, Paolo=, Italian scholar, I 242

=Gladkov=, instigator of pogrom in Starodub, II 411 f

=Gladstone=, English Prime Minister, cultivates friendly relations with Russia, II 287 f appealed to by Mansion House Meeting on behalf of Russian Jews, II 290 answers interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 291 f

=Glebov Yard=, former Ghetto in Moscow, raided by police, II 403

=Glogau= (Germany), Solomon Maimon buried in, I 240

=Gmina=, Polish name for Congregation, II 102

=Gnesen= (Province of Posen), oldest Polish diocese, I 47 seat of Polish primate, I 82 Council of Breslau demands introduction of canonical laws into diocese of, I 47 f archbishop of, attends Synod of Constance and presides over Synod of Kalish, I 57 John Casimir, primate of, becomes Polish king, I 151

=God=, conception of, by Besht, I 225 f

=Goeje, De=, quoted, I 23

=Goethe=, impressed by autobiography of Solomon Maimon, I 240

=Goetz, F.=, author of pamphlet defending Jews, II 389

=Gogol=, Russian writer, anti-Jewish tendency of, 138 f

"=Going to the People=," phase of Russian revolutionary movement, term explained, II 222 practised by Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 222

=Golitzin=, Count, Minister of Ecclesiastic Affairs, associate of Alexander I. in Christian mysticism, I 392, 396 president of Russian Bible Society, I 396 all Jewish matters transferred to, I 394 communicates with Kahals through "Deputies of Jewish People," I 394 receives protest of deputies against blood accusation, II 74 prohibits blood accusation by decree, II 74 f extends prohibition of blood accusation to Poland, II 99 advises dissolution of Society of Israelitish Christians, I 400 orders investigation of "Judaizing heresy," I 401 accuses Jews of proselytizing, I 404 suggests prohibition of keeping Christian domestics, I 404 discharged, I 395

=Gonta=, Cossack leader, engineers Jewish massacre, I 184 ff

=Goora Kalvaria= (_Polish_, Gora Kalwarza; _Yiddish_, Gher), hasidic dynasty of, popular in Warsaw, II 122

=Gorchakov=, viceroy of Poland, receives deputation of revolutionary Poles, II 180 opposes Jewish rights at Berlin Congress, II 202

=Gordin, Jacob=, founds anti-talmudic sect, II 333 f becomes Jewish playwright in America, II 325

=Gordon, Judah Leib=, Hebrew poet, champion of Haskalah, II 228 secretary of Society of Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 229 attacks traditional Judaism, II 129 ff champions emigration from Russia, II 328 dies (1892), III 63

=Goremykin=, Minister of Interior, pursues reactionary policy, III 9, 16, 135

=Gorgippia= (Crimea), now called Anapa, ancient Jewish settlement in, I 14

=Gorodnya= (near Chernigov), alleged ritual murder at, reported to Peter the Great, I 247 f

=Gotovtzev=, Assistant-Minister of Interior, chairman of Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 227

=Gotz=, member of Social Revolutionary party, III 67

=Government= (province), governor, and governor-general, terms explained, I 308

=Grace, William R.=, mayor of New York, presides at protest meeting, II 296

=Granville, Lord=, English Secretary for Foreign Affairs, receives Anglo-Jewish deputation on subject of pogroms, II 262 f receives resolutions of Mansion House Meeting, II 290

=Grazdanin= ("The Citizen"), anti-Semitic Russian paper, II 380, 381, 412

=Great Poland=, see Poland, Great

=Greeks=, immigration of ancient Greeks into Tauris and Crimea, I 13 f export grain from Tauris and Crimea, I 14 Jews follow in wake of, I 14 language of, spoken by Jews of Tauris, I 16 compete with Jews in Odessa, II 191 make pogrom upon Jews of Odessa, II 192 f

=Greek-Orthodox Church=, oppressed in Poland, I 91 f; and Ukraine, I 140 ff

"=Gregor, Horowitz & Kohan=," semi-Jewish firm of Russian army purveyors, II 202, 244

=Greig=, Russian Admiral, member of Council of State, pleads for Jews, II 37

=Gresser=, city-governor of St. Petersburg, persecutes Jews, II 343 f issues ordinance concerning Jewish names, II 397 f deports Moscow fugitives, II 410

=Grigoryev=, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, pleads for maintenance of Pale, I 196

=Grigoryev=, city-governor of Odessa, dismissed for restraining "Black Hundred," III 151

=Grodno= (city), meeting-place of Polish Diet, I 76 important Jewish community in, I 59, 73 Jews of, expelled, I 65; and allowed to return, I 70 f Jews of, assure Sigismund I. of loyalty to country, I 81 Poles of, antagonistic to Russia (1812), I 357 Jews of, entrusted with police duty, I 357 blood accusation in, II 73, 80 Jewish community of, represented on Polish Council, (_Waad Aria Aratzoth_), I 110; and later on Lithuanian Council, I 112 Mordecai Jaffe rabbi of, I 127 Sundel Sonnenberg, army purveyor and Jewish deputy, native of, I 358

=Grodno= (province, or government), annexed by Russia (1795), I 297 included in Pale (1795), I 317; (1835), II 39 invited by Russian Government to send deputies, I 349 Jews expelled from villages of (1827), II 30 f placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov, II 188 Cities in: Druskeniki, II 377 Ruzhany, I 162 Zelva, I 237

=Grudinski=, convert, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 80

=Gruzenberg=, Russian-Jewish lawyer, acts as counsel for Blondes, accused of ritual murder, III 37 defends Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan, III 82 defends Jews of Kishinev, III 91

=Gruzin= (Crimea), I 26

=Gudovich=, Count, governor-general of South-west, rebuked for interfering with Jewish deputation to Paul I., I 325

=Guido=, papal legate, convenes Church Council of Breslau, I 47

=Guilds=, mercantile, in Poland, I 44; see Merchants trade Guilds, in Poland, I 44; see Trade-Unions

=Guizolfi, Zechariah=, Italian Jew, owns Taman Peninsula, I 36 corresponds with Ivan III. of Moscow, I 36

=Guizot=, French Premier, supports schemes of Russian-Jewish emigration to Algiers, II 69

=Gumbiner, Abel=, head of yeshibah in Kalish, Hebrew author, I 200

=Gumplovich=, Polish-Jewish writer and assimilator, II 213

=Günzberg, Baron Joseph Yozel=, leader of St. Petersburg community, petitions Alexander II. on behalf of victim of ritual murder accusation, II 152 petitions Alexander II. for privileges to Jews, II 159 f founder of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214

=Günzburg, Baron Horace=, son of former, waits on Vladimir, brother of Alexander III., II 260 member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., 261 calls conference of notables in St. Petersburg, II 277, 304 acts as link between Jews and Pahlen Commission, I 337 petitions Government to allow Jews purchase of land for personal use, III 24

=Gurko=, governor-general of Odessa, suggests restrictive school-norm for Jews, II 339

=Gurnitzki, Lucas=, Polish writer, quoted, I 79 f

=Gymnazium=, secondary school, name explained, II 164 right of residence outside Pale proposed for graduates of, II 164 restrictive percentage at, intensified, III 29, 158; but not applied to girls, III 30 award of graduation certificates restricted in case of Jews, III 159 Pro-gymnazium, name explained, III 29 See Education and School

=Gzheslik=, Jewish tailor, accused of desecrating host, I 101

_Ha-Asif_, Hebrew Periodical, II 372, III 58

=Habad=, adherents of "rational Hasidism," term explained, I 234 centered in White Russia, I 234, II 117 Polish Tzaddiks compared with those of, II 123 See Shneorsohn, Zalman

=Haber=, title of Jewish educated layman, I 117

_Ha-Emet_, socialistic periodical in Hebrew, II 223

=Hague Conference=, the, calling of, prompts Nicholas II. to stop pogroms, III 35 f

=Haidamacks=, rebellious Ukrainian peasants, name explained, I 182, II 138 massacre Jews (1648), I 49; (1734 and 1750), I 182; (1768), I 182 ff massacres of, described by Gogol, II 138 f

=Haimovich, Avigdor=, rabbi of Pinsk, informs against Hasidim, I 377 f

_Haint_, Yiddish daily in Warsaw, III 162

_Ha-Karmel_, Hebrew weekly, in Vilna, II 217

_Ha-Kol_, Hebrew periodical in Königsberg, II 223

=Halevi, David=, called _Taz_, rabbi of Lemberg and Ostrog, I 130 author of commentary on _Shulhan Arukh_, I 130 receives letter and present from Sabbatai Zevi, I 206 f

=Halevi, Isaiah=, son of former member of Polish-Jewish delegation to Sabbatai Zevi, I 206

=Halperin=, banker of Berdychev, member of rabbinical commission, II 57

=Halperin, Jehiel=, rabbi of Minsk, Hebrew chronicler, I 200 f

_Ha-Maggid_, Hebrew weekly, II 217

=Hamburg=, Solomon Maimon resides in, I 239 Moscow refugees in, II 420

_Ha-Melitz_, Hebrew weekly, in St. Petersburg, edited by Zederbaum, II 204, 217 f publishes Lilienblum's articles, II 236 champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332 becomes daily, II 372, III 58

=Handicrafts=; see Artisans

=Hannover, Nathan=, of Zaslav, historian, describes Council of Four Lands, I 111 pictures Jewish intellectual life in Poland, I 116 ff gives account of Khmelnitzki massacres, I 157

=Hanukkah=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Hardenberg=, Prussian representatives at Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, I 399

=Harkavy=, quoted, I 23

=Harrison=, President of United States, publishes diplomatic papers bearing on Russian Jews, II 294, 394 describes, in message to Congress, plight of Russian Jewry, II 408 f

=Hasdai Ibn Shaprut=, of Cordova, corresponds with king of Khazars, I 24 ff

_Ha-Shahar_, Hebrew monthly, edited by Smolenskin, II 218, 234 publishes Gordon's epics, II 229 champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332

_Ha-Shiloah_, Hebrew monthly, edited by Ahad Ha'am, and later by Klausner, III 58, 162 f

=Hasidim=, adherents of Judah Hasid, I 209 emigrate to Palestine, I 209 ff adherents of Hasidism; see Hasidism struggle between H. and old-orthodox (_Mithnagdim_), I 238, 274, 278, 375 f H. of Vilna rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375 granted right of secession by Statute of 1804, I 356, 379 H. of Old-Constantinov "protest" against Nicholas I., II 22 H. of Poland refuse to discard Jewish dress, II 145

=Hasidism=, founded by Besht, I 222 doctrine of, expounded by Besht, I 22, 224 ff counteracts Rabbinism, I 224 f; and Messianism, I 222; and Asceticism, I 227 propagated by Besht's apostles, I 229 ff opposes Haskalah, I 238 f bitterly opposed by Elijah of Vilna, I 236 ff, 372 ff spread of, I 231 f triumph of, I 371 f growth of, under Alexander I., I 381 ff stagnation of, under Nicholas I., II 116 ff in North (White Russia and Lithuania), I 381 f, II 117 f in South (Ukraina), I 382 f, II 119 ff in Poland, I 384, II 122 f retrogressive character of, I 278, II 124 encourages use of alcohol, II 124 f restrictions against, suggested by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327 denounced by rabbi of Pinsk, as dangerous to Russian Government, I 378 extermination of, recommended by Kalmansohn, I 385 criticized by David Friedländer, II 90 attacked, or silently opposed, by I. B. Levinsohn, II 127 f subjected to rigorous censorship (1864), II 212 literature of, declared by I. B. Levinsohn as dangerous to State, II 130 See Hasidim, Tzaddiks, and Shneor Zalman

=Haskalah=, attempt to harmonize Jewish and secular culture, term explained, II 125 originated by Mendelssohn in Germany, I 238 f, II 125 opposed by Rabbinism and Hasidism, I 238 f hated by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383 Solomon Maimon influenced by, I 239 effect of, on Jews of Warsaw, I 284, 384 ff championed by Jacques Kalmansohn, I 385 need of, for Polish Jews, emphasized by David Friedländer, II 90; and followers, I 386 advocated by Frank in White Russia, I 331, 386 carried to St. Petersburg, I 386 ff Max Lilienthal appeals to adherents of (Maskilim), II 53 preached by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff center of, in Odessa, II 132 f center of, in Vilna, II 134, 136 f aims of adherents of, in Vilna, II 136 f. persecuted adherents of, escape through baptism, II 132 adherents of, lean on Russian Government, II 137 Russian H. compared with German, II 137 f becomes more aggressive, II 210, 224 stimulates neo-Hebraic style and literature, II 132 ff, 210 advocated by Jewish press, II 217, 332 f championed by M. L. Lilienblum, II 236 adherents of, portrayed by Mapu, II 228 See Education, Neo-Hebraic Literature, and School

=Ha-Tzefirah=, Hebrew weekly in Warsaw, advocates Haskalah, II 333 edited by Sokolow, III 60 becomes a daily, II 372, III 58, 162

=Hausfreund=, Yiddish periodical, III 59

=Hayyun=, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi, I 204

=Hazakah=, priority of possession, term explained, II 188 grant of, must be sanctioned by Kahal, I 190, II 188 matters relating to, decided by Council of Four Lands, I 111

=Ha-Zeman=, Hebrew daily in Vilna, III 162

=Hebrew=, language, importance of, emphasized by Smolenskin, II 134 f position of, in Jewish life, forms party issue, III 161 promoted by Zionism, III 45 restoration of, II 133, 135, 225 modern H. (Neo-Hebraic) literature, beginnings of, I 388 f rise of, II 132 ff renaissance of, II 224 ff, III 58 ff, 162 f cultivated by Haskalah, II 132-ff, 210, 224 H. writers hail from Lithuania, II 238 H. press, beginnings of, II 217 f preaches Haskalah, II 217 recent revival of, III 58 f See also Language

=Heder=, traditional Jewish school, imparts elementary education, I 114 Bible and Talmud principal subjects of instruction at, I 114, 121 secular subjects excluded from I 277 left to private initiative, but supervised by Kahal, I 114 pupils of, examined weekly by head of yeshibah, I 118 attendance at, compulsory for boys, I 114, 121 negative effects of, I 277 shortened attendance at, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333 criticised by Russian Council of State, II 49 abolition of, suggested by Lilienthal, II 53 defended by Rabbinical Commission, II 57 placed under Government supervision (1812), II 56; (1856), II 176 keepers of (Melammeds) required to possess secular education (1844), II 58 recognized by ukase of 1879, II 177 6,000 H's, in Russian South-west, II 194 legalized and restricted to religious subjects (1893), II 427 f See Education, School, and Yeshibah

=Heder=, for poor children, called Talmud Torah, maintained by public funds, I 114 f pupils of, examined weekly by trustee, I 118 provided for, by Council of Four Lands, I 195 established in Moscow, III 13

=Helena=, Russian princess, sympathizes with "Judaizing heresy," I 36

=Helfman, Hesia=, participates in plot against Alexander II., II 244

=Heliconias=, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 115

=Heller, Lipman=, rabbi of Cracow, describes persecutions of 1648, I 58

=Helsingfors= (Finland), Russian Zionists hold Convention at, III 144 f "H. Program" gradually weakened, III 146

=Heniochi=, tribe, I 15

=Hennadius=, archbishop of Novgorod, combats "Judaizing heresy," I 37

=Henry of Valois=, elected king of Poland, I 89

=Heracles=, name of slave freed by Crimean Jewess, I 15

=Herem= (Excommunication), right of, granted by Polish kings to rabbi of Brest (1531), I 73, 105; to rabbis of Great Poland (1551), I 106; to Kahals of Lithuania (1672), I 190 proclaimed against Sabbatians by rabbis assembled at Lemberg (1722), I 211; (1725), I 211 issued against Frankists by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 214 issued against Hasidim by rabbinical court of Vilna (1722), I 237; by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 237; and at Zelva (Grodno), I 237; reaffirmed by Elijah of Vilna (1796), I 373 f new H. against Hasidim contemplated by Kahal of Vilna (1797), I 375 issued by Kahal of Vilna against Simeon Volfovich (1788), I 276 Jews of Minsk complain about abuse of (1782), I 275 prohibited by Statute of 1804, I 344 prohibition of, occasionally disregarded, I 367 power of, criticised by Polish assimilationists, II 101 secret exercise of, alleged by Brafman, II 188

=Hernish, Stanislav=, Polish-Jewish patriot, II 105 refutes Polish attacks upon Jews, II 109

=Hershel=, Ostropoler. See Ostropoler

=Hershko=, name of Jewish "arendar," I 266

=Hertzen, Alexander=, liberal Russian writer, describes sufferings of cantonists, II 24 f influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 207

=Herzl, Theodor=, aroused by Dreyfus Affair, III 42 f publishes _Judenstaat_, III 43 compared with _Pinsker_, III 43 revives hopes of _Hobebe Zion_, III 43 f speeches of, discussed in Russia, III 47 author of _Altneuland_, III 48 visit of, to Russia, III 82 ff negotiates with Plehve, III 83 f; and Lamsdorff, III 84 greeted enthusiastically by Russian Zionist, III 84 criticized by non-Zionists, III 84 lays Uganda project before Sixth Zionist Congress, III 84 death of, mourned by Seventh Zionist Congress, III 144

=Hetman=, name explained, I 143, 192, 250 head of Cossacks, I 143 Khmelnitzki elected to post of, I 144 H. of Lithuania sends instructions to Kahal of Brest, I 192 H. of Little Russia pleads for admission of Jews, I 250, 260

=Hezekiah=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Hirsch, Baron Maurice=, II 413 proposes to establish arts and crafts schools in Russia, II 415 proposal of, declined by Russian Government, II 415 representatives of, offer Pobyedonostzev large contribution, II 415 applies funds intended for Russia to schools in Galicia, II 416 sends expedition to Argentina, II 416 sends Arnold White to Russia, II 416 ff founds Jewish Colonization Association, II 414, 419 obtains permission of Russian Government to regulate emigration, II 420 issues appeal, warning against emigration, II 420 scheme of, results in failure, II 421, III 10

=Hirsh Kaidanover=, see Kaidanover

=Hirshovich, Abraham=, Polish court broker, submits project of Jewish reforms to King Stanislav Augustus, I 284

=Historiography=, Jewish, in Russia, III 65

=Hobebe Zion=, see Zionism

=Hollaenderski=, Polish-Jewish patriot and writer, lives as exile in Paris, II 109

=Holland=, Peter the Great in, I 246 Antonio Sanchez, Russian court physician, invited from, I 258 See Amsterdam

=Horodno=, Nehman of, disciple of Besht, I 227

=Homel= (government of Moghilev), massacre under Khmelnitzki at (1648), I 149 pogrom at (1903), III 87 ff self-defence organized by Jews of, III 87 f pogrom at, condoned by governor of Moghilev, III 89 misrepresented in official documents, III 89 described as act of revenge by Jews, III 101 tried by Russian court, III 101 ff Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108

=Horowitz, Isaiah=, Cabalist, author of _Sheloh_, I 135

=Horowitz, Sheftel=, son of former, rabbi of Posen and Hebrew author, I 135 author of liturgy describing catastrophe of 1648, I 158

=Horvitz=, Russian-Jewish writer, attacked by Russian periodical, II 207 f defended in public protest of Russian writers, II 208

=Host Desecration, Charge of=, causes death of Jews in Posen (1399), I 55, 95, 174; and Sokhachev (1556), I 86 f forbidden by Sigismund II. (1566), I 88; and Stephen Batory (1576), I 89 used as pretext to expel Jews of Cracow (1635), I 101 of frequent occurrence at end of 17th century, I 172

=Hoym=, Prussian minister, carries out Jewish reforms in annexed Polish provinces, I 385

=Hugo, Victor=, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 326

=Hungary=, geographical position of, I 25, 150 adopts Magdeburg Law, I 44 Church Council (of Buda) in, I 49 Louis of, king of Poland, persecutes Jews, I 54

=Husiatyn= (Galicia), place of publication, I 123

=Huss=, influence of, penetrates into Poland, I 57 adherents of, persecuted, I 62

=Ibn Fakih=, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23

=Ibn Khordadbeh=, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23

=Ibn Shaprut=, see Hasdai, I

=Ibn Sharzi=, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23

=Ignatyev=, Nicholas Pavlovich, Russian statesman, militant pan-Slavist, II 259 ambassador at Constantinople, II 259 nicknamed "Father of Lies," II 259 member of reactionary "Sacred League," II 248 appointed Minister of Interior, II 259 ascribes pogroms to revolutionary propaganda, II 259 f changes attitude, II 261 refuses to submit memorandum in defence of Jews to Tzar, II 262 shows indifference to pogrom victims, II 263 ascribes pogroms to economic exploitation of Jews, II 271 f issues circular condemning economic activities of Jews, II 273 influences Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 277 receives deputation of Jewish Notables, II 277 calls upon Jews to leave Russia, II 285, 297 Ignatyev directed to appoint Gubernatorial Commissions, II 272, 363 circular of, read to Gubernatorial Commissions, II 274; quoted by Cardinal Manning at London protest meeting, II 289 disregards protests in England, II 292 permits holding of Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II 304 holds Jews responsible for pogroms, II 305 considers settlement of Jews on steppes of Central Asia, II 306 suggests "Temporary Rules," II 311 makes concessions to Committee of Ministers, II 311, 318 connivance at pogroms causes downfall of, II 314 downfall of, checks plan of Jewish emigration from Russia, II 414

=Illarion=, Metropolitan of, preaches hatred against Jews, I 31

=Illustratzia=, Russian magazine, attacks Jews, II 207 f causes public protest of Russian literateurs, II 208

=Ilovaiski=, professor, of Moscow, opposed to Jews, II 387

=Ilya= (government of Vilna), home of Menashe Ilyer, II 114

=Ilyer, Menashe= (=Manasseh=), Talmudist with modern tendencies, II 114 ff acquires modern culture, II 114 criticises spiritual leaders, II 115 book of, burned, II 115 pleads for modifications of religious law, II 115 unappreciated by contemporaries, II 116

=Imperial Messenger= (_Pravityelstvyenny Vyestnik_), official organ of Russian Government, minimizes pogroms, II 255 warns against pogrom protests, II 291 foreshadows new pogroms, II 299 criticised by _Moscow News_, II 299

=Informing and Informers=, see Mesirah

=Inkerman, Heights of=, near Sevastopol, Jewish soldiers killed at, II 149

=Inns= (=and Taverns=), keeping of, forms important Jewish pursuit, I 265, 362 Jews in White Russia forbidden from, I 311 permitted by Senate, I 312 forbidden by Statute of 1804, I 342 f See Arendar, Propinatzya, and Villages

=Innocent IV.=, pope, bull of, condemning ritual murder libel (1247), referred to, I 179

=Intelligenzia=, Jewish, in Russia, assimilation of, II 206 ff in league with Russian Government, II 211 f indifferent to things Jewish, II 212 Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment acts on behalf of, II 215 disillusionment of, II 324 ff

=Interior, Russian=, the (Russian empire outside Pale of Settlement), barred to Jews of annexed White Russia (1790, 1791), I 316 Jewish manufacturers, merchants, and artisans permitted to sojourn temporarily in (1804), I 344 Governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia in, opened to Jewish agriculturists (1804), I 342 f Council of State considers admission of Jewish merchants into, II 35 f; negatived by Nicholas I., II 36 Jews admitted into, on temporary "furlough" (1835), II 40 Jews, illegally residing in, severely punished (1838), II 42 prominent Jews of St. Petersburg plead for opening of (1856), II 160 admission of Jews into, discussed by Council of State and "Jewish Committee," II 161 ff Jewish guild merchants admitted into (1859), II 162 Jews with learned degrees admitted into (1861), II 166 Jews with higher education admitted into (1879), II 167 Jewish artisans (mechanics and distillers) admitted into (1865), II 170 Jews begin to settle in, II 171 Alexander II. refuses to admit "Nicholas soldiers" into, II 171; but yields (1867), II 172 discharged Jewish soldiers barred from (1874), II 354 f "Jewish Committee" discusses admission of Jews into (1880), II 196 ff five "Gubernatorial Commissions" advocate opening of, II 275 "illegal" Jews in, persecuted, II 342 ff, 385 old settlers from among "illegal" Jews permitted to remain in (1880), II 404 admission of Jews to schools in, restricted to 5% (1887), II 350; restriction placed on Statute books (1908), III 158 admission of Jews to universities in, restricted to 3% (1898), III 29 pogrom in (Nizhni-Novgorod), II 360 Government endeavors to annul admission of privileged Jews into, II 399 expulsion of Jews from, II 428 barred to Jews (under Nicholas II.), III 20 f Jewish soldiers forbidden to spend furlough in (1896), III 21 Jews in, forbidden to acquire real estate in villages (1903), III 81 attempt to expel families of mobilized Jewish soldiers from, III 95 Jewish veterans of Russian-Japanese War and families of other privileged Jews admitted into (1904), III 98 f pogroms in (October, 1905), III 130 expulsion of Jews from (under Nicholas II.), III 157 See Pale of Settlement, and Residence, Right of

=Ionian Islands=, emigration from, to Black Sea settlements, I 13 f

=Iphicleides=, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 15

=Isaac=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Isaac=, of Chernigov, corresponds with Gaon in Bagdad, I 33

=Isaac=, Jewish physician at Polish court, I 132

=Isaac ben Jacob=, see Alfasi

=Isaacs, Henry=, Lord Mayor of London, disapproves of protest meeting against pogroms, II 382

=Ishmaelites=, see Mohammedans

=Ispravnik=, title of Russian official, II 301, 409

=Israel=, son of Shakhna, succeeds his father as rabbi of Lublin, I 123

=Israel=, of Ruzhany, executed on ritual murder charge, I 162 f

=Israel, Baal-Shem-Tob=, called Besht, founder of Hasidism, I 222 ff born in Podolia, I 222 sent to heder, I 222 neglects studies, I 222 strange conduct of, I 222 studies Practical Cabala, I 222 f settles in Brody, I 223 marries sister of rabbi, I 223 retires to solitude in Carpathian mountains, I 223 occupies humble position in Tlusta (Galicia), I 223 considered an ignoramus, I 223 begins to practise as _Baal-Shem_, I 223 reputed as miracle-worker, I 224 called "good _Baal-Shem_," or _Baal-Shem-Tob_, I 224 disparages exclusive Talmud study, I 224, 226 recognizes authority of Cabala, I 224 objects to Cabalistic asceticism, I 224, 226 inculcates cheerfulness, I 225 emphasizes faith and prayer, I 225, 226 f settles in Medzhibozh (Podolia), I 225 doctrine of, I 225 f evolves belief in _Tzaddik_, I 227 disciples of, I 227 f acknowledged by rabbi of Brody, I 228 sends epistle to Palestine, I 228 believed to associate with biblical prophets, I 228 popular discourses of, I 228 laments conversion of Frankists, I 229 takes part in Frankist disputation, I 229 sayings of, selected by disciple, I 230, 237 See also Hasidism and Hasidim

=Israel=, of Kozhenitz, leader of Hasidim in duchy of Warsaw, I 384 successors of, II 122

=Israel=, of Ruzhin (government of Kiev), hasidic leader, keeps magnificent court, II 120 arouses suspicions of governor-general, I 120 f arrested, I 121 flees to Sadagora (Bukovina), I 121 dynasty of, branches out, I 221 contests supremacy of Joshua Heshel Apter, II 121

=Isserles, Moses= (_Remo_), son of Kahal elder in Cracow, I 123 pupil of Shakhna of Lublin, I 123 judge and head of yeshibah in Cracow, I 123 writes commentary on _Turim_, I 123 adds notes to _Shulhan Arukh_, I 124 makes _Shulhan Arukh_ great factor in Polish Jewry, I 130 differs from Solomon Luria, I 126 disparages mysticism, I 126 favors moderate philosophy, I 126 studies Maimonides' _Moreh_, I 126, 132 teacher of Mordecai Jaffe, I 127 method of, contrasted with that of Jaffe, I 128 method of, looked down upon by Meir of Lublin, I 129 unequalled by successors, I 199

=Istumin=, Pobyedonostzev's agent in Moscow, II 401

=Italy=, influence of, extends to Crimea, I 34 Guizolfi, Jew from Italy, owns Tanan Peninsula, I 36 Master Leon, Jew from, physician at Moscow court, I 37 Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious advice, I 125 Jewish physicians in Poland originate from, I 132, or receive medical training in, I 132 Delacruta, founder of Polish Cabala, born in, I 134 work of Recanati, Italian Cabalist, studied in Poland, I 134 Calahora, native of, executed in Cracow, I 164 f Judah Ilasid studies Practical Cabala in, I 208 Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Palestine pass through, I 209

=Itche (Isaac) Meier Alter=, head of Gher Hasidim, has many adherents in Warsaw, II 122

=Ityl=, ancient name for Volga, I 19, 26 name of Khazar capital, I 19

=Itzele, Rabbi=, see Zelikin

=Itzhaki, Itzhok= (=Isaac=), head of Volozhin yeshibah, member of Rabbinical Commission, II 57

=Ivan III.=, grand duke of Moscow, I 29 assisted by Crimean Jews in negotiations with Khan, I 35 corresponds with Guizolfi, Italian Jew, I 36 orders burning of "Judaizers," I 37 executes his Jewish body-physician, I 37

=Ivan IV., The Terrible=, Tzar of Moscow, I 29 refuses to admit Lithuanian Jews into Russia, I 243 orders drowning of Jews of Polotzk, I 243

=Izyaslav=, former name for government of Volhynia, I 317

=Jacob Itzhok= (=Isaac=), of Lublin, pioneer of Hasidism in Poland, I 384

=Jacob= (=Nahman=), of Belzhytz, Polish court physician, I 136 author of polemical treatise against Christianity, I 136 f

=Jacob Zelig= (=Selek, or Jelek=), presents petition of Polish Jews to pope, I 179 f

=Jacob Ben Asher=, author of _Turim_, work of, studied in Poland, I 118

=Jacobs, Joseph=, quoted, II 287

=Jacobsohn=, deputy to First Duma, reports on Bialystok pogrom, III 139

=Jaffa= (Palestine), Jewish agricultural settlements in neighborhood of, II 322 representative of Odessa Palestine Society in, II 422 gymnazium in, III 148

=Jaffe, Mordecai=, native of Bohemia, I 126 pupil of Isserles, I 126 rabbi of various Polish communities, I 126 presides over Council of Four Lands, I 126 author of elaborate code, entitled _Lebushim_, I 126 f method of, differs from that of Caro and Isserles, I 27; looked down upon by Meir of Lublin, 129 comments on Maimonides' Mareh, I 132 pupil of Delacruta, Cabalist, I 134 author of cabalistic commentary, I 134 unequalled by successors, I 199

=Japanese=, expel Russians from Kuantung (Shantung) Peninsula, III 94 destroy Russian fleet, III 110 Jews accused of alliance with, III 95 f

=Jastrow, Marcus=, preacher in Warsaw, active in Polish Insurrection, II 179 ff rabbi in Philadelphia, II 179

=Jehiel Michael=, rabbi and head of yeshibah in Niemirov, killed in massacre (1648), I 146

=Jelek=, see Jacob Zelig

=Jeremiah=, the prophet, teachings of, attacked by Judah Leib Gordon, II 230

=Jerome, The Holy=, quoted, I 17

=Jerusalem=, referred to by Khazarv king, I 27; and Khazar Jews, I 30 Polish-Jewish pilgrims arrive in, I 205 Gymnazium in, III 148

=Jesuits=, patronized by Stephen Batory, I 90 establish academy at Vilna, I 90 f grow in influence, I 91 derive financial benefit from ritual murder libel, I 96 hostile to Jews, I 97, 99 f effect of; on Polish people, I 171 invited in Posen to exorcise evil spirits, I 203 students of colleges of, assault Jews, I 95, 161; but in Vilna protect Jews, I 166 college of, in Vitebsk supplies anti-Jewish information, I 330

=Jewish Chronicle=, of London, quoted, II 262, 290, 292, 382

=Jewish Colonial Trust=, created by Zionists, III 45 financial weakness of, III 46 sale of shares of, forbidden in Russia, III 83

=Jewish Colonization Association= (=ICA=), founded by Baron Hirsch in London, II 414, 419 Central Committee of, established in St. Petersburg, II 420 transplants Jews to Argentina, II 421 refused permission to settle Jews as farmers in Russia, III 10

=Jewish Historico-Ethnographic Society=, in St. Petersburg, founded 1908, III 160 publishes periodical, III 160

=Jewish Judge=, attached to court of voyevoda, I 46 nominated by Jewish elders, I 191 appointed by voyevoda, I 46, 191 functions of, I 46, 191 tries cases between Jews, I 46, 52 sits in Kahal chamber, near synagogue, I 46, 52, 191 officiates in presence of Kahal elders, I 191 guided, in part, by Jewish law, I 191

=Jewish Literary Society=, in St. Petersburg, founded in 1908, III 160 dissolved (1911), III 161

=Jewish National Fund=, created by Zionists, III 45 collections for, forbidden in Russia, III 83

=Jewish National Party= (Volkspartei), in Russia based on principle of National-Cultural Autonomism, III 147 recognizes Jewish centers in America and Palestine, III 147 f

=Jewish People's Group=, in Russia, opposes Zionism, III 146 satisfied with minimum of Jewish national rights, III 147

=Jewish Publication Society of America=, referred to, III 51, 60, 62

=Joel Baal-Shem= (miracle worker), of Zamoshch, I 203

=John=, Russian ecclesiastic, preaches hatred against Jews, I 31

=John Albrecht=, king of Poland (1492-1501), establishes ghetto in Cracow, I 64 permits expelled Lithuanian Jews to settle in Poland, I 65 grants right of distilling (_propinatzya_) to nobles (1496), I 67 attended by Jewish body-physician, 132

=John Casimir= (1648-1668), concludes peace with Khmelnitzki, I 151 permits baptized Jews to return to Judaism, I 151 anxious to compensate Jews for past sufferings, I 158 grants right of free commerce to Jews of Cracow, I 159 grants privileges to other communities, I 159

=John Sobieski= (1674-1696), protects Jews against enemies, I 165 f protects Jews of Vilna, I 166

=Jorjan, Sea of=, see Caspian Sea

=Joseph=, king of Khazars, replies to letter of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, I 25 ff

=Joseph II.=, emperor of Austria, engages in "reformatory" experiments, I 262 project of Jewish reforms in Poland influenced by policy of, I 271, 273 Toleration Act of (1782), II 30

=Joseph Israel=, see Benjamin III

=Joseph Kalish=, Polish minter, I 42

=Joseph, N. S.=, secretary of Russo-Jewish Committee in London, II 388

=Josephus=, historian, quoted, I 14 f

=Joshua Heshel Apter=, see Apter

=Jost=, refutes anti-Semitic book of Abbé Chiarini, II 104, quoted, I 390

=Journal De St. Petersbourg=, Russian official organ, refutes charge of pogroms, II 287 f

=Jud, Der=, Yiddish weekly in Warsaw, III 59

=Judæophobia=, name for Russian anti-Semitism, II 247 growth of, II 378 ff contrasted with German anti-Semitism, II 6

=Judah Ha-Nasi=, compiler of the Mishnah, II 114

=Judah Hasid=, founds sect in Poland, I 208 f heads pilgrims to Palestine, I 209 dies in Jerusalem, I 210

=Judah Leib=, father of Jacob Frank, I 211 settles with son in Wallachia, I 212

"=Judaizing Heresy=," originated in Novgorod by Zechariah (15th century), I 36 carried to Moscow (1480), I 36 finds adherents at court, I 36 leaders of, burned at stake, I 37 checked, I 37 instills fear of Jews, I 37, 242, 249 spreads in Central Russia (1796), I 401 f severe measures adopted against (1823), I 402 f quoted by Senate as proof of Jewish proselytism, I 404 Reformation in Poland regarded as, I 79 f Christian rationalists in Poland nicknamed "Judaizers," I 136

=Jude, Der=, German-Jewish periodical, published by Riesser, II 219

=Judea=, part of Hellenistic Orient, I 14 Jewish colonies, in, II 375

=Judicial Authority=, see Courts

=Jüdisch-Deutsch=, see Yiddish

=Jüdische Bibliothek=, Yiddish periodical, edited by I. L. Peretz, III 59.

=Jüdische Volksbibliothek=, Yiddish periodical, edited by Shalom Aleichem, III 59

=Jüdischer Verlag=, in Berlin, referred to, III 52

=Jüdisches Volksblatt=, Yiddish weekly in St. Petersburg, III 58 f

=Justinian=, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18

=Jutrzenka= ("The Dawn"), organ of Polish-Jewish assimilationists, II 213

=Kaffa= (now Theodosia), Crimea, maintains commercial relations with Kiev, I 33 becomes Genoese colony and international emporium, I 33 f Jews flock to, I 34 taken by Turks (1475), I 34 Khoza-Kokos, Jewish native of, exercises great influence, I 35 Jews, expelled from Lithuania, emigrate to, I 65

=Kahal= (Jewish community), under Polish régime, forms cultural, national, and civil entity, I 103 signifies "community" and "communal administration," I 105 autonomy of, recognized by Casimir the Great, I 52 fully established by Sigismund II. (1551), I 106 f organization of, I 106 f elections to, I 192 oligarchic character of, I 192 f functions of, I 107 f acts as fiscal agency, I 107, 181; and valued as such by Government, 189 f manages Jewish institutions, I 107 executes civil acts, I 107, 190 supervises elementary education, I 114 f has separate judiciary, I 83, 191 elders of, attached to general courts, I 84 K. chamber serves as a seat of judiciary, I 191 f relation of, to Polish authorities, I 191 federation of K's., I 104, 108 f, 112, 193, 196 f Conferences (or _Waads_), of federated K's., I 108 ff relation of K's. to one another, I 193 minor K's. called _Pri-Kahalki_, I 108, 193 autonomy of, stimulates learning, I 121; exerts beneficient effect on Jewish life, I 189 Polish Jews exhorted by rabbis to obey K's., I 188 f Blackmailed by Polish officials, I 169 K. of Brest ordered by authorities to hold elections (1719), I 192 K. of Lemberg receives constitution from voyevoda (1692), I 191 f court of Vilna K. excommunicates Hasidim (1772), I 237 K. of Vilna engages in litigation with rabbis, I 275 f financial indebtedness of K's., I 290 degeneration of, I 274 ff Jews of Minsk complain against (1782), I 275 Simeon Volfovich of Vilna urges abolition of (1788), I 276 abolition or curtailment of, urged by Poles, I 280 ff weakening of, recommended by Kalmansohn (1796), I 385 defended by Hirsch Yosefovich, rabbi of Khelm, I 283 supervision over, recommended by Abraham Hirschovich, I 284 abolition of, recommended by Committee of Polish Government (1815), II 89 abolition of, favored by Polish-Jewish assimilationists, II 101 criticised by David Friedländer, II 90 abolished in Poland (December 20, 1821-January 1, 1822), II 102 superseded by "Congregational Board," II 102 f See also Autonomy and Courts

=Kahal= (Jewish Community), under Russian régime, attitude of Government towards, I 308 ff admission of Jews to city government conflicts with separate organization, I 308 Jews of annexed White Russia in K's. (1772), I 308 sanctioned by Senate (1776), I 309 granted right to issue passports, I 309 charged with collection of state taxes, I 309 endowed with judicial powers, I 309 Government changes attitude towards, I 310 confined to religious and fiscal functions (1786), I 313 deprived of civil and judicial powers (1795), I 319 promise of Government to maintain judicial powers of, violated, I 320 preservation of, due to fiscal considerations, I 320, 366 establishment of, in Courland, due to same motives (1799), I 321 curtailed status of, recognized in Statute of 1804, I 344 admission to city government fails to weaken power of, I 368 ff Government forced to extend functions of, I 367 Government communicates with K's., I 336, 339 K. of Minsk decides to send delegation to St. Petersburg (1802), I 336 K's. invited by Government to elect deputies (1803), I 337; (1806), I 349 ordered to assist Jews expelled from villages (1810), I 351 represented at army headquarters (1812), I 358 elected representatives of K's., called "Deputation of Jewish People," act as advisory council to Government (1818-1825), I 393 ff K. of Grodno entrusted with police duties (1812), I 357 Alexander I. receives K. of Kalish, I 358 Alexander I. assures K's. of his high favor (1814), I 359 K. of Minsk inquires about attitude of Vilna Gaon towards Hasidism, I 373 Gaon issues appeal to K's. against Hasidism (1796), I 373 Hasidim kept within K. by Statute of 1804, I 379 demoralized by hasidic schism, I 371, 379 suppression of, advocated by nobility of Lithuania (1800), I 326; and Dyerzhavin (1800), I 332 made responsible for supply of recruits (1827), II 19 f K's. directed to elect recruiting trustees, II 19 trustees of, turned into police agents, II 22 f K. of Vilna complains to Council of State about oppression of Jews, II 38 f; pleads for abolition of cantonists, II 36 f functions of, regulat