II.
Jerusalem besieged and taken by Herod and Sosius, Mark Antony’s general; Antigonus executed.
XIII. THE HERODIAN DYNASTY.
(37 B. C. E.-72 C. E.)
(_See the Genealogical Table of the Herodian Dynasty, p. 134, and the Table of the High Priests, p. 129._)
EMPERORS OF ROME.
B. C. E. 31. Augustus, C. E. 14. Tiberius, 37. Caligula, 41. Claudius, 54. Nero, 68. Galba, 69. Otho, 69. Vitellius, 69-79. Vespasian.
PROCURATORS OF JUDÆA.
(Subalterns to the Roman Legates or the Governors of Syria.)
C. E. 6. Coponius, 9. Marcus Ambivius, 13. Annius Rufus, 15. Valerius Gratus, 26. Pontius Pilate, 36. Marcellus (?) 37. Marullus (?) [41. _Agrippa I king_], 44. Cuspius Fadus, 47. Tiberius Julius Alexander, 48. Cumanus, 52. Felix, 60. Festus, 62. Albinus, 64-66. Gessius Florus.
=37.= =Herod I king.=
35. _Aristobulus (III)_, brother of Mariamne, high priest, _killed_ by order of Herod.
31. Hyrcanus II executed.
30(about). HILLEL president of the Synhedrion; SHAMMAI deputy.
Herod in favor with Augustus, the first Roman emperor.
29. _Mariamne executed._
20(about). _Herod rebuilds the Temple._
Asinai and Anilai found a small Jewish state in Nahardea.
6. Execution of Mariamne’s sons, Alexander and Aristobulus.
4. Death of Herod. _Archelaus_ possessor of Judæa and Samaria; _Herod Antipas_ Tetrarch of Galilee and Peræa; (Herod) Philip II Tetrarch of Gaulanitis, Batanæa, Trachonitis, and Panias.
3. Revolt against Archelaus; the “War Period of Varus,” governor of Syria. Leadership of _Judas the Galilean, founder of the Zealots_.
2. Archelaus recognized as Ethnarch by Augustus.
C.E.
6. Archelaus deposed; Judæa a Roman province; Coponius _the first procurator_; Quirinius, governor of Syria, takes a census for purposes of taxation.
18 (about). Izates and Helen of Adiabene embrace Judaism. Conversions to Judaism in Rome.
26. _Pontius Pilate_ procurator.
_John the Baptist._
=30= (about). JESUS OF NAZARETH. =Rise of Christianity.=
33. Philip’s tetrarchy falls to Rome.
37. _Agrippa I_, favorite of Caligula, made king of Philip’s tetrarchy.
38. The Jews of Alexandria persecuted by Flaccus.
40. PHILO JUDÆUS, ambassador to Caligula. The emperor’s statue set up in the Temple.
Herod Antipas deposed; his tetrarchy added to King Agrippa I’s territory.
41. Claudius restores the Alabarchate in Alexandria to _Alexander Lysimachus_, brother of Philo.
AGRIPPA I receives Judæa and Galilee, Archelaus’ possessions, from Claudius, and IS KING OF THE WHOLE OF PALESTINE.
GAMALIEL I THE ELDER, president of the Synhedrion.
43. Helen of Adiabene in Jerusalem.
44. Death of Agrippa I. _Herod II, prince of Chalcis, titular king of Judæa._
Theudas, a false Messiah.
48. SAUL OF TARSUS, THE APOSTLE PAUL, converts the heathen to Christianity. Death of Herod II.
49. AGRIPPA II, prince of Chalcis, TITULAR KING OF JUDÆA.
_The Zealots and the Sicarii_ commit depredations.
52. Hostilities between Jews and the heathen at Cæsarea.
53. Agrippa II king of Philip’s tetrarchy.
63. _Joshua ben Gamala_, high priest, establishes =elementary schools= in Judæa.
64. _Gessius Florus_, the last of the procurators.
66. The census taken by Cestus Gallus, governor of Syria, at Jerusalem; the _Passover of the Crushing_.
Renewed hostilities between the Jews and the heathen of Cæsarea.
REBELLION AGAINST GESSIUS FLORUS in Jerusalem; the Zealots under Eleazar ben Ananias.
End of the Roman garrison in Jerusalem.
Race hostilities between the Jews and the heathen in Judæa, Syria, and Alexandria.
Cestius Gallus besieges Jerusalem.
Cestius Gallus retires from Jerusalem; Judæa ruled by the Synhedrion, Simon II ben Gamaliel president.
66. The prohibition of “_The Eighteen Things_” enacted by the school of Shammai in consequence of the continued hostilities between the Jews and the heathen.
_War in Galilee_; FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS governor of Galilee.
66. _John of Gischala_ accuses Josephus of duplicity before the Synhedrion.
67. Gabara taken by Vespasian.
_Fall of Jotapata._ Josephus surrenders to the Romans. Fall of Gamala.
The fall of Gischala completes the _conquest of Galilee_ by the Romans.
The Idumæans enter Jerusalem as the allies of the Zealots; civil war in Jerusalem; reign of terror under the Zealots; the Synhedrion ceases to exist.
68. Peræa taken by Vespasian.
_Simon bar Giora_ enters Jerusalem, and renews the civil war.
69. Vespasian proclaimed emperor; he leaves Judæa. TITUS commander of the army in Judæa.
Civil dissension continues in Jerusalem.
=70.= TITUS BEGINS THE SIEGE OF JERUSALEM.
Fall of the outer wall of Jerusalem; Bezetha in the hands of the Romans.
Fall of the Tower of Antonia.
Famine in Jerusalem. Sacrifices cease to be brought in the Temple.
BURNING OF THE TEMPLE. Titus in the Holy of Holies.
Zion, the upper city, burnt by Titus. =Complete destruction of Jerusalem.=
An academy founded in Jamnia by JOCHANAN BEN ZAKKAI.
71. The fortresses Herodium and Machærus taken by Bassus. Titus’ triumph; execution of Simon bar Giora.
72. Masada taken by Silva; the last Zealots fall; JUDÆA COMPLETELY CONQUERED. Death of Agrippa II.
The _Fiscus judaicus_ instituted by Vespasian.
XIV. THE EPOCH OF THE MISHNA AND THE TANAITES.
(72-219 C. E.)
72. Rebellion of the fugitive Zealots in Egypt and Cyrene. The Onias Temple closed.
80. GAMALIEL II Patriarch, or president of the Synhedrion at Jamnia; his colleagues ELIEZER BEN HYRCANUS and JOSHUA BEN CHANANYA. Excommunication first used.
_The daily prayers_ (“_Eighteen Benedictions_”) _first formulated_.
The Minæan curse introduced into the prayers. Jewish Christians (Nazarenes, Ebionites), heathen Christians, and Gnostics.
93. JOSEPHUS completes his history of the Jews, THE ANTIQUITIES.
95(about). Death of Josephus.
115. The Jews of Babylonia, Palestine, Egypt, Cyprus, Cyrene, and Lybia rise against Trajan.
118. The Jews of Palestine rise against Trajan and Hadrian; “War of Lucius Quietus.”
Joshua ben Chananya president of the Synhedrion.
119. AKYLAS, proselyte, makes a Greek translation of the Scriptures.
130. AKIBA BEN JOSEPH president of the Synhedrion; collects the Halachoth (_Mishna of R. Akiba_).
=133.= =Rebellion of Bar-Cochba= against Hadrian; restoration of the Jewish State.
134. Magdala taken by Julius Severus.
135. FALL OF BETHAR; end of Bar-Cochba.
Persecutions by Turnus Rufus; Jerusalem called Ælia Capitolina.
Akiba ben Joseph dies a martyr; the ten martyrs; _Elisha ben Abuya_ (Acher) informs against observing Jews.
138. Hadrian’s decrees revoked by Antoninus Pius. The fugitive disciples of the Law return from Babylonia, and organize a Synhedrion at Usha.
140. _Simon III_, son of Gamaliel II, president of the Synhedrion, assisted by MEÏR, Judah ben Ilaï, Nathan of Babylon, José ben Chalafta, and SIMON BEN YOCHAI.
161. Revolution in Palestine against Antoninus Pius.
Verus Commodus, co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius, persecutes the Jews of Palestine.
165. JUDAH I, THE HOLY, RABBI, PRESIDENT OF THE SYNHEDRION.
=189.= =Compilation of the Mishna= (_Mishna di Rabbi Judah_); Judah I and Nathan of Babylon the last of the Tanaites.
200. Severus prohibits heathens from becoming Jews.
210. Gamaliel III, son of Judah I, president of the Synhedrion.
The apocryphal Mishnas (Boraïtoth) compiled.
XV. THE EPOCH OF THE TALMUD, THE AMORAIM, AND THE SABORAIM.
(219-550 C. E.)
219. ABBA AREKA (RAB) OPENS THE ACADEMY AT SORA; MAR-SAMUEL, principal of the academy at Nahardea, declares the law of the land binding on the Jews.
225. _Judah II_, son of Gamaliel III, president of the Synhedrion, influences Alexander Severus to revive the privileges of the Jews, and mitigates the rigor of the Law.
Jochanan bar Napacha, _Simon ben Lakish_, and Joshua ben Levi, Palestinian Amoraim.
247. _Huna_, principal of the Sora academy.
JUDAH BEN EZEKIEL FOUNDS AN ACADEMY AT PUMBEDITHA.
259. Odenathus destroys Nahardea. _Sheshet founds an academy at Silhi._
279. _Ami and Assi_, heads of the college of Tiberias.
280. Judah III, son of Judah II, Patriarch, collects a tax from foreign communities.
297. Judah ben Ezekiel, general Resh Metibta (principal of both Sora and Pumbeditha).
299. Chasda principal of the Sora academy; Huna ben Chiya, of the Pumbeditha academy.
309. _Rabba bar Nachmani_, principal of Pumbeditha; Rabba bar Huna, principal of Sora.
315. _Emperor Constantine issues the first of his anti-Jewish decrees._
320. _The Council of Illiberis (Spain) forbids intercourse between Jews and Christians_.
325. The first _Church Council at Nice_ completely severs Judaism and Christianity by making _the celebration of Easter independent of the Jewish calendar_.
327. Teachers of the Law banished from Palestine by Constantine.
330. _Joseph ben Chiya_, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, makes a Chaldaic translation of the Prophets.
333. Abayi Nachmani, principal of Pumbeditha.
338. _Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, principal of the academy at Machuza._
339. _Constantius forbids the marriage of a Jew with a Christian woman, and the circumcision of Christian and heathen slaves, under the penalty of death._
351. Religious persecutions in Palestine by the emperors Constantius and Gallus and the Roman general Ursicinus.
352. Nachman ben Isaac, principal of the Pumbeditha academy.
355. _Papa bar Chanan founds an academy at Nares._
356. Chama of Nahardea, principal of the Pumbeditha academy.
359. HILLEL II, PATRIARCH, INTRODUCES A FINAL, FIXED CALENDAR.
361. Restoration of the Temple at Jerusalem under Julian the Apostate.
364. Valentinian I and Valens extend toleration to the Jews.
375. ASHI, THE REDACTOR OF THE BABYLONIAN TALMUD, restores the Sora academy. At about this time THE PALESTINIAN, OR JERUSALEM, TALMUD IS COMPLETED.
390. Amemar re-opens an academy at Nahardea.
393. Theodosius I confirms the exceptional position of the Jews in the Roman empire.
400. Moses, the false Messiah of Crete.
415. Gamaliel VI deposed by Theodosius II.
Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, drives the Jews from Alexandria.
Jews excluded from state offices in the Empire of the East under Theodosius II.
425. EXTINCTION OF THE PATRIARCHATE.
427. DEATH OF ASHI, who, in the latter half of his life, collected and arranged the explanations, deductions, and amplifications of the Mishna, included under the name =Talmud= (=Babylonian Talmud=).
455. Persecution of the Babylonian Jews under Jezdijird