Chapter 9 of 9 · 34899 words · ~174 min read

III.

_Mar bar Ashi continues the compilation of the Talmud._

465. The Council of Vannes (Gaul) prohibits the clergy from taking part in Jewish banquets.

471. Persecution of the Babylonian Jews under Firuz (Pheroces). The Exilarch Huna Mari and others suffer martyrdom.

490. Babylonian Jews emigrate to India under Joseph Rabban, and found a little _Jewish state in Cranganor_.

499. Death of Rabina, the last of the Amoraim; COMPLETION OF THE TALMUD COLLECTION.

500(about). _Abu-Kariba, Himyarite king, adopts Judaism_, and converts his army and his people.

511. Mar-Zutra II, Prince of the Captivity (Exilarch), establishes an independent Jewish state in Babylonia under the Persian king Kobad.

517. _The Council of Epaone forbids Christians to take part in Jewish banquets._

518. Persecution of the Jews by Kobad, king of Persia.

530. Death of Zorah Yussuf Dhu-Nowas, _last Jewish Himyarite king_.

531. Giza in Sora and Semuna in Pumbeditha, the last Saboraim.

532. Justinian I decrees that _the testimony of Jews shall be valid only in Jewish cases_.

538. _The Council of Orleans forbids Jews to appear on the street at Eastertide._

=550=(about). =Final redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.=

XVI. FROM THE COMPLETION OF THE TALMUD TO THE END OF THE GAONATE.

(550-1038 C. E.)

Samuel ben Adiya (500-560), Jewish poet in Arabia.

553. Justinian I decrees that the Scriptural portions in the Synagogue liturgy be read in translation, and orders the omission of alleged anti-Trinitarian sentences from the liturgy.

581. Hormisdas IV, king of Persia, persecutes his Jewish subjects; the teachers of the Law flee from the Babylonian academies.

Chilperic, Merovingian king, forces baptism on the Jews.

589. Reccared, Visigothic king, imposes irksome restraints upon the Jews, and _completely isolates them from Christians_.

Bahram Tshubin, usurper of the Persian throne, friendly to the Jews; Pumbeditha re-opened by Chanan of Iskia.

590. Pope Gregory I discountenances the forced conversion of Jews.

612. Sisebut, Visigothic king, forces the Jews to accept baptism or to emigrate.

614. The Jews of Palestine join the Persians in a war against Emperor Heraclius.

624. The Benu-Kainukaa, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven from Arabia by Mahomet.

625. The Benu-Nadhir, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven from Arabia by Mahomet.

627. Extermination of the Benu-Kuraiza, a Jewish-Arabic tribe.

Emperor Heraclius _forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem_, and in other ways harasses the Palestinian Jews.

629. Dagobert orders the Jews of the Frankish empire to accept baptism or to emigrate.

633. The Council of Toledo under Sisenand, Visigothic king, and Isidore of Seville, forces backsliding converts back into Christianity.

638. Chintila enacts that only professing Catholics shall remain in Visigothic Spain; Jews emigrate.

640. Omar, the second Caliph, _banishes all Jews from holy Arabia_. The “_Covenant of Omar_” imposes restrictions upon Jews in the whole Mahometan, world.

642(about). BOSTANAÏ, Exilarch, acknowledged by Omar.

654. Judaizing Christians of Toledo under Receswinth, Visigothic king, swear loyalty to the Catholic Church.

658. BEGINNING OF THE GAONATE; Mar-Isaac, head of the Sora academy, takes the title GAON.

670. Hunaï, Gaon of Sora, and Mar-Raba, principal of Pumbeditha, _reform the divorce laws_.

681. Judaizing Christians re-affirm their adherence to Christianity under Erwig, Visigothic king.

693. Egica, Visigothic king, _forbids Jews to hold real estate_.

700(about). RISE OF THE MASSORA AND OF NEO-HEBRAIC LITURGIC POETRY. José bar José Hayathom the first Poetan.

712. Jews open the gates of Toledo to Tarik, the Mahometan general.

719. Natronaï ben Nehemiah (Mar-Yanka), principal of Pumbeditha.

720. Serene, the Syrian Messiah.

Omar II, Ommiyyade Caliph of Damascus, re-enacts the “_Covenant of Omar_.”

723. Persecution of the Jews of the Byzantine Empire under Leo the Isaurian.

745(about). ELEAZAR BEN KALIR (KALIRI), poetan.

_The Chazars under Bulan accept Judaism._

749. Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, precursor of the Messiah in Ispahan.

759. _Jehuda the Blind_, Gaon of Sora, author of a Talmudic compendium, _Halachoth Ketuoth_.

761. Dudaï principal of Pumbeditha.

=The Karaite schism led by Anan ben David.=

787. Charlemagne removes the Kalonymos family from Lucca to Mayence to encourage Jewish learning in the Frankish Empire. He introduces a _Jewish oath_.

797. Isaac sent by Charlemagne on an embassy to Haroun Alrashid.

800(about). Judah Judghan, founder of a sect, introduces Mutazilist philosophy into Judaism.

Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend, founder of the Maghariyites, spreads the Mutazilist philosophy among the Karaites.

807. Haroun Alrashid introduces THE JEW BADGE into the Abbasside Caliphate.

825. Contest for the Exilarchate between David ben Judah and Daniel.

Rise of Karaite sects: Akbarites, Tiflisites, and the followers of Moses of Baalbek.

827(about). Eberard, _Magister Judæorum_, under Louis I the Pious, king of the Franks, protects the Jews against Agobard, bishop of Lyons.

842. The title GAON assumed also by the Pumbeditha principals; Paltoi ben Abayi _the first Gaon of Pumbeditha_.

845. The Council of Meaux under Amolo, bishop of Lyons, enacts anti-Jewish decrees, renewing those of Constantine and Theodosius II.

853. The Abbasside Caliph Al-Mutavakkil _introduces Jew badges_, and re-enacts the “_Covenant of Omar_.”

869. Mar-Amram ben Sheshna, Gaon of Sora, at the request of a Spanish community, arranges the =order of prayers= in use among European Jews.

872. Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, Gaon of Pumbeditha, author of the _first Talmudic Dictionary_.

880(about). ELDAD HA-DANI.

881. _Nachshon ben Zadok_, Gaon of Sora, _discovers the key to the Jewish calendar_.

900(about). Simon of Cairo writes the _Halachoth Gedoloth_, a polemic against Karaism.

JOSIPPON compiled.

_Isaac ben Israeli I Suleiman_ (845-940), physician and philologist at Kairuan.

913. SAADIAH BEN JOSEPH (892-942) attacks Karaism.

917. Mar-Kohen-Zedek II ben Joseph, Gaon of Pumbeditha, tries to bring about the fall of the Exilarchate and the academy of Sora. Hostilities against Mar-Ukba.

921. _David ben Zaccaï_ made Exilarch.

928. _Saadiah installed as Gaon of Sora._ His controversies with the Karaite _Solomon ben Yerucham_, and his _translation of the Scriptures into Arabic_.

930. Hostilities between Saadiah and David ben Zaccaï.

934. Saadiah writes his religious-philosophical work EMUNOTH WE-DEOTH.

940. Death of David ben Zaccaï, the last Exilarch of influence. END OF THE EXILARCHATE a few years later.

940(about). MOSES AND AARON BEN ASHER, Massorets.

942. Death of Saadiah.

945(about). _Four scholars are sent from Sora to gather contributions for the academy_: Shemarya ben Elchanan settles in Cairo; CHUSHIEL, in Kairuan; Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, in Narbonne; and MOSES BEN CHANOCH, IN CORDOVA.

Abusahal Dunash ben Tamim (900-960), physician in Kairuan.

946. _Sabbataï Donnolo_ (913-970), physician in Italy.

CHASDAÏ BEN ISAAC IBN-SHAPRUT (915-970), diplomat under Abdul-Rahman III, Nagid of the Jews of the Cordova Caliphate, patron of Jewish learning.

950(about). The Karaite controversialists Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen and Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi.

_Menachem ben Saruk_ (910-970) and _Dunash ben Labrat_ (Adonim, 920-970), the first Hebrew grammarians. NEO-HEBRAIC POETRY FLOURISHES.

980. SHERIRA (920-1000), Gaon of Pumbeditha; his “LETTER” a chronicle of Jewish events from the conclusion of the Talmud to his time.

985. Chanoch ben Moses (940-1014) and Joseph Ibn-Abitur, Cordova Talmudists.

Jacob Ibn-Jau, prince of the Jews of the Cordova Caliphate.

990. JEHUDA IBN-DAUD (CHAYUJ), Hebrew grammarian.

998. HAÏ (969-1038), Gaon of Pumbeditha.

1000(about). GERSHOM BEN JEHUDA (960-1028), promoter of Talmud study at Mayence, INTERDICTS POLYGAMY.

Simon ben Isaac ben Abun poetan.

1002. NATHAN BEN YECHIEL COMPILES THE ARUCH, A TALMUDIC LEXICON.

1008. The Fatimide Caliph Hakim _decrees a Jew badge_, and persecutes the Jews in various ways.

1012. Jews driven from Mayence by Emperor Henry II.

1020. ABULVALID MERVAN IBN-JANACH (995-1050), Hebrew grammarian.

1027. SAMUEL HALEVI IBN-NAGRELA (993-1055), minister to King Habus of Granada, Nagid of the Jews, patron of Jewish learning, and Talmudic author.

1034. Death of Samuel Chofni, _last of the Sora Geonim_.

1038. The death of HAÏ, Gaon of Pumbeditha, marks the END OF THE GAONATE.

XVII. THE AGE OF GEBIROL, HALEVI, RASHI, AND MAIMONIDES.

(1038-1204 C. E.)

1038(about). Chananel ben Chushiel and Nissim ben Jacob Ibn-Shahin (1015-1055), Talmudists in Kairuan.

1045. =Solomon Ibn-Gebirol= (=Avicebron=, 1021-1070), poet and philosopher, author of the “Kether Malkuth” and the “Mekor Chayim.”

1050(about). _Bachya Ibn-Pakuda_, philosopher, writes the “Guide to the Duties of the Heart.”

1055. _Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela_ (1031-1066), minister to Badis of Granada, Nagid of the Jews, and patron of Jewish learning.

1056. ISAAC BEN JACOB ALFASSI (1013-1103), Talmudist.

1066. Banishment of the Jews from Granada. _First persecution of the Jews of Spain_ since its conquest by the Mahometans.

1069. Isaac ben Baruch Ibn-Albalia (1035-1094), astronomer to Al-Mutamed in Cordova, Nassi of the Jews, Talmudist.

1070. =Rashi= (Solomon Yizchaki, 1040-1105), exegete and Talmudist.

1078. Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) promulgates the canonical _law against Jews’ holding offices in Christendom_.

1095. Emperor Henry IV issues a decree against the forcible baptism of Jews.

1096. THE FIRST CRUSADE: Suffering of the Jews of Rouen, Treves, Speyer, Worms, Cologne, Ratisbon, Prague, etc.

1099. The Jews of Jerusalem burnt in a synagogue by the crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon.

1100. Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni (1065-1136), astronomer.

1110. =Moses Ibn-Ezra= (1070-1139), liturgical and erotic poet.

Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi (1077-1141), Talmudist.

1120. =Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi= (1086-1142), poet and philosopher, author of the Zion songs and of the Chozari.

1141. Jehuda Halevi leaves Spain for Palestine.

THE TOSSAFISTS: the family of Rashi, especially his grandsons JACOB TAM (1100-1171), and Samuel ben Meïr (Rashbam, 1100-1160).

1146. _Beginning of the Almohade persecution_ in northern Africa and southern Spain. Jews flee, or pretend to accept Islam.

1147. THE SECOND CRUSADE. Pope Eugenius III absolves crusaders from the payment of interest on debts owing to Jews.

The crusaders attack the Jews of the Rhine country, South Germany, and France.

In consequence of their protection by Emperor Conrad III, the Jews are considered =servi cameræ=.

1149. Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, of Toledo, Nassi, steward of the palace under Alfonso VII Raimundez. He persecutes the Karaites.

1150(about). ABRAHAM BEN MEÏR IBN-EZRA (1088-1167), poet, exegete, philosopher.

1160(about). _Jacob Tam calls the first rabbinical synod._

_Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi_ (1110-1180), philosopher and historian.

The Exilarchate revived by Mahomet Almuktafi. Solomon (Chasdaï) Exilarch.

1160(about). _David Alrui_ pretends to be divinely appointed to lead the Jews of the Bagdad Caliphate to Jerusalem.

1164(about). =Moses ben Maimun= (Rambam, Maimonides, 1135-1204), philosopher, writes his “Letter of Consolation.”

1165. _Benjamin of Tudela_ begins his travels in the East.

Serachya Halevi Gerundi (1125-1186), Talmudist.

1168. _Maimonides finishes his Arabic commentary on the Mishna._

1170(about). Meshullam ben Jacob, Provençal patron of Jewish learning.

_Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon_ (1120-1190), physician and translator.

DAVID KIMCHI, grammarian and exegete.

_Abraham ben David_ of Posquières (Rabed II, 1125-1198), Talmudist, Maimonides’ opponent.

1170(about). Jonathan Cohen of Lünel, Talmudist.

Jacob ben Meshullam, first promoter of THE KABBALA.

1171. The Jews of Blois burnt ON THE CHARGE OF HAVING USED HUMAN BLOOD IN THE PASSOVER. The =blood accusation=, or charge of ritual murder, preferred for the first time.

Death of Jacob Tam.

Isaac ben Samuel (Ri) of Dampierre, Tossafist.

1172. Persecution of the Jews of Yemen. Messianic excitement.

1175(about). Petachya of Ratisbon, traveler.

Samuel ben Ali Halevi, Gaon of Bagdad, opponent of Maimonides.

1177. _Maimonides rabbi of Cairo._

1179. The Third Lateran Council passes decrees protecting the religious liberty of the Jews.

1180. Maimonides finishes his MISHNE TORAH, or YAD HA-CHAZAKA.

1181. _Philip II Augustus of France banishes the Jews from his hereditary province._

1187. Saladin _permits Jews to enter Jerusalem_.

1189. _Attack on the Jews of London_ at Richard I’s coronation. The excitement spreads to Lynn, Norwich, Stamford, York, and Bury St. Edmund’s.

1190(about). Maimonides issues the “=Guide of the Perplexed=,” dedicating it to Joseph Ibn-Aknin.

Abraham Ibn-Alfachar (1160-1223), diplomat under Alfonso VIII of Castile.

Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn (1132-1200), liturgical poet and author of a martyrology.

Massacre of the Jews of Germany from the Rhine to Vienna under Emperor Henry VI.

_Samuel Ibn-Tibbon_ (1160-1239), translator.

1190(about). Süsskind of Trimberg, Jewish minnesinger.

Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, the Pious (1166-1224), Tossafist, author of the “_Book of the Pious_.”

Samson ben Abraham of Sens, Tossafist.

Isaac the Younger (Rizba), Tossafist; Jacob of Orleans, Tossafist.

1197. _Hillali_, the oldest Hebrew copy of the Bible in Spain, taken by the Almohades.

_Sheshet Benveniste_ (1131-1210), philosopher, physician, Talmudist, diplomat, and poet.

1198. The Jews of France forbidden to move from province to province.

1204. DEATH OF MAIMONIDES.

XVIII. FROM THE DEATH OF MAIMONIDES TO THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN.

(1204-1492 C. E.)

1209. The Council of Avignon issues restrictive measures against the Jews.

1210(about). Isaac the Blind, founder of =the Kabbala=. Disciples: Azriel and Ezra.

JEHUDA ALCHARISI, poet.

1210. The Jews of England imprisoned by King John.

1211. _French and English rabbis emigrate to Palestine._

1212. The Jews of Toledo killed by crusaders under the Cistercian monk Arnold. _First persecution of Jews in Castile._

=1215.= THE FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL under the pope INNOCENT III, among many anti-Jewish measures, decrees the =Jew badge=.

1222. The Council of Oxford imposes restrictions on the English Jews.

1223. The rabbinical synod of Mayence regulates the payment of the Jew taxes.

1227. The Council of Narbonne re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.

1229. Pope Gregory IX antagonizes the Jews.

1232. The Jews of Hungary excluded from state offices.

_Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia_ (1180-1244) attacks Maimonides’ doctrine of the immortality of the soul.

1233. Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi, and David ben Saul ally themselves with the Dominicans, who BURN MAIMONIDES’ WORKS IN MONTPELLIER AND PARIS.

1235. _Abraham Maimuni_ (1185-1254), physician and philosopher.

1235. MOSES BEN NACHMAN (Ramban, 1195-1270), Talmudist, exegete, Kabbalist, anti-Maimunist.

Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon (Anatoli), Jewish scholar at the court of Frederick II.

BEBACHYA BEN NATRONAÏ NAKDAN (Crispia), fabulist and punctuator.

1235. Gregory IX confirms the _Constitutio Judæorum_ of Innocent III.

1236. Crusaders attack the Jewish communities of Anjou, Poitou, etc.

1239. On the charges of the apostate Nicholas-Donin, Gregory IX orders the Dominicans and Franciscans to examine the Talmud, and burn it, if necessary.

1240. _Disputation before Louis IX_ of France between Nicholas-Donin and the Jews, represented by Yechiel of Paris, MOSES OF COUCY, Talmudist and itinerant preacher, and two others.

1240. A Jewish Parliament assembled by Henry III.

1242. THE TALMUD BURNT AT PARIS.

1244. _Archduke Frederick I the Valiant, of Austria, grants privileges to the Jews._

1246. The Council of Béziers _forbids Jews to practice medicine_.

1247. _Pope Innocent IV issues a bull disproving the blood accusation against the Jews._

1254. _The Jews expelled from his dominions by Louis IX of France. End of the Tossafists._

1257. _Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile, compiles_ a code, containing a section of _anti-Jewish laws_.

1263. MOSES BEN NACHMAN opposes Pablo Christiani AT THE DISPUTATION OF BARCELONA.

1264. The Jews of London attacked under Henry III.

1267. The Council of Vienna re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.

1271(about). Pope Gregory X issues a bull deprecating the forced baptism of Jews.

1278. The Jews of England imprisoned on the charge of counterfeiting coin.

1279. The Council of Buda enacts anti-Jewish measures.

SOLOMON BEN ADRET (Rashba, 1245-1310), Talmudist.

_David Maimuni_ (1233-1300), grandson of Maimonides.

1283. Beginning of the massacres of the Jews of Germany on the blood accusation.

Moses ben Chasdaï Taku (1250-1290), anti-Maimunist.

1286. MEÏR BEN BARUCH OF ROTHENBURG (1220-1293), chief rabbi of Germany, imprisoned when about to emigrate.

1288. _Saad Addaula_, minister of finance of the Persian empire under Argun.

1289. _Maimonides’ works burnt at Accho._ Solomon Petit, anti-Maimunist and Kabbalist; Hillel ben Samuel of Verona (1220-1295), Talmudist and Maimunist.

1290. THE JEWS BANISHED FROM ENGLAND.

1291. The Jews of Accho imprisoned or executed by the Sultan of Egypt.

1295(about). Publication of =the Zohar= by Moses de Leon; Kabbalistic studies flourish.

1298. Persecution of the Jews in Germany instigated by _Rindfleish_; Mordecai ben Hillel a martyr.

1305. THE BAN AGAINST THE STUDY OF SCIENCE pronounced by Abba-Mari ben Moses; authorized by SOLOMON BEN ADRET; urged by ASHER BEN YECHIEL (Asheri); opposed by the Tibbonides led by _Jacob ben Machir_ (Profatius) and the poet _Yedaya Penini Bedaresi_.

1306. _The first expulsion of the Jews from France_ under Philip IV the Fair.

1310. _Asheri compiles his Talmudic code._

1313. The Council of Zamora renews the canonical laws hostile to the Jews.

1315. Louis X of France recalls the Jews.

1320. The _Pastoureaux_ persecutions in France (Gesereth ha-Roïm).

1321. The _Leper_ persecution in France (Gesereth Mezoraim). _The second expulsion of the Jews from France._

1328. Persecution of the Jews of Navarre.

1334. _Casimir III the Great of Poland issues laws friendly to the Jews._

1336. Disputation at Valladolid between the Jews and the apostate Abner-Alfonso. Alfonso XI of Castile forbids the use of _alleged blasphemous expressions in the Hebrew prayers_.

Persecution of the Jews in Germany by the _Armleder_.

1337. Joseph of Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar favorites of Alfonso XI of Castile. Gonzalo Martinez plans the destruction of the Jews of Castile.

1340. JACOB BEN ASHERI (Baal ha-Turim, 1280-1340) compiles his Talmudic code.

Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben (1340-1380), rabbi of Barcelona.

1342. LEVI BEN GERSON (Gersonides, Maestro Leon de Bagnols, 1288-1345), physician and philosopher.

=1348.= Persecution of the Jews in Europe on account of the =Black Death=. Pope Clement VI issues two bulls protecting the Jews.

1350. _Moses ben Joshua Narboni_ (Maestro Vidal, 1300-1362), philosopher.

1350. Aaron II ben Elia Nicomedi (1300-1369), Karaite philosopher.

_Santob de Carrion_ (1300-1350), Jewish-Spanish troubadour.

Samuel Abulafia, minister to Pedro the Cruel of Castile.

1351. The cortes of Valladolid ask the abolition of the judicial autonomy of Spanish-Jewish communities.

1355. The “Golden Bull” by Emperor Charles IV confers the privilege of holding Jews on the Electors.

1357. Completion of the synagogue at Toledo built by Samuel Abulafia.

1360. Samuel Abulafia dies under torture on the charge of peculation.

Participation of the Jews of Castile in the civil war (1360-1369) between Pedro the Cruel and Henry de Trastamare, chiefly on the side of the former.

Manessier de Vesoul obtains from King John a decree permitting Jews to dwell in France.

1370(about). Meïr ben Baruch Halevi of Vienna introduces the conferring of authorization for the exercise of rabbinical functions (_Morenu_). He and his disciples, principally _Isaac of Tyrnau, compile the customs (Minhagim) of the communities_.

1371. The Jews of Castile under Henry II compelled to wear badges and give up Spanish names.

1375. Disputation at Avila between the apostate John of Valladolid and Moses Cohen de Tordesillas.

1376. Disputation at Pampeluna between John of Valladolid and Shem-Tob ben Shaprut.

Samuel Abrabanel at court under Henry II of Castile.

Chayim ben Gallipapa (1310-1380), innovator; Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach (1310-1385), rabbinical author; Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat (Ribash, 1310-1409), Talmudist; CHASDAÏ BEN ABRAHAM CRESCAS (1340-1410), philosopher.

1379. Joseph Pichon, receiver-general of taxes in Seville, murdered, probably at the instigation of Jews, against whom the fury of the populace is turned.

1380. Juan I restricts the judicial autonomy of the Castilian Jewish communities.

1381. A synod at Mayence regulates the rabbinical marriage laws (Tekanoth Shum).

1385. Juan I of Castile revives the canonical restrictions against the Jews.

1389. The charge of host desecration leads to the massacre of the Jews of Prague.

=1391.= Ferdinand Martinez incites the mob against the Jews of Seville. THE MASSACRE AND PLUNDER OF THE JEWS SPREADS FROM CASTILE TO ARAGON, MAJORCA, AND OTHER PARTS OF SPAIN. Many Jews converted to Christianity: =Marranos=. Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria, 1350-1435), begins his machinations against Judaism.

1392. Joao I of Portugal forbids force in the conversion of Jews.

1394. _Third and last expulsion of the Jews from France_, under Charles VI.

1396(about). Writings in defence of Judaism by Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui (Geronimo de Santa Fé), Chasdaï Crescas, and _Profiat Duran_.

1399. Persecution of the Jews of Prague at the instigation of the apostate Pessach; Lipmann of Mühlhausen among the sufferers.

1408. _Alfonso X’s anti-Jewish laws revived_ under Juan II of Castile.

Don Meïr Alguades, rabbi and physician, executed on the charge of host desecration.

Kabbalistic studies flourish in Spain.

1408. Simon Duran (1361-1444), rabbi of Algiers.

1410. _Chasdaï Crescas publishes his religio-philosophic work._

1412. Juan II issues an edict of twenty-four articles designed to reduce the social prestige of the Jews. Vincent Ferrer preaches Christianity in the synagogues, and inflames the populace against the Jews. SECOND GENERAL MASSACRE OF JEWS IN ALL THE SPANISH PROVINCES. Numerous Jews submit to baptism.

1413. _Religious disputation at Tortosa_ arranged by Pope Benedict XIII between Geronimo de Santa Fé (Joshua Lorqui), and Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi and _Joseph Albo_. Many Jews submit to baptism.

1415. Benedict XIII forbids the study of the Talmud, and _ordains the Jew badge_ and _Christian sermons for Jews_.

1419. Martin V issues a bull deprecating the forced conversion of Jews.

1420. Persecution of the Jews of Austria.

1421. _Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi_ (_Maharil_, 1365-1427), compiler of the German synagogue liturgy and melodies.

1426. The Jews of Cologne banished.

1428. JOSEPH ALBO (1380-1444) publishes his philosophical work IKKARIM.

1431. The Jews of South Germany persecuted on account of the blood accusation.

1431. Menachem of Merseburg (Meïl Zedek) regulates divorce proceedings.

1432. A synod at Avila under Abraham Benveniste Senior provides for an _educational system for Jewish Spain_ (the law of Avila).

Moses ben Isaac (Gajo) da Rieti (1388-1451), Italian Jewish poet and physician.

1434. The COUNCIL OF BASLE renews old and devises new canonical restrictions against Jews.

Annihilation of the Jews of Majorca.

1441. The Jews expelled from Augsburg.

1442. Eugenius IV issues a bull enforcing all the old canonical restrictions against the Jews of Leon and Castile.

1445. _The first Hebrew concordance_ by Isaac ben Kalonymos Nathan.

1447. Nicholas V makes Eugenius IV’s bull applicable to Italian Jews.

_Casimir IV of Poland grants unusual privileges to Jews._

1450. The Jews of Bavaria persecuted.

1451. Nicholas de Cusa enforces the wearing of Jew badges in Germany.

_Pope Nicholas V authorizes the appointment of inquisitors for Marranos._

1453. The persecution of the Jews of Germany, Silesia, and Poland at the instigation of John of Capistrano.

_The Jews favored in Turkey._ Moses Kapsali chief rabbi.

1454. The privileges of the Polish Jews revoked.

1460. Alfonso de Spina publishes an attack upon Judaism.

1468. The Jews of Sepulveda charged with the blood accusation.

1470. The Marranos of Valladolid attacked.

1472. The Marranos of Cordova attacked.

1474. The Marranos of Segovia attacked.

1475. Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against the Jews in Italy.

The Jews charged with the murder of _Simon of Trent_ for ritual purposes; a persecution of the Jews of Ratisbon follows.

1480(about). _Pico di Mirandola_ the first Christian scholar to devote himself to Hebrew literature.

=1480.= =The Inquisition against the Marranos= established in Seville and at other places in Castile.

1482. Pope Sixtus IV denounces the cruelties of the Spanish Inquisition.

1482. THE INQUISITION AGAINST MARRANOS ESTABLISHED IN ARAGON, THOMAS DE TORQUEMADA CHIEF INQUISITOR.

_Elias del Medigo_ (1463-1498), scholar.

1483. TORQUEMADA MADE INQUISITOR-GENERAL OF SPAIN.

1484. ISAAC BEN JEHUDA ABRABANEL (1437-1509), minister of finance to Ferdinand and Isabella.

=1492.= =Expulsion of the Jews from Spain.=

XIX. FROM THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN TO THE PERSECUTION IN POLAND.

(1492-1648 C. E.)

1493 _Most Spanish Jews leave Portugal_; all remaining behind are sold as slaves.

Simon Duran II (1439-1570), rabbi of Algiers.

1494. ISAAC ABRABANEL, minister of finance to two kings of Naples.

1496. Manoel of Portugal orders the Jews to accept baptism or leave the country.

1497. Manoel seizes Jewish children and has them baptized; many Jews accept baptism; =all others banished from Portugal=.

1498. THE EXILES SETTLED IN NAVARRE BANISHED.

1499. The Jews of Nuremberg banished.

1502. _Judah Leon Abrabanel_ (Medigo, 1470-1530) writes his “Dialogues of Love.”

_Asher Lämmlein_ proclaims himself the forerunner of the Messiah.

1503(about). Abraham Farissol (1451-1525), scholar at the court of Ferrara.

_Gershon Cohen Soncinus_ establishes a _Hebrew printing office_ in Prague.

Jacob Polak (1460-1530), the alleged originator of the PILPUL METHOD OF TALMUD STUDY.

1504. _Abraham Zacuto_ finishes his chronicle, “Sefer Yochasin.”

1506. Massacre of Marranos in Lisbon.

1507. Beginning of the feud between JOHN REUCHLIN and the Humanists on the one side and, on the other, PFEFFERKORN, the tool of the Dominicans led by Hoogstraten, Victor von Karben, Arnold von Tongern, Ortuinus Gratius, and the theological faculties of various universities. The Talmud and the Jews attacked and defended before Maximilian I, Popes Alexander VI and Leo X. The last publication by Pfefferkorn in 1521, near the beginning of Luther’s Reformation.

1507(about). Obadiah Sforno, Jacob Mantin, Abraham de Balmes, and ELIAS LEVITA (1468-1549), Hebrew grammarians, teachers of Hebrew to Christians. Introduction of Hebrew studies into German and French universities through the efforts of Egidio de Viterbo, Reuchlin, and Augustin Justiniani.

1514 (about). _Obadyah di Bertinoro_ (1470-1520), Talmudist and preacher, improves Jerusalem.

1516. VENICE SETS APART A SPECIAL QUARTER FOR A GHETTO.

1517(about). David Ibn-Abi Zimra (1470-1573) _abolishes the Seleucidæan era_ for the Egyptian Jews.

1518(about). _Samuel Abrabanel_ (1473-1550) employed as financier by the viceroy of Naples; _Benvenida Abrabanela_.

1519(about). _Joseph ben Gershon Loans_ (Joslin of Rosheim, 1478-1554), representative and protector of the German Jews.

1520(about). _Elias Mizrachi_ (1455-1527), chief rabbi of Turkey.

1523 (about). _Elias Kapsali_ (1490-1555), historian.

1524. The Jews of Cairo threatened with destruction by Achmed Shaitan, viceroy of Egypt.

João III of Portugal employs Henrique Nunes (Firme-Fé) as a spy upon the Marranos.

David Reubeni in Rome under the protection of Pope Clement VII.

1529. SOLOMON MOLCHO (Diogo Pires, 1501-1532) begins his Messianic agitation.

1530(about). Portuguese Marranos burnt by order of the Bishop of Ceuta.

1531. CLEMENT VII ISSUES A BULL ESTABLISHING THE PORTUGUESE INQUISITION FOR MARRANOS.

1532. Marranos forbidden to leave Portugal.

Molcho burnt by Emperor Charles V at Mantua.

Clement VII stops the proceedings of the Portuguese Inquisition at the instance of Marranos.

1535. Eighteen hundred Marranos liberated from the Portuguese Inquisition in obedience to a bull of Paul III.

1535(about). Moses Hamon (1490-1565), physician to Sultan Selim I.

1536. Paul III sanctions the Portuguese Inquisition.

1538. _The ordination of rabbis (Semicha)_ re-introduced by _Jacob Berab_.

1541. Most of the Jews leave Naples, where they are threatened with social degradation.

1542. The Jews of Prague banished.

Luther attacks the Jews.

1548. Portuguese Marranos again liberated on the interference of Paul III.

1550. The Jews banished from Genoa.

1552. _Samuel Usque_ finishes his “Consolations for the Sorrows of Israel.”

1553. The Talmud confiscated under Julius III in Italy.

=1554.= =Joseph Karo= (1488-1575), Kabbalist and Talmudist, finishes his code, the =Shulchan Aruch=.

1555. Paul IV issues a severe bull against the Jews.

The Marranos of Ancona imprisoned and tried by the =Inquisition=.

1555. _Amatus Lusitanus_ (1511-1568), physician.

1556. Sultan Solyman demands from Paul IV the release of Turkish Marranos; _Donna Gracia Mendesia_ (1510-1568).

1559. The Talmud burnt at Cremona; prayer books burnt in Vienna.

1560(about). JOSEPH BEN JOSHUA COHEN (1496-1575), historian, writes his “Annals.”

JOSEPH IBN-VERGA completes the martyrology “Shebet Jehuda,” begun by his grandfather and father.

1561. The Jews of Prague banished.

1564. _Pius IV permits the publication of the Talmud without its name, and after having been submitted to censorship._

1566. Pius V enforces all the canonical restrictions against the Jews.

_Joseph Nassi_ (d. 1579) made Duke of Naxos by Sultan Selim II.

1568. ISAAC LURYA LEVI (1534-1572), Kabbalist, pretends to be the Messiah of Joseph.

CHAYIM VITAL CALABRESE (1543-1620), Kabbalist, associate of Lurya.

1569. All the Jews in the Papal States except those of Rome and Ancona expelled.

1570. AZARYA BEN MOSES DEÏ ROSSI (1514-1578), scholar.

1570(about). _Solomon Lurya_ (1510-1573) and MOSES BEN ISRAEL ISSERLES (1520-1572), author of the “MAPPA,” the continuation of the Shulchan Aruch, Polish Talmudists.

1574. Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi negotiates peace between Venice and Turkey.

1576. Stephen Bathori allows the Jews of Poland to carry on trade without restrictions.

1579. Gracia Nassi establishes a Hebrew printing press in Turkey. Esther Kiera, Turkish court-Jewess, publishes Hebrew books.

1581. Gregory XIII forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, re-ordains the confiscation of Hebrew books, and re-introduces the _compulsory Christian sermon for Jews_.

1586. Sixtus V permits Jews in the Papal States and the printing of the Talmud.

David de Pomis (1525-1588), physician.

1586(about). The Jews of Poland establish the SYNOD OF THE FOUR COUNTRIES; Mordecai Jafa probably its first president.

1587. _Gedalya Ibn-Yachya_ (1515-1587), historian, has his work printed.

1592. DAVID GANS (1541-1613) publishes his history.

1593. Isaac ben Abraham Troki (1533-1594), Karaite, publishes his “CHISUK EMUNAH.”

Clement VIII expels the Jews from all the Papal States except Rome and Ancona.

THE FIRST MARRANO SETTLEMENT MADE IN HOLLAND AT AMSTERDAM under Jacob Tirado.

1597. The Jews expelled from various Italian principalities; Ferrara ceases to harbor Marranos.

1604. Clement VIII issues a bull of absolution for imprisoned Portuguese Marranos.

1612. _Portuguese Jews granted right of residence in Hamburg._

1614. Vincent Fettmilch’s attack upon the Jews of Frankfort.

1615. The Jews of Worms banished.

1616. Jews re-admitted into Frankfort and Worms.

1617. _Lipmann Heller_ (1579-1654) completes his “_Tossafoth Yomtob_.”

1619. Permission accorded the Jews of Amsterdam to profess their religion.

1621(about). _Sara Copia Sullam_ (1600-1641), poetess.

1623. _Excommunication of Uriel da Costa_ (1590-1640).

1630. Suffering of the Jews during the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648).

1639(about). A _Talmud Torah_ opened in Amsterdam. Saul Levi Morteira, Isaac Aboab de Fonseca, and MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL, rabbis of Amsterdam.

1641(about). LEO BEN ISAAC MODENA (1571-1649); Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591-1655); and Simone Luzzatto (1590-1663), scholars not wholly in accord with the Judaism of their time.

1646. The Jews in Brazil side with the Dutch in their war with the Portuguese.

1648. Beginning of the COSSACK PERSECUTIONS OF THE JEWS IN POLAND UNDER CHMIELNICKI.

XX. FROM THE PERSECUTION IN POLAND TO THE PRESENT TIME.

(1648-1873 C. E.)

1649(about). Christian scholars in Holland devote themselves to Hebrew literature.

1655. MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL goes to London to obtain from Cromwell THE RE-ADMISSION OF THE JEWS INTO ENGLAND.

1657. Cromwell permits Sephardic Jews settled in London to open a burial ground.

=1665.= =Sabbataï Zevi= (1626-1676) publicly accepted as the Messiah; his followers and opponents.

1670. BARUCH SPINOZA (1632-1677) publishes his “Theologico-Political Treatise”; contemporary Marrano poets and authors in Amsterdam.

The Jews banished from Vienna by Emperor Leopold I.

The Jews permitted to settle in the Mark Brandenburg by Elector John George.

1678(about). Richard Simon, Father of the Oratory, makes Rabbinical literature known to Christians.

1679. Mordecai of Eisenstadt renews the Sabbatian craze.

1686(about). _Jacob Querido_ represents himself as the successor of Sabbataï Zevi.

1690(about). Swedish scholars study the history of the Karaites.

1695(about). Berachya represents himself as the successor of Sabbataï Zevi; his sect, _the Donmäh_.

1698. _William Surenhuysius translates the Mishna into Latin._

1700. John Andrew Eisenmenger attempts the publication of his “_Judaism Unmasked_.”

1707. Jacob Basnage publishes his “History of the Jewish Religion.”

1713. Nehemiah Chiya Chayon (1650-1726), Sabbatian, causes a quarrel in the Amsterdam community; Solomon Ayllon and _Chacham Zevi_ (Zevi ben Jacob Ashkenazi, 1656-1678).

1743. MOSES CHAYIM LUZZATTO (1707-1747), poet and Kabbalist, publishes his drama La-Yesharim Tehilla.

1745. The Jews of Prague placed under severe restrictions by Maria Theresa.

1750(about). =Chassidism= founded by ISRAEL BAALSHEM (1698-1759) and BEER OF MIZRICZ (1700-1772); ELIJAH WILNA GAON (1720-1797), its antagonist.

1751. Contest between JONATHAN EIBESCHÜTZ (1690-1764) and JACOB EMDEN ASHKENAZI (1698-1776).

1755. =Moses Mendelssohn= (1728-1786) publishes his first work.

1759(about). _Jacob Frank_, Sabbatian leader, founder of the Frankist sect.

1762. Isaac Pinto publishes his “Reflections” in answer to Voltaire’s defamation of Judaism.

=1778.= Mendelssohn publishes the first part of his =Pentateuch translation=.

1779. _Lessing_ publishes his “_Nathan the Wise_.”

1781. _Christian William Dohm_ (1751-1820) publishes his work “Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews.”

JOSEPH II of Austria abolishes the Jewish poll-tax, and grants civil liberties to the Jews.

1783. Mendelssohn publishes “_Jerusalem, or upon Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism_.”

1783. _Ha-Meassef_ founded by Mendelssohn’s followers (_Measfim_).

1787. Mirabeau publishes his work “Upon Mendelssohn and the Political Reform of the Jews.”

1788. The poll-tax removed from the Jews of Prussia.

1789. Abbé Grégoire publishes his “Proposals in Favor of the Jews.”

1790. The French National Assembly grants citizenship to the Sephardic Jews.

=1791.= =The French National Assembly grants full civil rights to the Jews.=

1796. The Batavian National Assembly decrees citizenship for the Jews.

1803. Israel Jacobson and Wolff Breidenbach agitate the abolition of the poll-tax for Jews.

1804. Alexander I of Russia exempts certain classes of Jews from the exceptional laws.

1806. NAPOLEON I SUMMONS THE ASSEMBLY OF JEWISH NOTABLES; Abraham Furtado, president. Twelve Questions propounded to the Assembly.

1807. THE GREAT SYNHEDRION CONVENED BY NAPOLEON; Joseph David Sinzheim president.

1808. The Jews of Westphalia and of Baden emancipated.

1811. The Jews of Hamburg emancipated.

1812. The Jews of Mecklenburg and Prussia emancipated.

1818 (about). Consecration of the Temple of the HAMBURG REFORM UNION, Gotthold Salomon, preacher.

1819. The beginning of the “Hep, hep!” persecutions.

Formation of the Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews; Zunz, Gans, and Moser.

1821. Chacham Bernays opposes the Reform Temple Union in Hamburg.

1822. _Isaac Marcus Jost_ (1793-1860) begins to publish his history of the Jews.

1825. _Isaac Noah Mannheimer_ (1793-1864), rabbi in Vienna, champion of the moderate party.

1831. Louis Philippe ratifies the law for the complete emancipation of the French Jews.

_Gabriel Riesser_ (1806-1860), champion of the emancipation of the German Jews.

Solomon Ludwig Steinheim (1790-1866), Jewish religious philosopher.

_Nachman Cohen Krochmal_ (1785-1840), _Solomon Jehuda Rapoport_ (1790-1867), _Samuel David Luzzatto_ (1800-1865), Isaac Erter (1792-1851), scholars, regenerators of Jewish science and Hebrew style.

1832. LEOPOLD ZUNZ (1794-1886) publishes his first epoch-making work.

1833. The _Kerem Chemed_, a Hebrew journal for Jewish science, established.

1835. _Abraham Geiger_ (1810-1876), scholar and preacher.

1836. Franz Delitzsch publishes his “_History of Neo-Hebraic Poetry_.”

1839. Sultan Abdul Meg’id grants citizenship to Turkish Jews.

1840. THE DAMASCUS BLOOD ACCUSATION; _Moses Montefiore_ (1784-1885); _Adolf Crémieux_ (1796-1880); _Solomon Munk_ (1802-1867).

1842. The “Society of the Friends of Reform” founded in Frankfort.

1844. The first Rabbinical Conference at Brunswick; Samuel Holdheim (1806-1860).

1845. The REFORM ASSOCIATION formed in Berlin.

The second Rabbinical Conference at Frankfort; Zachariah Frankel (1801-1875).

_Michael Sachs_ (1808-1864) publishes his “Religious Poetry of the Jews of Spain.”

1848. The emancipation of the Jews in the German states.

1854. The Breslau Jewish Theological Seminary founded.

1858. The oath “on the true faith of a Christian” abolished in England; Jewish disabilities removed.

The Mortara abduction case.

1860. The ALLIANCE ISRAÉLITE UNIVERSELLE founded.

1871. The Anglo-Jewish Association founded.

1873. The Union of American Hebrew Congregations established.

THE KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. (1067-586 B. C. E.)

SAUL 1067 DAVID 1055 SOLOMON 1015

_Judah._ _Israel._

REHOBOAM --977-- JEROBOAM I ABIJAM --960 ASA --957 955-- NADAB 954-- BAASHA 933-- ELAH 932-- OMRI-TIBNI 928-- OMRI 922-- AHAB JEHOSHAPHAT --918 901-- AHAZIAH 899-- JEHORAM JORAM --894 AHAZIAH --888 ATHALIAH --887-- JEHU JOASH --881 860-- JEHOAHAZ 845-- JEHOASH AMAZIAH --843 830-- JEROBOAM II PERIOD OF ANARCHY --815 UZZIAH --805 769-- ZECHARIAH 768-- SHALLUM 768-- MENAHEM 757-- PEKAHIAH 755-- PEKAH JOTHAM --754 AHAZ --739 736-- PERIOD OF ANARCHY 727-- HOSHEA HEZEKIAH --724 719-- SAMARIA DESTROYED MANASSEH --695 AMON --640 JOSIAH --638 JEHOAHAZ --608 JEHOIAKIM --607 JEHOIACHIN --596 ZEDEKIAH --596

586 DESTRUCTION OF THE FIRST TEMPLE.

THE HIGH PRIESTS.

(FROM THE CAPTIVITY TO THE DISPERSION.)

_Period._ _High Priest._ _Civil Ruler._

VIII 586-516 JEHOZEDEK Babylonian Kings and B. C. E. Cyrus

JOSHUA B. JEHOZEDEK Zerubbabel (Cyrus and Darius I)

IX 516-332 JEHOIAKIM Xerxes I B. C. E. ELIASHIB Nehemiah (Artaxerxes I)

JOIADA Nehemiah (Darius II)

JOHANAN B. JOIADA Artaxerxes III

JADDUA Alexander the Great

X 332-175 ONIAS I Ptolemy I Soter B. C. E. SIMON I THE JUST (300-270) Ptolemy I Soter

during the minority of Onias II: ELEAZAR (br. of Simon I) Ptolemy II Philadelphus MANASSEH (br. of Onias I) Ptolemy II Philadelphus

ONIAS II (240) Ptolemy III Euergetes

SIMON II Ptolemy IV Philopator

ONIAS III (Jason his deputy) Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Antiochus III

XI 175-140 JASON (174) Antiochus IV Epiphanes B. C. E. MENELAUS (Onias IV, 172. Antiochus IV Epiphanes Lysimachus his deputy)

JUDAS MACCABÆUS (163) Antiochus V Eupator

ALCIMUS (162-159) _appointed by_ Demetrius I Soter

JONATHAN HAPHUS (152-143) Alexander Balas

SIMON (III) THARSI (143-135) Simon Tharsi

XII 140-37 HYRCANUS I (135-106) Hyrcanus I B. C. E. ARISTOBULUS I (106-105) Aristobulus I

ALEXANDER JANNÆUS (105-79) Alexander (I) Jannæus

HYRCANUS II (79-40) Alexandra, Hyrcanus II, Aristobulus II, and Roman governors

ANTIGONUS (40-37) Antigonus

_Period._ _High Priest._ _Appointee._

XIII 37 B. C. E.- ANANEL (37-35) Herod I 72 C. E. ARISTOBULUS (III) (35) Herod I

ANANEL (34, second term) Herod I

JOSHUA, of the family Phabi Herod I

SIMON (IV) B. BOËTHUS Herod I

MATTHIAS B. THEOPHILUS Herod I (Joseph b. Ellem his deputy)

JOASER B. SIMON (b. Boëthus) Herod I

ELEAZAR (brother of Joaser) Archelaus

JOSHUA, of the family Sié Archelaus

JOASER (second term) Archelaus

ANAN, of the family Seth Quirinius, governor of Syria

ISHMAEL I PHABI Valerius Gratus, procurator

ELEAZAR B. ANAN Valerius Gratus, procurator

SIMON (V) B. CAMYTH Valerius Gratus, procurator

JOSEPH CAIAPHAS (26-36) Valerius Gratus, procurator

JONATHAN B. ANAN Vitellius, governor of Syria

THEOPHILUS B. ANAN (brother Vitellius, governor of Syria of preceding)

SIMON (VI) B. BOËTHUS, of Agrippa I the family Cantheras (41)

MATTHIAS B. ANAN (brother Agrippa I of Jonathan)

ELIONAI B. HAKOPH (44) Agrippa I

JOSEPH B. CAMYTH (45) Herod II

ANANIAS B. NEBEDEUS (48) Herod II

ISHMAEL II PHABI (59-61) Agrippa II

JOSEPH CABI (61) Agrippa II

ANAN, of the family Anan Agrippa II

JOSHUA B. DAMNAI Agrippa II

JOSHUA B. GAMALA Agrippa II

MATTHIAS B. THEOPHILUS Agrippa II

PHINEAS B. SAMUEL (67, 68) The People

[Illustration: THE HASMONÆAN DYNASTY (143-37 B.C.E.)]

[Illustration: THE HERODIAN DYNASTY (37 B.C.E.-70 C.E.)]

Antipater _m._ Cypros (_d. 43 B.C.E._) | (_Arabian_) | +----------------------------------+-----+-------------+------+-------+ | | | | | | =I. | | | Phasael Herod I= Joseph | | | (37-4) | | | | (_King of | | | | Palestine_) | Pheroras | Phasael _m._ | | | _m._ +------1. Doris | | | Salampsio |+-----2. Mariamne I Joseph | | (_d. of || (_d. 29_) _m._ | | Mariamne I_) || (_grandd. Olympias | | | || of (_d. of | | | || Hyrcanus Malthace_) | | ++----+-----+-----+----+ || II_) | | | | | | | | ||+---3. Mariamne II | Daughter | Antipater | Alexander | Cypros ||| (_d. of | _m._ | | | _m._ ||| Simon b. | Son of | | | Agrippa I ||| Boëthus_) | Antipater | | | |||+--4. Malthace | Salome | | |||| (_Samaritan_) | _m._ | | ||||+-5. Cleopatra | +----1. Joseph Herod Alexandra ||||| (_of Mariamne | (_uncle _m._ ||||| Jerusalem_) _m._ | of Timius ||||| _m. five other Herod II | Herod of Cyprus ||||| wives_ | I_) ||||| | |+---2. Costobar ||||| _three ||+--3. Alexas ||||| children_ ||| ||||| ||| ||||| +-------------------+|| ||||| | +------+| +---------------------------+|||| | | +-----+ | |||| | | | Antipater |||| Antipater Berenice Alexas _m._ |||| _m._ _m._ Selsias Mariamne |||| Cypros 1. Aristobulus _m._ (_d. of |||| (_d. of (_s. of Cypros Aristobulus_) |||| Mariamne I_) Mariamne I_) (_d. of |||| | 2. Uncle of Antipater_) |||| | Antipater | |||| | | +----------------------------------+||| Cypros | | ||| _m._ Cypros | +---------------------------+|| Alexas | | || Selsias | | || | | |+------------------+---------+ | | | | | | Herod [Philip] +-------------+------------+ | | | _m._ | | | | | | Herodias | | | | | | (_d. of =II. =III. Olympias | | | Aristobulus_) Archelaus= Herod Antipas= _m._ | | | | (2 B.C.E. (4 B.C.E. Joseph | =IV. | | -6 C.E.) -40 C.E.) (_s. of | [Herod] Philip= | | (_Ethnarch (_Tetrarch Joseph_) | (4 B.C.E. | | of of | -33 C.E.) | | Judæa and Galilee | (_Tetrarch | | Samaria_) and Peræa_) Herod of | | _m._ _m._ Gaulanitis, | | Glaphyra 1. Daughter Batanæa, | | (_wid. of of Aretas Trachonitis, | Salome Alexander_) 2. Herodias and Panias_) | _m._ (_d. of _m._ | 1. [Herod] Philip Aristobolus_) Salome | 2. Aristobulus (_d. of Herod | (_s. of [Philip]_) | Herod II_) | | +------+---------------------------+---------------+-------------+ | | | | | | | | Alexander Aristobulus Salampsio Cypros (_d. 6 B.C.E._) (_d. 6 B.C.E._) _m._ _m._ _m._ _m._ Phasael Antipater Glaphyra Berenice (_nephew of (_s. of Salome_) (_of Cappadocia_) (_d. of Salome_) Herod I_) | | +---+----------+ | | | | Alexander Tigranes | | (_King of | Tigranes Armenia_) | | | Alexander | | | _Descendants | not Jews_ +--------------+--------+-----------------+-------+-----+ | | | | | | | | | | =V. =VI. | | | Agrippa I= Herod II= Aristobulus | Mariamne (41-44) (44-48) _m._ | _m._ (_King of (_Prince of Chalcis Jatape | Antipater Palestine_) and Titular King (_of Emesa_) | (_s. of _m._ of Palestine_) | | Doris_) Cypros _m._ | | (_d. of +-1. Mariamne | | Phasael_) | (_d. of Joseph_) | | | | 2. Berenice Jatape | +------+------+---+---+--------+| (_d. of Agrippa I_) | | | | | || | | | | | | || | | | =VII. | | || +-----------+ Herodias | Agrippa II= | Mariamne || | | _m._ | (49-70) | _m._ || Bernicianus Hyrcanus 1. Herod [Philip] | (_Prince of |+--1. Julius || 2. Herod Antipas | Chalcis and || Archelaus |+------------+ |Titular King || 2. Demetrius | | | of Judæa_) || | Aristobulus | || | _m._ | |+-------+ +--+ Salome | | | | (_d. of Herod | | Berenice | [Philip]_) Drusus Berenice Drusilla | _m._ _m._ +--+-----+---------+ 1. Marcus 1. Aziz of | | | 2. Herod II Emesa Herod Agrippa Aristobulus 3. Polemon of 2. Felix Cilicia | | Agrippa (III)

INDEX.

EXPLANATORY NOTES.

For the complete index of references to _Jews_, see under _Israelites_ until 586 B. C. E. (the Babylonian Captivity) and under _Judæans_ until 70 C. E. (the Dispersion), as well as under _Jews_ and _the Jews of_ and _the Judæans of_ the various cities and countries.

Persons living before 1600 will be found under their forenames. The rule has been violated by indexing certain Spanish Rabbis and Marranos living before this date under their surnames, and certain Germans and Poles living after it under their forenames. In these cases cross-references have been made.

Persons with the same descriptive cognomen, as _Gerundi_, _Ibn-Ezra_, _Abrabanel_, _Abulafia_, are enumerated under it, but the references are indexed as above.

Persons bearing the same forename, as _Abraham_, _Jacob_, etc., are arranged in the order adopted by Joseph Zedner in his “Catalogue of the Hebrew Books in the Library of the British Museum” (1867):

“1. Those distinguished by an epithet _only_, derived from their birthplace, rank, or occupation, arranged after the alphabetical order of the epithets.

“2. Those followed by the word _ben_ (son of) [in our Index preceded by those with the Aramaic form _bar_, and followed by those with the Arabic form _ibn_ and the English _son of_], arranged according to the name of the father.

“3. Compound names of first and family names, as _Jacob Berab_, or two first names, as _Jacob Zeeb_, [or of first name and birthplace when the latter follows without a preposition, or is modified to include _of_, as _Jacob Tus_, _Abraham Bedaresi_].

“4. Family names, as _Jacob (Henry)_.”

This arrangement of Zedner’s is, however, subordinate to the class-divisions adopted by indexers and cataloguers in general, namely: 1. Popes, according to numbers; 2. Emperors; 3. Kings and Sovereign Princes, by countries and by number in each country; 4. Others by appellatives, neglecting prepositions and articles.

* * * * *

The subjoined Table will enable the student approximately to refer from the index of the American Edition of the “History” to the German, when it is desirable to consult the notes and other additional matter contained in the original.

AMERICAN EDITION. GERMAN.

VOLUME I, P. 1-178 = VOLUME I. VOLUME I, P. 179-487 = VOLUME II. VOLUME I, P. 487-531 } = VOLUME III. VOLUME II, P. 1-320 } VOLUME II, P. 321-635 = VOLUME IV. VOLUME III, P. 1-250 = VOLUME V. VOLUME III, P. 250-493 = VOLUME VI. VOLUME III, P. 494-650 } = VOLUME VII. VOLUME IV, P. 1-126 } VOLUME IV, P. 127-381 = VOLUME VIII. VOLUME IV, P. 382-675 = VOLUME IX. VOLUME IV, P. 676-708 } = VOLUME X. VOLUME V, P. 1-290 } VOLUME V, P. 291-703 = VOLUME XI.

LISTS OF NAMES, ETC., IN THE INDEX.

Academies, the Babylonian. Alliances, Jewish. Amoraim, the. Anti-Maimunists, the. Apostates. Astronomers and Mathematicians, Jewish. Church Councils. Codes, general, defining the status of the Jews. Codes, Jewish religious. Council, the Great, couples at the head of. Exilarchs, the. Fabulists, the. Frankists, the. Grammarians and Lexicographers, Jewish. Hasmonæan Dynasty, the, the members of. Herodian Dynasty, the, the members of. High Priests, the. Historians, Jewish. Historians of the Jews. Israel, the kings of. Israelites, the, the kings of. Journals, Jewish. Judah, the kings of. Judæa, the Roman governors of. Judaism, the sects of. Judges, the. Kabbalistic terms, the. Kabbalists, the. Karaite sects, the. Karaite writers, the. Maimunists, the. Massorets. Measfim, the. Messiahs, the. Nahardea, the academy of, principals of. Patriarchs, the. Philosophers, Jewish. Physicians, Jewish. Poets, Jewish. Procurators of Judæa. Prophets, the. Pumbeditha, the academy of, principals of. Rabbis. Rabbis, itinerant. Sabbataï Zevi, the followers of. Sabureans, the. Sora, the academy of, Geonim of. Sora, the academy of, principals of. Synhedrion, the, presidents of. Syria, the Roman governors of. Talmudists. Tanaites, the. Travelers, Jewish. Writers (Historians, Pamphleteers, Scholars, etc.), non-Jewish, on Jewish subjects.

An almost complete biographical history of the Jews can be collated by following up through the Index the biographies of the persons grouped below. The column on the left consists of the class-names of the secular chiefs of the Jewish community; the column on the right, of those of the spiritual chiefs; the middle column, whether connecting the other two or replacing them, of those whose position, powers, and influence were, or were supposed to be, both spiritual and secular.

---- PATRIARCHS. ---- {Moses LEADERS { and MOSES. HIGH PRIESTS. {Joshua.

JUDGES. ---- HIGH PRIESTS.

KINGS. PROPHETS. HIGH PRIESTS. {Zerubbabel, EZRA LEADERS {Ezra, and and HIGH PRIESTS. {Nehemiah. PROPHETS.

---- HIGH PRIESTS. ----

---- HASMONÆAN DYNASTY ---- (Princes and High Priests).

HERODIAN DYNASTY.} {HIGH PRIESTS. ROMAN PROCURATORS} {PRESIDENTS OF OF JUDÆA. } ---- { THE SYNHEDRION. ROMAN GOVERNORS } {TEACHERS OF THE OF SYRIA. } { Law (Tanaites).

---- PRESIDENTS OF THE SYNHEDRION ---- (under the titles Patriarch, Nassi, Prince, and Rabban) and TEACHERS OF THE LAW (Tanaites and Amoraim).

PRINCES OF THE CAPTIVITY.} {PRESIDENTS OF THE (EXILARCH, RESH GALUTHA).} { BABYLONIAN { ACADEMIES, GEONIM.

PHYSICIANS AND PHILOSOPHERS. POETS. TALMUDISTS AND RABBIS.

Index

=A=

=Aaron=, high priest, member of the tribe of Levi, =1=, 12. countenances idolatry, =1=, 14. meets Moses on Horeb, =1=, 15. descendants of. _See_ Aaronides.

=Aaron de la Papa.= _See_ Papa, Aaron de la.

=Aaron of York=, chief rabbi of England, =3=, 588. sums paid to Henry III by, =3=, 591.

=Aaron ben Asher=, Massoret, criticised by Saadiah, =3=, 196, 207. corrects Bible manuscripts, =3=, 207. as a poet, =3=, 223.

=Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi= (1300-1369), Karaite philosopher, =4=, 95.

=Aaron (I) ben Joseph, the Elder= (1270-1300), Karaite physician, disciple of Nachmani, =3=, 607; =4=, 71. fixes the Karaite prayer book, =4=, 71.

=Aaron ben Meshullam= (1170-1210), scholar, =3=, 396. Maimunist, attacks Meïr Abulafia, =3=, 524.

=Aaron ben Zerach=, martyr, =4=, 144.

=Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni=, physician at Alexandria, =3=, 340.

=Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu= (943-960), opponent of Saadiah, =3=, 194, 195, 196, 200. reconciled with Saadiah, =3=, 200-1. Gaon of Pumbeditha, =3=, 202. death of, =3=, 207-8. in Sherira’s “Letter,” =3=, 233.

=Aaron Cohen=, of Narbonne, elegy by, =4=, 49.

=Aaron Halevi= (1235-1300), Talmudist, =3=, 621.

=Aaronides=, the, oppose idolatry under Manasseh, =1=, 283. dismissed for not participating in idolatrous worship, =1=, 284. massacred at the first fall of Jerusalem, =1=, 314. return with Zerubbabel, =1=, 352. rejected by Nehemiah, =1=, 378. provided for, under Ezra, =1=, 382. exiled by Nehemiah, =1=, 386. officiate on Gerizim, =1=, 390. honor Judah I’s remains, =2=, 467. in charge of Judah II’s remains, =2=, 487. in Arabia, =3=, 55. make Abraham ben David’s grave, =3=, 490. _See also_ High priests, the; Priests, the.

=Ab, the Ninth of=, celebration of, by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 152, 159.

=Abaka= (Abagha), Tartar king in Persia, =3=, 638.

=Abayi Nachmani= (280-338), Babylonian Amora, =2=, 560. disciple of Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 575, 580, 583. principal of the Pumbeditha Academy, =2=, 583. youth of, =2=, 583-4. integrity of, =2=, 584. decrease of students under, =2=, 584-5. dialectics of, =2=, 585. death of, =2=, 585. rebukes Raba bar Joseph, =2=, 586.

=Abba of Accho=, ordination of, =2=, 540. modesty of, =2=, 541.

=Abba bar Abba=, Amora, father of Mar-Samuel, =2=, 511.

=Abba-Areka= (Rab), Amora, authorized to teach in Babylon, =2=, 454, 479, 511. adds supplements to the Mishna, =2=, 470. opposed to the purchase of oil from heathens, =2=, 484. reception of, in Babylonia, =2=, 512. made Agora-nomos, =2=, 512. introduces excommunication into Babylonia, =2=, 517. compared with Hillel, =2=, 517. wife of, =2=, 517. modesty of, =2=, 517-18. descendants of, =2=, 518, 544. opposes Persian innovations, =2=, 521. yields to Magian demands, =2=, 526. influence of, on Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 544.

=Abba-Mari ben Isaac=, sheriff of St. Gilles, =3=, 399.

=Abba-Mari ben Moses= (Don Astruc En-Duran), follower of Nachmanides, =4=, 27-8. appeals to Ben Adret, =4=, 28, 29. fails to win Jacob ben Machir’s aid, =4=, 31. aggressive anti-Maimunist, =4=, 32. adherents of, =4=, 33-4. secures the support of Asheri, =4=, 38. draws up the ban against the study of science, =4=, 38, 39. opposed by the Tibbonides, =4=, 41-2. in Perpignan, =4=, 50.

=Abba Saul=, a Tanaite, =2=, 330.

=Abbadides=, the, in Seville, =3=, 315.

=Abbahu=, a Palestinian Amora, =2=, 531. and the observance of the Law in Samaria, =2=, 534. secular culture of, =2=, 537-8. education of the daughter of, =2=, 537. and Diocletian, =2=, 538. Hebrew style of, =2=, 538. attacks Christian dogmas, =2=, 539-40. modesty and generosity of, =2=, 540-1. on the Greek theatre, =2=, 542. makes Cæsarea an academic city, =2=, 543. sons of, =2=, 543.

=Abbasside Caliphate= (Caliphate of the East, Bagdad Caliphate), the, weakness of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 431. conquered by Hulagu, =3=, 606.

=Abbasside Caliphate, the, the Jews of=, in the ninth century, =3=, 145-6, 176-80. under Al-Mutadhid, =3=, 183. in the twelfth century, =3=, 428-33.

=Abbassides=, the, opponents of the Ommiyyades, =3=, 125.

=Ab-beth-din=, president of the Council of Seventy, =1=, 395. deputy of the president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 360, 404. office of, ceases, =2=, 453.

=Abdallah Ibn-Allah=, vizir, prevents the forced conversion of Jews to Islam, =3=, 312.

=Abdallah Ibn-Hakam=, murders the king of Saragossa, =3=, 266.

=Abdallah Ibn-Sabâ=, partisan of Ali, =3=, 90.

=Abdallah Ibn-Salâm=, Jewish disciple of Mahomet, =3=, 73.

=Abdallah Ibn-Tumart=, incites the Moors against the Almoravides, =3=, 357-8. founds the Almohades, =3=, 358.

=Abdallah Ibn-Ubey=, opponent of Mahomet, =3=, 75. protects the Benu-Kainukaa, =3=, 77. promises aid to the Benu-Nadhir, =3=, 78.

=Abdallah, son of Saura=, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, =3=, 74.

=Abdallah Almamun= (813-833), son of Haroun Alrashid, at war with his brother, =3=, 145. prosperity of the Abbasside Caliphate under, =3=, 146. adopts the Mutazilist theology, =3=, 147. appealed to by rival parties in the Pumbeditha academy, =3=, 155. the last of the tolerant caliphs of the East, =3=, 176. reduces the power of the Exilarchs, =3=, 177.

=Abdel-latif=, Mahometan physician, on Maimonides, =3=, 473, 488.

=Abdon=, judge, =1=, 66.

=Abdul-Malik=, Ommiyyade caliph, tolerance of, =3=, 110.

=Abdul Meg’id=, sultan of Turkey, =5=, 634. emancipates the Jews, =5=, 641, 664. orders a revision of the Rhodes trial, =5=, 647. secures the Turkish Jews against the blood accusation, =5=, 662.

=Abdulmumen=, Almohade ruler of northern Africa, tries to force Islam upon his subjects, =3=, 358-60, 451.

=Abdul-Rahman III=, Ommiyyade caliph, appealed to in behalf of Moses ben Chanoch, =3=, 209-10. Moslem culture under, =3=, 214. appoints Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut interpreter, =3=, 216. death of, =3=, 222.

=Abel=, Psychic type of the Gnostics, =2=, 377.

=Abel.= _See_ Abel-Bethmaachah.

=Abel-Bethmaachah=, refuge of Sheba, =1=, 149-50. the region of, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191.

=Abelè-Zion=, ascetic Karaites in Jerusalem, =3=, 182. _See also_ “Mourners of Zion,” the.

=Abenacar, Isaac= (Manuel Pimentel), first Jew buried at Ouderkerk, =4=, 672.

=Abendana, Jacob=, rabbi of London, =5=, 214.

=Abenhuacar.= _See_ Samuel Ibn-Wakar.

=Abensur, Daniel=, millionaire in Hamburg, =5=, 205.

=Abia=, king of Arabia, at war with Izates of Adiabene, =2=, 217-18.

=Abiathar=, the family of, under David’s protection, =1=, 100. partisan of David, =1=, 107, 112. made high priest, =1=, 120. on the persecution of the Gibeonites, =1=, 123. against Absalom, =1=, 141. urges the recall of David, =1=, 146. supports Adonijah, =1=, 152. of the priestly house of Ithamar, =1=, 155. deposed, =1=, 160.

=Abi-Ezri.= _See_ Eleazar ben Joel Halevi.

=Abigail=, wife of David, =1=, 134.

=Abijah=, son of Samuel, judge, =1=, 79.

=Abijam=, son of Rehoboam, king of Judah, =1=, 189.

=Abilene=, given to Agrippa II, =2=, 245.

=Abimaï=, son of Abbahu, =2=, 543.

=Abimelech=, judge, =1=, 63.

=Abin, Amora=, emigrates from Judæa, =2=, 567.

=Abinadab=, guards the Ark of the Covenant, =1=, 119.

=Abinadab=, son of Saul, death of, =1=, 103.

=Abinerglus= (Abennerig), father-in-law of Izates, =2=, 216.

=Abishag=, wife of David, and Adonijah, =1=, 160.

=Abishai=, brother of Joab, kills Abner, =1=, 111. saves David, =1=, 117. commander in the Ammonite war, =1=, 127. conducts the Idumæan war, =1=, 128-9. against Absalom, =1=, 141, 144. conducts the war against Sheba, =1=, 149.

=Ablaat=, astronomer, friend of Mar-Samuel, =2=, 521.

=Abner=, cousin of Saul, qualities of, =1=, 84-5. frees Israel from the Philistines, =1=, 108. makes Ishbosheth Saul’s successor, =1=, 108. actual founder of the kingdom of the Ten Tribes, =1=, 108. jealous of Joab, =1=, 109. power of, =1=, 109. kills Asahel, =1=, 110. accused of coveting Rizpah, =1=, 110. joins David, =1=, 110-11. murdered, =1=, 111-12.

=Abner of Burgos.= _See_ Alfonso Burgensis.

=Aboab, Immanuel=, defends Rabbinical Judaism, =5=, 55.

=Aboab, Isaac=, rabbi of Toledo, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 341. negotiates for the settlement of Spanish exiles in Portugal, =4=, 352, 365. death of, =4=, 366.

=Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca= (1606-1693), rabbi at Amsterdam, instructs at the Talmud Torah, =4=, 681. member of the first Rabbinical college, =4=, 682. as a preacher, =4=, 682-3. vacillating character of, =4=, 683. goes to Brazil, =4=, 693. on the war in Brazil, =4=, 694. devotee of the Kabbala, =5=, 52. translates Kabbalistic works, =5=, 54, 88. and Spinoza, =5=, 92. Sabbatian, =5=, 139, 160.

=Aboab, Samuel=, rabbi at Venice, and Luzzatto, =5=, 240.

=Aboda Zara=, Mishnic treatise on idolaters, =2=, 477.

=Abodah=, the, Day of Atonement Temple service, poem on, =3=, 114-15.

=Aboget=, alleged poisoner of wells, =4=, 102.

=Abrabanel.= _See_ Dormido; Isaac ben Judah; Isaac II, son of Isaac; Isaac III, son of Judah Leon; Judah Leon; Samuel I; Samuel II.

=Abrabanel family=, the, descended from David, =3=, 43.

=Abrabanela.= _See_ Benvenida.

=Abradhi=, caliph of the East, vizir of, favors Saadiah, =3=, 200.

=Abraham=, disciple of Meïr of Rothenburg, =4=, 74.

=Abraham=, monk, convert to Judaism, =3=, 21.

=Abraham=, patriarch, acquires Machpelah, =1=, 4. monotheist, =1=, 5. virtues of, =1=, 6. revered by the Israelites, =1=, 6-7. impresses Mahomet, =3=, 71. in the Zohar, =4=, 23.

=Abraham of Aragon=, oculist, =3=, 583.

=Abraham de Balmes=, physician and grammarian, =4=, 411. instructs Christians in Hebrew, =4=, 473.

=Abraham de Beya=, traveler in Portuguese employ, =4=, 368.

=Abraham of Granada=, Kabbalist, =4=, 196-7.

=Abraham de Herrera.= _See_ Herrera, Abraham de.

=Abraham ben Chasdaï=, Maimunist, as poet, =3=, 388, 560. denounces Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 544. epigram by, =3=, 544.

=Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni= (1065-1136), astronomer, =3=, 313; =4=, 120.

=Abraham ben David of Posquières= (Rabed II, 1125-1198), Talmudist, as a controversialist, =3=, 389, 399. disciple of Abraham ben Isaac, =3=, 392. friend of Judah Ibn-Tibbon, =3=, 397. writes a Mishna commentary, =3=, 399. criticises Maimonides’ Mishne-Torah, =3=, 490. death of, =3=, 490. alleged founder of the Kabbala, =3=, 547.

=Abraham ben Isaac=, head of the college of Narbonne, =3=, 392. son-in-law of, =3=, 399.

=Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra= (1088-1167), personality of, =3=, 366-7, 381. attitude of, towards the Karaites, =3=, 366. and Jehuda Halevi and Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 367. poetry of, =3=, 367-8. as an exegete, =3=, 368, 370-1, 371-3. poverty of, =3=, 368-9. in the East, =3=, 369. in Rome, =3=, 369-71. as a grammarian, =3=, 371, 374. adheres to the Massora, =3=, 371. at Mantua and Lucca, =3=, 371. in southern France, =3=, 373. poem on, by Jacob Tam, =3=, 373, 376. in London, =3=, 373-4. as philosopher, =3=, 373. defends the Sabbath eve, =3=, 374. last years of, =3=, 374-5. son of, =3=, 375. influence of, on Italian Jews, =3=, 423. attacked by Nachmani, =3=, 534, 608. the works of, used by Raymund Martin, =3=, 622. denounced as a heretic, =3=, 624. admired by Yedaya Bedaresi, =4=, 43. the works of, studied in the fourteenth century, =4=, 143-4. the Pentateuch commentary by, commented upon, =4=, 144. commentary on the works of, =4=, 191. exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, =4=, 442. commentary by, in the Bomberg Bible, =4=, 476. studied by Spinoza, =5=, 88.

=Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia= (1240-1291), Kabbalist, =4=, 3, 11, 622. youth and ideals of, =4=, 4-5, 19. system of, =5=, 5-6, 14. disciples of, =4=, 6, 8, 10. in Italy, =4=, 6. imprisoned, =4=, 7. Messianic claims of, =4=, 7-8. works of, =4=, 8. declared a heretic, =4=, 625.

=Abraham ben Sherira.= _See_ Mar-Abraham.

=Abraham Ibn-Alfachar= (1160-1223), favorite of Alfonso III of Castile, =3=, 384-5. ambassador to Morocco, =3=, 385. encourages Talmud study, =3=, 386.

=Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi= (1110-1180), physician, philosopher, and historian, =3=, 363-6. parentage of, =3=, 364. attainments of, =3=, 364. as an historian, =3=, 364, 365-6. as a scientist, =3=, 364. as a philosopher, =3=, 364-5. style of, =3=, 366. death of, =3=, 386. the work of, consulted by Basnage, =5=, 196.

=Abraham Ibn-Shoshan=, scholar, Spanish exile in Egypt, =4=, 393.

=Abraham Ibn-Zarzal=, physician and astrologer, =4=, 116.

=Abraham, son of Manessier= de Vesoul, =4=, 150.

=Abraham Bedaresi=, poet, elegy by, =3=, 579. compared with his son, =4=, 42.

=Abraham Benveniste Senior=, dignitary at the court of Juan II of Castile, =4=, 228. frames the law of Avila, =4=, 229. promotes the marriage of Isabella of Castile, =4=, 280. friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 341. accepts baptism, =4=, 351. _See also_ Coronel.

=Abraham Bibago=, favorite of John II of Aragon, =4=, 275.

=Abraham Farissol= (1451-1525), Bible commentator and geographer, =4=, 411-12. protegé of Hercules d’Este I, =4=, 412-13. polemic writings of, =4=, 413.

=Abraham Israel=, excommunicates Eibeschütz’s opponents, =5=, 264.

=Abraham Klausner=, compiles the customs of various communities, =4=, 134.

=Abraham Levi=, Spanish exile, Kabbalist, =4=, 481.

=Abraham (Abulmeni) Maimuni= (1185-1254), son of Maimonides, his successor, =3=, 493. Talmudist and philosopher, =3=, 495. visited by rabbis emigrating to Palestine, =3=, 505. and the attacks upon his father, =3=, 525-6, 545.

=Abraham Maimuni II=, great-grandson of Maimonides, converts Karaites to Rabbanism, =4=, 71-2.

=Abraham Menz=, director of the Padua college, =4=, 410.

=Abraham Saba=, Kabbalist, leaves Portugal, =4=, 381.

=Abraham Yizchaki=, anti-Sabbatian, =5=, 220-1.

=Abraham Zacuto=, disciple of Isaac Aboab, pronounces his funeral oration, =4=, 366. author of an astronomical calendar, =4=, 367, 372. escapes from Portugal, =4=, 378. at Tunis, =4=, 391. writes the Sefer Yochasin, =4=, 391. flees to Turkey, =4=, 392. compared with Elias Kapsali, =4=, 407. chronicle of, published, =4=, 608, 629. great-grandson of, =4=, 678.

=Abraham Zacuto Lusitano= (1576-1642), physician, honor paid to, =4=, 678.

=Abrianim=, transgressors of the Law, addressed by Jesus, =2=, 152.

=Absalom=, son of David, instigates the murder of Amnon, =1=, 134. seeks refuge with Talmai of Geshur, =1=, 134-5. pardoned, =1=, 136. plots with Ahithophel, =1=, 136, 138-44. description of, =1=, 137. hailed as king in Hebron, =1=, 139. in Jerusalem, =1=, 142-3. accepts Hushai’s advice, =1=, 143. killed, =1=, 144-5. mourned by David, =1=, 145. monument of, =1=, 145. children of, =1=, 145.

=Absalom=, son of John Hyrcanus, =2=, 34. in Pompey’s triumph, =2=, 67.

=Abt=, friend of Mendelssohn, =5=, 303.

=Abtalion= (Pollion), head of the Synhedrion, =2=, 71-2. maxims of, =2=, 72; =3=, 573. disciples of, =2=, 72, 96. opposed to Antigonus, =2=, 85-6. counsels submission to Herod, =2=, 88. spared by Herod, =2=, 89. death of, =2=, 90.

=Abu-Abdullah Mahomet Alnasir=, Almohade caliph, invades Andalusia, =3=, 506-7. decrees Jew badges, =3=, 512.

=Abu-Afak=, poet, opponent of Mahomet, =3=, 74.

=Abu Amr Joseph ben Chasdaï.= _See_ Joseph ben Chasdaï.

=Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik= (1080-1148), philosopher, =3=, 314-15. as a poet, =3=, 315. death of, =3=, 361.

=Abu-Amran Moses=, founder of a Karaite sect, =3=, 157-8.

=Abu-Amranites=, Karaite sectaries, =3=, 158.

=Abu-Amrun Musa ben Maimun Obaid Allah=, Arabic name of Maimonides, =3=, 447.

=Abu Ayub= (Solomon Ibn-Almuallem), poet and physician, =3=, 312.

=Abu Ayub Sulaiman Ibn-Yachya.= _See_ Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

=Abu-Bekr=, Mahomet’s general, repulsed at Kamus, =3=, 82.

=Abudiente, Abraham Gideon=, Sabbatian, =5=, 155.

=Abu Fadhl Chasdaï= (1040), Arabic Jewish poet, vizir to the king of Saragossa, =3=, 280.

=Abuhajaj Joseph Ibn-Ezra=, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 319. son of, =3=, 361.

=Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela.= _See_ Joseph Ibn-Nagrela.

=Abu-Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Ezra=, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 318.

=Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus= (Yizchaki, 982-1057), physician and philosopher, =3=, 273.

=Abu-Isa.= _See_ Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak.

=Abu Ishak al-Elviri=, Mahometan poet, enemy of the Jews of Granada, =3=, 278.

=Abu Ishak Ibn-Mohajar=, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, =3=, 312.

=Abu Jacob Yussuff Almostansir=, Almohade ruler of Morocco, =3=, 385.

=Abu-Jafar Ibn-Aljezzar=, Mahometan disciple of Isaac Israeli, =3=, 181.

=Abu Jafar Almansur=, caliph, imprisons Anan ben David, =3=, 129-30.

=Abu-Kariba Assad Toban=, king of Yemen, besieges Yathrib, =3=, 62. convert to Judaism, =3=, 63. end of, =3=, 63. sons of, =3=, 64.

=Abulafia.= _See_ Abraham ben Samuel; Abulafia, Moses; Joseph ben Todros; Levi ben Todros; Meïr ben Todros Halevi; Samuel ben Meïr Allavi; Todros ben Joseph.

=Abulafia=, Marrano, agent of Ferdinand and Isabella, opposes the Inquisition, =4=, 313. burnt at the stake, =4=, 317.

=Abulafia, Moses=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 636. tortured, =5=, 636-7. turns Mahometan, =5=, 638.

=Abulafia family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=, 236; =4=, 116. members of, perish during the Black Death, =4=, 113.

=Abul-Ala=, Arabic poet, =3=, 199.

=Abul Arab Ibn-Moïsha=, Mahometan theologian and poet, friend of Maimonides, =3=, 456. accuses Maimonides of apostasy from Islam, =3=, 474.

=Abul-Barkat Hibat-Allah ben Malka.= _See_ Nathaniel.

=Abulhassan=, king of Morocco, at war with Castile, =4=, 84.

=Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial=, physician, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, =3=, 312. patron of Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 320.

=Abulhassan Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi (Ibn-Allevi).= _See_ Jehuda Halevi.

=Abulhassan Jehuda Ibn-Ezra=, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 318.

=Abulkasim Ibn-Alarif=, vizir of Habus, patron of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 256.

=Abulkassim Mahomet.= _See_ Al-Mutamed.

=Abulmeni Abraham Maimuni.= _See_ Abraham Maimuni.

=Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen=, propagandist for Karaism, =3=, 203-5. as controversialist, =3=, 204-5. Hebrew style of, =3=, 204, 206.

=Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach.= _See_ Jonah Marinus.

=Abu Mansur Samuel ben Chananya=, Nagid, invites Jehuda Halevi to Cairo, =3=, 340-1. successor of, =3=, 443.

=Abumelik=, leads a Moorish army against Castile, =4=, 84. killed, =4=, 85.

=Abunassar Azaria=, son of Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, flees to Lucena, =3=, 279. death of, =3=, 284.

=Abu-Sahal Ali= (835-853), medical writer, =3=, 146.

=Abusahal Dunash ben Tamim.= _See_ Dunash ben Tamim.

=Abu Said ben Chalfon Halevi=, friend of Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 340.

=Abu-Yussuf Chasdaï ben Isaac Ibn-Shaprut.= _See_ Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut.

=Abu-Yussuff Almansur=, Almohade prince, introduces a garb for apostate Jews, =3=, 511-12.

=Abuzurj-Mihir=, inventor of chess, =3=, 7.

=Abydos=, Sabbataï Zevi imprisoned at, =5=, 148, 151. enriched by the Sabbatians, =5=, 149.

=Academies, the Babylonian=, authority of the principals of, =2=, 547. closed under Kobad, =3=, 4. re-opened, =3=, 5. work of, =3=, 6. give religious instruction to the Arabian Jews, =3=, 59. principals of, deposed by the Exilarchs, =3=, 91. independent of each other in internal affairs, =3=, 96. organization of, under the caliphs, =3=, 96-7. office of the president of, not hereditary, =3=, 96. meetings of, in Adar and Elul, =3=, 97. income of, =3=, 97-8. prayers for the departed at, =3=, 101. the heads of, excommunicate Anan ben David, =3=, 134. the Karaites on, =3=, 134-5. and the election of the Exilarch, =3=, 137. hold aloof from Islam theology, =3=, 148. respect paid to, in the ninth century, =3=, 160. _See also under_ Pumbeditha _and_ Sora.

=Academies, the Babylonian=, list of: Firuz-Shabur, Machuza, Nahardea, Nares, Nisibis, Pumbeditha, Shekan-Zib, Silhi, Sora.

=Academies, the Palestinian=, origin of, =2=, 324. established by the disciples of Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 335. frequented by Babylonian students, =2=, 511, 531. decline of, =2=, 543, 548, 560. method of, =2=, 557-8. _See under_ Acbara; Bekiin; Cæsarea; Emmaus; Jamnia; Lydda; Sepphoris; Tiberias; Schools.

=Academy at Jerusalem=, founded by the Vegas, =5=, 126.

=Academy of Sciences at Berlin=, prize of, won by Mendelssohn, =5=, 303-4. Mendelssohn proposed as member of, =5=, 308.

=Acbara=, seat of Jannaï’s academy, =2=, 470.

=Accho= (Acco; Acre; Ptolemais; St. Jean d’Acre), built by the Canaanites, =1=, 3. surrenders to Shalmaneser, =1=, 264. fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, =1=, 417. the inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, =1=, 475. Jonathan Haphus meets Demetrius at, =1=, 496. Jonathan Haphus taken prisoner at, =1=, 499. surrenders to Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 40. Vespasian prepares for his Judæan campaign at, =2=, 285. Talmudists in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 427. Maimonides at, =3=, 456. Nachmani at, =3=, 605. Kabbalist center, =3=, 626. Kabbalists of, burn the “Guide of the Perplexed,” =3=, 631. Maimonides’ tomb at, desecrated, =3=, 631. Maimunists in, =3=, 631. David Maimuni at, =3=, 632-3. the Jews of, blotted out, =3=, 650.

=Acha of Diphta=, proposed as principal of the Sora academy, =2=, 627.

=Acha ben Jacob=, on Chama of Nahardea, =2=, 595.

=Achaï bar Huna=, Amora, compiler of the Babylonian Talmud, =2=, 631.

=Achaia=, Paul establishes Christian communities in, =2=, 227.

=Achbâr=, teacher of the Law among the Arabic Jews, =3=, 59.

=Acher.= _See_ Elisha ben Abuya.

=Achiab=, prevents Herod from committing suicide, =2=, 116.

=Achish=, Philistine king, in friendly relations with David, =1=, 101-2. acknowledges David king, =1=, 108.

=Achitub=, grandson of Eli, high priest at Nob, =1=, 79.

=Achiya=, first Exilarch known, =2=, 509.

=Achiya.= _See also_ Chiya.

=Achmed I=, sultan, Jewish women under, =4=, 629, 630.

=Achmed Shaitan=, viceroy of Egypt, treachery of, =4=, 395. avenges himself on the Jews of Cairo, =4=, 395-6.

=Achunaï.= _See_ Chananya.

=Acosta, Uriel= (Gabriel). _See_ Costa, Uriel da.

=Acra=, the, a part of Jerusalem, burnt by Titus, =2=, 308.

=Acra= (Acrapolis; Baris; Birah), the, the Temple citadel, built by Nehemiah, =1=, 382, 524. garrisoned by Scopas, =1=, 433. Greek games taught in, =1=, 445. refuge of the Hellenists, =1=, 454. occupied by Menelaus, =1=, 470, 478. besieged by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 478. Hellenists leave, =1=, 480. reinforced by Bacchides, =1=, 491. besieged by Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 496. surrenders to Simon Tharsi, =1=, 523. the towers of, taken down, =1=, 524. called Birah, =1=, 524-5. wife and children of Aristobulus II imprisoned in, =2=, 58. called Antonia, =2=, 106. _See_ Antonia.

=Acrabatene=, the Samaritans of, slaughtered by the Zealots, =2=, 243.

=Acrabattine=, the Idumæans driven out of, by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474. invested by Simon bar Giora, =2=, 293.

=Acrapolis=, the. _See_ Acra, the.

=Acre.= _See_ Accho.

=Actian games=, the, introduced into Jerusalem, =2=, 105.

=Actium=, the battle of, won by Octavius, =2=, 96.

=Ada=, a Babylonian Amora, =2=, 579.

=Adalbert=, bishop of Prague, and the slave-trade of Jews, =3=, 305.

=Adam=, the book of, Sibylline chronicle, quoted, =2=, 462.

=Adam Kadmon=, Kabbalistic term, the original man, =5=, 121, 143.

=Adamantius=, apostate Jew in Alexandria, =2=, 619.

=Adams, Hannah=, history of the Jews by, =5=, 593.

=Adarsa=, the battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 485.

=Adath Jeshurun=, the body of advanced Jews in Amsterdam, innovations of, =5=, 457.

=Aden=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 436.

=Adher-Baijan= (Aserbeidsan), Samuel Ibn-Abbas in, =3=, 442.

=Adher-Baijan, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 430-33. urged to join David Alrui, =3=, 431. followers of David Alrui, =3=, 433.

=Adiabene=, description of, =2=, 216. the nobles of, conspire against Izates, =2=, 217-18. the people of, friendly to the Judæans, =2=, 219. in alliance with the Zealots, =2=, 256. the royal house of, aids Judæa against Rome, =2=, 264. the princes of, the only Judæan insurgents spared by Rome, =2=, 311. conquered by Trajan, =2=, 393-4. laid waste by Severus, =2=, 464.

=Adido=, Simon Tharsi assembles his forces at, =1=, 500.

=Adiya=, father of the poet Samuel, =3=, 68.

=Adnan=, ancestor of the Arabs, =3=, 61.

=Adolph of Nassau=, emperor, refuses to surrender Meïr of Rothenburg’ s body, =4=, 35. war of, with Albrecht, =4=, 35. death of, =4=, 36.

=Adonijah=, son of David, opposes Absalom, =1=, 135. rebels, =1=, 151-4. supporters of, =1=, 152. royal display of, =1=, 152. Nathan opposed to, =1=, 153. acknowledged king, =1=, 153. pays homage to Solomon, =1=, 154. killed, =1=, 160.

=Adonim.= _See_ Dunash ben Labrat.

=Adoniram=, superintendent of the building of the first Temple, =1=, 163, 172. accompanies Rehoboam to Shechem, =1=, 181. killed, =1=, 182.

=Adonis=, Baal of the Phœnicians, =1=, 54. statue of, worshiped at Bethlehem, =2=, 422.

=Adora=, Idumæan fortress, demolished by John Hyrcanus, =2=, 8.

=Adoyot=, the oldest Mishna compilation, =2=, 343, 460.

=Adraat=, chief town of Batanæa, =3=, 77. Benu-Nadhir settle in, =3=, 79.

=Adrammelech=, son of Sennacherib, murders him, =1=, 280.

=Adramyttium=, treasure-house in, for the half-Shekel contributions, =2=, 53.

=Adrianople=, Karaites move to, =4=, 269. the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405. Joseph Karo at, =4=, 557. Sabbataï Zevi at, =5=, 154-66. Nathan Ghazati at, =5=, 158-9, 161. Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, =5=, 163. Cardoso at, =5=, 207. Sabbatians in, =5=, 210.

=Adrianople, the Jews of=, divided into national groups, =4=, 478. consider trading with Pesaro, =4=, 579.

=Adullam=, David at, =1=, 116.

=Adultery=, ritual for suspected cases of, abolished, =2=, 238. laws against, inviolate, =2=, 424.

“=Advice= to the Representatives of the People,” by Van Swieden, against the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, =5=, 453-4.

=Ælia Capitolina=, name of Jerusalem under Hadrian, =2=, 421-2.

=Ælius Hadrian.= _See_ Hadrian.

=Afia, Aaron=, scientist in Salonica, =4=, 405.

=Africa (northern)=, Karaites influential in, in the tenth century, =3=, 207. Jewish captives transported to, =3=, 213. students from, at the Cordova Talmud school, =3=, 228. part of the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 248. Talmud authorities of, in the eleventh century, =3=, 248-9. Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 369. asylum for persecuted Jews in the fifteenth century, =4=, 197-8. the Sephardic liturgy adopted in, =4=, 198. Portuguese conquests on the coast of, =4=, 218. Marranos flee to, =4=, 318. Spanish exiles in, =4=, 352, 358, 361-2, 389-96. descendants of Portuguese Marranos in, =4=, 381. Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, =4=, 389. emigration of Portuguese Marranos to, forbidden, =4=, 508.

=Africa (northern), the Jews of=, conspire against the Visigothic empire, =3=, 108. aid Tarik, =3=, 109. persecuted, =3=, 357-60, 451.

=Africa, Visigothic=, the Jews of, enjoy civil and political equality, =3=, 45.

=Agada=, the, popular exposition of the Prophets and historical writings, =2=, 328-9. of Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 329. used by R. Meïr, =2=, 440. the study of, preferred in Judæa, =2=, 540. cultivated by the brothers of Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 575-6. cultivated under Theodosius II, =2=, 623. in the synagogue forbidden by Justinian I, =3=, 14. manifests the spirit of Judaism, =3=, 15. frequent use of, in the synagogues of the East, =3=, 16. cultivated among the Arabic Jews, =3=, 59. replaced by neo-Hebraic poetry, =3=, 116. cultivated by Eleazar ben Kalir, =3=, 117. studied by French and Italian Jews in the ninth century, =3=, 160. used by Rashi, =3=, 288. used by the Tossafists, =3=, 345. effect of, on Asiatic Jews, =3=, 440. contains philosophical doctrines according to Maimonides, =3=, 479. reconciled with philosophy by Abraham Maimuni, =3=, 495. rejected by Maimonides, =3=, 523, 533. accepted literally by Solomon ben Abraham, =3=, 527-8. view of, held by Nachmani, =3=, 533, 535, 599-600. in the Kabbala, =3=, 549, 552. used by Pablo Christiani, =3=, 599. rationalized by Solomon ben Adret, =3=, 619. used by Raymund Martin, =3=, 622. authority of, =4=, 214. declared without authority by Chayim Ibn-Musa, =4=, 237. quoted, =4=, 242. reviled by Aaron Margalita, =5=, 194. used by Mannheimer, =5=, 581.

=Agag=, Amalekite king, defeated by Saul, =1=, 91-2. killed, =1=, 93.

=Agape=, the meal of the Nazarenes, =2=, 223.

=Agen=, meeting-place of the Pastoureaux, =4=, 56.

=Agobard=, bishop of Lyons, incites rebellion again Louis the Pious, =3=, 164. refuses to restore a runaway slave to a Lyons Jew, =3=, 164. tries to set Louis the Pious against the Jews, =3=, 165-8. joins the conspiracy against the empress, =3=, 168. successor to, =3=, 170.

=Agora-nomos=, inspector of markets, Abba-Areka appointed as, =2=, 512. choice of, left to the Jews, =2=, 616.

=Agriculture=, among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, =3=, 35. occupation of the Jews of Crissa, =3=, 424. Jews restricted to, by Frederick II, =3=, 569. occupation of the immigrants in Palestine, =4=, 74. _See also_ Real estate.

=Agrigentum=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 28.

=Agrippa I= (10 B. C. E.-44 C. E.), grandson of Mariamne, distinguished by Caligula, =2=, 175. educated with the son of Tiberius, =2=, 175. appointed to an office in Tiberias, =2=, 175. courtier of the governor of Syria, =2=, 175. supplanted by his brother, =2=, 175. assisted by Alexander Lysimachus, =2=, 175-6. kindly treated by Tiberius, =2=, 176. imprisoned, =2=, 176. released, =2=, 177. king of Philip’s tetrarchy, =2=, 177. accuses Herod Antipas of treachery to Caligula, =2=, 177. ruler of Galilee and Peræa, =2=, 177. rouses the resentment of the Alexandrian Greeks, =2=, 181-182. and Caligula’s edict concerning images, =2=, 188-9. king of all Palestine, =2=, 190. coins in honor of, =2=, 190, 194. change in the character of, =2=, 191. popularity of, =2=, 191-2. piety of, =2=, 192. sends gifts to Athens, =2=, 193. favors Cæsarea and Sebaste, =2=, 194. plans of, for Judæa, =2=, 194-5. hampered by Vibius Marsus, =2=, 195. allied with Eastern princes, =2=, 195-6. death of, =2=, 196. memory of, insulted, =2=, 196-7.

=Agrippa II= (27-92), son of Agrippa I, proposed as king of Judæa, =2=, 196. introduces Judæan envoys to Claudius, =2=, 198. prince of Chalcis, =2=, 235. and his sister, =2=, 235. titular king of Judæa, =2=, 236. king of Philip’s tetrarchy, =2=, 245. given four towns and Tiberias, =2=, 245-6. accused of encroaching upon the privileges of the Temple authorities, =2=, 247-8. bribed to make Joshua ben Gamala high priest, =2=, 249. summons all Judæans to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, =2=, 251. opposed to revolutionary measures, =2=, 257-8. flees from Jerusalem, =2=, 258. sends troops to Jerusalem, =2=, 259. palace of, burnt, =2=, 260. sends a contingent to the Roman army, =2=, 264-5. Tiberias under, =2=, 273. Varus, representative of, =2=, 274-5. the inhabitants of Gamala revolt against, =2=, 275. relation of, to Josephus, =2=, 278. meets Vespasian, =2=, 285. lacks patriotism, =2=, 288-9. pays homage to Galba, =2=, 299. helps Titus in the siege of Jerusalem, =2=, 302. spectator at the death of Judæans in the arena of Cæsarea Philippi, =2=, 312. fall of, =2=, 317. and Justus of Tiberias, =2=, 319-20. alleviates the burdens of the conquered Jews, =2=, 332, 333. Galilee given to, =2=, 333. treatment of, by Titus, =2=, 388. death of, =2=, 388.

=Agrippina=, wife of Claudius, favorable to the Herodians, =2=, 245.

=Aguilar, Baron de=, saves the Jews of Moravia from exorbitant taxes, =5=, 252. intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, =5=, 253.

=Aguilar, de=, governor of Palma, asks for Gibraltar as a refuge for Marranos, =4=, 282.

=Aguilar, Raphael Moses d’=, Sabbatian, =5=, 139, 160.

=Aguilar=, the Jews of, destroyed, =4=, 125.

=Ahab=, son of Omri, wife of, =1=, 194, 196-7. ascends the throne of Israel, =1=, 196. character of, =1=, 196. builds an ivory palace, =1=, 201-2. reproved by Elijah, =1=, 202-3. a famine announced to, =1=, 203. summons the priests of Baal to Carmel, =1=, 203-4. stops the persecution of the prophets, =1=, 204. imprisons Michaiah, =1=, 205. ally of Ben-hadad II, =1=, 205. ally of Jehoshaphat, =1=, 206. death of, =1=, 206. destruction of the house of, =1=, 211-12.

=Ahasuerus.= _See_ Xerxes.

=Ahaz=, king of Judah, character of, =1=, 257. ally of Tiglath-Pileser, =1=, 258. warned by Isaiah, =1=, 258-9. introduces Assyrian idolatry into Judah, =1=, 260-1. not buried in the royal mausoleum, =1=, 267.

=Ahaziah=, son of Ahab, reign of, over Israel, =1=, 206-7.

=Ahaziah=, son of Joram, king of Judah, killed by Jehu’s followers, =1=, 211.

=Ahijah=, of Shiloh, prophet, at the consecration of the Temple, =1=, 167. rebukes Solomon, =1=, 175. prophesies success to Jeroboam, =1=, 175. prophesies the end of Jeroboam’s line, =1=, 188.

=Ahikam=, father of Gedaliah, =1=, 319.

=Ahikam=, son of Shaphan, saves Jeremiah, =1=, 303.

=Ahimaaz=, messenger from Hushai to David, =1=, 143.

=Ahinoam=, wife of Saul, =1=, 95.

=Ahishar=, Solomon’s major-domo, =1=, 172.

=Ahithophel=, councilor of David, =1=, 122-3. grandfather of Bathsheba, =1=, 133. opposed to Solomon’s succession, =1=, 135. plots with Absalom, =1=, 136, 138-43. with Absalom in Jerusalem, =1=, 142. advice of, rejected by Absalom, =1=, 143. suicide of, =1=, 143.

=Ahmed=, khan of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, =3=, 638.

=Ahmed Coprili=, Turkish grand vizir, orders the arrest of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 146. imprisons Sabbataï at Abydos, =5=, 148.

=Ahriman.= _See_ Angro-Mainyus.

=Ahunai=, teacher of the Law, during Kobad’s persecutions, =3=, 4.

=Ahura-Mazda=, Persian god of light, influence of the conception of, on Judaism, =1=, 402.

=Ai=, attacked by the Israelites, =1=, 33.

=Aibu=, father of Abba-Areka, =2=, 511.

=Aibu=, son of Abba-Areka, =2=, 518.

=Aidug=, Arab king, defeats Zorah Yussuf, =3=, 64.

=Ain-tab=, the new-moon announced at, =2=, 458.

=Airvi= (Eravi), king of Cranganor, and the Jews of India, =3=, 630.

=Aix-la-Chapelle=, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, =4=, 33. the Congress of, the emancipation of the Jews discussed by, =5=, 525-7.

=Ajubides=, the, make Egypt the Islam center, =3=, 457.

=Akbara=, Karaite center, =3=, 157. the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 429.

=Akbarites=, the, a Karaite sect, =3=, 157.

=Akiba ben Joseph=, teacher of the Law, suggested as successor to Gamaliel II, =2=, 342. effects the re-instatement of Gamaliel II, =2=, 345. informs Eliezer ben Hyrcanus of his excommunication, =2=, 347. legends concerning the youth of, =2=, 350-1. intellectual development of, =2=, 351-2. system of, =2=, 352-3. arranges the Halachas in groups, =2=, 353. disciples and wife of, =2=, 354-5. in the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 355. and Ishmael ben Elisha, =2=, 355-6. theosophist, =2=, 381. saying of, =2=, 381. opposes Gnostic influences, =2=, 382. disciples of, proselytes, =2=, 384. and Akylas, =2=, 385. and Flavius Clemens, =2=, 387, 389, 391. influences Nerva, =2=, 392. opposes reckless charity, =2=, 405. prepares for the revolt against Hadrian, =2=, 408; =5=, 724-5. attracted to Bar-Cochba, =2=, 409. at Lydda, =2=, 423. evades Roman spies, =2=, 424. martyrdom of, =2=, 428-9. disciples of, ordained, =2=, 429. disciples of, return to Judæa, =2=, 433. favorite disciple of, =2=, 436. dialectics of, adopted by Meïr, =2=, 438-40. first compiler of the Mishna, =2=, 460. position of, compared with Rabba bar Nachmani’s, =2=, 579.

=Akko.= _See_ Accho.

=Akra di Coche=, a Babylonian fortification, =2=, 507.

=Akrabattine.= _See_ Acrabattine.

=Akrish.= _See_ Isaac ben Abraham Akrish.

=Akylas= (Aquila), convert to Judaism, translates the Scriptures into Greek, =2=, 385. superintends the rebuilding of Jerusalem, =2=, 401. mourns for Gamaliel II, =2=, 404.

=Akylas, translation of the Scriptures by=, literal, =2=, 386. used by Jews and Ebionites, =2=, 387. used by Origen, =2=, 489. Targum Onkelos based on, =2=, 581. recommended to Jewish congregations by Justinian I, =3=, 14.

=Alabarch= (Arabarch, Ethnarch), the, prince of the Judæans in Egypt, =1=, 507, 510. office of, confirmed by Cæsar, =2=, 76. controls the Nile harbor, =2=, 102. dignity of, restored by Claudius, =2=, 191. _See also_ Alexander Lysimachus; Ethnarch.

=Al-ablak=, castle of Samuel Ibn-Adiya, =3=, 68, 69.

=Aladhid=, last Fatimide caliph of Egypt, =3=, 443.

=Aladil=, sultan, receives emigrant rabbis kindly, =3=, 506.

=Alagon, Blasco de=, conspires against Pedro Arbues, =4=, 329.

=Alami.= _See_ Solomon Alami.

=Alani=, the, of the Crimea, friendly to the Jews, =3=, 123.

=Alarcos=, Alfonso VIII defeated at the battle of, =3=, 387.

=Alashkar.= _See_ Moses ben Isaac Alashkar.

=Albalag.= _See_ Isaac Albalag.

=Albalia.= _See_ Ibn-Albalia.

=Albanian Gates=, the, Jews settle in, =3=, 124.

=Albargeloni.= _See_ Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni.

=Albergeloni.= _See_ Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni.

=Albert I=, emperor, war of, with Adolph of Nassau, =4=, 35. punishes the Rindfleisch followers, =4=, 36. demands a ransom for Meïr of Rothenburg, =4=, 37. claims authority over the French Jews, =4=, 47.

=Albert II=, emperor, imprisons the Jews of Austria, =4=, 223. banishes the Jews from Austria, =4=, 224. hostile to the Jews, =4=, 249. son of, cruel to the Jews, =4=, 262-3.

=Albert=, duke of Bavaria, under the influence of John of Capistrano, =4=, 258.

=Albert von Brandenburg=, archbishop of Mayence, convenes a diet to consider the Jewish question, =4=, 463. ordered to drop the Jewish question, =4=, 464.

=Albert of Munich=, son-in-law of Maximilian I, =4=, 428.

=Albertina=, the. _See_ Königsberg, the university of.

=Albertus Magnus=, the works of, translated, =4=, 69.

=Albi.= _See_ Alby.

=Albigenses=, the, origin of, =3=, 390. in Béziers, =3=, 394, 395. relation of, to the Jews, =3=, 501. crusade against, =3=, 501-2. and the council of Montpellier, =3=, 508. and the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 509. the war against, ended, =3=, 519. extirpation of, by the Inquisition, =3=, 542.

=Albinus=, procurator of Judæa, appointed by Nero, =2=, 248. appealed to against Anan, =2=, 248-9. taxes Judæa heavily, =2=, 249. punishes the Sicarii, =2=, 249.

=Albo.= _See_ Joseph Albo.

=Albrecht I.= _See_ Albert I.

=Alby=, the council of, forbids Jews to practice medicine among Christians, =3=, 582, 583. the Jews of, perish, =4=, 57.

=Alcala=, the academy at, =4=, 145. the Jews of, ridiculed, =4=, 181.

=Alcana=, street in Toledo occupied by Jews, =4=, 118.

=Alcaniz=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 214.

=Alcantara=, the Order of, and Gonzalo Martinez, =4=, 85-6.

=Alcharam.= _See_ Mecca.

=Alcharisi.= _See_ Jehuda Alcharisi.

=Alcimus= (Jakim), leader of the Hellenists, appointed high priest, =1=, 482. slays sixty Chassidim, =1=, 483. attracts the Hellenists, =1=, 483. fears Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 483. appeals to Demetrius I, =1=, 484. informs against Nicanor, =1=, 484. withdraws from Jerusalem, =1=, 485. takes possession of Jerusalem, =1=, 487. has the “Soreg” destroyed, =1=, 492. death of, =1=, 492, 508.

=Alcolea=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 214.

=Aldea de los Judios=, village given to Jewish soldiers, =3=, 592.

=Aldobrandini=, prevents the expulsion of the Ferrara Jews, =4=, 660.

=Aleman, Jochanan=, Kabbalist, teacher of Pico di Mirandola, =4=, 291.

=Alembert, d’=, approves of Pereira’s sign language, =5=, 343.

=Alenu prayer=, the, misrepresented by Pessach-Peter, =4=, 178. attacked by Wülfer, =5=, 185. denounced by apostates, =5=, 191. exonerated by Michaelis, =5=, 191. regulations concerning, =5=, 192.

=Aleppo= (Haleb), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 426. Jehuda Ibn-Abbas settles at, =3=, 442. the Jewish liturgy of, changed, =3=, 466. taken by Hulagu, =3=, 606. the battle of, gives Egypt to the Turks, =4=, 393. Sabbataï Zevi in, =5=, 133.

=Alessandria=, the Jews of, in the sixteenth century, =4=, 653.

=Alexander III=, pope, convenes a Church Council, =3=, 376. orders the enforcement of anti-Jewish decrees, =3=, 400. finances of, managed by a Jew, =3=, 421.

=Alexander VI= (Borgia), pope, and the Aragon Inquisition, =4=, 319. banishes the Jews from Rome, =4=, 363. the favor of, bought by the Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 379. friendly to the Jews, =4=, 407. employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 407-8. Reuchlin at the court of, =4=, 434.

=Alexander I=, of Judæa. _See_ Alexander Jannæus.

=Alexander II=, of Judæa, son of Aristobulus II, marries Hyrcanus II’ s daughter, =2=, 58. seizes Jerusalem, =2=, 70. has coins struck, =2=, 70. subdued by Aulus Gabinius, =2=, 70-1. rebels against Rome, =2=, 73. beheaded, =2=, 75.

=Alexander the Great=, of Macedon, destroys the Persian empire, =1=, 412. legends about, =1=, 412-13. tolerance of, =1=, 413, 415. favors the Judæans, =1=, 414-15, 418. conquests of, =1=, 415. confusion after the death of, =1=, 416.

=Alexander=, of Poland, hostile to the Jews, =4=, 419.

=Alexander I=, of Russia, inquires into the condition of the Jews, =5=, 472-3. enforces attendance at schools, =5=, 473. and the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 525, 527.

=Alexander=, apostate, accuses Jews of blasphemy, =4=, 591.

=Alexander=, son of Mariamne, designated successor to Herod, =2=, 112. marriage of, =2=, 112. executed, =2=, 113.

=Alexander=, Zealot leader, =2=, 238. attacks the Samaritans of Acrabatene, =2=, 243.

=Alexander Balas=, pretender to the Syrian throne, ally of Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 494, 496. marriage of, =1=, 496. death of, =1=, 496. son of, on the throne, =1=, 497-8.

=Alexander (I) Jannæus= (105-79), third son of Hyrcanus I, =2=, 34. banished to Galilee, =2=, 38-9. favors the Pharisees, =2=, 39. military character of, =2=, 39. defeated by Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 40. ally of Ptolemy VIII’s mother, =2=, 41. takes Gaza, =2=, 41. mediates between the Pharisees and Sadducees, =2=, 42. sides with the Sadducees, =2=, 42-3. refuses to offer the water libation, =2=, 43. defeated by the Nabathæan king, =2=, 44. Pharisees revolt against, =2=, 44. defeated by Eucærus, =2=, 44. forces Eucærus to retreat, =2=, 45. crucifies eight hundred Pharisees, =2=, 45. conquests of, =2=, 45-6. coins of, =2=, 46. builds fortresses, =2=, 46, 315. end of, =2=, 47. appoints his wife his successor, =2=, 47. sons of, =2=, 47. towns conquered by, declared free, =2=, 67.

=Alexander Lysimachus=, Alabarch of Alexandria, aids Agrippa I, =2=, 175-6, 181. brother of Philo, =2=, 185. released from prison, =2=, 190. sons of, =2=, 198, 235. descendant of, =2=, 395.

=Alexander Polyhistor=, writer friendly to the Judæans, =2=, 179.

=Alexander Severus= (222-235), emperor, friendly to Jews and Judaism, =2=, 481-3. and Judah II, =2=, 482. presents a gold candlestick to a synagogue, =2=, 482. taught Jewish customs by Romanus, =2=, 482. anarchy after the death of, =2=, 486, 526.

=Alexander, Tiberius Julius.= _See_ Tiberius Julius Alexander.

=Alexander Zabina=, rival of Demetrius Nicator for the Syrian throne, =2=, 6. disputes the Syrian throne with Antiochus VIII, =2=, 6. acknowledged king by Hyrcanus I, =2=, 6. fall of, =2=, 7.

=Alexandra.= _See_ Salome Alexandra.

=Alexandra=, daughter of Aristobulus II, marries two princes of Chalcis, =2=, 75.

=Alexandra=, daughter of Hyrcanus II, marries the son of Aristobulus II, =2=, 58. betroths her daughter Mariamne to Herod, =2=, 81. obtains Mark Antony’s favor for her son, =2=, 91. accuses Herod of her son’s murder, =2=, 92. threatened with death, =2=, 93. imprisoned, =2=, 94, 96. death of, =2=, 105.

=Alexandria=, Judæans settle in, =1=, 418. center of the Egyptian Judæans, =1=, 504-5. busts of Caligula placed in the synagogues of, =2=, 182. wheat imported from, for Jerusalem, =2=, 218. study of the Law in, =2=, 359. synagogue of, destroyed, =2=, 398. Karaite community in, =3=, 182. Jehuda Halevi at, =3=, 339-40. Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, =4=, 388. rabbis of, favor the establishment of schools, =5=, 663. _See also under_ Egypt.

=Alexandria, the Jews of=, rebel against Trajan, =2=, 396. punished by Martius Turbo, =2=, 398. ill-treated by Cyril, =2=, 618-19. receive fugitives from Palestine, =3=, 23. in the twelfth century, =3=, 444. object to Maimonides’ Mishne-Torah, =3=, 472. appeal to Mehmet Ali in the Damascus affair, =5=, 647. rejoice over the release of the Damascus prisoners, =5=, 660.

=Alexandria, the Judæans of=, influence those of Jerusalem, =1=, 427. occupy the Delta district, =1=, 504. under Ptolemy VII, =1=, 519. under Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 12. well treated by Cæsar, =2=, 76. unkindly treated by Cleopatra, =2=, 94. antagonized by the Greeks, =2=, 178, 181. conspiracies against, =2=, 181-2. forced into the harbor, =2=, 182-3. forced to worship Caligula’s statues, =2=, 183-4. send envoys to Caligula, =2=, 186-7; =5=, 654. well treated by Claudius, =2=, 190-1. have a synagogue in Jerusalem, =2=, 201. impregnated with Greek views, =2=, 208-9. apostasy among, =2=, 209. massacred, =2=, 263-4. undisturbed by the Roman war, =2=, 313. fugitive Zealots betrayed by, =2=, 317-18. and the closing of the Temple of Onias, =2=, 322.

=Alexandrian school of philosophy.= _See_ Judæo-Alexandrian school.

=Alexandrion=, fortress, built by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46. surrenders to Pompey, =2=, 64. garrisoned by Aristobulus II, =2=, 73. Mariamne confined in, =2=, 96. fire signals on, =2=, 363.

=Alfachar.= _See_ Ibn-Alfachar.

=Alfadhel=, vizir of Saladin, employs Maimonides, =3=, 472-3, 489. acquits Maimonides of apostasy, =3=, 474.

=Alfarda=, Strangers’ Tax, in Spain, =4=, 344.

=Alfassi.= _See_ Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi.

=Alfonsine Tables=, the, used by scientists, =4=, 367.

=Alfonso I=, of Aragon, conquers Saragossa, =3=, 316.

=Alfonso II=, of Aragon (1162-1196), the Jews under, =3=, 387-8.

=Alfonso VI=, of Castile, employs Jews on diplomatic missions, =3=, 291-2. the Jews under, =3=, 292-3. admonished to dismiss Jews from state offices, =3=, 294. conquers Toledo, =3=, 294. opposed by a Mahometan league, =3=, 295-6.

=Alfonso VII Raimundez=, of Castile (1126-1157), rebels against his parents, =3=, 316. Jewish favorite of, =3=, 361. death of, =3=, 363, 366.

=Alfonso VIII= (=III=), of Castile (the Noble, 1166-1214), minority of, =3=, 363. the Jews under, =3=, 384-7. employs a Jew as ambassador, =3=, 385. Jewish mistress of, =3=, 386. assisted by the Toledo Jews against the Almohades, =3=, 386-7. defeated at Alarcos, =3=, 387. reproached for his humane treatment of the Jews, =3=, 499. appeals to Innocent III against the Mahometans, =3=, 507. protects the Jews of Toledo, =3=, 507.

=Alfonso X=, of Castile (the Wise, 1252-1284), the Jews under, =3=, 592-6. patron of learning, =3=, 592. gives a village to his Jewish soldiers, =3=, 592. and the Jews of Seville, =3=, 592-3. employs Jews, =3=, 593-4, 615. reproached by Nicholas III, =3=, 594, 615. degrades the Jews, =3=, 594-5. Jews in the code of, =3=, 595-6. code of, in Spanish America, =3=, 596. executes his Jewish Almoxarif, =3=, 616. imprisons the Jews, =3=, 616. son of, rebels, =3=, 616. death of, =3=, 616. anti-Jewish statutes of, revived, =4=, 194-5.

=Alfonso XI=, of Castile (1325-1380), the Jews prosperous under, =4=, 52, 75-6. Jewish favorites of, =4=, 79-80. petitioned against usury, =4=, 80. makes a Jew farmer of revenues, =4=, 80. Jews accused before, =4=, 83. accuses Gonzalo Martinez of treason, =4=, 85. besieges Valencia, =4=, 86. death of, =4=, 113. bastard sons of, oppose Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 113. wife of, =4=, 114. law of, renewed, =4=, 193.

=Alfonso II=, of Ferrara, death of, =4=, 660.

=Alfonso IX=, of Leon, does not compel the Jews to wear a badge, =3=, 513.

=Alfonso II=, of Naples, patron of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 360, 383-4.

=Alfonso III=, of Portugal (1248-1279), the Jews under, =3=, 618.

=Alfonso V=, of Portugal, takes Jews captive at Arzilla, =4=, 286-7, 339. employs Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 337-8. prosperity of the Jews under, =4=, 338-9. code of, =4=, 339. Jewish favorites of, =4=, 339. death of, =4=, 340.

=Alfonso=, brother of Henry IV, of Castile, crowned, =4=, 278. death of, =4=, 279.

=Alfonso=, duke of Poitou, employs a Jewish oculist, =3=, 583.

=Alfonso=, Infante of Portugal, releases Marranos, =4=, 517.

=Alfonso of Aragon=, archbishop, protects Marranos, =4=, 330.

=Alfonso de Cartagena=, influences Eugenius IV against the Jews, =4=, 249-50.

=Alfonso de Spina=, Franciscan, attacks the Spanish Jews, =4=, 276. confessor of Alvaro de Luna, =4=, 271. writes a work against the Jews, =4=, 277. anti-Jewish work by, reprinted, =4=, 415.

=Alfonso of Valladolid.= _See_ Alfonso Burgensis.

=Alfonso Burgensis= (Abner of Burgos, Alfonso of Valladolid, 1270-1346), apostate, hostile to the Jews, =4=, 81, 342. infidel, =4=, 81-2. sacristan, =4=, 82. attacks the Jews in Hebrew, =4=, 82. reply to, by Isaac Pulgar, =4=, 82. accuses the Jews before Alfonso XI, =4=, 83. disciple of, =4=, 141-2. work of, refuted, =4=, 143. charges of, repeated, =4=, 213.

=Algazi, Moses Joseph=, rabbi of Cairo, seconds Munk’s efforts to establish schools, =5=, 664.

=Algazi, Solomon=, opposes the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 144.

=Alghazali=, mystic philosopher, Mahometan, =3=, 273, 357.

=Algiers=, refuge for the Jews of Spain, =4=, 197. tax imposed on Marrano fugitives in, =4=, 199. the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 361, 390-1.

=Alguades, Meïr.= _See_ Meïr Alguades.

=Alhakem=, Ommiyyade caliph, employs Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, =3=, 222, 227. obtains an Arabic translation of the Mishna, =3=, 237. appealed to in behalf of Chanoch ben Moses, =3=, 238. appealed to by Joseph Ibn-Abitur, =3=, 238. death of, =3=, 239. founds a medical school at Cordova, =3=, 261.

=Ali=, Mahomet’s general, defeats Marhab, =3=, 82. the Judæo-Babylonian community under, =3=, 90. the candidate of a party, =3=, 90. aided by Jews and Christians, =3=, 90. house of, and the Ommiyyades, =3=, 92.

=Ali= (1106-1143), the second Almoravide ruler, the Jews under, =3=, 312.

=Ali Ibn-Isa=, vizir of Abradhi, favors Saadiah, =3=, 200.

=Ali Ibn-Rahmadan=, mathematician, and Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 76.

=Ali Halevi=, Gaon of Bagdad, =3=, 429. son of, =3=, 438.

=Ali Ikbal Addaula=, prince of Denia, patron of Yizchaki, =3=, 273.

=Alice of Montmorency=, persecutes the Toulouse Jews, =3=, 514.

=Alkabez.= _See_ Solomon Alkabez.

=Alkadir=, caliph of the East, Sherira arraigned before, =3=, 233-4.

=Alkalaï.= _See_ Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi.

=Alkamel=, sultan, employs a Jewish physician, =3=, 495.

=Alkuti= (Chepez), Jewish philosopher, sayings of, used by Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 267.

=Allatif.= _See_ Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif.

=Allebrandus=, bishop of Worms, protects the Jews, =3=, 301-2. offers the Jews baptism, =3=, 302.

=Allegorical= poems in Hebrew literature, =1=, 158-9.

=Allegorists=, the, Alexandrian Jewish school of Scripture interpreters, =2=, 208-9, 329. Philo among, =2=, 210. misrepresentations of, accentuate the legal side of Judaism, =2=, 471. compared with the Mutazilists, =3=, 147.

=Allegorization=, the, of the Scriptures by the mystics and the philosophers, =4=, 23-4.

“=Alliance Israélite Universelle=,” the outgrowth of Crémieux’s activity in the East, =5=, 664. founders of, =5=, 701.

=Alliances, Jewish=, value of, =5=, 704. _See_: Alliance Israélite Universelle, Anglo-Jewish Association, Israelitische Allianz, Union of American Hebrew Congregations.

=Allorqui.= _See_ Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

“=Al-Luma’, Rikmah=,” grammar and exegesis by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 263.

=Almagest=, the, translated into Arabic, =3=, 146.

=Almaida, Manuela Nuñez da=, poetess, =5=, 203.

=Almalek Alashraf=, Egyptian sultan, besieges Accho, =3=, 650.

=Almamun.= _See_ Abdallah Almamun.

“=Almansor=,” dramatic poem by Heine, =5=, 548-9.

=Almanzi=, Italian Jewish scholar, =5=, 622.

=Almeida, Lopes de=, Portuguese ambassador to Sixtus IV, =4=, 340.

=Almeirin=, residence of the Portuguese king, =4=, 493.

=Almeria=, captured by the Almohades, =3=, 448.

=Almohades= (Almovachides, Unitarians), the, a Mahometan sect, =3=, 358. under Abdulmumen, =3=, 358-9. take Andalusia, =3=, 360-1. persecute the Spanish Jews, =3=, 360-2. irruptions of, into Christian territory, =3=, 363. drive the Jews from Andalusia, =3=, 384. attack Castile, =3=, 386-7. drive the Jews from Ceuta, =3=, 424. drive the Ibn-Abbas to Asia, =3=, 442. capture Cordova, =3=, 447-8. capture Almeria, =3=, 448. Jewish fugitives from, received in Sicily, =3=, 569.

=Almoravides=, the, the Jews well treated by, =3=, 296, 311-13. attack the Arabs of Andalusia, =3=, 316. rebellion against, =3=, 357. dynasty of, destroyed by Abdulmumen, =3=, 358.

=Almosnino.= _See_ Moses Almosnino.

=Almotassem=, of Almeria, invades Granada, =3=, 278.

=Almovachides=, the. _See_ Almohades, the.

=Almoxarif=, treasurer in Castile, =3=, 593; =4=, 75, 79, 138, 160, 169. Jews excluded from the position of, =4=, 158.

=Alms-giving=, in Judæa after Ezra and Nehemiah, =1=, 393-4.

=Al-Muktadir= (908-932), caliph of the East, banishes Mar-Ukba, =3=, 184. restores the Exilarch to office, =3=, 185. appealed to by the partisans of Saadiah and of David ben Zaccaï, =3=, 195-6. death of, =3=, 196.

=Al-muktadir Billah=, king of Saragossa, patron of Abu Fadhl Chasdaï, =3=, 280.

=Almustadhi=, Abbasside caliph, and the Exilarch Daniel, =3=, 438.

=Almustanjid=, Abbasside caliph, and the Exilarch Daniel, =3=, 438.

=Al-Mutadhid= (892-902), caliph of the East, the Jews under, =3=, 183.

=Al-Mutamed Ibn-Abbad= (Abulkassim Mahomet), king of Seville, patron of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, =3=, 283, 284. ally of Alfonso VI of Castile, =3=, 294. kills Alfonso’s ambassador, =3=, 295. joins the Mahometan league against Alfonso, =3=, 295-6.

=Al-Mutavakkil= (849-856), caliph of the East, re-enacts Omar’s laws against the Jews, =3=, 176-7.

=Almuthadid=, king of Seville, receives Jewish fugitives kindly, =3=, 279-80.

=Alnakvah family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=, 235.

=Alnasir Ledin Allah=, Abbasside caliph, patron of David of Mosul, =3=, 506.

=Alphabet=, the Phœnician, adopted by other nations, =1=, 3. the Assyrian, adopted by the Judæans, =1=, 395-6.

=Alroy=, or Alrui. _See_ David Alrui.

=Alsace, the Jews of=, suffer during the Armleder persecutions, =4=, 97. declared outlaws, =4=, 107. abasement of, =5=, 347-8. taxes paid by, =5=, 348, 446. forced into usury, =5=, 349. blackmail levied on, =5=, 349. receipts from, forged, =5=, 350. protected by Louis XVI, =5=, 350-1. memorialize the crown, =5=, 351, 352. Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation among, =5=, 430. petition for alleviation of burdens, =5=, 431. complaints of and charges against, =5=, 434. number of, =5=, 435. complain to the National Assembly, =5=, 436. attacked, =5=, 437, 524, 542. appeal to Grégoire, =5=, 437. exposed to attack, =5=, 440. emancipation of, opposed, =5=, 441, 447. under special protection, =5=, 446. relieved of taxes, =5=, 446. occupations of, =5=, 475-6. in danger of massacre, =5=, 477. equality of, restored, =5=, 525.

=Alsaid Ibn-Sina Almulk=, poet, on Maimonides, =3=, 473.

=Al Tanchik=, by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 263.

=Altiflisi.= _See_ Abu-Amran Moses.

=Altona=, the Jewish cemetery at, =4=, 688. Judah Chassid in, =5=, 213. printing press in, =5=, 255.

=Altona, the council of=, espouses Eibeschütz’s cause, =5=, 264-5. punished for its treatment of Jacob Emden, =5=, 265. urges Eibeschütz to submit to a rabbinical court, =5=, 268.

=Altona-Hamburg=, the rabbis of, and Moses Meïr Kamenker, =5=, 230.

=Alva, the duke of=, barbarity of, =4=, 601. and the Jews, =4=, 662.

=Alvalensi.= _See_ Samuel Alvalensi.

=Alvarez, Alfonso=, de Villasandino, Spanish satirist, =4=, 181.

=Alvernes de Gras.= _See_ Suasso, Isaac.

=Alypius=, of Antioch, oversees the rebuilding of the Temple, =2=, 599, 600.

=Amadeus=, duke of Savoy, imprisons Jews on account of the Black Death, =4=, 103-4.

=Amadia=, birthplace of David Alrui, =3=, 430, 431, 432.

=Amalarich of Bena=, philosopher, disciples of, burnt, =3=, 503.

=Amalasuntha=, daughter of Theodoric, =3=, 31.

=Amalekites=, the, dwell with the tribe of Judah, =1=, 39. war of, with Saul, =1=, 91-2. burn Ziklag, =1=, 106-7.

=Amali=, the, a Gothic family, =3=, 27.

=Amalrich of Jerusalem=, campaign of, =3=, 444.

=Amantius=, governor of the East, punishes rioters, =3=, 17.

=Amasa=, cousin of David, joins Absalom, =1=, 139. lacks military genius, =1=, 143. influences the men of Judah, =1=, 146. commander against Sheba, =1=, 148. killed by Joab, =1=, 149.

=Amasia= (Amazia), the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405. the Jews of, accused of murder, =4=, 553.

=Amasis=, reigns over Egypt, =1=, 327. opponent of Cyrus, =1=, 343.

=Amatus (Chabib) Lusitanus= (João Rodrigo de Castel-Branco), physician, =4=, 569-70. medical works by, =4=, 570. in Salonica, =4=, 580. death of, =4=, 610.

=Amaziah=, of Judah, reconquers Edom, =1=, 222-3. respects the Law, =1=, 223. at war with Jehoash of Israel, =1=, 224-5. taken prisoner, =1=, 225. conspiracy against, =1=, 226. murder of, =1=, 226. interred in Jerusalem, =1=, 228.

=Amaziah=, high priest of the bull-worship under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233. opposes Amos, =1=, 236-7.

=Ambivius, Marcus=, second procurator of Judæa, =2=, 135.

=Ambrosius of Milan=, bishop, incites persecutions of Arians and Jews, =2=, 612-13. rebukes mild treatment of Jews, =2=, 614. accuses the Jews, =2=, 614.

=Amemar= (390-420), Amora, opens an academy at Nahardea, =2=, 606. subordinates himself to Ashi, =2=, 606. at the court of Jezdijird, =2=, 610.

=Amemar bar Mar-Janka= (469-70?), Amora, executed, =2=, 629.

=Am-ha-Arez=, the ignorant, addressed by Jesus, =2=, 152.

=Ami=, Amora, defends a political offender, =2=, 529-30. subordinates himself to the Babylonian authorities, =2=, 531, 537. investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, =2=, 532. investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, =2=, 534. appeals to Abbahu, =2=, 538. meets the corpse of Huna, =2=, 548. disciples of, =2=, 560.

=Amigo, Abraham=, Talmudist and Kabbalist, =5=, 126.

=Ammon=, an Egyptian god, =1=, 9.

=Ammonite district=, the, governed by Aretas, =1=, 447.

=Ammonites=, the, idolatry of, =1=, 55. attack Ephraim and Judah, =1=, 64. defeated by Jephthah, =1=, 64-5. invade the territory of Gad and Manasseh, =1=, 80. besiege Jabesh-Gilead, =1=, 89-90. at war with David, =1=, 126-7. subdued by David, =1=, 128-9. declared bondmen by Solomon, =1=, 163. attracted to Palestine, =1=, 173. regain independence, =1=, 185. urge Zedekiah to revolt, =1=, 310. in friendly relations with the Judæans, =1=, 362. hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasion, =1=, 474. defeated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474. as proselytes, =2=, 343, 383-4.

=Amnon=, eldest son of David, killed, =1=, 134.

=Amolo=, bishop of Lyons, adversary of the Jews, =3=, 171, 172-3.

=Amon=, of Judah, idolatry under, =1=, 285-6. murdered, =1=, 286.

=Amoraim=, the, connection of, with the Tanaites, =2=, 479. expounders of the Mishna, =2=, 489. compared with the Tanaites, =2=, 490, 590. decisions of, =2=, 515. of Galilee, methods of, =2=, 557. last, in Judæa, compile the Jerusalem Talmud, =2=, 612. Babylonian, create Talmudic dialectics, =2=, 635. loss of creative power in the disciples of (_See_ Sabureans, the), =3=, 5. _See also_ Law, the, the teachers of.

=Amoraim=, the, list of: Abayi Nachmani, Abba of Accho, Abba bar Abba, Abba Areka (Rab), Abbahu, Abin, Acha of Diphta, Acha ben Jacob, Achaï bar Huna, Ada, Amemar, Amemar bar Mar-Janka, Ami, Ashi, son of Simaï, Assi, Chaggai, Chama of Nahardea, Chananya, Chanina bar Chama, Chasda of Cafri, Chiskiya ben Chiya, Chiya bar Abba, Chiya bar Abba-Areka, Dimé, Huna, Huna ben Chiya, Huna ben Joshua, Isaac bar Joseph, Jannaï, Jeremiah, Jochanan bar Moryah, Jochanan bar Napacha, Jonah II, Jonathan ben Amram, José (Babylonian), José (Palestinian), Joseph ben Chiya, Joshua ben Levi, Judah II, Judah III, Judah ben Chiya, Judah ben Ezekiel, Kama, Levi bar Sissi, Mar bar Ashi, Mar-Sheshet, Mar-Ukban, Mar-Zutra, Meshershaya bar Pacod, Nachman ben Isaac, Nachman ben Jacob, Papa bar Chanan, Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, Rabba bar Abbahu, Rabba bar Chana, Rabba bar Huna (Rab Abba), Rabba bar Matana, Rabba bar Nachmani, Rabina, Samuel, Samuel (Arioch), Samuel bar Bun, Samuel bar Judah, Shila, Simaï bar Ashi, Simlaï, Simon bar Abba, Simon bar Kappara, Simon ben Lakish, Tanchuma bar Abba, Ulla, Ushaya the Elder, Ushaya the Younger, Zeïra.

=Amorites=, the, a subdivision of the Canaanites, =1=, 3. defeat the tribe of Dan, =1=, 39.

=Amos=, prophet, depicts the debauchery in Israel, =1=, 234. beauty of the prophecies of, =1=, 235-6. intrepidity of, =1=, 237. prophesies concerning Judah, =1=, 237. prophesies concerning Israel, =1=, 247.

=Amram.= _See_ Mar-Amram ben Sheshna.

=Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib=, physician and secretary to Alfonso VI of Castile, =3=, 292. ambassador to Seville, =3=, 295.

=Amram Efrati=, rabbi of Valencia, =4=, 162.

=Amru=, king of Yemen, =3=, 64.

=Amschel=, promotes the emancipation of the Frankfort Jews, =5=, 505.

=Amschel=, Talmudist, opponent of Israel Bruna, =4=, 302.

=Amsterdam=, the first Portuguese Marranos in, =4=, 665-75. the first synagogue in, =4=, 667. the second synagogue in, =4=, 671. Hebrew printing press in, =4=, 675. called new Jerusalem, =4=, 676. the first synagogue of, honored, =4=, 678. third synagogue of, =4=, 680. German Jews settle in, =4=, 680-1. union of the Portuguese congregations of, =4=, 681. Jewish school in, =4=, 681-2. Polish-Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16. the synagogue of, visited by an English ambassador, =5=, 33-4. Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 79. the secular authorities of, and Spinoza, =5=, 95. the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 139, 150. stagnation of the trade of, =5=, 149. new synagogue at, =5=, 166-7. Chayon at, =5=, 220. repudiates Chayon, =5=, 231. Luzzatto at, =5=, 242. split in the Jewish community of, =5=, 457-8. the German rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571. rabbinical college at, =5=, 700.

=Amsterdam, the Jews of=, religious government of, =4=, 684-5. influence of, =4=, 685. branches of, =4=, 685, 693; =5=, 50. desirous of settling in England, =5=, 18. mourn for Isaac de Castro-Tartas, =5=, 32. alarmed at Spinoza’s scepticism, =5=, 90-1, 92. try Spinoza, =5=, 92. lay him under the lesser ban, =5=, 93. lay him under the greater ban, =5=, 94. culture of, =5=, 109. and Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 155. warned against Sabbatian emissaries, =5=, 220. marriages of, =5=, 453. oppose their own emancipation, =5=, 454, 457. number of, =5=, 455. send messengers to the French Synhedrion, =5=, 496.

=Amsterdam, the Portuguese Jews (Marranos) of=, disturbed in their religious exercises, =4=, 666. pay a tax on corpses, =4=, 673. intolerant treatment of, =4=, 673. culture of, =4=, 674, 677-8. invited to settle in Denmark, =4=, 675. early in the seventeenth century, =4=, 677. wealth of, =4=, 677; =5=, 205. devotion of, to Judaism, =4=, 678-9. found benevolent institutions, =4=, 679. morality of, =4=, 679-80. espouse Chayon’s cause, =5=, 223, 225. abuse Chacham Zevi, =5=, 224. urged to oppose Chayon, =5=, 225. Chacham Zevi summoned before the council of, =5=, 226. send Chayon to the East, =5=, 227. hold aloof from the Eibeschütz controversy, =5=, 264.

=Amsterdam, the rabbis of=, mediocrity of, =4=, 682. Poles, =5=, 17, 206. try Spinoza, =5=, 92-4. sentence Moses Meïr Kamenker, =5=, 230.

=Anabaptists=, the, enthusiasm of, =4=, 470.

=Anahita= (Anaitis), Persian goddess of love, =1=, 408.

=Anakim=, the aboriginal inhabitants of Canaan, =1=, 2.

=Anan= (Seth), a family of high priests, =2=, 237.

=Anan=, governor of the Temple, envoy to Rome, =2=, 244.

=Anan= (Ananias, son of Eleazar?) of the family of Anan, high priest under Agrippa II, =2=, 236. favors Sadducæism, =2=, 248, 271. dismissed, =2=, 248-9. house of, burnt, =2=, 260. important post of, =2=, 271. supports the charges against Josephus, =2=, 281. incites a civil war, =2=, 295. party of, overpowered, =2=, 295-6. executed, =2=, 296.

=Anan=, of the family of Seth, high priest, =2=, 135.

=Anan ben David=, aspirant to the Exilarchate, =3=, 128. opponents and adherents of, =3=, 129. imprisoned, =3=, 129. permitted to emigrate, =3=, 130. opposes the Talmud, =3=, 130; =5=, 727. works of, =3=, 131. uses Mishnic rules of interpretation, =3=, 131. abolishes the fixed calendar, =3=, 131. rigor of, =3=, 132-3. exegesis by, =3=, 133. accepts Jesus and Mahomet, =3=, 133-4. excommunicated, =3=, 134. the Exilarch of the Karaites, =3=, 135. memorial service for, =3=, 135. mediocrity of, =3=, 135. son of, his successor, =3=, 136. characterized by Saadiah, =3=, 189. descendants of, =3=, 444.

=Anan ben Jonathan=, advises the surrender of Jerusalem, =2=, 265.

=Ananel=, high priest, appointed by Herod, =2=, 90. deposed, =2=, 91. re-appointed, =2=, 92. successor to, =2=, 107.

=Ananel di Foligno=, apostate, denounces the Talmud, =4=, 564.

=Anania=, merchant, converts Izates of Adiabene, =2=, 216.

=Anania=, physician to Izates of Adiabene, =2=, 217.

=Ananias=, high priest. _See_ Anan of the family of Anan.

=Ananias=, son of Onias IV, Egyptian general, sides with Cleopatra, =2=, 10, 12. prevents an invasion of Judæa, =2=, 41.

=Ananites=, the, appeal to the caliph, =3=, 129. exiles, =3=, 134. differ with their founder on various points, =3=, 136. _See_ Karaites, the.

=Anastasius=, the Sinaite, Patriarch at Antioch, killed by the Jews, =3=, 18.

=Anathoth=, birthplace of Jeremiah, =1=, 289, 290.

=Anatoli, Jacob.= _See_ Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon Anatoli.

=Anavim=, the (the Gentle), disciples of Isaiah, =1=, 254. and Hezekiah, =1=, 267. sufferings of, under Manasseh, =1=, 283-4. spread the doctrines of God, =1=, 286. nucleus of a nationalistic party in Babylonia, =1=, 337-8.

=Anbar.= _See_ Firuz-Shabur.

=Ancona=, Marranos permitted to settle in, =4=, 408, 500. Solomon Molcho at, =4=, 501. Marranos well treated in, =4=, 525, 526. refuge of the Neapolitan Jews, =4=, 544. trade of, diverted to Pesaro, =4=, 579, 580. Jews of, try to regain their trade, =4=, 579. Jews permitted to remain in, on their expulsion from the Papal States, =4=, 591, 659.

=Ancona, the Marranos of=, protected by three popes, =4=, 568. persecuted by Paul IV, =4=, 568-9. tried by the Inquisition, =4=, 570-1.

=Andalusia=, broken up into small kingdoms, =3=, 255. Berbers and Arabs at war in, =3=, 316. conquered by the Almohades, =3=, 360. Jews driven from, =3=, 384. invaded by the Almohades, =3=, 506-7. taxation of the Jews of, =3=, 617. the Marranos of, taught by Jews, =4=, 334-5. expulsion of the Jews from, proposed, =4=, 336. _See also under_ Spain; Spain, Visigothic.

=Andalusian school=, the, of Jewish poetry, =3=, 223-4.

=Andrade, Abraham=, rabbi, deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 484, 490.

=Andreas=, of Hungary, excommunicated for employing Jews, =3=, 521.

=Andreas Beltran=, Marrano, denounces the Talmud, =4=, 213.

=Andreias= (Lucuas), leader of the Jews of Cyrene, =2=, 395.

=Andrew=, disciple of Jesus, =3=, 153.

=Andro=, Joseph Nassi duke of, =4=, 596.

=Andromachos=, governor of Cœlesyria, killed by the Samaritans, =1=, 414.

=Andronicus=, lieutenant of Antiochus Epiphanes, murders Onias III, =1=, 448.

=Andronicus=, son of Messalam, Judæan champion, =1=, 516.

=Angels=, imported into Judaism, =1=, 403.

=Angiel=, one of the Sefiroth, =4=, 17.

“=Anglo-Jewish Association=,” the, founders and work of, =5=, 703.

=Angoulême=, the Jews of, maltreated, =3=, 570.

=Angro-Mainyus=, Persian god of darkness, and Judaism, =1=, 402. transformed into Satan, =1=, 403.

=Anilaï= (Chanilai), robber chieftain, =2=, 202.

=Anjou=, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Anjou, the Jews of=, observe a fast, =3=, 380. under Henry II, =3=, 409. maltreated, =3=, 570.

=Anna=, wife of Joceus of York, death of, =3=, 415.

“=Annals of Persecution, The=,” by Joseph Cohen, =4=, 590.

“=Annals of the Kings= of France and of the house of Othman, The,” by Joseph Cohen, =4=, 556.

=Ano=, wife of Jeroboam I, =1=, 184.

=Ansar=, allies of Mahomet, =3=, 73.

=Anteri, Jacob=, rabbi of Damascus, charged with ritual murder, =5=, 638. translates Talmud passages, =5=, 640.

=Anthropomorphists=, literalist expounders of the Koran, =3=, 148. among the Jews, =3=, 152.

=Antigonus=, Macedonian general, and Ptolemy I, =1=, 417.

=Antigonus of Soho=, disciple of Simon the Just, saying of, =1=, 422.

=Antigonus=, son of Aristobulus II, graces Pompey’s triumph, =2=, 67. escapes from Rome, =2=, 72. second captivity of, =2=, 73. protected by Ptolemy of Chalcis, =2=, 75. seeks the aid of Cæsar, =2=, 75-6. plots against Herod, =2=, 80-1. king of Judæa, =2=, 82-3. has coins struck, =2=, 83. character of, =2=, 85. dissension between, and the Synhedrists, =2=, 85-6. declared an enemy of Rome, =2=, 86. beheaded, =2=, 89. sister of, =2=, 94.

=Antigonus=, son of John Hyrcanus, besieges Samaria, =2=, 10. alleged murder of, =2=, 36-7. campaign of, against the Ituræans and Trachonites, =2=, 37. death of, =2=, 38.

=Anti-Maimunists=, the, opponents of Moses ben Maimun, =3=, 523-4. led by Solomon ben Abraham, =3=, 527. excommunicated by the Jews of Aragon, =3=, 537. invite the Dominicans into the controversy, =3=, 542-3. subdued by the burning of the Talmud, =3=, 579-80. of Palestine, excommunicated, =3=, 632-3. _See also under_ Maimunist controversy, the; Maimunists, the.

=Anti-Maimunists=, list of: Daniel ben Saadiah, David ben Saul, Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar, Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi (the Elder), Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia, Moses ben Chasdaï Taku, Moses ben Nachman, Samson ben Abraham, Solomon ben Abraham, Solomon Petit, Tossafists, the, of northern France, =3=, 529.

=Antioch=, Judæans settle in, =1=, 419. gladiatorial combats introduced in, =1=, 444. partly destroyed by Judæans, =1=, 497. Verus Commodus at, =2=, 47. number of Judæans in, =2=, 201-2. Nazarenes in, =2=, 222-3. Judæan Christians of, =2=, 231. the Judæans of, protected by Titus, =2=, 313. residence of Niger, =2=, 463.

=Antioch, the Jews of=, interest Christians in Judaism, =2=, 613-14. dispossessed of their synagogues, =2=, 621-2. murdered by the green faction, =3=, 10-11. massacre the Christians, =3=, 18. subdued, =3=, 18. in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.

=Antiochus=, of Commagene, favorite of Caligula, =2=, 189. allied with Agrippa I, =2=, 195. son of, =2=, 195, 235.

=Antiochus III=, the Great, of Syria, defeated at Raphia, =1=, 425-6. takes Egypt, =1=, 432. enters Jerusalem, =1=, 432. besieges the Acra, =1=, 433. repairs the Temple, =1=, 433. defeated by the Romans, =1=, 434. death of, =1=, 434.

=Antiochus IV Epiphanes=, of Syria, hostage at Rome, =1=, 434, 442-3. characterization of, =1=, 442-3. accession of, described in Daniel, =1=, 443-4. introduces gladiatorial combats into Syria, =1=, 444. petitioned to admit Judæan athletes to citizenship, =1=, 444-5. makes Menelaus high priest, =1=, 447. summons Menelaus to justify himself, =1=, 448. punishes Onias III’s murder, =1=, 448. exonerates Menelaus, =1=, 449. war of, with Egypt, =1=, 450-1. desecrates the Temple, =1=, 451, 455. calumniates Judaism, =1=, 452-3. treats the Judæans cruelly, =1=, 453-4. orders the worship of the Greek gods in Jerusalem, =1=, 454-5. sacrifices ordered on the birthday of, =1=, 456. dependencies of, revolt, =1=, 463. determines to exterminate the Judæans, =1=, 463-4. son of, entrusted to Lysias, =1=, 463. in the East, =1=, 466. death of, =1=, 477. appoints a regent, =1=, 477. persecutes the Samaritans, =1=, 516.

=Antiochus V Eupator=, of Syria, accession of, =1=, 477. appealed to by the Hellenists, =1=, 478. treaty of, with the Judæans, =1=, 480, 488. makes Judas Maccabæus high priest, =1=, 481. Rome displeased with, =1=, 482.

=Antiochus VI=, of Syria, on the throne, =1=, 497-8. cause of, espoused by the Hasmonæans, =1=, 498, 499.

=Antiochus VII Sidetes=, of Syria, assisted by Simon Tharsi, =1=, 525. permits Simon to strike coins, =1=, 525, 528. hostile to Simon, =1=, 528-9. investigates Simon’s assassination, =1=, 530. abandons the assassin, =1=, 531. besieges John Hyrcanus, =2=, 3-4. grants a truce, =2=, 4. counselors of, advise the suppression of Judaism, =2=, 4. yields up Judæan fortresses, =2=, 4-5. seeks the alliance of John Hyrcanus, =2=, 5. death of, =2=, 5.

=Antiochus VIII Grypus=, of Syria, succession of, opposed, =2=, 6. poisons his mother, =2=, 6. harasses the Idumæans of Samaria, =2=, 9.

=Antiochus IX Cyzicenus=, of Syria, hostile to John Hyrcanus, =2=, 9. forbidden by Rome to molest the Judæans, =2=, 9. aids Samaria, =2=, 10. defeated by the sons of John Hyrcanus, =2=, 10. allied with Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 10.

=Antiparo=, Joseph Nassi duke of, =4=, 596.

=Antipas I.= _See_ Herod Antipas, son of Malthace and Herod I.

=Antipas=, of the Herodian family, wickedness of, =2=, 236.

=Antipas=, treasurer of the Synhedrion, suspected of Roman proclivities, =2=, 294.

=Antipater=, the Idumæan, counselor of Hyrcanus II, =2=, 59. intrigues against Aristobulus II, =2=, 59. bribes Scaurus, =2=, 62. envoy to Pompey, =2=, 63. governor of Judæa, =2=, 66-7. supports Rome, =2=, 70. causes the death sentence of Pitholaus, =2=, 75. offers his services to Cæsar, =2=, 75. tries to coerce the Judæans into loyalty to Cæsar, =2=, 77. wife and sons of, =2=, 77. warns Herod, =2=, 78. urges mild measures upon Herod, =2=, 79. poisoned, =2=, 80.

=Antipater=, son of Herod I, conspires against the sons of Mariamne, =2=, 112-13. conspires against Herod, =2=, 113. convicted of attempted parricide, =2=, 114. executed, =2=, 116.

=Antipater=, son of Jason, envoy to Rome, =1=, 526.

“=Anti-Phædon=,” by John Balthasar Kölbele, =5=, 316.

=Anti-Semitism=, prevalence of, =5=, 704.

=Antitaktes=, an extreme sect of Jewish Christians, =2=, 370.

=Anti-Talmudists.= _See_ Frankists.

=Anti-Trinitarians=, a Christian sect of the Reformation period, =4=, 541. in Poland, =4=, 647.

=Anton, Charles= (Moses Gerson Cohen), apostate, descent and history of, =5=, 267. writes a panegyric on Eibeschütz, =5=, 267. denies the existence of Sabbatians, =5=, 271.

=Antonia=, daughter of the triumvir, ward of Alexander Lysimachus, =2=, 176.

=Antonia=, sister-in-law of Tiberius, advocate of the Judæans, =2=, 172. patroness of Agrippa I, =2=, 176.

=Antonia=, fortress of the Temple, named for Mark Antony, =2=, 106. communicates with the Temple, =2=, 109, 111. vestments of the high priests kept in, =2=, 129. pontifical robes removed from, =2=, 172. strengthened by Agrippa I, =2=, 195. invested by Cumanus, =2=, 242. first wall of, taken by Titus, =2=, 305. _See also_ Acra, the.

=Antoninus=, a Jew recommended by Pope Gelasius, =3=, 29.

=Antoninus=, name of Alexander Severus in Jewish sources, =2=, 482.

=Antoninus Pius=, emperor, clemency of, =2=, 432. revokes Hadrian’s decrees, =2=, 433. revolution in Judæa under, =2=, 447. death of, =2=, 447.

=Antony, Mark=, member of the second triumvirate, favors Herod, =2=, 81, 87. beheads Antigonus, =2=, 89. interested in Aristobulus (III), =2=, 91, 93. fall of, =2=, 96.

=Antwerp=, Amatus Lusitanus at, =4=, 569. the Jews of, expelled, =4=, 662.

=Anusim=, forced converts, =4=, 179. _See_ Marranos, the.

=Anzarbi=, Arabic medical authority, taught by Jews, =3=, 146.

=Apamea=, treasure house in, for the Temple contributions, =2=, 53.

=Apelles=, of Ascalon, favorite of Caligula, =2=, 187.

=Apelles=, Syrian overseer, resisted by the Maccabees, =1=, 459.

=Aphek=, battle of, between Israelites and Philistines, =1=, 70.

=Apherema=, taken by the Samaritans, =1=, 410.

=Aphrodite=, worshiped by the Persians, =1=, 108.

=Apion=, Greek writer, misrepresents Judaism, =2=, 180-1. envoy to Caligula, =2=, 186. contrasted with Philo, =2=, 187. charges of, refuted by Josephus, =2=, 390. Josephus’ work against, translated, =4=, 608.

=Apis=, black bull, worshiped by the Egyptians, =1=, 9.

=Apocalypse=, the Christian, by John, =2=, 369.

=Apocrypha=, the, rejected from the Canon, =2=, 344. translated into Greek, =2=, 359. considered part of the Canon by Christians, =2=, 359, 488. canonized by the Council of Nice, =2=, 624.

=Apollo=, Onias III takes refuge in the temple of, at Daphne, =1=, 448.

=Apollonius=, ambassador to Rome, =2=, 4-5.

=Apollonius=, commander of Cœlesyria, confiscates the Temple treasures, =1=, 438.

=Apollonius=, Syrian general, in the war with Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 496.

=Apollonius=, Syrian general, takes Jerusalem, =1=, 453-4. defeated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 462.

=Apollonius Malo=, Greek writer, maligns Judaism, =2=, 178-9.

=Apollonius Molo=, Greek writer, hostile to the Judæans, =2=, 68.

=Apollos=, of Alexandria, Christian teacher, =2=, 231.

“=Apology= for the Honorable Nation of the Jews,” by Edward Nicholas, =5=, 28-9.

=Apostasy to Christianity= among Jews after the destruction of Jerusalem, =2=, 322. in the early Christian centuries, =2=, 377. under Constantine, =2=, 562-3. in Hamburg, =4=, 687, 690. in Vienna, =4=, 706. among the Chassidim, =5=, 213. among the Frankists, =5=, 287. among the Jews of Germany, =5=, 420. in Berlin, =5=, 587. _See also under_ Conversions to Christianity; Marranos, the.

=Apostasy to Islam= among Jews in the East in the twelfth century, =3=, 441-2. among Sabbatians, =5=, 153-4, 211. among Chassidim, =5=, 213. _See also under_ Conversions to Islam.

=Apostasy to paganism= among Jews in Alexandria, =2=, 184.

=Apostate=, an, the disappearance of, causes annoyance to the Jews of Paris, =4=, 175. in Breslau, charges the Jews with host desecration, =4=, 261.

=Apostates=, account of, by Philo, =2=, 184. in Alexandria, =2=, 209. act as spies upon the Jews under Hadrian, =2=, 425. Constantine protects the Jews against, =2=, 564. excommunicated by the later Patriarchs, =2=, 612-13. decisions concerning, by Natronaï ben Nehemiah, =3=, 122. repentant, kindly received by Gershom ben Jehuda, =3=, 264. permitted by Emperor Henry IV to return to Judaism, =3=, 306. returning, unkindly treated by the Jews, =3=, 308-9. forbidden to retain Jewish customs, =3=, 510. house for, in England, =3=, 644. validity of the evidence of, =4=, 36-7. force the Jews to attend church, =4=, 132. inform against Marranos, =4=, 180. in Spanish satiric literature, =4=, 181. favored by the Council of Basle, =4=, 246. employed as censors, =4=, 566, 659. annoy the Jews of the Papal States, =4=, 581, 584. refrain from defending the German Jews, =5=, 533. Heine on, =5=, 548-9, 551-2. assert the falsity of the blood accusation, =5=, 650. _See also under_ Apostasy; Conversions; Marranos, the.

=Apostates=, list of: Abraham Senior, the family of Abulafia, Moses Adamantius, Alexander, Alfonso Burgensis, Ananel di Foligno, Anton, Charles Asher of Udine, Astruc Raimuch, Astruc Sibili, Baptista, John Bonafoux, Daniel Israel Börne, Ludwig Chananya, nephew of Joshua, Chayon, Nehemiah, son of Cohen, Nehemiah Diego de Valencia, Donin (Nicholas), Drusilla, Du Vallié, Paul Eliano, Victor Ferrus, Pero Frank, Jacob Friedländer, David, the family of Gans, Edward Gershom ben Jehuda, son of Gerson, Christian Guidon, Heine, Heinrich Herz, Henrietta Isaac of Mayence, Isaac Ibn-Ezra, John of Valladolid, Joseph, Joseph de Vesoul, Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives, Juan de España, Kahtz, Christian Karben, Victor von Levi ben Shem Tob, Levi, Wolf Levin, Rachel Machault, Denys Margalita, Aaron Margaritha, Anton Mendelssohn, Dorothea Mendelssohn, Henrietta Moro, Joseph Nathaniel (Hibat-Allah), Neander, Augustus Nunes, Henrique Pablo Christiani, Paul, apostle, Pedro de la Caballeria, Pessach-Peter, Pfefferkorn, Joseph Riccio, Paul Sabbataï Zevi, Samuel Ibn-Abbas, Samuel Abrabanel (Juan de Seville), Schwarz, Peter Sixtus Senensis, Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria), Tiberius Julius Alexander, Uriah of Mayence, Vayol, Hans Wenzel, Francis Wolfkan of Ratisbon.

=Apostles, the twelve=, trusted disciples of Jesus, =2=, 158. sent out by the early Christians, =2=, 220.

=Apostole=, mission tax, collected by the Patriarchs, =2=, 487.

=Apostoli=, messengers of the Synhedrion, =2=, 535.

=Appian=, historian, persecuted by Jewish rebels, =2=, 396.

=Apries= (Hophra), of Egypt, at war with Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 312. defeated, =1=, 313. ally of Judah, =1=, 318. receives Judæans kindly, =1=, 324. dethroned, =1=, 327.

=Apulia=, the Jews of, liable to curial duties, =2=, 616. invaded by the Mahometans, =3=, 212. Jews from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.

=Aquet=, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.

=Aquila.= _See_ Akylas.

=Aquinas, Thomas=, works of, translated, =4=, 69. studied by Solomon Levi, =4=, 183.

=Aquitania=, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377. gathering place of crusaders, =3=, 570.

=Arabarch.= _See_ Alabarch, the.

=Arabia=, trade with, under Uzziah, =1=, 230. (Auranitis) Paul flees to, =2=, 226. Jewish fugitives flee to, =2=, 317, 319, 419. Jews settle in, =2=, 629; =3=, 54-5. Babylonian Jews emigrate to, =3=, 4. position of Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 53. _See also_ Auranitis.

=Arabia, the Jews of=, similarity of, to the Arabs, =3=, 56. alienate Mahomet’s followers, =3=, 74-5. rejoice at Mahomet’s death, =3=, 84. possess good taste, =3=, 111. find the authority of the Talmud irksome, =3=, 119-20. in the twelfth century, =3=, 436-7.

=Arabia, northern= (Hejas), inhabitants of, descended from Ishmael, =3=, 60, 61.

=Arabia, northern (Hejas), the Jews of=, =3=, 54-6. lead a Bedouin life, =3=, 57. distinguish themselves in poetry, =3=, 57-8. intelligence of, =3=, 58. religious affairs among, =3=, 58-9. relation of, to the Arabs, =3=, 60-1. history of, =3=, 67-71. dispossessed by Mahomet, =3=, 76-83. in the twelfth century, =3=, 436-7.

=Arabia, southern, inhabitants of=, descended from Yoktan, =3=, 60. called Kachtanites, =3=, 61. _See also_ Himyarites, the; Yemen.

=Arabia, southern=, the Jews of, =3=, 56. the Jews of, trade with India, =3=, 57. a Jewish kingdom in, =3=, 62-7. _See under_ Yemen.

=Arabia Felix=, southern Arabia, =3=, 56.

=Arabic=, spoken by Jews of Mahometan countries, =3=, 110-11. used by the Gaon of Sora officially, =3=, 178. translation of the Bible into, =3=, 189-90. used in Sherira’s responses, =3=, 232. spoken by the Jews of Andalusia, =3=, 235. the Mishna translated into, =3=, 237. spoken by Italian Jews in the twelfth century, =3=, 423. translations from, made by Jews, =3=, 593. taught as a means of conversion, =3=, 597; =4=, 245. forgotten by the Spanish Jews, =4=, 60.

=Arabic poetry= influences neo-Hebraic poetry, =3=, 116, 224.

=Arabs=, the, love the Scriptures, =3=, 59. adopt the Jewish calendar, =3=, 59-60. relation of, to the Jews, =3=, 60. supremacy of, =3=, 86-7. helped by the Jews and Samaritans, =3=, 87. enthusiasm of, for their language, =3=, 110-111. obtain access to scientific literature through Jews, =3=, 111. influence the revival of Hebrew, =3=, 111. at war with the Chazars, =3=, 138. defeated by the Chazars, =3=, 139. unkindly treated by the Spanish Berbers, =3=, 261. _See also under_ Mahometans, the; Nabathæans, the.

=Arach=, the family of, intermarries with the Ammonites, =1=, 362.

=Aradus=, built by the Canaanites, =1=, 3. refuses obedience to Antiochus IV, =1=, 463.

=Aragon=, Jews in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 384. ally of Castile against the Almohades, =3=, 387. forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, =4=, 180. Ferdinand of Castile becomes king of, =4=, 205, 206. the Inquisition established in, =4=, 319. opposed to the Inquisition, =4=, 319, 328. privileges of, canceled, =4=, 326. inquisitors appointed for, =4=, 326. exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.

=Aragon, the Jews of=, under Alfonso II, =3=, 387-8. under Pedro II, =3=, 497-8. prevent anti-Jewish legislation, =3=, 508. exempt from wearing the Jew badge, =3=, 514-15. in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 530, 536, 537. letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 544. under Jayme I, =3=, 596-7. regarded as “servi cameræ,” =3=, 597. debate with Pablo Christiani, =3=, 602. persecuted in the fourteenth century, =4=, 77. massacred on account of the Black Death, =4=, 102-3. helped by the higher classes, =4=, 103. under Pedro IV and Juan I, =4=, 145. possess penal jurisdiction, =4=, 155. persecuted in 1391, =4=, 170-1, 172. converted, =4=, 206, 214. at the disputation of Tortosa, =4=, 214. under John II, =4=, 274, 275. warned of approaching danger, =4=, 336. proclamation expelling, =4=, 347-8. possessions of, sequestrated, =4=, 350.

=Aragon, the Marranos of=, =4=, 309. try to suppress the Inquisition, =4=, 329.

=Aram=, home of Abraham, =1=, 4. _See_ Syria.

=Arama, Isaac.= _See_ Isaac Arama.

=Aramæans=, the, help the Ammonites against David, =1=, 126-7. _See under_ Damascus, the kingdom of; Syria.

=Aramaic=, learnt by the Judæans in Babylon, =1=, 330-1. spoken by the Judæans in Hasmonæan times, =2=, 14, 15. spoken in Galilee, =2=, 149. words in the Mishna, =2=, 461.

=Aranda, Counts de=, try to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, =4=, 329.

=Aranda, de=, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, =4=, 333.

=Arari, David=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 636, 638. persecuted, =5=, 636-7.

=Araunah.= _See_ Ornah.

=Arbachshter.= _See_ Ardashir.

=Arbues, Pedro=, de Epila, inquisitor in Aragon, =4=, 326. plot against, by the Marranos, =4=, 329. killed in church, =4=, 330. honor paid to the memory of, =4=, 330-1. Marranos concerned in the murder of, sheltered in Navarre, =4=, 357.

=Arcadius= (395-408), emperor of the East, insignificance of, =2=, 615. the Jews under, =2=, 616.

=Archelaus=, of Cappadocia, daughter of, =2=, 112, 128.

=Archelaus= (Herod II), son of Herod I, sovereign of Judæa and Samaria, =2=, 119. promises to abolish unjust laws, =2=, 120-1. attacks those offering the Passover sacrifices, =2=, 121. forbids the celebration of Passover, =2=, 122. puts Jerusalem under Quintilius Varus, =2=, 122-3. ethnarch of Judæa, =2=, 127. deposes the high priest Joasar, =2=, 127. war of, against Athronges, =2=, 128. marries Glaphyra, =2=, 128. exiled by Augustus, =2=, 128. property of, confiscated by Augustus, =2=, 129.

=Archelaus, Julius=, brother-in-law of Agrippa II, =2=, 235.

=Archipelago=, the, Cardoso in, =5=, 207.

=Archisynagogus=, title of the rabbi of Speyer, =3=, 297.

=Architecture=, under Herod, =2=, 106-7, 118.

=Ardashir= (Arbachshter), establishes the dynasty of the Sassanides, =2=, 513, 523. restores the Zoroastrian doctrine, =2=, 524.

=Ardashir=, populated with Jews, =2=, 507. _See also_ Ctesiphon.

=Ardebil=, Armenian fortress, taken by the Chazars, =3=, 139.

“=Are philosophical= truths susceptible of mathematical demonstration?” prize essay by Mendelssohn, =5=, 303-4.

“=Are there means= to make the Jews happier and more useful in France?” prize question of a Metz society, =5=, 434-5.

=Areobindus=, minister of Justinian I, =3=, 15.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, and the high priest Jason, =1=, 447, 481.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, overthrown, =2=, 45.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, helps Hyrcanus II, =2=, 59. besieges Aristobulus II, =2=, 60. raises the siege of Jerusalem, =2=, 62. defeated by Aristobulus II, =2=, 62. attacked by Scaurus, =2=, 70.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, aids Quintilius Varus, =2=, 126.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, at war with Herod Antipas, =2=, 173.

=Aretas Philodemus=, Nabathæan king, creates the office of Judæan ethnarch, =2=, 202.

=Argent, d’=, marquis, friend of Mendelssohn, =5=, 304.

=Argentière=, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, =4=, 33.

=Argob=, fortress, besieged by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 47.

=Argun= (1284-1291), khan of the Perso-Mongolian realm, employs Saad-Addaula as physician and financier, =3=, 638, 646. distinguishes Saad-Addaula, =3=, 647. enters into diplomatic connections with Europe, =3=, 647. sickness and death of, =3=, 649.

=Arianism=, toleration of, under Valentinian I, =2=, 603; =3=, 44. hostility to, by Ambrosius of Milan, =2=, 612. less hostile to Jews than Catholicism, =3=, 26. persecuted in Spain, =3=, 46.

=Arias Montana=, publishes a polyglot Bible, =4=, 651.

=Arias, Jean=, instigates a persecution, =4=, 279.

=Arias, Joseph Szemach=, translator of Josephus, =5=, 113. uninfluenced by Spinoza, =5=, 117.

=Arioch.= _See_ Samuel.

=Aristides=, Church teacher, demonstrates the independence of Christianity, =2=, 431.

=Aristobulus (Judah) I=, son of John Hyrcanus, defeats Antiochus IX, =2=, 10. removes his mother from the regency, =2=, 35. first Hasmonæan to assume a royal title, =2=, 35. coins of, =2=, 35. dissensions under, =2=, 36. imprisons his mother and brothers, =2=, 36. hostile to the Pharisees, =2=, 36. accused of matricide and fratricide, =2=, 36-7, 38. campaign of, against the Ituræans and Trachonites, =2=, 37. death of, =2=, 37-8.

=Aristobulus II=, son of Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 47. protects the Sadducees, =2=, 55. conspires against Hyrcanus, =2=, 56. character of, =2=, 58. made king, =2=, 58. besieged, =2=, 60. bribes Scaurus, =2=, 62. defeats Aretas, =2=, 62. has coins struck, =2=, 62. bribes Pompey, =2=, 62-3. summoned to Damascus by Pompey, =2=, 63. at war with Pompey, =2=, 64-7. in Pompey’s triumph, =2=, 67. escapes from Rome, =2=, 72. garrisons Alexandrion, =2=, 73. surrenders Machærus, =2=, 73. second captivity of, at Rome, =2=, 73. freed by Cæsar, =2=, 75. poisoned, =2=, 75. wife and daughters of, in Chalcis, =2=, 75.

=Aristobulus (III)=, brother of Mariamne, high priest, =2=, 91. popularity of, =2=, 92. murdered, =2=, 92.

=Aristobulus=, brother of Agrippa I, supplants him, =2=, 175. opposes Caligula, =2=, 188. wife of, =2=, 195. begs for a truce, =2=, 197.

=Aristobulus=, son of Mariamne, designated successor to Herod, =2=, 112. marriage of, =2=, 112. executed, =2=, 113.

=Aristotle=, the Ten Categories of, compared with the Ten Commandments, =3=, 197. sayings of, used by Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 267. system of, as presented by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 328. dominance of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 331. works of, translated into Hebrew, =3=, 398. popular among Jews, =3=, 448-9. philosophy of, interpreted by Ibn-Sina, =3=, 478. theories of, in Jewish writings, =3=, 479. denounced by Nachmani, =3=, 534. works of, translated into Latin, =3=, 566-7. in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 66. opposed by Gersonides, =4=, 93. authority of, questioned by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 146. Ethics of, translated, =4=, 193. quoted by Jewish preachers, =4=, 232. writings of, expounded by Judah ben Yechiel, =4=, 289. system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, =4=, 290. studied by Polish Jews, =4=, 633.

=Ark of the Covenant=, the, =1=, 23, 41. taken by the Philistines, =1=, 70-2. made by Achitub, =1=, 79. removed to Jerusalem, =1=, 119-120. transferred to the Temple, =1=, 166.

=Arles= (city), Jews participate in battles before, =3=, 36. Jews remain in, after their banishment from France by Charles VI, =4=, 177.

=Arles= (district), first Jewish settlement of Gaul in, =3=, 35.

=Arles=, kingdom of, demanded by Albrecht I, =4=, 47.

=Armada=, the, collapse of, =4=, 663.

=Armenia=, the Jews of, taken by Shabur II, =2=, 591. invaded by the Chazars, =3=, 138. visited by Petachya, =3=, 421.

=Armenians= (Tartars?), converted to Judaism, =3=, 439-40.

=Armentarius=, name borne by Gallic Jews, =3=, 36.

=Armleder= (Leather-arms) persecutions, the, of the German Jews, =4=, 97-8.

=Arnheim=, adviser of the duke of Alva, =4=, 662.

=Arnim=, representative of the romantic school, =5=, 515.

=Arnold=, cardinal bishop of Cologne, protects the Jews, =3=, 352.

=Arnold of Brescia=, denounces the popes, =3=, 370.

=Arnold of Citeaux=, organizes the crusade against the Albigenses, =3=, 502. organizes a crusade against the Spanish Mahometans, =3=, 507. instigates an attack upon the Toledo Jews, =3=, 507.

=Arnoldists=, the, party opposed to Reuchlin, =4=, 456.

=Arnstadt=, the Jews of, persecuted, =3=, 611.

=Arnstein, Nathan Adam von=, wife of, =5=, 414.

=Ar-Rabbi Mor= (Arraby Moor), title of the chief rabbi of Portugal, =3=, 618; =4=, 158-9, 380. duties, assistants, and jurisdiction of, =4=, 159.

=Arsaces=, the dynasty of, fall of, =2=, 513, 523.

=Arsaces=, satrap of Parthia, revolts from Antiochus IV, =1=, 463.

=Arsenios=, Samaritan favorite of Empress Theodora, =3=, 17.

=Arta= (Larta), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424. Spanish exiles in, =4=, 406. the Jews of, split up into national groups, =4=, 478.

=Artaban=, fined for using Mezuzzoth, =2=, 424.

=Artabanus=, of Parthia, invites Izates to act as arbitrator, =2=, 217.

=Artabanus IV= (211-226), of Parthia, and Abba-Areka, =2=, 513. overthrown, =2=, 523.

=Artaxerxes I Longimanus=, of Persia, assists Ezra, =1=, 366. influenced by Judæan favorites, =1=, 371. makes Nehemiah governor of Judæa, =1=, 373.

=Artaxerxes II Memnon=, of Persia, Egypt rebels against, =1=, 407. banishes Judæans, =1=, 408. killed, =1=, 409.

=Artaxerxes III Ochus=, of Persia, =1=, 407.

=Artaxias=, of Armenia, independent of Antiochus IV, =1=, 463.

=Artemion=, leader of a Jewish rebellion on Cyprus, =2=, 397.

=Artemion=, the school of, deface the Septuagint, =2=, 386.

=Artisans=, among the Alexandrian Judæans, =1=, 505. among the teachers of the Law, =2=, 344, 348, 441, 442, 575. _See_ Handicrafts; Trades.

=Aruch=, Talmudic dictionary, by Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, =3=, 179. by Nathan ben Yechiel, =3=, 290, 421. _See also_ Lexicon, Talmudical.

=Arverna.= _See_ Auvergne.

=Arzilla=, Jews taken captive at, =4=, 286, 339. Portuguese Marranos in, =4=, 381.

=Asa=, king of Judah, accession of, =1=, 189. forbids the worship of Astarte, =1=, 190. at war with Baasha, =1=, 190-1. ally of Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191.

=Asahel=, Joab’s brother, killed by Abner, =1=, 110.

=Asaph=, psalmist, =1=, 79, 120-1.

=Asaphites=, descendants of Asaph, =1=, 120.

=Asara be-Tebeth.= _See_ Fast of Tebeth.

=Ascalon= (Askelon), Philistine port, =1=, 54. left in the possession of the Philistines by David, =1=, 117.

=Ascalona=, the Jews of, exterminated, =4=, 170.

=Ascarelli, Deborah=, poetess, =5=, 68.

=Ascarelli, Joseph=, husband of the preceding, =5=, 68.

=Ascension=, the dogma of, attacked by Abbahu, =2=, 539-540.

=Ascetics=, among the Arabian Jews, =3=, 437.

=Asclepiadotus=, lawyer, opposes Belisarius, =3=, 32. murdered, =3=, 32.

=Ashdod= (Azotus), Philistine port, =1=, 54. the Ark of the Covenant at, =1=, 71. left in the possession of the Philistines by David, =1=, 117. conquered by Uzziah, =1=, 231. destroyed, =1=, 496. revenue from, left to Salome, =2=, 120.

=Asher, the tribe of=, acquires land in the north, =1=, 37. relation of, to the Phoenicians, =1=, 53. twenty towns of, given to Hiram, =1=, 164. descendants of, around Nishabur, =3=, 433.

=Asher, tribesmen of=, join Gideon, =1=, 62. join Solomon’s fleet, =1=, 170.

=Asher of Udine=, apostate, charges Jews with blasphemy, =4=, 584.

=Asher ben Jehuda=, hero of Solomon Ibn-Sakbel’s romance, =3=, 318.

=Asher ben Meshullam=, ascetic, =3=, 396-7.

=Asher ben Yechiel= (Asheri, 1250-1327), Tossafist, =4=, 34-5. accepts the evidence of baptized Jews, =4=, 37. settles in Toledo, =4=, 37. opposed to the study of science, =4=, 37-8, 39, 50, 86-7. opinion of, sought by Abba-Mari, =4=, 38. influence of, on the Spanish Jews, =4=, 51. as Talmudist, =4=, 51. severity of, =4=, 53. sons of, =4=, 87. prefers Germany, =4=, 90, 96. _See also_ Asheri family, the.

=Asher Lämmlein=, poses as the forerunner of the Messiah, =4=, 482. adherents of, =4=, 483.

=Asher, Saul=, deplores the decay of morality among the Jews, =5=, 419. writes against Fichte, =5=, 463.

=Asheri.= _See_ Asher ben Yechiel; Jacob ben Asheri; Jehuda ben Asher I; Jehuda ben Asher II.

=Asheri family=, the, loses members by the Black Death, =4=, 113. members of, martyrs in 1391, =4=, 169-70. _See_ Asher ben Yechiel.

=Ashi= (352-457), principal of the Sora academy, wealth of, =2=, 605. re-builds the academy of Sora, =2=, 606. receives the title of Rabbana, =2=, 606. authority of, =2=, 606. makes Sora the center of Jewish life, =2=, 607. collects the Talmud, =2=, 607-9. completes the work of Judah I, =2=, 609. decisions of, =2=, 609. at the court of Jezdijird, =2=, 610. suppresses the Messianic hope, =2=, 610-11. death of, =2=, 611. successors of, =2=, 626. son of, =2=, 626.

=Ashkabá=, prayer for the departed at the Babylonian academies, =3=, 101.

=Ashkenasi.= _See_ Saul Cohen Ashkenasi.

=Ashkenazi.= _See_ Solomon ben Nathan.

=Ashkenazi, Jacob=, Talmudist and Sabbatian, =5=, 150.

=Ashkenazi, Jacob Emden.= _See_ Emden, Jacob.

=Ashkenazi, Zevi.= _See_ Zevi Ashkenazi.

=Ashmodai=, a demon introduced from Magianism, =1=, 403.

=Ashmun=, a Canaanite god, =1=, 54.

=Ashura=, name for the Atonement Day among the Arabian Jews, =3=, 58. fast day instituted by Mahomet, =3=, 73.

=Asia=, the Jews of, esteem Mahometans, =3=, 88-9. loses the leadership of Judaism, =3=, 207. Karaites obtain influence in, =3=, 207. low estate of Judaism in, =3=, 440. Messianic hopes in, =4=, 497. _See also_ East, the; Abbasside Caliphate, the.

=Asia Minor=, conquered by Alexander the Great, =1=, 412. votive offerings from, seized by Flaccus, =2=, 68-9. women in, converted to Judaism, =2=, 215. Greek-Christian communities in, =2=, 227. study of the Law in, =2=, 358-9. chief seat of the Pagan Christians, =2=, 367. districts of, rebel against Hadrian, =2=, 399. the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405-6.

=Asia Minor, the Jews of=, celebrate two days of the new-moon, =2=, 363. in the twelfth century, =3=, 426. molested by Greek Catholics, =4=, 552-3. Sabbatians, =5=, 137.

=Asia Minor, the Judæans of=, send contributions to the Temple, =2=, 52. protected by Cæsar, =2=, 76. have a synagogue at Jerusalem, =2=, 201. make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, =2=, 220.

=Asinaï= (Chasinaï), robber chief near Nahardea, =2=, 202.

“=Asiré ha-Tikwah=,” drama by Joseph Penso, =5=, 113.

=Askaloni, Joseph=, manager of Reyna Nassi’s printing press, =4=, 628.

=Askelon.= _See_ Ascalon.

=Asma=, poetess, satirizes Mahomet, =3=, 76.

=Asochis.= _See_ Sichin.

=Assad=, teacher of the Law, converts the Yemenites to Judaism, =3=, 62-3.

=Assassins=, the, plot against Saad-Addaula, =3=, 648-9.

=Assembly, the Great.= _See_ Great Assembly, the.

=Asser=, deputy to the Synhedrion, =5=, 497.

=Asser, Carolus and Moses=, members of the Felix Libertate, =5=, 452. zealous in the emancipation struggle, =5=, 454.

=Assi=, Palestinian Amora, subordinates himself to the Babylonian authorities, =2=, 531, 537. investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, =2=, 532. investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, =2=, 534. appeals to Abbahu, =2=, 538. meets Huna’s corpse, =2=, 548. disciples of, =2=, 560.

=Assidæans=, the. _See_ Chassidim, the; Hasmonæans, the; Maccabees, the.

=Assyria=, doom of, predicted by Isaiah, =1=, 272-3. invaded by the Scythians, =1=, 287. power of, declines, =1=, 287, 296. fall of, =1=, 303.

=Assyrian= customs introduced into Judah, =1=, 260-1. characters used for the Scriptures, =1=, 395-6.

=Assyrians=, the, extend their territory, =1=, 246. host of, destroyed at Lachish, =1=, 277. defeat the Medes, =1=, 287.

=Astarte, worship of=, by the Canaanites, =1=, 54. in Samuel’s time, =1=, 75. under Solomon, =1=, 175. under Rehoboam, =1=, 189. under Omri, =1=, 195. under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233. under Hezekiah, =1=, 269. _See also_ Idolatry.

=Asti=, French exiles settle in, =4=, 177.

=Astorga=, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205.

=Astronomers and mathematicians=, Jewish, list of: Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni, Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra, Abraham Zacuto, Bonet de Lates, David Gans, Isaac ben Baruch Albalia, Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II, Jacob ben Machir Tibbon, Judah ben Moses Cohen, Judah Ibn-Verga, Levi ben Gerson, Meïr Alguades, Moses ben Israel Isserles, Profiat Duran, Sahal Rabban, Samuel Ibn-Abbas, Simon ben Zemach Duran, Vecinho, Joseph Zag Ibn-Said.

=Astronomical knowledge=, the, of the teachers of the Law, =2=, 336, 344-5, 349, 521.

=Astronomy=, studied in Portugal, =4=, 367-8. studied by Polish Jews, =4=, 633.

=Astruc En-Duran.= _See_ Abba-Mari ben Moses.

=Astruc Levi=, at the Tortosa disputation, =4=, 208. ascribes no authority to the Agada, =4=, 214. refuses to accept baptism, =4=, 215.

=Astruc Raimuch= (Francisco God-flesh, Dios-Carne), apostate, expounds Christian dogmas, =4=, 182.

=Astruc Sibili=, informs against the Palma Jews, =4=, 246. imprisoned and baptized, =4=, 247.

=Astruc, Aristides=, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” =5=, 701.

=Astyages=, of Media, dethroned by Cyrus, =1=, 342.

=Asverus=, name of Alexander Severus in the Jewish sources, =2=, 482.

=Atel.= _See_ Volga.

=Athaliah=, Ahab’s daughter, marriage of, =1=, 206. introduces idolatry into Judah, =1=, 209. upholds Baal worship in Jerusalem, =1=, 212, 214. executes members of the house of David, =1=, 213. six years’ rule of, =1=, 215. murder of, =1=, 216.

=Athenion=, favorite of Ptolemy II, envoy to Jerusalem, =1=, 423. and Joseph, son of Tobiah, =1=, 424, 425.

=Athenion=, general of Cleopatra, sent against Herod, =2=, 95.

=Athens=, gifts sent to, by Judæan kings, =2=, 193. Judæans in, =2=, 203. the Jews of, oppose Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 124.

=Athias=, editor of the Ferrara Spanish Bible, =4=, 576.

=Athias, Isaac=, Chacham of Hamburg, =4=, 689.

=Athronges=, a shepherd, assumes the royal title, =2=, 125. war of, with Archelaus, =2=, 128.

=Atonement, Day of=, forbidden to be observed, =2=, 572. among the Arabs, =3=, 58. liturgy of, =3=, 113-14. a second, =4=, 626.

=Atra=, besieged by Trajan, =2=, 399.

=Attalus=, of Pergamus, proclaims Antiochus IV king of Syria, =1=, 443.

=Attaman.= _See_ Hetman.

=Atzbaha.= _See_ Elesbaa.

=Aubriot, Hugues=, prevôt of Paris, protects the Jews, =4=, 151.

=Auerbach, Jacob=, fair-preacher in Leipsic, =5=, 573. Heine on, =5=, 577.

=Auerstädt=, defeat of, =5=, 495.

“=Augenspiegel=,” the, Reuchlin’s pamphlet against Pfefferkorn, =4=, 446-8. excitement created by, =4=, 448. adverse opinions of, =4=, 450. charges against, =4=, 451. burning of, ordered, =4=, 451-2. cleared of the charge of heresy, =4=, 455. declared heretical by the University of Paris, =4=, 460. translation of, =4=, 460.

=Augsburg, the Jews of=, saved from the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 36. perish during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110. imprisoned, =4=, 163. re-admission of, petitioned for, =4=, 127-8. expelled, =4=, 249, 413.

=August=, of Brunswick, has Templo’s work translated, =5=, 114-15.

=Augustine=, Church Father, hates the Jews, =2=, 625.

=Augustus= (Octavius), member of the second triumvirate, =2=, 81. favors Herod, =2=, 86. wins the battle of Actium, =2=, 96. confirms Herod’s royal dignity, =2=, 101-2. favors the Egyptian Judæans, =2=, 102-3. favors the Roman Judæans, =2=, 103. increases Herod’s territory, =2=, 103. power of, over Herod, =2=, 105. statue of, erected in Cæsarea, =2=, 106. asked to ratify Antipater’s death-sentence, =2=, 114. condemns the execution of Herod’s sons, =2=, 116. executor of Herod’s will, =2=, 120. appealed to by the Herodians, =2=, 122. seizes Herod’s treasures, =2=, 123. makes Judæa an ethnarchy, =2=, 126-7. exiles Archelaus, =2=, 128. instructions of, to the governor of Syria, =2=, 129. death of, =2=, 135.

=Augustus III=, of Poland, and the Frankists, =5=, 283.

=Auranitis= (Hauran, Havvoth Jair), the Gileadites take possession of, =1=, 64. Paul flees to, =2=, 226. given to Agrippa II, =2=, 245. cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, =2=, 259, 260. _See also_ Arabia.

=Aurelian=, emperor, conquers Zenobia, =2=, 530.

=Aurum coronarium= (crown money), tax imposed on Judæa, =2=, 463. collected by the Patriarchs, =2=, 487, 535.

=Austrasia=, the Jews of, in the sixth century, =3=, 40.

=Austria=, Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute confirmed for, =3=, 635. Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, =4=, 111. John of Capistrano in, =4=, 258. Jewish exiles from, take refuge in Poland, =4=, 263, 420. Polish Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16. at war with Prussia, =5=, 251. willing to grant citizenship to the Jews, =5=, 518. protects the Frankfort Jews, =5=, 520. in the Quadruple Alliance, =5=, 658. Jews concerned in the reorganization of, =5=, 697. Jewish association in, =5=, 703.

=Austria, the Jews of=, fill offices, =3=, 516, 567. protected by Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =3=, 567-9. suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 36. suffer from the Deggenburg persecution, =4=, 98. accused of well poisoning, =4=, 110. suffer during the Hussite agitation, =4=, 222-4. charged with host desecration, =4=, 223-4. banished, =4=, 224, 427. restrictions placed on, =4=, 585. threatened with expulsion, =4=, 652. condition of, improved by Joseph II, =5=, 357-8. letter addressed to, by Wessely, =5=, 368. continued abasement of, =5=, 461. freed from the poll-tax, =5=, 464. new taxes imposed on, =5=, 508. under Francis I, =5=, 523. influence of Mannheimer on, =5=, 579. growing self-respect of, =5=, 582.

=Austria, Lower=, the Jews of, banished, =4=, 585.

=Austrian Succession=, the, War of, and the Jews of Prague, =5=, 251-2.

=Autobiography= of Josephus, =2=, 390. of Uriel da Costa, =5=, 64-5. of Solomon Maimon, =5=, 409.

=Auto-da-fé=, the first, of Marranos, =4=, 317. _See also_ Marranos, the; Inquisition, the.

=Auvergne= (Arverna), Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.

=Auxerre=, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Averroës= (Ibn-Roshd), commentaries by, on Aristotle, translated, =3=, 566-7. views of, opposed by Gersonides, =4=, 93. admired by Narboni, =4=, 94. quoted by Jewish preachers, =4=, 232. system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, =4=, 290.

=Avesta=, the, laws of clean and unclean in, =1=, 402.

=Avicebrol= (Avicebron), name of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol among the schoolmen, =3=, 271.

=Avicenna.= _See_ Ibn-Sina.

=Avigedor Kara=, rabbi of Prague, on friendly terms with Emperor Wenceslaus, =4=, 166.

=Avignon=, the council of, forbids the employment of Jews in state offices, =3=, 503-4. the papacy at, =4=, 162. Jews remain in, after their banishment from France, =4=, 177, 659. David Reubeni in, =4=, 499. the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 141. Jews in, during the French Revolution, =5=, 436.

=Avignon, the Jews of=, oppose the study of science, =4=, 33. tolerated by the popes, =4=, 177. expelled, =4=, 592. honor Crémieux and Montefiore, =5=, 658.

=Avila, de=, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, =4=, 333.

=Avila=, the Messiah of, =4=, 8-9, 9-10. religious disputation at, =4=, 140-2. Henry IV deposed at, =4=, 278. law of, =4=, 229.

=Avila, the Jews of=, under Sancho, =3=, 617. converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205.

=Avitus=, bishop, presides over the council of Epaone, =3=, 37. forcibly converts the Jews of Clermont, =3=, 38-9. celebrated in a poem, =3=, 39.

=Avran=, commander under Lysimachus the Benjamite, =1=, 449.

=Ayllon, Solomon= (1667-1728), Sabbatian, profligacy of, =5=, 210. youth of, =5=, 214. rabbi of London, =5=, 214. rabbi of Amsterdam, =5=, 215. on Chacham Zevi, =5=, 221. mistrusted by the Portuguese community, =5=, 222. supports Chayon’s cause, =5=, 222-3. refuses reconciliation with Chacham Zevi, =5=, 224. acquits Chayon of heresy, =5=, 224-5. Brieli writes to, =5=, 225. summons Chacham Zevi before the Council, =5=, 226. abandons Chayon, =5=, 231.

=Azael=, name of a Sefirah, =4=, 17.

=Azariah.= _See_ Uzziah.

=Azariah=, general of Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 476.

=Azariah=, high priest, contest of, with Uzziah, =1=, 245.

=Azariah ben Zadok=, high priest under Solomon, =1=, 167.

=Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi= (1514-1578), attainments of, =4=, 614. connects the Talmud with other ancient writings, =4=, 614. works by, =4=, 615. as a critic, =4=, 615. declared a heretic, =4=, 616.

=Azeka=, offers opposition to Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 311.

“=Azharoth=,” composed by Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni, =3=, 284.

=Aziz=, of Emesa, husband of Drusilla, =2=, 235.

=Azotus.= _See_ Ashdod.

=Azriel=, Kabbalist, reduces the Kabbala to a system, =3=, 548; =4=, 14. history of, unknown, =3=, 548. clothes the Kabbala in philosophical language, =3=, 549, 556.

=Azzel Ibn-Samuel=, one of the Benu-Kuraiza, =3=, 81.

=B=

=Baal=, altar to, in Samaria, =1=, 197. priests of, assemble by order of Elijah, =1=, 203-4.

=Baal, the worship of=, among the Canaanites, =1=, 54. by Ammonites and Moabites, =1=, 55. at Ophrah, =1=, 62. in Samuel’s time, =1=, 75. under Omri, =1=, 195. under Athaliah, =1=, 212, 214. removed from Jerusalem, =1=, 216-17. under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233. abolished by Menahem, =1=, 244. _See also_ Astarte; Idolatry.

=Baal ha-Turim.= _See_ Jacob ben Asheri.

=Baal-Peor.= _See_ Peor.

=Baal-Perazim=, mount, scene of a Philistine defeat, =1=, 116.

=Baal-Shem.= _See_ Israel of Miedziboz.

=Baal-Zebub=, idol, consulted by Ahaziah, =1=, 207.

=Baalbek=, a Karaite center, =3=, 158. captured by Hulagu, =3=, 606.

=Baalis=, king of Ammon, protects Judæan fugitives, =1=, 318. instigates Gedaliah’s murder, =1=, 322.

=Baaltis.= _See_ Astarte.

=Baasha=, of Israel, kills Nadab, =1=, 189. ascends the throne, =1=, 190. allied with the king of Egypt, =1=, 190. at war with Asa, =1=, 190-1. allied with Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191. takes Ramah, =1=, 191. death of, =1=, 191.

=Bab al Abwab=, Persian wall against the Chazars, =3=, 138.

=Baba ben Buta=, follower of Shammai, =2=, 133.

=Babenberg=, the princes of, permit Jews to fill state offices, =3=, 567.

=Babylon=, inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, =1=, 285. description of, =1=, 330. fall of, =1=, 349-50. the goddess of love worshiped in, =1=, 408. the Judæans of, aid Judæa against Rome, =2=, 264. study of the Law in, =2=, 358.

=Babylonia=, the scene of Jewish activity, =2=, 503-4, 531, 537; =3=, 160; =5=, 726. three meanings of, in Jewish history, =2=, 504-5. resembles the Holy Land, =2=, 544. Jewish public life in, =2=, 547. independent of Judæa, =2=, 548. rise of, =2=, 557. the study of the Law flourishes in, =2=, 574-5. called Irak by the Arabs, =3=, 89. loses intellectual supremacy, =3=, 193, 210, 228. Jewish communal life in, in the tenth century, =3=, 194. visited by Petachya, =3=, 421.

=Babylonia, Jewish=, described, =2=, 504. compared with Judæa, =2=, 505. districts of, =2=, 505. towns of, =2=, 505-8. fertility of, =2=, 507-8. scene of the war between Julian and Shabur II, =2=, 601. Sora the center of, =2=, 607. constitution of, =3=, 93-101. communal constitution of, =3=, 98-100. power of, =3=, 100-1. mystic doctrines flourish in, =3=, 154.

=Babylonia, the Jews of=, resist Trajan, =2=, 393, 397. favorable position of, =2=, 508. political chief of, =2=, 508-11. needs of, produce a new development of the Law, =2=, 511. resort to the academies of Galilee, =2=, 511, 531. religious ignorance of, =2=, 513. immorality of, =2=, 516-17, 579. establish the sanctity of the law of the land, =2=, 520. suffer under Magian supremacy, =2=, 524-5. on friendly terms with the Magi, =2=, 525-6. injured by Odenathus, =2=, 527. luxurious habits of, =2=, 588. oppressed by Shabur II, =2=, 591-2. favor Julian the Apostate, =2=, 597. well treated by Jezdijird, =2=, 609-10. persecuted, =2=, 626, 627-8; =3=, 8. suffer under Zendik communism, =3=, 2-3. rebel under Mar-Zutra II, =3=, 3-4. independence of, =3=, 3-4. kindly treated by Bahram Tshubin, =3=, 8-9. prosperous under Chosru II, =3=, 9-10. help the Arabs, =3=, 89. form a separate community under the Exilarch, =3=, 89. oppose Moawiyah, =3=, 90, 92. ill-treated by the caliphs of the East, =3=, 176-7.

=Babylonia, the Judæans of=, kindly treated, =1=, 329-30, 331. government and possessions of, =1=, 330. easily learn Aramaic, =1=, 330-1. practice idolatry, =1=, 332. cherish Hebrew literature, =1=, 334-6. joined by the descendants of the Ten Tribes, =1=, 335-6. mourning of, =1=, 337-8. make proselytes, =1=, 338-9. adopt Chaldæan superstitions, =1=, 339-40. occupations and wealth of, =1=, 339-40. literature produced by, =1=, 340-2. not desirous of returning to Palestine, =1=, 340, 341. beg for permission to return to Palestine, =1=, 342-3. hate Babylon, =1=, 343. persecuted, =1=, 343-4. divided into the worldly and the pious, =1=, 349. interested in the war with Cyrus, =1=, 349. cured of idolatry by the fall of Babylon, =1=, 350. permitted to return to Palestine, =1=, 351. number of, returning under Cyrus, =1=, 352. sympathy of, with the returning exiles, =1=, 354-5. national enthusiasm of, =1=, 363-5. accompany Ezra to Palestine, =1=, 366. send contributions to the Temple, =2=, 52. welcome Hyrcanus II, =2=, 90. own large tracts of land, =2=, 202. in Batanæa, =2=, 274. massacred by Varus, =2=, 275. retreat to Gamala, =2=, 275.

=Bacchides=, Syrian general, sent to Jerusalem, =1=, 482. slays Judæans at Beth-Zachariah, =1=, 483. encamps before Jerusalem, =1=, 486. defeats the Judæans at Eleasa, =1=, 487. reduces the whole country, =1=, 491. leaves Judæa, =1=, 492. makes a truce with Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 493-4.

=Bacchus=, worshiped in Alexandria, =1=, 428.

=Bacharach=, the Jews of, massacred, =3=, 636.

=Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini=, physician, Maimunist, =2=, 536, 537.

=Bachurim=, Talmud students, =4=, 640; =5=, 567.

=Bachya Ibn-Pakuda=, moral philosopher, system of, =3=, 271-2. ascetic, =3=, 272. work of, translated, =3=, 392, 397.

=Badajoz=, Henrique Nunes murdered at, =4=, 490. attacked by Spanish Marranos =4=, 498.

=Baden, the Jews of=, the blood-accusation against, =3=, 564. obtain political freedom, =5=, 502-3. persecuted, =5=, 530-1. honor Riesser, =5=, 601.

=Badis=, Berber king, supported by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 258. makes him vizir, =3=, 258. makes him chief of the Granada congregations, =3=, 259. avenges Balkin’s death, =3=, 275. orders the massacre of the Granada Arabs, =3=, 276. mistrusts Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 277.

=Baffa=, sultana, favorite of, =4=, 629.

=Bagdad=, a scientific center, =3=, 146. the Mutazilist theology taught at, =3=, 147. in the Pumbeditha district, =3=, 156. Saadiah at, =3=, 196. Sabbataï Donnolo at, =3=, 213. birthplace of Dunash ben Labrat, =3=, 226. Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 369.

=Bagdad, the Jews of=, prosperous under Al-Mutadhid, =3=, 183. in the twelfth century, =3=, 428. Talmudical college of, =3=, 429, 438. invited to join David Alrui, =3=, 431. enthusiastic for David Alrui, =3=, 432. Maimunists, =3=, 633. attacked by the Mongols, =3=, 649-50.

=Bagdad Caliphate=, the. _See_ Abbasside Caliphate, the.

=Bagoas= (Bagoses), Syrian commander, murders Artaxerxes III, =1=, 409. levies a tax on the daily sacrifice, =1=, 409-10.

=Bahir=, a Kabbalistic manuscript, =3=, 556, 557.

=Bahram Tshubin=, Persian general, ascends the throne, =3=, 8. friendly to the Jews, =3=, 8-9. dispossessed by Chosru II, =3=, 9.

=Bahurim=, David passes through, =1=, 142.

=Bail=, defends the Jews, =5=, 522.

=Bailly=, mayor of Paris, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 445.

=Bairut.= _See_ Beyrout.

=Bajazet (Bajasid) II=, sultan, censures the expulsion of the Spanish Jews, =4=, 356. receives Spanish exiles kindly, =4=, 364, 400. Jews under, =4=, 402.

=Baki, Simon=, rabbi, superstition of, =5=, 201-2.

=Balaam=, magician, employed against the Israelites, =1=, 28.

=Balak=, king of Moab, hostile to the Israelites, =1=, 28.

“=Balance, The=,” grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 371.

=Balanyiar=, Jews settle in, =3=, 124, 139.

=Balch=, birthplace of Chivi Albalchi, =3=, 198.

=Baldwin IV=, of Jerusalem, banishes the Jews, =3=, 427.

=Baldwin=, archbishop of Canterbury, induces Richard I to dismiss the Jews from his palace, =3=, 410. and Benedict of York’s baptism, =3=, 411.

=Balkin= (Bologgin), of Granada, abdicates in favor of Badis, =3=, 258. death of, =3=, 258, 275. partisans of, leave Granada, =3=, 258. Joseph Ibn-Nagrela secretary to, =3=, 274.

=Bamberg=, the council of, enforces Jew badges, =4=, 255. the Jews of, persecuted, =5=, 529.

=Band of Virtue=, the, founded by Berlin Jewesses, =5=, 423, 425.

=Bandito=, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.

=Baptism=, the moral meaning of, taught by John the Baptist, =2=, 146. value of, examined by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 188.

=Baptista, John= (Solomon Romano), grandson of Elias Levita, apostate, denounces the Talmud, =4=, 564.

=Bar=, the Jews of, slaughtered by Cossacks, =5=, 11.

=Barak=, judge, leads the Israelites against Jabin, =1=, 61.

=Barbaro, Mark Antonio=, Venetian consul, and Solomon Ashkenazi, =4=, 605.

=Barbary states=, the, Marranos emigrate to, =4=, 485. Polish-Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.

=Barbastro=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 214. the Marranos of, conspire against Arbues, =4=, 330.

=Barcelona=, the disputation at, =3=, 598-601. bishop of, appointed censor of the Talmud, =3=, 603. report of the disputation at, =3=, 603-4. Kabbala taught in, =4=, 6. Marranos from, in Algiers, =4=, 199. the Inquisition established in, =4=, 332. Jews disappear from, =4=, 354. exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.

=Barcelona, the Jews of=, the leaders of northern Spain, =3=, 387-8. entreat Nachmani to break off the disputation, =3=, 600-1. opposed to the study of science, =4=, 29, 33, 40. charged with causing the Black Death, =4=, 102-3. persecuted, =4=, 171-2.

=Bar-Chanina=, teacher of Jerome, =2=, 623-4.

=Bar-Cochba=, attacks Akiba, =2=, 409. described as the Messiah, =2=, 410. confidence of, =2=, 411. victories of, =2=, 411. coins of, =2=, 411. hostile to Christians, =2=, 412. restores the Jewish state, =2=, 412, 413. strongholds of, =2=, 414-15. particulars of the revolt of, =2=, 415-16. loses the strongholds of the north, =2=, 416. causes the death of Eleazar of Modin, =2=, 418. end of, unknown, =2=, 419.

=Barebones Parliament.= _See_ Parliament, the Short.

=Bar-Eleaza=, son-in-law of Judah I, =2=, 455-6.

=Barfat Crescas=, imprisoned, =4=, 150.

=Barfat.= _See_ Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat; Zarak.

=Bari=, the four Sora emissaries captured at, =3=, 203.

=Baris.= _See_ Acra, the; Antonia.

=Bar-Kappara.= _See_ Simon bar Kappara.

=Bar-Kasha=, and Rab, =2=, 518.

=Bar-Kosiba=, real name of Bar-Cochba.

=Barlæus, Caspar=, Socinian, and Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 22.

=Barnabas.= _See_ Jose Barnabas.

=Barnave=, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 441.

=Barrios, Miguel (Daniel) de=, historian, =5=, 202. versifier, =5=, 204.

=Bartholomaion=, demon exorcised by Simon ben Yochaï, =2=, 449.

=Baruch=, ancestor of the Ibn-Albalias, early settlement of, in Spain, =3=, 43.

=Baruch of Benevento=, Kabbalist, =4=, 481.

=Baruch ben Samuel=, Talmudist, member of the Mayence synod, =3=, 517.

=Baruch Ibn-Albalia=, birth of the son of, =3=, 322.

=Baruch, son of Neriah=, reads Jeremiah’s prophecies in the Temple, =1=, 304. taken prisoner by the Chaldæans, =1=, 315. attends Jeremiah in Mizpah, =1=, 320. taken captive by Ishmael, =1=, 322. rescued, =1=, 323. in Egypt, =1=, 324. in Babylon, =1=, 328. brings Jeremiah’s writings to Babylon, =1=, 336. writes a history of Israel, =1=, 336-7. Letter of, translated, =2=, 359.

=Baruch Gad=, Palestinian emissary, on the Sons of Moses, =5=, 126.

=Baruch Yavan=, carries the Eibeschütz controversy to Poland, =5=, 262-3.

=Baruch, Jacob=, Börne’s father, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, =5=, 513.

=Baruch, Löb= (Louis). _See_ Börne, Ludwig.

=Barzaphernes=, Parthian commander, =2=, 82.

=Barzillai=, aids David, =1=, 144.

=Bashan=, the inhabitants of, appeal to Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474-5.

=Basilius= (850-866), emperor, tries to convert the Jews, =3=, 175-6.

=Basilius=, Jewish slave-dealer, and Pope Gelasius, =3=, 29.

=Basle=, the Talmud printed at, =4=, 589. Alsatian Jews escape to, =5=, 437.

=Basle, the Council of=, renews the anti-Jewish measures of previous councils, =4=, 245, 248, 251, 264. excludes Jews from university degrees, =4=, 245. favors baptized Jews, =4=, 246. degrades Eugenius IV, =4=, 249, 250. decree of, concerning Jewish physicians disregarded, =4=, 407.

=Basle, the Jews of=, protected from the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 106, 108. banishment of, demanded, =4=, 106-7. burnt, =4=, 107.

=Basmath=, daughter of Solomon, =1=, 177.

=Basnage, Jacob= (1653-1723), historian of the Jewish dispersion, =5=, 195, 593. on the persecutions of the Jews, =5=, 195-6. consults Jewish historians, =5=, 196. faults of the history by, =5=, 196-7. prejudiced, =5=, 197. importance of the history by, =5=, 197. disciples of, =5=, 197. history of, suggested by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 202.

=Bassan, Isaiah=, teacher of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 235. espouses Luzzatto’s cause, =5=, 238, 241. makes Luzzatto promise not to teach Kabbala, =5=, 239. has Luzzatto’s writings in safekeeping, =5=, 239. permits Luzzatto to publish Kabbalistic works, =5=, 239.

=Bassora=, under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, =3=, 98. the Mutazilist theology taught in, =3=, 147. the Gaon of Sora at, =3=, 202. the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 437.

=Bassus=, Vespasian’s governor of Judæa, =2=, 315.

=Basula, Moses.= _See_ Moses Basula.

=Batanæa=, given to Philip by Herod’s will, =2=, 119. under Philip, =2=, 137. given to Agrippa II, =2=, 245. cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, =2=, 259, 260. Babylonian Judæans in, =2=, 274. Porphyry a native of, =2=, 502. the Benu-Kainukaa settle in, =3=, 77-8.

=Batavian Republic, the, the Jews of=, emancipation of, =5=, 452. number of, =5=, 453, 455. disabilities of, =5=, 453. writings hostile to, =5=, 453. hold aloof from the National Assembly, =5=, 454. emancipated, =5=, 456-7. appointed to public offices, =5=, 458. protection of, in Germany, =5=, 458, 463. _See also_ Emancipation of the Dutch Jews; Holland.

=Bath-Kol=, heavenly voice, =2=, 337, 338.

=Bathori, Stephen=, election of, as king of Poland, =4=, 642. the Jews prosperous under, =4=, 642-3.

=Bathsheba=, wife of Uriah the Hittite, becomes David’s wife, =1=, 132. sons of, =1=, 133. made first queen, =1=, 134. pleads for Solomon’s succession, =1=, 153.

=Bathyra=, Judæan fortress in Batanæa, =2=, 274.

=Baudin=, suppresses evidence in favor of the Damascus Jews, =5=, 637.

=Bavaria=, John of Capistrano in, =4=, 258. the poll-tax abolished in, =5=, 468.

=Bavaria, the Jews of=, suffer from the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 35-6. suffer from the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, =4=, 98. during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110. accused of aiding the Hussites, =4=, 222. assaulted by the imperial army, =4=, 225. expelled, =4=, 253-4. during John of Capistrano’s visit, =4=, 258. taxed for the defense of the Ratisbon Jews, =4=, 305. take refuge in Poland, =4=, 420. accused of child-murder, =4=, 545-6. partial emancipation of, =5=, 508.

=Bayonne=, the kings of Castile and of France meet at, =4=, 2.

=Bayonne, the Jews of=, addressed in behalf of the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, =5=, 253. in Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 432. prosperity of, =5=, 436. emancipated, =5=, 442-3.

=Bayreuth=, the Jews of, persecuted, =5=, 530.

=Beatrice=, wife of Juan I of Castile, heir to Portugal, =4=, 158. proposes David Negro as chief rabbi, =4=, 161.

=Beaucaire= (Belcaire), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 400.

=Be-Chatim=, home of Achaï bar Huna, =2=, 631.

=Bechinath ha-Dath=, work of Elias del Medigo, =4=, 293.

=Bechinath Olam=, by Yedaya Bedaresi, =4=, 49.

=Bedaresi.= _See_ Abraham; Yedaya En-Bonet.

=Bedr=, battle of, between Mahomet and the Koraishites, =3=, 76.

=Beer of Mizricz= (Berish, 1700-1772), founder of new Chassidism, =5=, 375, 379. learning of, =5=, 379. habits of, =5=, 379-80. pilgrimages to, =5=, 380, 407. simulates inspiration, =5=, 380-1. emphasizes the importance of the Sabbath, =5=, 381-2. apostles of, =5=, 383. adopts the Portuguese ritual, =5=, 386-7. death of, =5=, 392. a relative of, supreme Zaddik, =5=, 393. sayings by, =5=, 393. disciples of, =5=, 393.

=Beer, Jacob=, private synagogue of, in Berlin, =5=, 563.

=Beersheba=, frontier town of ancient Israel, =1=, 129. pilgrimages to, =1=, 232.

=Behaim, Martin=, at João II’s astronomical congress, =4=, 367.

=Bekashoth ha-Memin=, prayer by Yedaya Penini, =4=, 43.

=Bekiin=, center for the teaching of the Law under Gamaliel II, =2=, 335, 348.

=Bel=, temple of, rebuilt by Alexander the Great, =1=, 415.

=Bela IV=, of Hungary, invites Jewish agents into his country, =3=, 613. introduces Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =3=, 613-14.

=Belgium=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35. the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 112. Catholic agitators in, hostile to the Jews, =5=, 655.

“=Belief= of the Universe, The,” by Chayon, =5=, 219-20.

=Belillos, Jacob=, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, =5=, 239.

=Belisarius=, Jewish soldiers fight against, =3=, 4. removes the Temple vessels to Constantinople, =3=, 26. in Italy, =3=, 31. opposed by the Jews of Naples, =3=, 32.

=Belkis=, supposed name of the Queen of Sheba, =1=, 173.

“=Bellerophon=,” satire by Lefrank, =5=, 471-2.

=Bellieta=, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.

=Belmonte, Bienvenida Coen=, Jewish poetess, =5=, 203.

=Belmonte, Jacob Israel=, poet, interested in the Amsterdam Marranos, =4=, 665.

=Belmonte, Manuel=, poet, founder of an academy of poetry, =5=, 113.

=Belmontes=, the, millionaires at Amsterdam, =5=, 205.

=Belvedere=, the Nassi palace at Constantinople, =4=, 597. Hebrew printing press at, =4=, 628.

=Ben-Adret.= _See_ Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.

=Benaiah=, commander of David’s mercenaries, =1=, 122. in the Ammonite war, =1=, 126. opposes Absalom, =1=, 141. acknowledges Solomon king, =1=, 153. kills Adonijah and Joab, =1=, 160.

=Ben Asai= (Azai). _See_ Simon ben Asai.

=Ben Asher.= _See_ Moses and Aaron ben Asher.

=Benavente=, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205.

=Ben-Batiach=, Zealot leader, aids Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 323.

=Bendama=, and the Jewish Christians, =2=, 370.

=Ben David=, Messiah, =2=, 144.

=Ben-David, Lazarus= (1762-1832), philosopher, =5=, 405. admires Kant’s philosophy, =5=, 409. lectures on Kant, =5=, 410. deplores the decay of morality among Jews, =5=, 419. leaves attacks on Judaism unanswered, =5=, 469. influences Heine, =5=, 546. member of the Society for Culture, =5=, 583.

=Bene Amri=, the, attack the Hasmonæans, =1=, 491.

=Bene Bathyra=, presidents of the Synhedrion, =2=, 90, 358. resign in favor of Hillel, =2=, 99.

=Bene-Berak=, home of Akiba, =2=, 355.

=Benedict XII=, pope, unable to protect the Jews, =4=, 99.

=Benedict XIII= (Pedro de Luna), pope, debates with Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, =4=, 142. confers ecclesiastic offices upon Solomon Levi, =4=, 184, 190. employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 200. plans the conversion of the Spanish Jews, =4=, 206-7. arranges the disputation at Tortosa, =4=, 207. plans the annihilation of the Talmud, =4=, 209. and Jewish delegates to Tortosa, =4=, 210. pomp displayed by, =4=, 210-11. refuses to release the Jews from the disputation, =4=, 211. presides over the disputation, =4=, 212. threatens the Jewish delegates with death, =4=, 213, 239. issues a bull against the Talmud and the Jews, =4=, 215-16. deposed by the council of Constance, =4=, 216, 228. sets up a papal court at Peñiscola, =4=, 217. originates the sermon for Jews, =4=, 655.

=Benedict XIV=, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood accusation, =5=, 282.

=Benedict of York=, accepts baptism, =3=, 411. returns to Judaism, =3=, 411. death of, =3=, 413. house of, burnt, =3=, 413.

=Bene Korach.= _See_ Korah, the sons of.

=Bene Mikra.= _See_ Karaites, the.

=Benet, Mordecai=, leader of the orthodox party, =5=, 567, 572.

=Benevento=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424. the Inquisition for Marranos at, =4=, 385.

=Benfelden=, the council at, banishes the Jews of the upper Rhine, =4=, 107.

=Ben-hadad I=, of Damascus, ally of Israel and Judah, =1=, 191. defeats Omri, =1=, 195.

=Ben-hadad II=, of Damascus, besieges Samaria, =1=, 205. defeated by Ahab, =1=, 205. treachery of, =1=, 205. defeats Ahab and Jehoshaphat, =1=, 206. murdered, =1=, 210.

=Ben-hadad III=, of Damascus, defeated, =1=, 221-2.

=Benisch, Abraham=, founder of the “Anglo-Jewish Association,” =5=, 703.

=Benjamin, the tribe of=, acquires Gibeon, =1=, 38. holds assemblies at Shiloh, =1=, 41. opposed to intermarriages with the heathen, =1=, 56. aids Ehud against the Moabites, =1=, 60. attacked by the Philistines, =1=, 64. aids Saul, =1=, 85. accuses David of destroying the house of Saul, =1=, 124. sides with Absalom, =1=, 139-40. hesitates to recall David, =1=, 146. meets David at the Jordan, =1=, 147. closely united with Judah, =1=, 174. loyal to Rehoboam, =1=, 182. members of, return from the Captivity, =1=, 352.

=Benjamin of Canterbury=, Tossafist, =3=, 409.

=Benjamin of Fermo=, patron of Immanuel Romi, =4=, 68.

=Benjamin of Tiberias=, and Emperor Heraclius, =3=, 19, 22.

=Benjamin ben Jonah= of Tudela, traveler, =3=, 388-9; =4=, 127.

=Benjamin ben Moses= of Nahavend (800-820), spreads the Mutazilist philosophy, =3=, 150-1. founder of the Makariyite sect, =3=, 151.

=Benjamin Assia=, physician, scorns the teachers of the Law, =2=, 589-90.

=Ben-Kafren= (Ephraim), defends Menachem ben Saruk, =3=, 227.

=Ben Kohelet=, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 260.

=Ben Mishle=, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 260.

=Ben-Naphtali=, criticises the Ben Ashers, =3=, 207.

=Ben-Nazar.= _See_ Odenathus.

=Ben Shaltiel-Chen.= _See_ Serachya ben Isaac.

=Ben Soma.= _See_ Simon ben Zoma.

=Ben Tehillim=, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 260.

=Benu-Aus=, the, Arabic family, relations of, to the Jews, =3=, 55. conversions among, to Judaism, =3=, 61. hostile to Jewish rule, =3=, 67. the Jews of Yathrib dependent on, =3=, 68. feuds of, =3=, 70-1.

=Benu-Bachdal=, the, Jewish-Arabic tribe, =3=, 54-5.

=Benu-Kainukaa=, the, Jewish tribe in northern Arabia, =3=, 55. invited to accept Islam, =3=, 74, 76-7. forced to surrender to Mahomet, =3=, 77. settle in Batanæa, =3=, 77-8. preserve love for Arabic, =3=, 111. object to Talmudic restraints, =3=, 119.

=Benu-Kinanah=, the, Arab tribe converted to Judaism, =3=, 61.

=Benu-Kuraiza=, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, =3=, 54-5. threatened by Mahomet, =3=, 77. make war upon Mahomet, =3=, 80. slaughtered, =3=, 81.

=Benu-Nadhir=, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, =3=, 54-5. threatened by Mahomet, =3=, 77. meditate treachery against Mahomet, =3=, 78. forced to emigrate, =3=, 78-9. war with, justified in the Koran, =3=, 79. organize an alliance against Mahomet, =3=, 79-80. rouse the Jews of Chaibar to resist Mahomet, =3=, 82. preserve love of Arabic, =3=, 111. object to Talmudic restraints, =3=, 119.

=Ben Usiel=, champion of the orthodox party, =5=, 627.

=Benvenida Abrabanela=, wife of Samuel II Abrabanel, character of, =4=, 409. friend of the duchess of Tuscany, =4=, 410, 544. supports David Reubeni, =4=, 493. prevents the banishment of the Naples Jews, =4=, 543.

=Benveniste.= _See_ Abraham Benveniste Senior; Benveniste Ibn-Labi; Benveniste, Chayim; Isaac; Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi; Judah; Sheshet; Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.

=Benveniste Ibn-Labi=, part translator of Aristotle’s Ethics, =4=, 193.

=Benveniste, Chayim= (1603-1673), rabbi of Smyrna, Sabbatian, =5=, 136. disappointed in Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 155.

=Benveniste family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=, 236. Gracia Mendesia of, =4=, 571.

=Ben Yasus.= _See_ Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus.

=Ben-Zeeb=, one of the Measfim, =5=, 400.

=Be-Rab=, Abba-Areka’s school, =2=, 514.

=Berab.= _See_ Jacob Berab.

=Berachoth=, the eighteen, introduced by Gamaliel II, =2=, 363.

=Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan= (Crispia, 1230-1270), fabulist, =3=, 560.

=Berachya, son of Jacob Querido=, Messiah, followers of, =5=, 211. soul of, in Jacob Frank, =5=, 274. prayers addressed to, =5=, 274.

=Berber princes=, the, receive Jewish refugees kindly, =4=, 198.

=Berbers=, the, establish themselves in southern Spain, =3=, 256. hostile to the Spanish Arabs, =3=, 261, 276, 316. incensed against the Jews, =3=, 275. slay Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 278.

=Berdaa.= _See_ Derbend.

=Berenice=, daughter of Agrippa I, marriage of, =2=, 235. Drusilla envious of, =2=, 236. appeals to Gessius Florus, =2=, 254. popularity of, =2=, 257. palace of, burnt, =2=, 260. captivates Titus, =2=, 289, 299. wins Tiberius Alexander to Vespasian’s side, =2=, 300. influence of, over Titus, =2=, 302, 307. in the arena of Cæsarea Philippi, =2=, 312. honored at the court, =2=, 317. fall of, =2=, 317. obtains pardon for Justus of Tiberias, =2=, 319-20. consoles her conquered coreligionists, =2=, 333. abandoned by Titus, =2=, 388.

=Berenice=, Herod’s niece, marriage of, =2=, 112. friend of Antonia, =2=, 176.

=Bergamo=, Bernardinus of Feltre in, =4=, 296.

=Berish.= _See_ Beer of Mizricz.

=Berlin=, settlement of Jews in, =5=, 174. Chayon at, =5=, 218-20. subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, =5=, 329. the Free School of, =5=, 416. the progressive party in, =5=, 418. Jewish physicians of, a class, =5=, 461. the University of, arbiter between the Jews and the Senate of Frankfort, =5=, 520. Jacobson transplants the Reform movement to, =5=, 562-3. private synagogues in, closed, =5=, 563. appoints no rabbi, =5=, 566. a German Jewish church in, =5=, 683. rabbinical colleges at, =5=, 700.

=Berlin, the Jews of=, threatened with expulsion, =4=, 652. under Frederick I, =5=, 190. split into two parties, =5=, 219. culture of, =5=, 294-5. enterprises of, =5=, 396-7. devoted to literary pursuits, =5=, 397. encourage the Meassef, =5=, 399. influenced by Herz, =5=, 407. disseminators of culture, =5=, 410-11. the salons of, =5=, 412-13, 422-23. millionaires, =5=, 414. begin the emancipation struggle, =5=, 414-16. influence of, =5=, 416-17. apostasy among, =5=, 420, 587. procure an order against anti-Jewish pamphlets, =5=, 469. object to Napoleon’s Synhedrion, =5=, 494-5. antipathy to, weakened, =5=, 691. _See also_ Reform of Judaism, the.

“=Berlin religion=,” the, opposition to, =5=, 333.

=Bernal=, Abraham Nuñes and Marcus da Almeyda, Marranos, martyrs, =5=, 92.

=Bernaldez, Andreas=, pastor, on the Spanish Jewish exiles, =4=, 349.

=Bernard of Clairvaux=, abbot, preaches the second crusade, =3=, 349. preaches the repudiation of Jewish debts, =3=, 349. prevents a persecution of the French Jews, =3=, 351, 356. appealed to, by the archbishop of Mayence, =3=, 352. denounces Rudolph, =3=, 353. influences Rudolph, =3=, 353.

=Bernard of Sienna=, master of John of Capistrano, =4=, 257.

=Bernard, Isaac=, Mendelssohn’s employer, =5=, 296, 303.

=Bernardinus of Feltre=, Franciscan, preaches against the Jews in Italy, =4=, 296. failure of, =4=, 296-7. in Trent, =4=, 297. raises the blood accusation, =4=, 298.

=Bernardo=, Dominican, incites the mob against Marranos, =4=, 487.

=Bernays, Isaac= (1792-1849), opposes the Hamburg reforms, =5=, 574. characteristics of, =5=, 574-5, 577. chief work by, =5=, 575. criticises Mendelssohn and his school, =5=, 575. appointed to the Hamburg rabbinate, =5=, 576. character of the sermons by, =5=, 577. Heine on, =5=, 577. respected by the orthodox, =5=, 577-8. influence of, in Germany, =5=, 582. influence of, on Steinheim, =5=, 602. Ben Usiel disciple of, =5=, 627. forbids the use of the Reform Temple prayer book, =5=, 673. attacked by the Reform Temple Union, =5=, 673. supported by the rabbi of Altona, =5=, 674.

=Bernays, Jacob=, founder of the Breslau seminary, =5=, 700.

=Berne=, the Jews of, accused of well poisoning, =4=, 104-5. consuls of, spread the charge against the Jews, =4=, 105.

=Bernhard=, treasurer of the Frankish empire, friendly to the Jews, =3=, 162. rebellion against, =3=, 166.

=Bernstorff=, Danish minister, decides against Eibeschütz, =5=, 265.

=Bernstorff=, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 519. on the emancipation of the Jews at Aix, =5=, 527.

=Berr, Berr Isaac= (1744-1828), member of Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 431. a representative French Jew, =5=, 436. delegate to the National Assembly, =5=, 438, 440. on the emancipation of the French Jews, =5=, 448-9. projects a French Bible translation, =5=, 449. son of, =5=, 460. deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 482. opposes Sabbath sessions, =5=, 486. candidate for the presidency, =5=, 487. answers the imperial commissioners, =5=, 490.

=Berr, Cerf= (Herz Medelsheim, 1730-1793), representative of the Alsatian Jews, =5=, 351. character of, =5=, 430. services of, to the Alsatian Jews, =5=, 430, 431. services of, to the government, =5=, 430. draws Jews to Strasburg, =5=, 431. member of Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 431. a representative French Jew, =5=, 436. accused of bribing, =5=, 447. culture of the family of, =5=, 476. brother-in-law of, =5=, 484.

=Berr, Lipmann Cerf=, speaks in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 487.

=Berr, Michael= (1780-1843), first Jewish attorney in France, addresses the princes of Europe, =5=, 460. deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 482. a state officer in Westphalia, =5=, 500. member of the Westphalian Consistory, =5=, 501. addresses the Congress of Aix on the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 527.

=Berthold=, bishop of Strasburg, at the council of Benfelden, =4=, 107.

=Bertinoro.= _See_ Obadiah di Bertinoro.

=Bertolio=, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 445.

=Bertrand=, cardinal-legate, forbids baptized children to return to Judaism, =3=, 514.

=Berytus.= _See_ Beyrout.

=Besht.= _See_ Israel of Miedziboz.

=Bessarabia=, Frankists in, =5=, 283.

=Bethany=, Jesus in, =2=, 160. the Synhedrion removed to, =2=, 240. suburb of Jerusalem, =2=, 292.

=Bethar=, fortress, =2=, 414. Bar-Cochba retreats to, =2=, 416-17. legends about, =2=, 417. siege of, =2=, 417-19. fall of, =2=, 418-19.

=Betharamata.= _See_ Beth-Ramatha.

=Beth-Din=, name of the Synhedrion, =2=, 325.

=Bethel=, taken by the Ephraimites, =1=, 34. description of, =1=, 45. Samuel holds assemblies at, =1=, 78. a center of idolatry, =1=, 186. an association of prophets at, =1=, 205, 234. visited by Elijah, =1=, 208. bull-worship at, =1=, 233. capital of Jeroboam II, =1=, 233. Amos at, =1=, 235, 236. Cuthæans worship at, =1=, 285. purged of idolatry, =1=, 294. priests of, killed, =1=, 295. military station under Hadrian, =2=, 419.

=Bethhagla=, fortress, besieged by Bacchides, =1=, 493.

=Beth-Haran=, balm of Gilead found near, =1=, 43.

=Beth-horon=, battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 462. camp of Nicanor at, =1=, 485. Cestius Gallus retreats from, =2=, 266-7.

=Beth Israel=, third Amsterdam synagogue, =4=, 680.

=Beth Jacob=, first Amsterdam synagogue, =4=, 667, 671. poem in honor of, =4=, 678-9.

=Bethlehem=, birthplace of David, =1=, 95-6. camp of the Philistines, =1=, 116. children of, murdered by Herod, =2=, 116. the expected birthplace of the Messiah, =2=, 161. statue of Adonis worshiped at, =2=, 422. nunnery at, =2=, 623. the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.

=Bethmaon=, Josephus and the men of Tiberias meet at, =2=, 279.

=Bethome=, Pharisee fortress, =2=, 45.

=Bethoron.= _See_ Beth-horon.

=Bethpage=, suburb of Jerusalem, =2=, 292.

=Beth-Ramatha= (Betharamata), palace of, destroyed, =2=, 125. re-named Livia, =2=, 138.

=Bethsaida=, Jesus in, =2=, 157.

=Bethsan= (Bethshan). _See_ Bethshean.

=Bethshean= (Bethsan, Scythopolis), bodies of Saul and Jonathan dishonored at, =1=, 104. Greek citizens of, resist Joseph, =1=, 425. refuge of Antiochus IX, =2=, 10. recovered by the sons of John Hyrcanus, =2=, 11. Judæans of, massacred, =2=, 262-3. sparsely inhabited by Jews in the sixth century, =3=, 12.

=Bethshearim=, temporary seat of the Synhedrion, =2=, 452.

=Beth-Shemesh=, battle of, between the kings of Israel and Judah, =1=, 224-5.

=Bethsur.= _See_ Beth-Zur.

=Beth-Waad=, religious school in the Sopheric age, =1=, 396.

=Beth-Zachariah=, the battle of, Judas Maccabæus defeated at, =1=, 479. Judæans slain at, by Bacchides, =1=, 483.

=Beth-Zur= (Bethsur), Judas Maccabæus victorious at, =1=, 469-70. stronghold against the Idumæans, =1=, 473. garrison of, surrenders to Lysias, =1=, 479. reinforced by Bacchides, =1=, 491. Hellenists take refuge in, =1=, 494. garrisoned by the Hasmonæans, =1=, 498. under Simon Tharsi, =1=, 523, 524. Alexander Jannæus and Cleopatra make a league at, =2=, 41.

=Beugnot=, Napoleon’s state councilor, favors Jewish emancipation, =5=, 480. helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, =5=, 500.

=Beyrout=, the Judæans of, perish in the arena, =2=, 312.

=Beyrout (Bairut, Berytus), the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 426. protected by European consuls, =5=, 641. appeal to European Jews, =5=, 651.

=Bezalel Masserano=, requests permission for Jews to own Talmud copies, =4=, 658.

=Bezetha=, suburb of Jerusalem, fortified by Agrippa, =2=, 195. destroyed by Cestius Gallus, =2=, 265. seized by the Romans, =2=, 303.

=Béziers= (Biterræ), Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35. synagogue of, sold, =4=, 48.

=Béziers, the council of=, inflicts hardships upon the Albigenses, =3=, 581. renews ancient restrictions against the Jews, =3=, 581-2. prohibits Jews from practicing medicine among Christians, =3=, 582, 583.

=Béziers, the Jews of=, attacked at Eastertide, =3=, 173-4, 394. in the twelfth century, =3=, 394-5. under Count Roger, =3=, 395. suffering of, during the Albigensian crusades, =3=, 502-3. excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 530.

=Bible=, the. _See_ Law, the; Old Testament, the; Pentateuch, the; Scriptures, the; Septuagint, the; Translation; Vulgate, the; _and under its various books_.

=Bible exegesis.= _See_ Exegesis.

“=Bible for Israelites=,” by Sachs, =5=, 693.

“=Biblical Orient=, The,” ascribed to Isaac Bernays, =5=, 575. on the symbolism of Judaism, =5=, 575-6. emphasizes the historical mission of the Jews, =5=, 576.

=Bidkar=, follower of Jehu, =1=, 211.

=Biester=, admirer of Mendelssohn, =5=, 372.

=Bilbeïs, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 444.

=Bing, Isaiah Berr= (1759-1805), writes a defense of the Jews, =5=, 434.

=Birah=, the. _See_ Acra, the; Antonia.

=Birath=, camp of Bacchides, =1=, 486.

=Birchath ha-Minim=, curse of the Jewish Christians, =2=, 379-80.

=Biri=, religiousness of the inhabitants of, =2=, 480.

=Birtha.= _See_ Bitra.

=Biterræ.= _See_ Béziers.

=Bither.= _See_ Bethar.

=Bitra=, the Jews of, hostile to Julian the Apostate, =2=, 601-2.

=Black Death=, the, ravages of, =4=, 100, 133, 135. Jews charged with having caused, =4=, 101-2, 188; =5=, 728. in southern France, =4=, 102. in Spain, =4=, 102-3, 112-13. in Switzerland, =4=, 103-5, 106-7. in Germany, =4=, 105, 111, 133. in Austria, =4=, 110. in Hungary, =4=, 111. in Poland, =4=, 111-12. in Belgium, =4=, 112. in Catalonia, =4=, 112-13. in Castile, =4=, 113.

=Black Forest=, the, the Jews of, molested by Lutheran peasants, =4=, 542-3.

=Black Prince=, the. _See_ Edward, prince of Wales.

=Black Sea=, the, Jews settle on the shores of, =3=, 123. serfs on, =5=, 2.

=Blanche=, mother of Louis IX, at the disputation on the Talmud, =3=, 576. refuses to banish the Jews, =3=, 585.

=Blanche de Bourbon=, wife of Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 116-17. party of, =4=, 117. meditates the banishment of the Spanish Jews, =4=, 117. murder of, resolved on, =4=, 121-2. death of, attributed to the Jews, =4=, 122. illegality of the marriage of, =4=, 122.

=Blandrata=, disciple of Servetus, =4=, 647.

=Bloch, Mattathias=, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 133, 137.

=Blois=, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, =3=, 378-81. fast prescribed for, =3=, 380-1.

=Blood accusation=, the, first preferred in Blois in 1171, =3=, 378-81. under Philip Augustus, =3=, 402. in Germany in the twelfth century, =3=, 418. preferred by Innocent III, =3=, 499. against the Baden Jews, =3=, 564. in Germany and France in the thirteenth century, =3=, 583-5. disproved by Innocent IV, =3=, 584-5, 635. in England under Henry III, =3=, 591. believed by Alfonso X, =3=, 596. under Rudolph of Habsburg, =3=, 635-7. at Mayence, =3=, 636. at Munich, =3=, 636-7. in England, =3=, 643. against the Jews of Austria, =4=, 223-4. in South Germany, =4=, 227. against the Jews of Palma, =4=, 246-7. against the Jews of Silesia, =4=, 261-2. forbidden by Casimir IV of Poland, =4=, 264. against the Jews of Trent, =4=, 298-9, 304, 307. in Ratisbon, =4=, 301-2, 304-5. not believed by Emperor Frederick III, =4=, 305. the Jews of Castile charged with, =4=, 343-4. the Jews of Neuburg charged with, =4=, 545. injustice of, shown by a Lutheran pastor, =4=, 545-6. preferred by Dr. John Eck, =4=, 546-7. preferred by Luther, =4=, 550. denounced by Stephen Bathori, =4=, 642. preferred by William Prynne, =5=, 45. Manasseh ben Israel defends the Jews from, =5=, 47-9. the Jews of Metz charged with, =5=, 174-5. Richard Simon disproves, =5=, 175-6. Moses Germanus disproves, =5=, 177. denounced by John Wülfer, =5=, 185. denounced by Wagenseil, =5=, 187. endorsed by Eisenmenger, =5=, 187, 188. preferred by the Frankists, =5=, 279. Jews acquitted of, by Benedict XIV, =5=, 282. Jews acquitted of, by Clement XIII, =5=, 285. Believed by the papal nuncio Serra, =5=, 286. not refuted at Lemberg, =5=, 287. threatened to be brought in Damascus, =5=, 633. the Damascus Jews charged with, =5=, 636. alleged to be proved from the Talmud, =5=, 639. brought against the Jews of Rhodes, =5=, 640-1. a Jülich Jew charged with, =5=, 642. groundlessness of, asserted by apostates, =5=, 650. groundlessness of, asserted by the London rabbis, =5=, 654-5. refuted by Mehmet Ali, =5=, 661. firman securing the Turkish Jews against, =5=, 662. refuted by Zunz, =5=, 669. _See also_ Child-murder; Host-desecration.

=Boabdil.= _See_ Muley Abu-Abdallah.

=Bodenlaube=, castle, Süsskind of Trimberg at, =3=, 420.

=Bodo=, bishop, accepts Judaism, =3=, 168-9. hatred of, towards Christians, =3=, 169.

=Boëthius=, a notability of the sixth century, =3=, 31.

=Boëthus=, a family of high priests, =2=, 108, 237.

=Boëthusans=, a Sadducee sect, =2=, 108.

=Bohemia=, Jews in, in the ninth century, =3=, 144. a Talmud center, =3=, 420-1. adopts Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =3=, 569. Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, =4=, 111. Austrian exiles settle in, =4=, 224. Polish Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16. Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, =5=, 173. the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 208, 228. Jews excluded from parts of, =5=, 523. rabbis of, oppose the Brunswick conference, =5=, 682.

=Bohemia, the Jews of=, carry on the slave trade, =3=, 305. suffer during the first crusade, =3=, 305. determine to emigrate, =3=, 307. plundered, =3=, 308. suffer during the second crusade, =3=, 356. address Solomon ben Adret on religious questions, =3=, 620. suffer during the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, =4=, 98. charged with host-desecration, =4=, 164-6. threatened with expulsion, =4=, 417. take refuge in Poland, =4=, 420, 631-2. charged with incendiarism, =4=, 544. exiled, =4=, 544. recalled, =4=, 545. submit religious questions to the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 639. heavily taxed, =4=, 652, 702; =5=, 508. rights of, extended, =4=, 707. suspected of treason, =5=, 252. banished, =5=, 252. modify their synagogue service, =5=, 582.

=Böhme, Jacob=, mystic, disciple of, =5=, 24.

=Boleslav Pius=, confirms Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =4=, 111, 263.

=Bologgin.= _See_ Balkin.

=Bologna=, synod at, =4=, 218. Jewish printing house in, =4=, 289. Marranos well treated at, =4=, 525.

=Bologna, the Jews of=, expelled, =3=, 421. persecuted by Pius V, =4=, 590-1. flee to Ferrara, =4=, 591.

=Bomberg, Daniel=, publishes the Babylonian Talmud, =4=, 468. a rabbinical Bible, =4=, 476.

=Bonafides=, character in “Nathan the Wise,” =5=, 325.

=Bonafoux Vidal=, opposes the study of science, =4=, 28.

=Bonafoux, Daniel Israel=, Sabbatian, =5=, 207. convert to Islam, =5=, 208.

=Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise=, French reactionary leader, and the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 477-9. maligns the Jews, =5=, 478, 485. in league with Molé, =5=, 479.

=Bonastruc de Porta.= _See_ Moses ben Nachman.

=Bonastruc Desmaëstre=, at the Tortosa disputation, =4=, 208.

=Bonastruc, Isaac.= _See_ Isaac Bonastruc.

=Bonet.= _See_ David Bonet Buen-Giorno.

=Bonet=, a Jew of Montpellier, =3=, 395.

=Bonet de Lates=, physician, to Pope Alexander VI, =4=, 407-8. to Leo X, =4=, 408. letter to, from Reuchlin, =4=, 453, 454. espouses Reuchlin’s cause, =4=, 454.

=Bonfed.= _See_ Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed.

=Bonifaccio, Balthasar=, accuser of Sarah Sullam, =5=, 70.

=Boniface VIII=, pope, at odds with Philip IV of France, =4=, 44.

=Boniface IX=, pope, forbids the forcible baptism of Jews, =4=, 173.

=Bonnet, Caspar=, work of, translated by Lavater, =5=, 309. works of, criticised by Mendelssohn, =5=, 312-13, 314-15. disclaims connection with Lavater, =5=, 313-14.

=Bonosus=, governor of the East, subdues the Jews of Antioch, =3=, 18.

“=Book of Creation=, The,” commentary on, =3=, 197.

“=Book of Riches=, The,” work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 261.

“=Book of the Pious=, The,” by Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, =3=, 408.

=Book of the Wars of God=, early Hebrew poetry, =1=, 29.

“=Book of Wisdom=, The,” against paganism, =2=, 205-8.

=Boppard=, the blood accusation in, =3=, 418, 637, 639.

=Boraïta=, an apocryphal Mishna, =2=, 470.

=Boraïtas=, explained by Abba-Areka, =2=, 515. by Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 578.

=Bordeaux=, the Marranos in, =5=, 341. German Jews in, =5=, 342. struggle in, between German and Portuguese Jews, =5=, 342-3. foreign Jews ejected from, =5=, 343-4.

=Bordeaux, the Jews of=, maltreated by crusaders, =3=, 570. perish during the Pastoureaux massacres, =4=, 56. addressed in behalf of the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, =5=, 253. in Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 432. number of, =5=, 435. prosperity of, =5=, 436. join the National Guard, =5=, 438. on the Jewish question, =5=, 442. emancipated, =5=, 442-3. not affected by Napoleon’s restrictive laws, =5=, 499.

=Borgia=, cardinal. _See_ Alexander VI, pope.

=Börne, Ludwig= (1786-1837), employed in the Frankfort ducal police, =5=, 505, 541. defends the German Jews, =5=, 533. as a Jew, =5=, 536. as a German, =5=, 536-7. apostle of liberty, =5=, 537, 538-9. resemblance of, to Mendelssohn, =5=, 538. despises the Jews of his time, =5=, 538, 540. sobriety of, =5=, 538. life of, in Frankfort, =5=, 539. style of, =5=, 539. feeling of, for Jews, =5=, 539-40. insults offered to, as a Jew, =5=, 540-1. defends the Jews, =5=, 541-2. publishes a journal, =5=, 542. becomes a Christian, =5=, 542. wit of, =5=, 542. on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, =5=, 542-3. answers Dr. Holst, =5=, 543-4. compared with Heine, =5=, 544. early home-life of, =5=, 545. debt of the Jews to, =5=, 556. debt of Germany to, =5=, 556. compared with Erter, =5=, 615.

=Boso=, king of Burgundy, and the Jews, =3=, 175.

=Bosporus=, the, Jews settle on, =3=, 123. a Karaite community on, =3=, 182.

=Bosporus= (Kertch), capital of the Crimea, =3=, 222.

=Bossuet=, bishop, applauds Richard Simon’s exegesis, =5=, 179.

=Bostanaï=, Exilarch, restores the office to power, =3=, 10. recognized as chief of the Jews, =3=, 89. marries a daughter of Chosru, =3=, 89. vassal of the Mahometans, =3=, 89. permitted to wear a signet ring, =3=, 89-90. dissensions among the sons of, =3=, 91. descendants of, and the college presidents, =3=, 91. descendants of, inherit the Exilarchate, =3=, 94. Sherira a descendant of, =3=, 232. line of, described in Sherira’s “Letter,” =3=, 233.

=Bostra=, birthplace of Simon ben Lakish, =2=, 495.

=Botarel, Moses.= _See_ Moses Botarel.

=Bourbon dynasty=, the, restored to the French throne, =5=, 512, 596.

=Bourges=, the archbishop of, anti-Jewish sentiments of, =3=, 171.

“=Bow and Buckler=,” polemic by Simon ben Zemach Duran, =4=, 238.

=Brabant=, soldiers of, enlisted against the Hussites, =4=, 225.

=Brahe, Tycho=, astronomer, and David Gans, =4=, 638.

=Brancas=, duke of, given the Jews of Metz, =5=, 348, 446.

=Brandenburg=, the Mark of, Jews settle in, =5=, 173-4.

=Brandenburg, the Mark of, the Jews of=, accused of host-desecration, =4=, 439-40. charged with child murder, =4=, 440. burnt, =4=, 440. threatened with expulsion, =4=, 652.

=Bray=, the Jews of, suffer martyrdom, =3=, 404.

=Brazil=, Paul de Pina in, =4=, 670. the Jewish community in, =4=, 693-4.

=Breidenbach, Wolff= (1751-1829), interested in the abolition of the poll-tax, =5=, 467, 468, 472.

=Bremen=, Jews admitted into, =5=, 507.

=Bremen, the Jews of=, threatened with banishment, =5=, 512. banished, =5=, 520.

=Brendel=, professor, attacked for defending the Jews, =5=, 528.

=Brentano=, representative of the romantic school, =5=, 515.

=Breslau=, the clergy of, upbraided by John of Capistrano, =4=, 260-1. Chayon at, =5=, 218. anti-Jewish pamphlets published in, =5=, 470. rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571. the Hamburg reforms adopted in, =5=, 573. a German-Jewish church in, =5=, 682. a Jewish seminary at, =5=, 699, 700.

=Breslau, the Jews of=, during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 109-10. engaged in money-lending, =4=, 260. charged with host-desecration, =4=, 261. tortured, =4=, 261. burnt or banished, =4=, 262-3. join the “Society of Friends,” =5=, 418. apostasy among, =5=, 420.

=Bresselau, Mendel J.=, Hebrew style of, =5=, 398. establishes a society and a journal, =5=, 398, 399. compiles a liturgy, =5=, 564. scourges the orthodox party, =5=, 572. secretary of the Reform Temple Union, =5=, 672.

=Bretagne=, the Jews of, under Henry II, =3=, 409.

“=Bridle= for the Jews, The,” by Raymund Martin, =3=, 622.

=Brieli, Jehuda Leon= (1643-1722), rabbi of Mantua, innovations of, =5=, 200. opponent of the Kabbala, =5=, 200. opposes Chayon, =5=, 225.

=Bristol=, a Jew of, tortured by King John, =3=, 505.

=Britain=, rebels against Hadrian, =2=, 399.

=Brody=, the Chassidim in, =5=, 388. ban against the Chassidim published in, =5=, 392. Chassidistic writings burned in, =5=, 393. beginnings of culture among the Jews of, =5=, 612.

=Broglie, Duc de=, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 447.

=Bromet, Herz=, member of the Felix Libertate, =5=, 453. zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, =5=, 454. deputy to the National Assembly, =5=, 458.

=Broussa=, the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405. the Jews of, and the Pesaro trade, =4=, 579.

=Brühl=, Saxon minister. Jewish agent of, =5=, 263. and Eibeschütz’s supporters, =5=, 263. indifferent about Polish affairs, =5=, 282.

=Bruna, Israel.= _See_ Israel Bruna.

=Brunetta=, a Jewess of Trent, on friendly terms with Christians, =4=, 297. charged with the blood accusation, =4=, 298.

=Brunhilde=, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, =3=, 34.

=Brünn=, the Jews of, banished, =4=, 263. Israel Bruna exiled from, =4=, 302. Jews under restrictions in, =5=, 523.

=Brunswick=, rabbinical conference at, =5=, 677-8, 681-2.

=Brunswick, the duke of=, honors Mendelssohn, =5=, 308. commends Mendelssohn’s reply to Lavater, =5=, 313. conversation of, with Mendelssohn, on Christian dogmas, =5=, 315.

=Brunswick, the Jews of=, expelled, =4=, 652. deprived of civil rights, =5=, 512.

=Brunswick-Lüneburg= abolishes the poll-tax, =5=, 467.

=Bruria= (Valeria), wife of Rabbi Meïr, =2=, 436.

=Brussels, the Jews of=, during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 112. expelled, =4=, 662.

=Brutus=, Roman leader, suicide of, =2=, 81.

=Buchholz=, opposes Jewish emancipation, =5=, 468, 472.

=Buda=, the council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, =3=, 614-15.

=Buda-Pesth=, rabbinical college at, =5=, 700. _See also_ Pesth.

=Budnians=, anti-Trinitarian sect, =4=, 647.

=Budny, Simon=, translates the Bible into Polish, =4=, 647.

=Buen-Giorno.= _See_ David Bonet Buen-Giorno.

=Buffon=, praises Pereira’s sign language, =5=, 343.

=Bugia= (Buja), refuge for Spanish Jews, =4=, 197. suffering of Spanish exiles in, =4=, 361.

=Bulan=, king of the Chazars, convert to Judaism, =3=, 139-40, 327.

=Bulgarians=, the, friendly to the Jews, =3=, 123. vassals to the Chazars, =3=, 138.

=Bulls, papal=, by Benedict XIII, =4=, 215-16. Boniface IX, =4=, 173. Clement IV, =3=, 602. Clement VI, =4=, 103, 105, 173. Clement VII, =4=, 507, 515, 516. Clement VIII, =4=, 671. Eugenius III, =3=, 349-51. Eugenius IV, =4=, 229, 250, 251. Gregory IX, =3=, 564. Gregory X, =3=, 635. Innocent III, =3=, 497. Innocent IV, =3=, 584-5; =4=, 165. Julius III, =4=, 565. Martin V, =4=, 219-20, 226. Nicholas V, =4=, 253, 254, 256, 287. Paul III, =4=, 516, 522, 526. Paul IV, =4=, 566. Pius IV, =4=, 588, 589. Pius V, =4=, 591. Sixtus IV, =4=, 311, 319, 321, 322. Sixtus V, =4=, 655-6, 658. against the immigration of Jews in Palestine, =4=, 274.

=Buol Schauenstein=, Count von, protects the Frankfort Jews, =5=, 530.

=Burgos=, Kabbala taught in, =4=, 6. disputation at, =4=, 140. coronation of Juan I at, =4=, 156.

=Burgos, the cortes of=, make the Jews responsible for the civil war, =4=, 124-5. oppose the employment of Jews, =4=, 229.

=Burgos, the Jews of=, under Sancho, =3=, 617. taxed heavily, =4=, 123, 124. persecuted, =4=, 170. converted, =4=, 205.

=Burgundians, the, the empire of, the Jews of=, not considered a distinct race, =3=, 35. occupations of, =3=, 35-6. discriminated against, =3=, 37.

=Burgundy=, the Jews of, presented to the Church, =3=, 175.

=Burnt-offerings=, Samuel on the importance of, =1=, 74. Jochanan ben Zakkai on, =2=, 324, 325.

=Burrus=, Nero’s secretary, bribed to oppose the Judæans, =2=, 247.

=Bury St. Edmunds=, the Jews of, butchered, =3=, 415.

=Busche, Hermann von=, partisan of Reuchlin, =4=, 456.

=Buxtorf, John=, senior (1564-1639), renders rabbinical studies accessible to Christians, =5=, 21.

=Buxtorfs=, the, introduce rabbinical literature to Christians, =5=, 179.

=Byk, Jacob Solomon=, Hebrew style of, =5=, 617.

=Byron=, quoted, =4=, 127.

=Byzantine emperors=, the, Jews under, =5=, 725-6.

=Byzantine empire=, the, attacked by the Agadists, =3=, 16. in fear of the Chazars, =3=, 138. fall of, =4=, 267. toleration of, =4=, 285.

=Byzantine empire, the, the Jews of=, under Arcadius, =2=, 615-16. forbidden to build synagogues, =2=, 617. treated with hostility, =3=, 10. forced into Christianity, =3=, 122-3. emigrate, =3=, 123-4. in the ninth century, =3=, 175-6. in the twelfth century, =3=, 424-8. not admitted to military offices, =3=, 425. brutal treatment of, =3=, 425. poets among, =3=, 426.

=C=

=Cabades.= _See_ Kobad.

=Caballeria, Alfonso de=, Marrano, tries to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, =4=, 329.

=Caballo, Jules=, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” =5=, 701.

=Cabiri=, the seven planets worshiped by the Canaanites, =1=, 54.

=Cabrera=, governor of the castle of Segovia, =4=, 283.

=Cabul=, fortress, =2=, 414. fall of, =2=, 416. religiousness of the inhabitants of, =2=, 480.

=Caceres, Simon de=, opens a Jewish burial-ground in London, =5=, 49.

=Cacina=, Roman consul, and Titus, =2=, 317.

=Cadiz=, Marranos flee to, =4=, 313. victims of the Inquisition in the archbishopric of, =4=, 317. taken by the English, =4=, 665.

=Cæsar, Julius=, in the first triumvirate, =2=, 73. frees Aristobulus II, =2=, 75. favors Antipater, =2=, 75-6. kindly disposed to the Judæans, =2=, 76, 179. hated by the Judæans of Palestine, =2=, 77. murder of, =2=, 79. remits the tax during the Sabbatic year, =2=, 469.

=Cæsar, Sextus=, governor of Syria, honors Herod, =2=, 78. makes Hyrcanus II responsible for the life of Herod, =2=, 78.

=Cæsarea= (Mazaca). _See_ Mazaca.

=Cæsarea= (Straton), beautified by Herod, =2=, 106. trade and shipping of, =2=, 118. seat of the procurator, =2=, 129. residence of Herod (Philip), =2=, 173. favored by Agrippa I, =2=, 194. destroyed by an earthquake, =2=, 408-9. made an academic city, =2=, 543. anti-Christian riot in, =3=, 17. played into the hands of the Arabs, =3=, 87.

=Cæsarea (Straton), the Greek inhabitants of=, rejoice over Agrippa I’s death, =2=, 196. hate the Judæans, =2=, 246-7. quarrel with the Judæans, =2=, 252-3.

=Cæsarea (Straton), the Jews of=, Greek culture of, =2=, 538. devoted to circus sports, =2=, 626.

=Cæsarea (Straton), the Judæans of=, deprived of civil rights, =2=, 247. exterminated, =2=, 262. perish in the arena, =2=, 312.

=Cæsarea Philippi=, built by the tetrarch Philip, =2=, 138. capital of Philip’s tetrarchy, =2=, 158. Judæans of, perish in the arena, =2=, 312.

=Cæsars=, the, sacrifices offered for, =2=, 103.

=Cafri=, native town of Rabba bar Chana, =2=, 454.

=Cain=, the Choic type of the Gnostics, =2=, 377.

=Cainites=, a Gnostic sect, =2=, 375.

=Cairo= (Fostat), a Karaite community in, =3=, 182. Talmud study encouraged in, =3=, 208, 210. Jehuda Halevi at, =3=, 340-1. two synagogues of, =3=, 444. Karaites of, =3=, 444; =4=, 71. Maimonides at, =3=, 457-92. hospital at, =3=, 495. Spanish spoken at, =4=, 388. Spanish exiles in, =4=, 392-96. Purim of, =4=, 396. Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 76.

=Cairo, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 444. maltreated, =4=, 396. establish schools, =5=, 664. reconciled with the Karaites, =5=, 664.

=Calabrese.= _See_ Chayim Vital Calabrese.

=Calabria=, the Jews of, subject to curial duties, =2=, 616. invaded by the Mahometans, =3=, 212.

=Calahorra=, Abraham Ibn-Ezra dies at, =3=, 374.

=Calatayud=, the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, =4=, 330.

=Calatayud, the Jews of=, excommunicate anti-Maimunists, =3=, 537. converted, =4=, 214.

=Calatrava=, fortress, taken by Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 361.

=Calderon=, dramatist, =5=, 112.

=Calderon, the Jewish=, =5=, 110-11.

=Calendar=, the, arranged by the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 326. fixed by astronomical calculations, =2=, 336. fixed by the Patriarchs, =2=, 362-3. corrected by Akiba’s disciples, =2=, 433. arranged by Chananya, =2=, 443. drawn up by Mar-Samuel, =2=, 521-2, 574. the computation of, forbidden, =2=, 571. fixed adopted by Hillel II, =2=, 572-4. method of calculating, =2=, 573. Jewish, adopted by the Arabs, =3=, 59-60. fixed, abolished by Anan ben David, =3=, 131. fixed, rejected by the Tiflisites, =3=, 158. key to, by Nachshon ben Zadok, =3=, 179. Karaite, attacked by Saadiah, =3=, 190-1. rules of, collected by Saadiah, =3=, 196. work on, by Dunash ben Tamim, =3=, 211, 217. Isaac Ibn-Albalia on, =3=, 283. accuracy of, demonstrated, =3=, 313. work on, by Maimonides, =3=, 451. used by the Karaites, =4=, 270. _See also_ Ibbur.

=Caligula=, emperor, distinguishes Agrippa I, =2=, 174-5, 176. divine honor to the images of, =2=, 183-4. hates the Judæans, =2=, 187. statues of, in the Temple, =2=, 188-9. assassinated, =2=, 189. Judaism defended before, =5=, 654.

=Caliphate of the East=, the. _See_ Abbasside Caliphate, the.

=Calixtus=, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, =3=, 376; =4=, 275.

=Callimandrus=, Egyptian general against the Judæans, =2=, 11.

=Calliopas=, charioteer, causes a riot, =3=, 11.

“=Calumniator, The=,” sobriquet of Joshua Lorqui, =4=, 217.

=Calvin=, and Michael Scotus, =4=, 541.

=Cambridge=, the Jews of, expelled, =3=, 641.

=Cambyses=, of Persia, death of, =1=, 358.

=Camith=, family of high priests, =2=, 237.

=Campanton.= _See_ Isaac ben Jacob Campanton.

=Campeggio=, cardinal, on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 514.

=Campo Formio=, peace of, and the poll tax of French Jews in Germany, =5=, 464.

=Campo-Mayor=, refuge for Spanish Marranos, =4=, 498.

“=Can the Jews= remain in their present condition without harm to the state?” anti-Jewish pamphlet, =5=, 469-70.

=Canaan=, entry of Israelites into, =1=, 1, 32. description of the coast of, =1=, 2-3. claimed by the Israelites, =1=, 4-5. rapid conquest of, =1=, 39-40. becomes the Holy Land, =1=, 41. not entirely conquered, =1=, 50-1. _See_ Palestine.

=Canaanites=, the, description of, =1=, 2-4. subdivisions of, =1=, 3. trade of, =1=, 3. cities of, =1=, 3. at war with Asher and Naphtali, =1=, 37. dwell with the tribe of Judah, =1=, 39. in dread of the Israelites, =1=, 40. heathenism of, =1=, 51. idol worship of, =1=, 54. relations of, to the Israelites, =1=, 56-8. suffer under David, =1=, 131. help to build the Temple, =1=, 163. _See_ Gibeonites; Jebusites; Philistines, etc.

=Candia.= _See_ Crete.

=Canea=, the Jews of, importance of, =4=, 406.

=Canon=, the, of the Holy Writings, completed, =2=, 344. _See_ Scriptures, the.

=Cansino family=, the, dragomans in Oran, =5=, 169.

=Cantheras=, family of high priests, =2=, 237.

=Caorsini= (Ultramontanes), usury practiced by, =3=, 510.

=Capernaum= (Kephar Nahum), Jesus successful in, =2=, 153-7. the first church at, =2=, 565.

=Capets=, the first, the Jews oppressed under, =3=, 241-2.

=Caphar-Salama=, the battle of, Judas Maccabæus victorious at, =1=, 484.

=Caphtor=, the original home of the Philistines, =1=, 54.

=Capistrano.= _See_ John of Capistrano.

=Capnion.= _See_ Reuchlin, John.

=Capo d’Istrias=, Russian plenipotentiary, and the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 527.

=Cappadocia=, study of the Law in, =2=, 358. the Jews of, under Shabur I, =2=, 520, 526.

“=Captives of Hope=, The,” drama by Joseph Penso, =5=, 113.

=Captivity=, the, the return from, =1=, 351-6. _See_ Babylonia, the Judæans of.

=Captivity, the, Princes of.= _See_ Exilarchate, the; Exilarchs, the.

=Capua=, the Jews of in the twelfth century, =3=, 424. Hillel of Verona in, =3=, 629.

=Carabas=, impersonates Agrippa I, =2=, 182.

=Caracalla=, emperor, vices of, =2=, 468. relation of, to the Jews, =2=, 468-9. exacts the tax during the Sabbatic year, =2=, 469.

=Caraffa, Pietro.= _See_ Paul IV, pope.

=Çarça, Samuel.= _See_ Samuel Çarça.

=Carcassonne=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.

=Cardoso, Abraham Michael= (1630-1706), Marrano, resumes Judaism, =5=, 163. occupations and morality of, =5=, 164. figures as a Sabbatian prophet, =5=, 164-5. proclaims himself Sabbataï’s successor, =5=, 207. writings of, =5=, 208, 248. writings of, burned, =5=, 220.

=Cardoso, (Isaac) Fernando= (1615-1680), Marrano physician, resumes Judaism, =5=, 163. occupations and life of, =5=, 164. anti-Sabbatian, =5=, 164, 165. Sachs compared with, =5=, 688.

=Cardozo, Elihu Aboab=, erects a synagogue at Hamburg, =4=, 689.

=Carenton=, the Jews of, attacked by crusaders, =3=, 355.

=Carians=, the, mercenary troops employed by Athaliah, =1=, 214. in sympathy with Joash, =1=, 215-6.

=Carinthia=, the Jews of, expelled, =4=, 427.

=Carlovingians=, the last, the Jews oppressed under, =3=, 241-2.

=Carlsruhe=, the Jews of, persecuted, =5=, 530. the Hamburg reforms adopted in, =5=, 573.

=Carmel, Mount=, description of, =1=, 44. considered holy by the Canaanites, =1=, 51. Elijah lives on, =1=, 203. Elisha lives on, =1=, 208. north-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.

=Carmelite district=, the, of Paris, commends the Jews, =5=, 444.

=Carmona=, the Marranos of, resist the Inquisition, =4=, 313. conspirators of, burnt, =4=, 317.

=Carpentras=, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Carpentras, the Jews of=, not banished by Charles VI, =4=, 177. wealth of, =4=, 592. number of, =5=, 436. honor Crémieux and Montefiore, =5=, 658.

=Carrion=, the Jews of, under Sancho, =3=, 617. persecuted, =4=, 170. Carthage, captured by Genseric, =2=, 611. the Temple vessels removed from, =3=, 26.

=Carvajal, Fernandez= (Isaac), a Jew secretly living in London, =5=, 38. opens a Jewish burial ground, =5=, 49.

=Casalmaggiore=, the Jews of, number of, =4=, 653.

=Casimir III=, the Great, of Poland, extends the privileges of the Jews, =4=, 111, 263. protects the Jews, =4=, 111. Jewish mistress of, =4=, 112.

=Casimir IV=, of Poland, extends the privileges of the Jews, =4=, 263-5, 419. under Capistrano’s influence, =4=, 265-6. revokes the privileges of the Jews, =4=, 266. sons of, =4=, 419, 631. statute of, confirmed by Sigismund III, =4=, 643.

=Caspe=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 214.

=Caspian Sea=, the, Jews settle on the coast of, =3=, 123. island in, refuge of the Chazars, =3=, 222.

=Cassander=, ally of Ptolemy I, at the battle of Ipsus, =1=, 417.

=Cassel=, meeting place of the Westphalian consistory, =5=, 501.

=Cassiodorus=, minister of Theodoric, =3=, 30. homiletic exposition of the Psalms by, =3=, 31. on the Jews, =3=, 31.

=Cassius, Avidius=, rebel, death of, =2=, 463.

=Cassius Longinus, Caius=, legate of Crassus, retreats before the Parthians, =2=, 74. defeats the Judæan army, =2=, 74. governor of Syria, forces contributions from Judæa, =2=, 80. suicide of, =2=, 81.

=Cassius Longinus, Caius=, governor of Syria, occupies Jerusalem, =2=, 197.

=Castel-Branco, João Rodrigo de.= _See_ Amatus Lusitanus.

=Castellane, de=, deputy to the National Assembly, =5=, 439.

=Castel-Narbonnais=, refuge of the Jews from the Pastoureaux, =4=, 56.

=Castile=, lacks Talmud schools in the twelfth century, =3=, 322. Jews in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 384. war of, with Morocco, =4=, 84. civil war in, =4=, 118-19, 120-2, 123-6. union of, with Portugal, =4=, 161. quarrel about the rabbinate of, =4=, 161-2. forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, =4=, 180. Marranos of, =4=, 309. _See under_ Marranos. exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402. _See also under_ Spain.

=Castile, the Jews of=, under Alfonso VI, =3=, 292-3. under Alfonso Raimundez, =3=, 361, 363. oppose the Almohades, =3=, 387. under Alfonso VIII, =3=, 499. first persecution of, =3=, 507. in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 530, 536, 544. under Alfonso X, =3=, 592-6. under Ferdinand III, =3=, 592. employed at court, =3=, 593-4. degraded by Alfonso X, =3=, 594-6. fined, =3=, 616. under Sancho, =3=, 616-17. taxed, =3=, 617; =4=, 125-6. send deputies to Huete, =3=, 617. number of, =3=, 617. opponents of science, =4=, 38. in the fourteenth century, =4=, 51-3. leaders of the Spanish-Jewish community, =4=, 75. under Alfonso X, =4=, 75-6. guilty of usury, =4=, 80. Gonzalo Martinez conspires against, =4=, 84-5. neglect Jewish science, =4=, 86-7, 91. not held responsible for the Black Death, =4=, 113. under Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 113-26. aid Maria de Padilla, =4=, 117. in the civil war, =4=, 118-19, 120-2, 123-6. Pedro’s opponents hostile to, =4=, 120-1. held responsible for the civil war, =4=, 124-5, 167. reduced to beggary by the civil war, =4=, 137. under Henry II, =4=, 137-8. hostility to, =4=, 138. degraded by outward signs, =4=, 139. forced into religious debates, =4=, 140-2. possess penal jurisdiction, =4=, 155. deprived of criminal jurisdiction, =4=, 157. accusations against, =4=, 157. under Henry III, =4=, 193. under Juan II, =4=, 194, 203-4, 205-6, 228-9. assaulted, =4=, 204-5. bull against, =4=, 250-1. appeal to Juan II, =4=, 251. insecurity of, under Juan II, =4=, 252-3. under Henry IV, =4=, 274-6. low position of, in Henry IV’s statute book, =4=, 278. indispensable as financiers, =4=, 279-80. warned of approaching danger, =4=, 336. protected by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 343-4. help the Marranos, =4=, 344. proclamation expelling, =4=, 347-8. _See also under_ Spain.

=Castile, New=, the Jews of, taxed, =3=, 617.

=Castro=, an English Jew, and the Damascus affair, =5=, 653.

=Castro, de=, a noble Castilian family, =3=, 363.

=Castro, Abraham de=, Selim I’s master of the mint, benevolence of, =4=, 393. informs against the Egyptian viceroy, =4=, 395.

=Castro, Balthasar (Isaac) Orobio de= (1620-1687), Marrano, professor of metaphysics at Salamanca, tortured, =5=, 116. professor of medicine at Toulouse, =5=, 117. associates with Spinoza, =5=, 117. refutes Spinoza’s views, =5=, 167. prominence of, =5=, 199-200.

=Castro, Bendito (Baruch Nehemiah) de=, physician, Sabbatian, =5=, 140, 150.

=Castro, Moses de=, antagonist of Jacob Berab, =4=, 534-5.

=Castro, Rodrigo de= (1560-1627), Marrano physician, ability of, =4=, 686-7. owns landed property, =4=, 688.

=Castro-Tartas, Isaac de=, Marrano, martyrdom of, =5=, 31-2.

=Casuistry=, in the Mishna, =2=, 475-6.

=Catalina of Lancaster=, regent for Juan II of Castile, =4=, 193. issues edicts concerning the Jews, =4=, 203-4, 205-6, 275. death of, =4=, 217, 228.

=Catalonia=, part of Aragon, =3=, 387.

=Catalonia, the Jews of=, in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 530. massacred, =4=, 102-3. provide against the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 112-13. possess penal jurisdiction, =4=, 155. persecuted in 1391, =4=, 172. converted, =4=, 214. loyal to their faith, =4=, 215. possessions of, sequestrated, =4=, 349.

=Catechumens=, the house of, supported by the Jews, =4=, 566.

=Catherine=, empress of Russia, member of the Berlin Academy, =5=, 308. at war with Poland, =5=, 388.

=Catherine=, of Portugal, hostile to the Marranos, =4=, 489.

=Catherine de Medici=, queen mother in France, and Joseph Nassi, =4=, 598. proposes her son for the Polish throne, =4=, 604.

=Catholic Church=, the, rise of, =2=, 500.

=Catholic Church, the German=, established, =5=, 682.

=Catholic reaction=, the, =4=, 650-1. the Jews suffer under, =4=, 652-3.

=Catholicism=, more hostile to the Jews than Arianism, =3=, 26. overthrown in England, =4=, 541. and the romantic movement, =5=, 516. _See_ Christianity.

=Catholics=, the, toleration of, under Valentinian I, =2=, 603. hate Theodoric, =3=, 29, 30. antagonized by the Arian Visigoths, =3=, 44-5. in the Damascus affair, =5=, 650-1, 662. _See_ Christians, the.

=Catholics, the Greek=, molest the Turkish Jews, =4=, 552-3.

=Cathunho, Isaac=, Marrano in Pernambuco, =4=, 693.

=Catullus=, Roman governor of Cyrene, executes Zealots, =2=, 318.

=Caucasus=, the, Jews settle in, =3=, 123. under the Exilarch’s jurisdiction, =3=, 429.

=Cavilhão=, Jewish center in Portugal, =4=, 159.

=Ceba, Ansaldo=, priest and poet, tries to convert Sarah Sullam, =5=, 69-70.

=Cendebæus=, Syrian general, invades Judæa, =1=, 529.

=Ceneda=, wagers a pound of his own flesh, =4=, 657.

=Cenedæus=, of Adiabene, relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, =2=, 264.

=Censorship= of the press introduced by Caraffa, =4=, 563. in Germany, =5=, 532.

=Censorship= of the Talmud under Jayme I of Aragon, =3=, 603. advised by two popes, =4=, 658. abuses of, =4=, 659, 660. _See under_ Talmud, the.

=Census=, a, taken by David, =1=, 137-8. of Judæans ordered by Augustus, =2=, 129. arouses terror and dissension, =2=, 130. resisted by the Zealots, =2=, 133-4. in 66, =2=, 251.

“=Centuries=,” by Amatus Lusitanus, =4=, 570.

=Cervera=, the Jews of, persecuted, =4=, 94, 103.

=Cesis, de=, cardinal, on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 514.

=Ceuta=, the Jews of, emigrate, =3=, 424. battle of, =4=, 390.

=Ceylon=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 436.

=Chabar=, teacher of the Law among the Arabian Jews, =3=, 59.

=Chaberim=, fellows, =2=, 364.

=Chabib.= _See_ Amatus Lusitanus.

=Chabulon.= _See_ Cabul.

=Chaburah=, order, =2=, 364.

=Chacham=, officer of the Synhedrion, =2=, 360. office of, ceases, =2=, 453. title of the Amsterdam rabbis, =4=, 681. title of the Hamburg rabbis, =4=, 689; =5=, 577.

=Chacham Zevi.= _See_ Zevi Ashkenazi.

=Chacon=, Castilian farmer of taxes, =4=, 275.

=Chadija=, wife of Mahomet, =3=, 71.

=Chages, Jacob= (1620-1674), recluse at Jerusalem, =5=, 126. teacher of Nathan Ghazati, =5=, 131. threatens Sabbataï Zevi with excommunication, =5=, 132.

=Chages, Moses=, denounces Chayon’s work as heretical, =5=, 222. excommunicates Chayon, =5=, 224. abused by the Amsterdam Portuguese Jews, =5=, 224. excommunicated and driven from Amsterdam, =5=, 226. in Altona, =5=, 231. opposes Luzzatto’s Kabbala, =5=, 238. threatens Kabbalistic writers with the ban, =5=, 239. forbids the study of Kabbala to young men, =5=, 241. deprecates leniency towards E