Part 12

11 40 Figure sitting upon the heel to draw the bow. It is one of a beautiful series of statues in the Glyptothek at Munich. They adorned the pediments of a temple in Ægina, and are supposed to represent the noble actions of the Æacidæ.

12 42 Represents some of the muscles and tendons seen on the inner side of the leg and foot. A, _Gastro- cnemius_ and _Soleus_ muscles. They are attached, above, to the thigh-bone and the leg-bones; below, by means of the _Tendo Achillis_ (_a_) to the heel-bone; they together form the calf-muscle. B, _Posterior tibial_ muscle attached, above, to the tibia, below, by its tendon (_b_) to the scaphoid bone. D, process of the tibia called the _internal malleolus_ or inner ankle. F, _Anterior tibial_ muscle attached, above, to the front of the tibia, below, to the scaphoid bone. _k_, the _flexor tendon_ of the great toe.

13 44 Gives a corresponding view of the outer side of the leg and foot. E, the lower end of the fibula, called the _external malleolus_, or outer ankle. C, the _short fibular_ muscle attached, above, to the fibula; below, by its tendon (_c_), to the outer metatarsal bone. I, the _long fibular_ muscle. Its tendon (_i_) runs, behind the outer ankle and under the instep, to the metatarsal bone of the great toe; it is not seen in the latter part of its course. G, the _anterior fibular_ muscle attached by its tendon _g_ to the outer metatarsal bone. _h_, the _extensor tendons_ of the toes.

14 47 Foot of a young woman presenting the variety of “club-foot” called “_Talipes varus_.” The sole is very much bent, and turned inwards and upwards, so that the part of the instep which should be above and in front is directed downwards and comes into contact with the ground.

15 49 Diagram (from Bell’s _Anatomy_) showing the mode in which the extensor tendons of the toes follow the curve of the ankle and are bound to it by cross straps, instead of taking the direct course represented by the line _a_.

16 52 Foot and leg from the cast of the Farnese Hercules in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

17 52 Foot and leg of a Negro.

18 52 Outline of under surface of foot of an Englishman.

19 52 Outline of under surface of foot of a Negro.

20 55 Skeleton of the foot of a Chinese female. From a drawing by B. Cooper, in _Phil. Trans._

21–25 57 Sections, from above downwards, through the tarso-metatarsal joints. A, _metatarsal_ bone. B, _tarsal_ bone. C, C, the _ligaments_ connecting the two.

26–29 59 Figures standing, bowing, stooping, and squatting.

30–32 60 Figures walking.

33–35 62 Position of foot in three stages of a step in walking.

36–38 65 Figures running.

39 86 Bones of the left hind limb of an Elephant.

40 86 Bones of the left hind limb of a Hippopotamus.

41 86 Bones of the left hind limb of a Rhinoceros.

42 86 Bones of the left hind limb of an Ox.

43 86 Bones of the left hind limb of a Horse.

44 89 Hind limb of a Gorilla, showing the length of the digits, and the strong inner digit diverging from the others.

45 90 Drawing of stuffed specimen of a Gorilla in the British Museum.

46 98 Section of a foot, showing the disposition of the fibres that run from the bones and plantar ligament to the skin of the sole. At the heel the greater number of the fibres are seen to run _back_wards from the heel-bone to the skin. At the end of the great toe and beneath the ball of the toe they run, for the most part, _for_wards, from the bones and plantar ligament, to the skin.

47 103 View of the sole of a foot in its natural state.

48 103 Outline of the sole of a shoe, as commonly made for a man’s foot.

49 103 Sole of the foot of a girl twenty-two years old, distorted by the pressure of the shoe, but otherwise healthy.

50 103 View of the skeleton of a foot so deformed, from above.

51 105 The proper sole for a shoe laid, for the sake of comparison, on the symmetrical sole of the ordinary shape.

52 105 The proper sole pointed at the toes.

THE HUMAN HAND.

Fig. page

53 110 The bones of the arm (_humerus_), of the forearm (_radius_ and _ulna_, the former is the upper of the two, the forearm and hand being semi-prone), and of the hand. The names of the wrist-bones are, _scaphoid_, _semilunar_ (these two are in contact with the radius), _cuneiform_ (this is in a line with the ulna, but separated from it by an interval in which lies the triangular ligament, see fig. 64, page 134), _pisiform_ (faintly seen in shadow beneath the cuneiform), _trapezium_ (supporting the metacarpal bone of thumb), _trapezoid_ (supporting the metacarpal bone of fore-finger), _magnum_ (supporting the metacarpal bone of the middle or great finger), _unciform_ (supporting the metacarpal bones of the ring and the little fingers).

54 112 Diagram of the bones of the hand with the ends of the radius and ulna. 1, end of _radius_; 2, end of _ulna_; 3, _scaphoid_; 4, _semilunar_; 5, _cuneiform_; 6, _pisiform_; 7, _trapezium_; 8, _trapezoid_; 9, _magnum_; 10, _unciform_; 11, 11, _metacarpal_ bones; 12, 12, first row of _phalanges_; 13, 13, second row of _phalanges_; 14, 14, third row of _phalanges_; I, thumb; II, forefinger; III, middle finger; IV, ring finger; V, little finger.

55 116 Drawing of the front of the chest and the shoulders, with the collar-bones running across from the upper edge of the breast-bone to the projecting processes of the shoulder-blades.

56 117 The chest and shoulder of an Eagle. A, A, the united _collar-bones_, or “merry-thought;” B, the _coracoid_, or “side-bone;” C, the long, slender _shoulder-blade_; D, the _sternum_; E, the _humerus_.

57 120 The head, fore part of chest, and shoulder of a Rhinoceros. The chest is deep and flat at the sides. The shoulder-blade and arm-bone are nearly vertical, that is, they nearly correspond with the ribs in their direction.

58 122 Side view of chest, shoulder and arm (human). The shoulder-blade is prolonged in the direction of the spine, that is, _across_ the ribs.

59 124 Side view of fore part of a Monkey’s skeleton.

60 126 A section, from side to side, through the Elbow-joint, showing the shape of the surfaces of the bones. A, the _radius_; B, the _ulna_; CC, the side _ligaments_ holding the radius and ulna to the _arm-bone_, D.

61 127 The upper limb with the forearm and hand in the state of supination. A, the _long Pronator_ muscle.

62 127 The same in a state of pronation. B, the _short Supinator_ muscle.

In this and the preceding drawing a plumb-line, descending from the outer condyle of the humerus traverses the lower end of the ulna and the ring finger.

63 131 Drawing of the _biceps_ muscle. The hand is in a state of pronation. Driving the gimlet is effected by the movement to the state of supination.

64 134 Section, from side to side, through the Wrist, showing the shapes of the bones and the mode in which they are adapted to one another. A, the _radius_; B, the _ulna_; C, _scaphoid_ bone; D, _cuneiform_ bone; E, _semi-lunar_ bone; F, line of contact of radius and ulna; G, G, side _ligaments_ connecting the wrist-bones with the bones of the forearm. H, I, K, L, M, _metacarpal_ bones of thumb and fingers.

65 138 View of the superficial muscles on the palmar aspect of the forearm and hand. A, the _radial flexor_ of the wrist. B, the _long palmar_ muscle. C, the _ulnar flexor_ of the wrist. D, the muscles of the “ball of the thumb.” E, the _long supinator_ muscle. F, the _long pronator_. G, the lower part of the _biceps_ muscle. H, Cross _ligaments_ binding the tendons in their places. (This and the two following figures are from Quain’s _Anatomy_.)

66 138 View of the deep muscles and tendons on the palmar aspects of the forearm and hand. A, the _long flexor_ of the thumb. B, some of the _flexors_ of the fingers. C, the _Adductor_ muscle of the thumb.

67 139 The _extensor_ muscles and tendons of the wrist, thumb, and fingers seen on the back of the forearm and hand. A, A, A, the _abductors_ and _adductors_ of the fingers. B, B, the cross _ligament_ which binds the tendons in their places.

68 146 Hand holding a cricket-ball, showing that the tips of the fingers and the thumb all reach the same level.

69 152 Diagram showing the distribution of the _median_ (A) and _ulnar_ (B) _nerves_ in the hand.

70 165 Drawing of a magnified section through the skin of the palmar surface of the thumb, including three of the ridges seen on that surface. _a_, the outer or horny layer of the _cuticle_; _b_, the deeper layer of the same called “_rete mucosum_;” _c_, _c_, _c_, the _cutis_, with _papillæ_ rising from its surface beneath the ridges and projecting into the rete mucosum; _g_, _g_, grains of _fat_ lying in the deeper part of the cutis and in the tissue beneath it. Between _f_ and _f_ are three _sweat-glands_, each composed of a tube rolled up into a ball or knot. The tubes (_h_, _h_) are seen ascending from them through the cutis and cuticle, and opening at the tops of the ridges. (From Kölliker’s _Mikroskopishe Anatomie_.)

71 170 Section of skin still more magnified. _a_, Outer or horny stratum of cuticle; _b_, inner stratum of cuticle, or “rete mucosum;” _c_, papillary stratum of cutis; _d_, deeper or fibrous stratum of cutis. The curling tube rolled into a ball at the lower part is the sweat-gland. Its duct is seen ascending through the fibrous structure of the cutis, and presents the coiled appearance of a rope as it traverses the cuticle.

72 170 A few layers of the cuticle and rete mucosum of a Negro, showing the spots of dark pigment in the rete which give the black colour to the Negro’s skin. (This and the preceding from Todd and Bowman’s _Phys. Anatomy_.)

73 170 Section of a Corn and adjacent skin. _a_, the _cuticle_; _c_, the _cutis_ with its _papillæ_. The cuticle is seen to be very thick, and the papillæ are somewhat enlarged in the corn.

74 170 Section of a Wart and adjacent skin. _a_, _cuticle_; _c_, the _cutis_ with its _papillæ_. The latter are seen to be enlarged, or “hypertrophied,” in the wart.

75 174 Vertical section, made lengthways, of a Nail raised from its bed, showing its connexion with the cuticle. _a_, _a_, _cuticle_; _d_, _d_, _nail_.

76 174 Similar section of a Nail lying in its bed of cutis. _a_, _cuticle_; _b_, _rete mucosum_; _c_, _cutis_; _d_, _nail_.

77 174 Section of the Cutis from which the nail, the cuticle, and the rete have been removed.

78 176 Transverse section of the Nail and Skin, made vertically. _a_, _a_, _cuticle_; _b_, _rete_; _c_, _c_, _cutis_; _d_, _d_, lines running through the cutis to the _papillæ_; _e_, _e_, _e_, lines running through the nail to the rete. (This and the three preceding from Kölliker.)

79 179 Section of a Hair and Hair-follicle. _a_ and _b_, the _cuticle_ and _rete_ lining the follicle. _e_, the outer layer, or rind, of the hair formed by closely-plaited scales of cuticle continued upon it from the bottom of the follicle _d_.

80 179 Piece of the exterior of a Hair more highly magnified to show the imbricated arrangement of the plates or scales forming its outer surface.

81,82 179 Transverse sections of Hairs. (These and two preceding from Todd and Bowman.)

83 181 Section of a Hair-follicle containing a Hair, and with two Oil-glands, _g_, _g_, lying near it, and with their ducts opening into it. _a_ and _b_, cuticle and rete; _d_, bottom of follicle. (From Kölliker.)

84 187 The terminal Bone of a finger, with a portion of the bone next it, showing the nodulated bulbous end of the former.

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

_By the same Author._

I.

A TREATISE ON THE HUMAN SKELETON,

(INCLUDING THE JOINTS),

_With Two Hundred and Sixty Illustrations drawn from Nature._

Medium 8vo. cloth, price £1. 8_s._

II.

AN ESSAY ON THE LIMBS OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.

4to. sewed, 5_s._

III.

ON THE COAGULATION OF THE BLOOD IN THE VENOUS SYSTEM DURING LIFE.

8vo. sewed, 2_s._ 6_d._