CHAPTER XXII
NEW BASIS OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE
John Quincy Adams’ Advice--Canning’s Trade Statesmanship--Lack of Industrial and Commercial Element--Excess of Benevolent Impulse--Forgotten Chapters of the Doctrine’s History--The Ecuador Episode--President Roosevelt’s Interpretation--Diplomatic Declarations--Spectres of Territorial Absorption--Change Caused by Cuba--Progress of South American Countries--European Attitude on Economic Value of Latin America--German and English Methods--Proximity of Markets to United States Trade Centres--Conclusion 351
APPENDIX--Hydrographic Tables of Distances 373
INDEX 379
TABLES 399
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
A Mountain Bridge _Frontispiece_
Scene on the Chagres River 10
Swamp Section of the Canal 10
The Atlantic Entrance to the Canal 10
Abandoned Machinery--Two Views 18
Pineapple Garden 28
Banana Grove 28
The De Lesseps House, Colon 44
Caribbean Cocoa Palms 44
Panama Natives from the Swamp Country 50
Panama Natives from the Mountains 50
Ruins at Panama--Two Views 54
The Waterfront at Guayaquil 60
The Wharf at Duran 60
Weed-killer Plant, Guayaquil and Quito Railway 64
Railway Spraying Cart 64
Cacao Trees 70
View of Mollendo Harbor and Railway Yards 86
Interior of Cathedral, Lima 92
Church of San Francisco, Lima 94
Church of San Augustin, Lima 94
Scene on the Oroya Railway, Chicla Station 98
Scene on the Oroya Railway, San Bartolomew Switchback and Grade 102
Pyramid of Junin 106
Independence Monument, Lima 106
View of Arequipa and the Crater of El Misti 114
Ruins of an Inca Fortress at Cuzco 120
A Farmhouse in the Forest Region 130
View of Oroya, the Inter-Andine Crossroads 142
Group of Peruvian _Cholos_ 154
Portrait of José Pardo, President of Peru 170
View of Arica 182
Scene in the Harbor of Valparaiso, showing the Arturo Prat Statue 190
View of Talcahuano 194
Scenes at the Straits of Magellan; Cape Pillar, the Evangelist Islands, and Cape Froward 198
Scene on the Aconcagua River 202
View of Los Andes 210
The Roman Aqueduct on Santa Lucia, Santiago 214
Group of Araucanian Indian Women 250
“Christ of the Andes” 270
Sandstone Pillars near Tupiza 286
Bolivian Indian Women Weaving 292
Aymará Indian Woman and Child 292
Scene in the Plaza at Oruro 302
Ancient Tombs at Caracollo 302
Primitive Methods of Tin-crushing 302
A Drove of Llamas on the Pampa 306
View of the Cathedral, La Paz 310
Gathering Coca Leaves in the Yungas--Two Views 328
Portrait of Ismael Montes, President of Bolivia 344
MAPS
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I. The United States and other American Countries--Transportation Routes 2
II. General Plan of the Panama Canal 38
III. Peruvian Waterways and Railways 138
IV. Bolivian Railway Routes 334
PANAMA TO PATAGONIA