CHAPTER XXII

NEW BASIS OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE

_John Quincy Adams’ Advice--Canning’s Trade Statesmanship--Lack of Industrial and Commercial Element--Excess of Benevolent Impulse--Forgotten Chapters of the Doctrine’s History--The Ecuador Episode--President Roosevelt’s Interpretation--Diplomatic Declarations--Spectres of Territorial Absorption--Change Caused by Cuba--Progress of South American Countries--European Attitude on Economic Value of Latin America--German and English Methods--Proximity of Markets to United States Trade Centres--Conclusion._

When John Quincy Adams was Secretary of State, he issued instructions to the minister accredited to Colombia after that country’s recognition as an independent Republic. They related to the negotiation of a commercial treaty with a single nation, but their blunt advice might have been given to all Spanish America. “Let Colombia,” wrote Secretary Adams, “look to commerce and navigation, and not to empire.”

I have shown in the preceding chapters how the West Coast countries are looking to navigation, and to the commerce that comes from the railway which was undreamed when Secretary Adams issued his instructions to the minister to Colombia. They have laid the bases of industrial development in public works and private enterprise. They have prepared the approach to financial stability which is demonstrated by the adoption of the gold standard and the very marked success of some of them in maintaining it. They have given a hint of the possibility of refunding national obligations and of the profitable employment of reproductive savings. They have sought to induce the currents of immigration, which in the case of South America never will rise with the phenomenal flood of the great West, but which may be expected to grow in depth and movement. They have given the proofs of political progress in the substitution of civilian presidents, bankers and sugar-planters, for the old-time military dictators, and they are working out their own destinies after their own manner.

But what of the United States?

The United States, in its relations with South American countries during the eighty years since the monitory words of John Quincy Adams were written, has not dreamed of political empire, and, unfortunately for its international prestige, has not looked to trade dominion. The lack of a commercial and industrial basis for the Monroe Doctrine never has been fully appreciated by the nation which promulgated it and accepted the responsibility for maintaining it, though some understanding of this defect has been felt in the countries to which the Doctrine applies, and a keener realization has been shown in Europe.

Canning, by patient and adroit manœuvres, was able to consolidate the mercantile classes as a counter-irritant to the prejudices of the English aristocracy, which sympathized with the Holy Alliance in its war against republican institutions. His cold and calculating intellect perceived that the commerce which Spain had monopolized in her colonies was drifting to Great Britain as a result of their revolt, and he was resolved that it should be held. The threat was made to France that the independence of the colonies would be recognized in case Spain should seek to restore her former monopoly system and should attempt to stop the intercourse of England with them. When the British trade instinct began to manifest itself, the edifice of aristocratic intrigue crumbled. England supported the United States in the recognition of the revolted Spanish colonies, the Holy Alliance failed, and British merchants and manufacturers sought the channels which Canning’s statesmanship had opened for them. They never have ceased to follow those channels. Much later came Germany. But the United States always has been indifferent.

If they gave the subject any thought, public men failed to grasp why there was not invariably a warmer welcome to their promulgations, and why the grateful South Americans did not buy more goods in the United States. Now, sentiment alone does not bring trade. The Monroe Doctrine, beneficent as it has been, at no period has caused the sale of a dollar’s worth of merchandise in Southern markets. Nor in their most benevolent and belligerent moods, when ready to fight all Europe in behalf of some other Republic, have the North American people ever ordered an extra ship’s cargo from these markets. Fraternal sentiment does not change the currents of commerce, but commerce sometimes strengthens brotherly relations. And in this manner it will strengthen the Monroe principle by increasing the material interests of the United States, which in the past have been so immaterial in comparison with Europe. When they see and come in contact with the concrete Yankee nation as represented by trade and by industrial investments, the South Americans will understand better what the Monroe Doctrine is and why it is. The Panama Canal extends the responsibility of the United States. It enlarges the commercial opportunity commensurate with the increased responsibility, and the rest remains for the enterprise and the initiative of the individual citizen.

Since these commercial and industrial elements cannot be entirely divorced from political subjects and international policies, a brief review of the Monroe Doctrine in its historic and political aspect may be permitted.

Has national polity ever been more bragged about and less understood than this Doctrine? It was dogma, creed for the American people, but with the vaguest ideas of what it meant. Heretofore one fundamental error has obtained in the United States,--an error which explains why South America did not always welcome our paper assertions of it. In the loose discussion and affirmation of the principle we usually assumed that it was purely philanthropic, and that our national benevolence was to be exerted solely for the good of the weaker nations of the hemisphere,--an altruistic, even quixotic, mission on our part. Internationally our motives are benevolent, but the Monroe Doctrine was asserted in the first place for the welfare and the self-protection of the United States. When John Quincy Adams told Russia that the Western Hemisphere was not to be used territorially for the extension of monarchical institutions, he made the declaration for our own safety. When that official pronouncement was applied to the Spanish colonies which lately had secured their independence, the fear that the establishment of kingships on this continent would threaten the United States was what gave the declaration force as the will of the American people. Protection of the neighboring infant Republics was secondary. The United States was no more disinterested than was Canning in giving effect to the will of British commercial interests rather than to the prejudices of the British aristocracy against republican government.

Nor were the revolted colonies themselves in that formative period so averse to European alliances. Some of them began their republican careers under dictatorships, but others turned to Europe. O’Higgins, the liberator of Chile, would have had another viceroyalty with a deputy monarch from some European Power. La Plata, which is the Argentine Republic of to-day, sent the Rivadavia mission to Europe to borrow some member of a reigning house. It was Canning’s perception that the effort to maintain a balance of South American power by lending European princes as rulers would only add to the difficulties of preserving the European balance that caused the Rivadavia mission to be discountenanced.

I recall this forgotten chapter of history very briefly in order to show that in their infancy not all the South American countries were averse to monarchical institutions, and that therefore the objection by the United States to such institutions because of the danger to itself was the more marked. The Monroe Doctrine in the beginning was enlightened and necessary national selfishness, with incidental benefit to the nations protected. It is only within the last half-century, since Maximilian was overthrown in Mexico, that the American people have learned they have nothing to fear from kingdoms and empires in the New World, and it is during this period that the Latin-American Republics have reaped the substantial and most disinterested results of the original assertion of the policy of the United States.

Nor has aggressive South American support of the Monroe Doctrine been lacking. It was during the French occupation of Mexico that the Peruvian Foreign Office invited an interchange of views and an agreement on a general policy repudiating European interference. Argentina and monarchical Brazil did not at that time join heartily in the proposed concert of action, and Ecuador actually was trying to consider herself under a French protectorate. A coterie of individuals there had proposed an arrangement with Napoleon III, the Dictator-President of Ecuador favored it, and the Emperor had assumed that the protectorate was a fact. When a proposition was made to incorporate Ecuadorian territory into Colombia, the French minister at Bogota formally protested, under directions from his government, that this could not be done, because France had paramount interests of sovereignty in Ecuador. This episode is one of the most interesting of all the forgotten chapters in the history of the Monroe Doctrine.

In Chile in 1864, at the period of Maximilian’s attempted usurpation of Mexico, the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution asserting the historic Doctrine.

The Monroe principle, as it has been interpreted by President Roosevelt’s administration, has two phases. One was asserted quietly and without calling out special comment. It was that no European military power should be established within striking distance of the American Continent. This assertion would apply to the Galapagos Islands and to naval coaling-stations in the Caribbean.

The second phase, and the one which received more attention, was the President’s declaration that the Doctrine was not to be used as a shield to prevent the collection of just debts. This interpretation sometimes has met with prompt acceptance, and sometimes has been received with mild interrogation. The direct statement was given most specific endorsement by the distinguished public man who has had so much to do with shaping the policy of the United States in recent years. This was in the address of Mr. Elihu Root, when, as a private citizen, he proclaimed the rights of the United States as a police power over the affairs of all other Republics on the American Continent.[18] He was referring especially to claims and international obligations, and the responsibility of the United States for redressing wrongs. In substance this was not different from Secretary Olney’s declaration during the administration of Mr. Cleveland, that the United States is practically sovereign on this continent, and its fiat is law upon the subject to which it finds its interposition. At that time Lord Salisbury could find no support in international law for the Monroe Doctrine, but Great Britain afterward, for reasons affecting her policy in other parts of the world, became willing to accept the Olney-Root interpretation, even to the point of letting her holders of Latin-American bonds look to the United States for the collection of their debts, though that responsibility never has been accepted by the United States, and never should be.

18 Annual dinner of the New England Society in New York, November, 1904.

Germany’s acquiescence in the Monroe Doctrine has not been so complacent or so sudden, but this acquiescence may be accepted as a fact. A statement was attributed to Baron von Sternberg, the German Ambassador in Washington, that the Kaiser would not accept territory within the Monroe Doctrine’s jurisdiction if brought to him on a silver platter. An interview with Chancellor von Bülow, published in a South American organ of German interests, was even more positive.[19] “We know,” the Chancellor was quoted as saying, “that commercial relations are cemented by peace and confidence.... We have absolutely no political aspiration in the New World, but since we possess extensive industrial interests we desire to obtain the greatest possible participation in South American commerce.”

19 _Deutsche La Plata Zeitung_, 1903.

While the declarations of diplomats sometimes may be accepted with reservation, the conditions in South America are such that no reason exists why their pronouncements with reference to the Monroe Doctrine should not be given full force. Except as to debts and debt collections, at most the question is an academic one and has little practical bearing. In the matter of the international obligations, while the American people approve President Roosevelt’s position that the Doctrine shall not be construed to enable debtor countries to avoid paying their just obligations, nevertheless in practice probably they would expect the national administration to question whether it is necessary for a European government to occupy any portion of the territory of a Latin-American Republic for debt collection.

The United States is justified in fearing that the repression shown by the landing of troops for purposes of debt collection might assume the form of indefinite territorial occupation by a Power not American, and that would be acquisition. The actual circumstances would have to be considered; but official disclaimers of such intention might not be sufficient. Nor would the experience in the reference of the Venezuela claims to The Hague Court be likely to convince the American people that territorial occupation and administration could be permitted pending the settlement of the disputed questions.

The excessive timidity with which the United States Senate approached the sane and sensible provision for a receivership in Santo Domingo, which was a sure way of preventing this question of European occupancy from arising, indicated that further education was necessary before this perplexing phase of the Monroe Doctrine could be assured of full support along the lines proposed by the national administration. But speaking in terms of actuality rather than of speculation, the perplexity relates chiefly to the West Indies, the shores of the Caribbean, and possibly some of the Central American countries. The West Coast republics, in their great industrial strides and their immense advances toward financial and political equilibrium, give little reason to expect that the question will arise with reference to them.

The Venezuela imbroglio in its influence on South American sentiment has to be understood in the light of the agitation which had been going on for the abrogation of the Monroe Doctrine. This movement had supporters in the United States as well as in Europe. The argument was, that, since we had gone to the Philippines, and since Europe had great interests in South America, we no longer had a right to say to the European Powers that they should keep hands off. Instead, they were to be told to carry out their colonizing aims, which only could be successful by territorial acquisition. Until the United States undertakes to exercise sovereignty on the European Continent or along the Mediterranean, there can be no comparison. And until the continental Powers adjust their balance of greedy and mutually distrustful ambitions, so that the Balkan States may enjoy the privileges of civilized government, their mission to civilize South America and establish a balance there cannot be expected to receive serious attention.

And let not the notion obtain that there can be a geographical limitation of the responsibility of the United States. After the war with Spain, when our new duties pressed heavily on us, the suggestion was made that we might draw the line, say at the Equator, and that we should not go farther afield. It was an impracticable suggestion, and does not need discussion now. Having the isthmian canal to protect, we could not, if we would, limit our responsibilities by a line anywhere through South America.

Another aspect of the same subject may be considered in brief space. This is the figment of territorial ambition and territorial absorption on the part of the United States. It is a phantom to the well-informed Northern mind, yet to the South American imagination it is a spectre. In the Republic of Washington and Lincoln are two classes. One talks vaguely on the Fourth of July, and other occasions of national boasting and self-gratulation, about the destiny of the rest of this hemisphere to become a territorial appanage of the United States. The majority of these talkers have the vaguest possible notion of the geography of the Southern Continent, of the physical conditions, and of the political relations. If they knew more, they would talk less. At home their outgivings receive little attention, but in South America they are given undue importance, and often distorted into supposed policies of the government.

The other class not only entertains no idea of territorial absorption, but dreads the notion of the due and just exercise of our influence. It looks on South America as a nest of revolutions with which the United States should have nothing to do, ridicules the possibilities of commerce, and professes disbelief in the capacity for progress.

After the war with Spain, in Latin America the same idea was entertained of the good faith of the United States that was held in Europe. The belief was that in relation to Cuba it would be a case not only of England in Egypt, but of outright annexation. This class of prophets have not fully recovered from the staggering effect of the withdrawal of the United States from Cuba. It made a deeper impression in dissipating their jealousy and fear of the giant Republic of the North than any of them were ready to admit. Yet I have heard South American public men of the reactionary group, who would have been loudest in condemning the United States for staying in Cuba, and would have used it as an object lesson to terrify their people with the shadow of the North American Colossus, seriously argue that we should have remained, that annexation is inevitable, and that this should have taken place at once instead of being allowed to await the normal evolutionary process. My friend Don X, whom I had known in Mexico, when I met him in Buenos Ayres pointed out to me the errors of my own contention, that in getting out of Cuba we had kept the national faith and had done our duty. “Cuba,” he said, “belongs to you. You should have taken her. We would have used it as an awful example against you, but we would have known you were only doing what you had a right to do.”

Thus it appeared that the reactionary South Americans held it as a grievance against the United States, that we did not give them an example of overweening territorial ambition. But the proof that we were not greedy permeated all classes; helped to convince the intelligent population, and even the unintelligent mass, that there could be such a thing as a nation with disinterested purposes, and that nation the Yankee Republic.

The position of the United States with reference to absorption was set forth so fully in the letter of Secretary Hay to Minister Leger of Haiti, and this position was approved so fully by the American people, that no further declaration is required.[20]

20 Department of State, February 9, 1905.

Dear Mr. Minister,--In answer to your inquiry made this morning, it gives me pleasure to assure you that the government of the United States of America has no intention of annexing either Haiti or Santo Domingo, and no desire of acquiring possession of them, either by force or by negotiations, and that, even if the citizens of either of these republics should solicit incorporation into the American Union, there would be no inclination on the part of the national government, nor in the sphere of public opinion, to agree to any such proposal. Our interests are in harmony with our sentiments in wishing you only continued peace, prosperity, and independence.

Very sincerely yours, JOHN HAY.

Mr. J. N. LEGER, &c.

That the attitude of the United States is better understood and better appreciated in the farthest countries of South America was shown during the presidential campaign of 1904, in an article on the views of the two candidates, which was published by an influential Chilean paper.[21]

21 “In reality, it is to the interests of the United States that the South American Republics should look up to them as their best friend, so that they may gradually open their markets to the enormous products of North America, and that the overflow capital of the great Republic may find good investments, so that they may hope some day to expel entirely European capital. All violent measures which may bring forth the distrust of South Americans and European intervention are entirely against the best interests of the United States, and would be considered in that country a great political blunder and an attempt against its economic development.”--_El Mercurio, Santiago._

In considering the economic effect of the Canal on the West Coast countries it has not been my thought to discuss in detail its political influence. Moral influence is the better term. This is one of the great forces that counts in their industrial development. The United States is on the Isthmus. It is there to stay for all time. Its presence, rightly understood, gives no support to those who dream of territorial aggrandizement, or to the other class who see spectres and have nightmares. But its authority, fully established in the control of the Canal Zone, does give assurance of increased stability to the various governments, and this stability is the greatest inducement that they can offer to the investment of foreign capital. The Monroe Doctrine became automatic from the ownership of the interoceanic waterway by the United States; yet the influence on the Pacific coast countries will be even more beneficial in relation to their internal affairs than with reference to their protection from possible European aggression. What is needed is for the Fourth of July orator who ignorantly hints at territorial absorption, either to inform himself on the subject and to understand how the Panama Canal becomes the greatest factor in enabling the Spanish-American Republics to work out their own destinies, or else for him to confine his ambitious dreams to Canada. Let Canada be his theme, while Latin America solves her own problems.

In the analysis of the South American countries credit should be given them for what they have accomplished and are accomplishing among themselves. A very competent observer in an exhaustive volume has noted the change in the Spanish character in the South American countries, the modifying influence of environment, and the growth of the constructive element.[22]

22 Charles E. Akers, _South America, 1854-1904_, London, 1904.

It may be said that every boundary dispute is either settled or in process of settlement. The inheritance of these controversies from the Spanish and Portuguese colonial epochs was a grievous one, because in the vast interior regions it was impossible to have positive knowledge of the limits. The doctrine of _uti possidetis_ was wittily translated by a Spanish diplomat as meaning that the territorial possession of the discovering nation extended from the coast as far as the eye could not see, to whatever frontier the discoverer could imagine. But no serious difficulties have arisen over the application of this principle. The respective parties in interest are settling these border disputes without going to war. All the boundaries will be delimited before the interoceanic waterway is completed.

Their limits fixed beyond dispute, the question of the permanent relation of the countries to one another becomes important. South America for South Americans is a wholesome doctrine, so long as they are willing to work in their respective spheres for the advancement of the whole continent. As some of their writers have pointed out, it never can mean a continental alliance.

While much is made at times of the distrust of the United States, a state of mind which is disappearing, it is usually overlooked that there is just as much distrust of one another among themselves. Though it cannot be said that racial antipathies exist, there are national jealousies. The little Republics fear the big ones. When the talk was loudest about an alliance of Chile, Argentina, and Brazil, the other South American commonwealths refused to believe that such an agreement would not mean their own destruction. At least one of them caused representations to be made to Washington, asking whether it could not be taken under a United States protectorate. And it was a far-away Atlantic coast country, too. The smaller and weaker nations feel that, like the fowl in Voltaire’s fable, they might express their preference as to how they should be carved up, but in objecting to be carved up at all they would be told they wandered from the question.

There is really only one acute South American question, which is that between Chile and Peru relative to Tacna-Arica, and since it does not enter into the economic conditions of political progress I omit its discussion here.

In the European attitude with regard to the commercial and industrial bases of the Monroe Doctrine has been much that is both grotesque and humorous. But at the bottom of it all is the full appreciation of the economic value of Latin America. France frequently chides herself for her failure to profit more by the moral influence of Latin ideas and literature on the neo-Latin countries. “We know,” wrote one authority,[23] “the grand scheme of economic absorption of the Latin Republics by the imperialism and the industrialism of the North.”

23 _La Vie Latine_, Paris, 1904.

The imperialism may be dismissed, but the industrialism of the United States, when it once ventures into South America and becomes rooted, is worthy of the attention which European economists give it.

Though Germany and Great Britain are engaged in a ceaseless struggle for supremacy, the French writer bewailed the Anglo-Teutonic commercial movement as if it were a joint one. He proposed Latin-American leagues; the Spanish moral and economic re-conquest of the colonial empire with the aid of France; a kind of family pact, Hispano-Americanism as opposed to Pan-Americanism or Germanic-Anglicism. On their side the Germans complain of the loss of German prestige in South America, and some of their writers advocate a European trade combination against the Yankee invasion of the Southern Continent, just as a similar combination is proposed in Europe. Each nation in the international trust would expect to get the lion’s share of the benefit. John Bull occasionally has a tearful period of brotherly affection, and asks Uncle Sam to poke his long fingers into the hot coals where the English walnut has been dropped.

With regard to these suggestions it may be said that in international commerce racial affinity counts for as little as do sentimental ties. The presence of English, German, or French capitalists and immigrants in any foreign country naturally draws some home trade, but this has little influence on the general volume. European colonization of South America need not mean Europeanizing it commercially any more than politically. In spite of the large German colonies in southern Brazil, Germany lost commerce with that nation, while she gained it with other South American countries. It is often remarked that much of Germany’s profitable traffic is with British colonies.

In an analysis of European interests in South America it is necessary to distinguish between the securities or various forms of national debts and the actual investments in trade and industry, including railways and mines. While the statisticians vary widely in their estimates, it is reasonable to conclude, from an examination of the leading ones, that Great Britain has $2,000,000,000 in South American investments, of which $300,000,000 to $350,000,000 may be assigned the West Coast; Germany has from $475,000,000 to $500,000,000, with possibly $150,000,000 in the Pacific countries; and France, with about the same amount, has West Coast investments reaching $100,000,000, her Chilean holdings amounting to $42,000,000.

The relative characteristics of the two principal European competitors in South America are very marked. The Germans are slow, cautious, persistent; taking few pioneering risks, but always on the ground, filching markets and industries on a thoroughly scientific system. They are very largely in the commission trade and in banking. It may be said without injustice, that, in proportion to the amount of actual capital risked, Germany has contributed the smallest share of all the leading European nations to South American development, and has done least for industrial projects.

Great Britain on her part has gone in with her capital, roystering and swaggering, and always has blundered boldly and courageously. The personnel of her enterprises has been honeycombed with younger sons, dependants of the London directors, and the whole class of inefficient parasites which clog the administration of English industrial undertakings abroad. Her capitalists have built railroads in the mountains, where the tropical torrents require enormous resisting works, just as though they were constructing lines across the plains of India or from London to Liverpool. The stolid and dogged British investor has paid for it all, and has kept on pouring more money into these enterprises. So it came that he floundered into the untold wealth of the Peruvian guanos, stumbled into the nitrates with their incalculable riches, drifted into the golden stream of mining lotteries, and even fell upon fortunate and undeserved surprises in the way of profitable railway projects; while the expansion of his banking facilities, sometimes undertaken with a recklessness that would paralyze conservative bankers, brought him returns that justified further plunges into doubtful financial enterprises. As a whole, this blundering, or even stupid, English policy of investments has paid pretty regular dividends,--in all probability greater in proportion to the capital than the timid and over-cautious German investor has received. When the United States fully appreciates the field which the Panama Canal opens on the West Coast of South America, her captains of industry will be as bold as the Britishers, but not so recklessly stupid, in their preliminary plunges.

These observations bring the subject back to the point that in international rivalry the country does best that meets its competitors on the vantage ground of better and cheaper goods, rather than by dependence on racial sympathy or fraternal sentiment. The great point for the United States is the very marked advantage in which it is placed with reference to the West Coast countries of South America by the Canal. The trade centres of the Eastern States and of the Mississippi Valley will front on the Pacific, as they now front on the Atlantic and the Caribbean. Proximity of markets is a clear gain, and it will help the commerce of the United States to adventure abroad. In that sense, for a section of South America it definitely enlarges the commercial basis of the Monroe Doctrine.

But proximity alone is not enough. The United States enjoys no extensive barter with the Caribbean countries, notwithstanding their nearness. Brazil and Argentina are as close to Europe as to the United States. The need of expanding the home market will be stronger in the future, and when that is felt more keenly the north and south trade-wave will deepen its channel.

Always there will be resourceful, persistent competition. The Pacific coast does not become a _mare clausum_. The United States would not and could not make it a closed sea. The foreign commerce of South America is approximating $1,000,000,000. Of this amount relatively $600,000,000 is exports and $400,000,000 imports. The ratio of the West Coast to the entire continent is about 25 per cent; that is, on the basis of $1,000,000,000 it will have $250,000,000 foreign commerce. The United States is in this trade to the amount of $175,000,000. In one year its exports were $53,000,000 and its imports $140,000,000. The disproportionate balance was caused largely by the coffee and rubber imports from Brazil. But on the West Coast the balance is in its favor.

I have written this chapter as though the admonition of John Quincy Adams had been addressed to my own country instead of to another commonwealth. But it again may be said that empire is not the national thought of the United States, and lust of territorial dominion is not a serious malady with the strongest South American republics. Commerce and navigation are based on agricultural and industrial development. The interoceanic waterway renders certain the permanent influence of United States capital on the industrial and commercial life of its southern neighbors. It is for them to reap the larger benefit in the increased development of the national resources and the more stable political institutions. Some of them chafe under the implication that the Monroe Doctrine will be necessary in the future, and view it as a shadow rather than a shield. The new basis, the economic basis, of that doctrine which is provided by the Panama Canal furnishes the foundation on which its evolution may begin, so that they may get out from under the shadow while enjoying the sheltering protection of the shield.

The lessons in physical and commercial geography embraced in these chapters have shown that the geographical sphere of the Canal includes the Amazon basins, the Argentine wheat plains, and the Andes treasure box of mines from Panama to Patagonia. They have shown how railroad progress is crowding mule-trail civilization, how the arteries of trade are lengthening, how fresh commercial currents are developing, how the new industrial life is unfolding, and how the problems in the political conditions of the Western Hemisphere are being solved. They give promise of the deferred realization of Henry Clay’s population prophecy. Finally, they bid the citizen of the United States to look out from the windows of his own self-contained nation down the South American Canal line, and, accepting the responsibility which that grand enterprise has brought, to share in the opportunity which it has created for contributing to the civilization that comes through the spread of commerce and industry.

APPENDIX

_The relation of the Panama Canal to ocean transportation routes is best exhibited in the painstaking tables prepared by the Hydrographic Office of the United States Navy. These show, in terms of nautical miles, the comparative distances, which are as follows_:

WEST COASTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |San Francisco | | |Monterey | | | |Santa Barbara | | | | |San Diego | | | | | |San Blas | | | | | | |Guaymas | | | | | | | |Acapulco | | | | | | | | |Salina Cruz | | | | | | | | | |San José | | | | | | | | | | |Corinto | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----------------------+ | 0| 90| 295| 451|1430|1510|1836|2189|2446|2671| San Francisco | | | 0| 220| 376|1355|1435|1805|2124|2371|2596| Monterey | | | | 0| 164|1166|1246|1616|1935|2182|2407| Santa Barbara | | | | | 0| 843| 923|1493|1812|2059|2284| San Diego | | | | | | 0| 500| 520| 780|1074|1310| San Blas | | | | | | | 0| 954|1251|1508|1774| Guaymas | | | | | | | | 0| 300| 563| 799| Acapulco | | | | | | | | | 0| 291| 529| Salina Cruz | | | | | | | | | | 0| 238| San José | | | | | | | | | | | 0| Corinto | +====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+=======================+ |Puntarenas (Costa Rica) | | |Panama | | | |Esmeraldas | | | | |Guayaquil | | | | | |Paita | | | | | | |Pacasmayo | | | | | | | |Callao | | | | | | | | |Pisco | | | | | | | | | |Islay (Mollendo) | | | | | | | | | | |Arica | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----------------------+ |2916|3277|3395|3608|3552|3709|4012|4115|4451|4579| San Francisco | |2841|3227|3320|3528|3477|3634|3937|4040|4376|4504| Monterey | |2652|3038|3131|3339|3288|3445|3748|3851|4187|4315| Santa Barbara | |2529|2965|3008|3216|3165|3322|3635|3728|4064|4196| San Diego | |1534|1948|2033|2254|2210|2374|2680|2784|3126|3254| San Blas | |1968|2382|2467|2668|2644|2808|3114|3218|3560|3688| Guaymas | |1023|1437|1532|1762|1720|1889|2189|2303|2647|2775| Acapulco | | 765|1160|1302|1538|1535|1615|1989|2109|2317|2493| Salina Cruz | | 474| 888|1026|1298|1281|1453|1759|1871|2193|2354| San José | | 284| 698| 830|1130|1126|1302|1608|1720|2042|2203| Corinto | | 0| 490| 640| 947| 948|1125|1431|1543|1866|2026| Puntarenas | | | 0| 475| 842| 849|1031|1337|1449|1771|1932| Panama | | | | 0| 409| 416| 600| 906|1018|1340|1501| Esmeraldas | | | | | 0| 226| 415| 721| 833|1155|1316| Guayaquil | | | | | | 0| 200| 506| 618| 940|1101| Paita | | | | | | | 0| 316| 430| 754| 913| Pacasmayo | | | | | | | | 0| 127| 452| 622| Callao | | | | | | | | | 0| 335| 511| Pisco | | | | | | | | | | 0| 139| Islay (Mollendo) | | | | | | | | | | | 0| Arica | +====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+=======================+ |Iquique | | |Antofagasta | | | |Copiapo | | | | |Coquimbo | | | | | |Valparaiso | | | | | | |Talcahuano (Concepcion B.) | | | | | | | |Lota (Concepcion B.) | | | | | | | | |Valdivia | | | | | | | | | |Punta Arenas | | | | | | | | | | (Sandy Pt., Chile) | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----------------------------+ |4645|4770|4885|5036|5140|5272|5287|5410|6199| San Francisco | |4570|4695|4802|4964|5065|5197|5212|5335|6124| Monterey | |4381|4506|4620|4745|4870|5002|5017|5142|5945| Santa Barbara | |4258|4368|4501|4626|4747|4879|4894|5019|5822| San Diego | |3321|3444|3582|3713|3724|3993|4008|4139|4976| San Blas | |3755|3878|4016|4147|4285|4427|4442|4573|5410| Guaymas | |2842|2973|3113|3253|3398|3554|3569|3708|4580| Acapulco | |2688|2794|2966|3086|3254|3412|3424|3566|4510| Salina Cruz | |2421|2550|2704|2864|3224|3203|3218|3378|4295| San José | |2270|2399|2553|2713|2879|3069|3084|3255|4186| Corinto | |2093|2222|2376|2538|2702|2894|2909|3071|4019| Puntarenas | |1999|2128|2282|2444|2608|2801|2816|2979|3932| Panama | |1568|1697|1851|2013|2177|2370|2385|2548|3501| Esmeraldas | |1383|1512|1666|1828|1992|2185|2200|2363|3316| Guayaquil | |1168|1297|1451|1613|1777|1970|1985|2148|3101| Paita | | 990|1109|1267|1442|1608|1808|1823|1987|2949| Pacasmayo | | 689| 807| 965|1139|1309|1514|1529|1697|2666| Callao | | 578| 703| 861|1033|1204|1413|1428|1597|2550| Pisco | | 222| 428| 604| 790| 967|1196|1211|1384|2370| Islay (Mollendo) | | 110| 323| 538| 697| 881|1102|1129|1301|2294| Arica | | 0| 222| 437| 600| 784|1005|1032|1204|2185| Iquique | | | 0| 229| 392| 576| 797| 824| 996|1981| Antofagasta | | | | 0| 179| 361| 582| 609| 781|1705| Copiapo | | | | | 0| 198| 426| 450| 623|1613| Coquimbo | | | | | | 0| 240| 266| 437|1425| Valparaiso | | | | | | | 0| 39| 222|1210| Talcahuano} Concepcion | | | | | | | | 0| 207|1194| Lota } Bay | | | | | | | | | 0 |1011| Valdivia | | | | | | | | | | 0| Punta Arenas | | | | | | | | | | | (Sandy Pt., Chile) | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----------------------------+

EAST COASTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |New York | | |Portland | | | |Boston | | | | |Quebec | | | | | |Halifax | | | | | | |Charlottetown, P. E. I. | | | | | | | |Philadelphia | | | | | | | | |Baltimore | | | | | | | | | |Newport News | | | | | | | | | | |Charleston | | | | | | | | | | | |Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bermuda | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-------------+ | 0| 362| 300|1404| 581| 828| 229| 404| 281| 629| 699| 676| New York | | | 0| 111|1161| 343| 575| 529| 693| 567| 901| 971| 739| Portland | | | | 0|1205| 383| 627| 477| 641| 515| 849| 919| 696| Boston | | | | | 0| 861| 570|1558|1739|1613|1904|1978|1505| Quebec | | | | | | 0| 273| 735| 836| 710|1077|1147| 758| Halifax | | | | | | | 0| 982|1137|1011|1323|1393| 852| Charlottet’n| | | | | | | | 0| 355| 229| 594| 664| 729| Philadelphia| | | | | | | | | 0| 156| 550| 620| 759| Baltimore | | | | | | | | | | 0| 424| 494| 633| Newport News| | | | | | | | | | | 0| 88| 816| Charleston | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| 830| Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| Bermuda | +====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+=============+ |Key West | | |Habana | | | |Saint Thomas | | | | |Port Castries | | | | | |Demerara | | | | | | |Pernambuco | | | | | | | |Bahia | | | | | | | | |Rio de Janeiro | | | | | | | | | |Montevideo | | | | | | | | | | |Buenos Ayres | | | | | | | | | | | |Punta Arenas | | | | | | | | | | | | (Sandy Point) | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------------------+ |1171|1215|1428|1746|2209|3696|4096|4778|5768|5868|6890| New York | |1400|1444|1562|1853|2289|3701|4101|4783|5773|5873|6895| Portland | |1348|1392|1516|1808|2253|3666|4066|4748|5738|5838|6860| Boston | |2377|2421|2340|2574|2935|4171|4571|5253|6243|6343|7365| Quebec | |1568|1612|1613|1873|2279|3575|3975|4657|5647|5747|6769| Halifax | |1807|1851|1790|2028|2437|3662|4062|4744|5734|5834|6856| Charlottetown | |1093|1137|1437|1762|2225|3746|4146|4828|5818|5918|6940| Philadelphia | |1049|1093|1414|1743|2204|3758|4158|4840|5830|5930|6952| Baltimore | | 923| 967|1287|1617|2086|3622|4003|4780|5750|5853|6826| Newport News | | 598| 642|1194|1554|1984|3631|4031|4713|5703|5803|6825| Charleston | | 569| 613|1212|1566|2202|3660|4060|4742|5732|5832|6854| Savannah | |1090|1141| 853|1134|1724|3037|3437|4119|5109|5209|6231| Bermuda | | 0| 90|1040|1360|1797|3814|4214|4896|5886|5986|7008| Key West | | | 0|1019|1360|1869|3509|3909|4591|5581|6681|6703| Habana | | | | 0| 346| 802|2469|2869|3551|4541|4641|5663| Saint Thomas | | | | | 0| 461|2155|2555|3237|4227|4327|5349| Port Castries | | | | | | 0|1788|2188|2870|3860|3960|4986| Demerara | | | | | | | 0| 400|1100|2065|2183|3340| Pernambuco | | | | | | | | 0| 745|1717|1835|2992| Bahia | | | | | | | | | 0|1056|1162|2228| Rio de Janeiro | | | | | | | | | | 0| 104|1312| Montevideo | | | | | | | | | | | 0|1386| Buenos Ayres | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| Punta Arenas | | | | | | | | | | | | | (Sandy Point) | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------------------+

DISTANT PORTS

+------------------------+------------------------------------------------+ | | By Cape of Good Hope | | |-------+-------+-------+-------+----------------+ | |Full powered steam vessels | | | |Auxiliary steam N. E. monsoon | | Ports | | |Auxiliary steam S. W. monsoon | | | | | |Sail alone N. E. monsoon| | | | | | |Sail alone | | | | | | | S. W. monsoon | +------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+----------------+ | New York to Bombay | 11250 | 12670 | 11820 | 13310 | 12460 | | “ “ “ Colombo | 10950 | 11730 | 11730 | 12370 | 12260 | | “ “ “ Calcutta | 12180 | 13710 | 13140 | 14390 | 13780 | | “ “ “ Singapore | 12150 | 12850 | 13120 | 13490 | 13760 | | “ “ “ Hongkong | 13590 | 14750 | 14560 | 15430 | 15200 | | “ “ “ Shanghai | 14340 | 15560 | 15370 | 16510 | 16010 | | “ “ “ Yokohama | 15020 | 16450 | 16120 | 16900 | 16760 | | “ “ “ Melbourne | 12670 | 12840 | 12840 | 13480 | 13480 | | “ “ “ Sydney | 13140 | 13310 | 13310 | 13950 | 13950 | | “ “ “ Wellington | 13710 | 14240 | 14240 | 14880 | 14880 | +========================+=======+=======+=======+=======+====+===========+ | | | By | | | By Suez Canal | Panama | | +-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | | Auxiliary | Auxiliary |Full powered| Full | | Ports |steam N. E.|steam S. W.| steam | powered | | | monsoon | monsoon | vessels | steam | +------------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | New York to Bombay | 8370 | 8120 | 8120 | 15130 | | “ “ “ Colombo | 8610 | 8610 | 8610 | 14230 | | “ “ “ Calcutta | 10460 | 9830 | 9830 | 14300 | | “ “ “ Singapore | 10170 | 10170 | 10170 | 12670 | | “ “ “ Hongkong | 12110 | 11610 | 11610 | 11260 | | “ “ “ Shanghai | 12920 | 12410 | 12360 | 10720 | | “ “ “ Yokohama | 13820 | 13160 | 13040 | 9670 | | “ “ “ Melbourne | 15030 | 15010 | 12790 | 10020 | | “ “ “ Sydney | 14480 | 14460 | 13320 | 9710 | | “ “ “ Wellington | 15680 | 15660 | 14230 | 8530 | +========================+===========+===========+============+===========+ | | By Magellan | By Cape | By | | | Strait | Horn | Panama | | +------------+----------+------------+-----------+ | |Full powered|Auxiliary | Sailing | Full | | | steam | steam | vessels | powered | | Ports | vessels | vessels | | steam | | | | | | vessels | |------------------------+------------+----------+------------+-----------+ |Melbourne to New York| 12880 | 13120 | 13760 | 10020 | |Sydney “ “ “ | 12700 | 13050 | 13750 | 9710 | |Wellington “ “ “ | 11500 | 11850 | 12550 | 8530 | |Valparaiso “ “ “ | 8460 | 8680 | 9400 | 4640 | |S. Francisco “ “ “ | 13090 | 14670 | 15420 | 5300 | |Esquimalt “ “ “ | 13840 | 15330 | 16060 | 6080 | |Honolulu “ “ “ | 13200 | 14170 | 14970 | 6690 | |New York to Valparaiso | 8315 | 9130 | 9420 | 4640 | | “ “ “ S. Francisco| 13090 | 15350 | 15660 | 5300 | | “ “ “ Esquimalt | 13920 | 15980 | 16290 | 6080 | | “ “ “ Honolulu | 13200 | 14650 | 15480 | 6690 | +========================+============+==========+============+===========+

INDEX

Aconcagua, Mt., 201

Aconcagua River valley, 201

Acorta, Señor, first vice-president of Peru, 1903, 169

Acre rubber territory, 136, 327, 328, 333, 336, 344, 346

Adams, John Quincy, his advice to Colombia, 351; and the Monroe Doctrine, 354

Advertising, Chilean, 202, 204

Agassiz, 2

Agriculture, factor in growth of population, 8; “cultivation in the clouds,” 67, 68; development in Peru, 124-130, 134-136, 146, 147, 154, 158-161; in Chile, 262-266; in Bolivia, 307, 327-330, 341, 342

_Aguacate_, or alligator pear, 28, 29

_Aguardiente_, or cane rum, 27, 128

Akers, Charles E., 364

Alameda de las Delicias, Santiago, 204, 205

Alausi, Ecuador, 65

Alcohol, thirst of Indians for, 27, 121, 308; by-product of sugar, 128; injurious to Indians, 156; source of revenue, 176, 346; a possible excuse for its use, 295

Alfaro, ----, former president of Ecuador, 71

Alligator pear, 28, 29, 86

_Almirante Barroso_, Brazilian warship, 189

_Almuerzo_, mid-day breakfast, 27

Alpaca wools, 116

Altiplanicie, or Great Central Plateau, 279, 297

Alzamora, Dr. Isaac, former vice-president of Peru, 96

Amachuma, Bolivia, 293

Amazonian, commerce affected by Canal, 6, 78; outlet to coast, 120, 137-139, 141, 142, 145, 147, 179, 335; railroad extension into Amazon country, 140; Pichis road opened, 143

Ambato, on Guayaquil and Quito Railroad, 69

Americans, in Canal Zone, 53-56; as railway builders in Ecuador, 65, 66; builders of jetty at Pacasmayo, 79; in Peruvian railway projects, 80, 106, 147, 159; in silver mines, 107, 131, 132; at Arequipa, 117; composing Inca Company, 119; irrigating Piura district, 125; relations with local authorities, 175; in Iquique, 185; project a bank in Valparaiso, 270; resident at La Paz, 312; syndicates interested in Corocoro mines, 322; miners at Tipuani placers, 323; projected American school, 345; not unwelcome in Bolivia, 345; advantages from Americans’ investments, 347

Amotope district, Peru, oil-producing, 131

Ancachs, Department of, mineral wealth, 130, 133

Ancon, Mt., 45

Ancon, Port of, 46, 82, 83, 125

Andes, 4, 6, 79, 81, 100, 118, 123, 130, 262, 269, 280, 321 _Otherwise called_ Cordilleras

Angaraes district, Peru, gold-producing, 132

Angostura de Paine, narrowest part of central valley, 263, 283

Annexes to hotels, 31

Anona, _same as_ Cheremoya

Antarctic current, _see_ Humboldt current

Antofagasta, distance from Panama, 12; commerce, 15; bad harbor, 86; sketch of, 187; copper output, 228; silver in district, 230; town seen from hills, 293

Apilla-pampa coal district, 326

Apurimac River valley, southern Peru, 128

Arana, surveys and explorations of, 142

Araucanian Indian stock, 251, 252

Arequipa, capital of southern Peru, 109, 110, 114-117; district is gold-producing, 132; sulphur-producing, 133

_Arequipa_, lost in Valparaiso harbor, 191

Argentine, 5, 6, 8, 9

Arica, distance from Panama, 12; minerals exported from, 16; vicuña rug industry, 122; sketch of, 180-182; export port for Chilcaya borax, 326

Army life, effect on native conscripts, 156; the Chilean roto in the army, 254

Aspinwall, William H., statue to, 39

Asta-Barragua, Mr. George, 241

Athletic sports popular in Santiago, 213

Aullogas silver deposit, 318

Avenida, or Avenue Brazil, Valparaiso, 190

_Avocat_, or alligator pear, 28

Aymará Indians and dialect, 154, 252, 302, 304, 307, 311, 338-340

Aymaraes district, Peru, gold-producing, 132

Ayoayo, Bolivia, 305

Bacon, Francis, on sea voyages, 59

Baggage, care of, 31

Bailey, Professor, director of Harvard astronomical observatory, 117

Balboa crossed Isthmus, 41

Balmaceda, José Manuel, former Chilean president, 236, 237, 243, 246

_Balsas_, or house rafts, 61, 121

Banks and banking, 34, 72, 99, 177, 178, 256, 270, 274-276, 368

Barandiaran, surveys and explorations of, 142

Beauclerc, Mr., English minister to Bolivia, 346

Beer, 26

Beet-root industry, 265

Beggar and political chiefs, incident concerning, 165

Bello, Andre, author of Chilean Civil Code, 206

Beni, territory at head-waters of, 327, 335, 344, 348

Bertrand, Mr. Alejandro, civil engineer, 215

Birds, on the coast, 79; in a treeless country, 288, 292

Birth and death rates, in Lima, 100; in Peru, 152, 157; in Chile, 252, 256-258; in Bolivia, 310

Bismuth production of Bolivia, 325

Black Mountain Peak, on Central Railway, 103

Blaine, Secretary, concerned in Galapagos Islands negotiations, 71

Boer colonies in South America, 273

Bogota, pure Spanish spoken, 24

Bolivia, relation to Canal, 2, 3; population, 4; commerce, 15, 16, 86, 88; customs, 27; market for Peruvian goods, 126, 128; railroad building, 141, 187; natives, 156; shipping points, 187, 188; description, 278-350

_Boliviano_, United States and English equivalents, 316, 317, 323, 347, 349

Boll weevil, Peruvian cotton free from, 126

Borax deposits, 132, 325

Brandy, Pisco, 85

Brazil, (tropical) coffee trade, 8; (temperate) cattle and wheat industries, 8; boundary disputes, 136, 146; coffee product, 161, 328; controversy over Acre rubber territory, 327, 333

Bronze in Chorolque district, Bolivia, 320

Bryce, Professor James, 164

Buenaventura, 59

Bull-fight, at Lima, 95; abolished in Chile, 213

Bulnes, General Manuel, former Chilean president, 233

Business-letter, the terse English, 23

_Caballitos_, or grass canoes, 79

_Cabildo_ of Quito, resolution adopted by, 66

Cacao, or chocolate, Ecuador’s production of, 63

Caceres, President, his plans concerning central highway, 143, 170

Cachipuscana, Lake, 118

Cailloma district, Peru, silver-producing, 132

_Caja de Ahorros_, or Savings Bank, Santiago, 256

Cajamarca, 80, 132

Calamarca, 306

Calancha, Friar, concerning the South Sea and the Southern Cross, 57

Calca district, Peru, iron production, 133

Calchas, Bolivia, copper deposits, 322

Caldera, 5, 188

Calderon, Mr. and Mrs. Ignacio, of La Paz, 312

Calderon, Señor Manuel Alvarez, Peruvian minister to Washington, 1903, 169

Calderon, Señor Serapio, second vice-president of Peru, 169

Caledonian cross-cut channel projected, 42

Caleta Buena, 222

_Caliche_, nitrate layer, 220

Callao, 6, 12-14, 83, 84

Camache, suburb of Iquique, 185

Camana district, Peru, copper-producing, 132; sulphur beds, 133

Campaign humor, instance of, 240, 241

Campana, J. J., of Iquique, 219

Canal Commission, 52

Canal Zone, 18, 19, 37-56, 364; _see_ Panama, Isthmus of

Candamo, Señor Miguel, late president of Peru, 166-172

Cane rum, or _aguardiente_, 27, 128

Cangallo district, Peru, sulphur beds, 133

Canning, George, the statesman, 352, 355

Canta district, Peru, coal deposits, 133

Cape Pillar, 197

Capelo, Joaquin, Peruvian engineer of central highway, 143

Capopo district, copper mines in, 228

Carabaya, Province of, gold mines developed by Americans, 119, 120, 132

Caracas, Bay of, 60

Caracoles silver mines, 230

Caracollo, Bolivia, 302

Casapalca smelting-works on Central Railway of Peru, 103

Castilla, Joaquin, Peruvian patriot, 94

Castrovirreyna district, Peru, silver-producing, 132

Cauca, valley of, 13, 59

_Caucho_, second quality crude rubber, 134

Caylloma district, Peru, coal deposits, 133

Centenarians in San Juan valley, 281

Central Cordillera, 129, 137

Central highway, route from the Amazon to the Pacific, 142-146

Central Plateau, or Altiplanicie, of Bolivia, 279, 297

Central Railway, 100-105, 107, 149; _same as_ Oroya Railway

Central valley of Chile, 262-264

Cerro de Azul, 84, 125

Cerro de Pasco, district and mines, 105-107, 131-133, 140, 177; railway, 106, 107, 140, 146, 159

Chacabuco, Hill of, head of central valley, Chile, 262

Chachani, mountain seen from Arequipa, 109, 112

_Chaco_, or tropical prairie and forest region, 341

Chagres River, used as a means of crossing Isthmus, 41; advocated by Champlain, 42, 43; one of three proposed by Lopez de Guevara, 43; engineering problems presented by, 44

Chala, Peru, 85

Challapata, near Lake Poöpo, 298

Chamber of Commerce, Lima, 99, 176

Champlain, concerning Panama and possibility of canal, 43

Chañaral, location of copper-smelting works, 188

Chancay district, Peru, sulphur beds, 133

Chanchamayo valley, cane-producing area, 128; land-grants to Peruvian Corporation, 140; development of, 146, 160

_Charqui_, jerked beef, 33

Chauncey, Henry, statue to, 39

Chayanta, tin mines in district, 314; copper deposits, 322; gold claims, 324

Checcacupe, Peru, 119

_Cheremoya_, South American fruit, 28, 29

_Chicha_, native drink, 26

Chicla, on Central Railway, 101

Chilcaya borax field, Bolivia, 325

Chile, relation to Canal, 2, 16; foreign trade, 9, 16; saltpetre beds, 16, 217; policy toward Galapagos Islands, 71; description of, 180-277; treaty with Bolivia, 346

Chilete (Ancachs) district, Peru, lead deposits, 133

Chili, valley of the river, 109, 117

Chiloe Archipelago, 196, 273

Chimborazo, 60

Chimbote, 81

Chimneys, lack of, in Santiago, 209

Chimoré coal district, 326

Chinchas, or guano islands, 85

Chinese, merchants of Callao, 84; population of Lima, 96, 97; land-owners, 158

Chira valley, projected irrigation, 124

Chivalry of Chilean men, 212

Chocaltaga, tin deposit of, 315

Chocaya, tin district, Bolivia, 315

Chocolate (cacao), 63

_Cholos_, 105, 136, 154, 155, 157, 285, 295, 308, 311, 338, 340

Chonta district, Peru, mercury-cinnabar production, 133

Chorolque, tin mines in district, 315; silver mines, 318, 320; bismuth deposit, 325

Chosica, on Central Railway, Peru, 103

Christ of the Andes, 269

Chuncho Indians, 154

_Chuni_, potato eaten by natives, 33

_Chupé_, native dish, 28, 292

Chuquicamata, copper mines in the District of, 228

Chuquisaca gold region of Bolivia, 324

Chuquiyupu River, meaning of name, 324

Churches, of Guayaquil, 61; of Paita, 76; of Lima, 91, 97, 98; of Arequipa, 115; of Santiago, 206

Cinchona tree, 329

Clay, Henry, 3, 371

Climate, along West Coast, 59; of Guayaquil, 62; of Lima, 100; of Arequipa, 109; of Santiago, 209, 213; of Chile, 273; of Oruro, 300; of Bolivia, 341-343

Clubs, of Callao, 84; of Lima, 96; of Iquique, 185; of Santiago, 211

Coal, in Peru, 107, 131, 133; in Chile, 194, 229; consumption of, in nitrate industry, 222; Bolivian deposits, 326

Coca, plant from which cocaine is made, 156, 328, 329

Cochabamba, Bolivia, 335

Cochrane, Lord, statue to, 190

Codecido, Mr. Emilio Bello, of Santiago, 211

Coffee, from tropical Brazil, 8; Peruvian settlers compete with Brazil in coffee culture, 161; Bolivian trade in, 328

Cololo, mountain peaks in Peru, 305

Colombia, relation to Canal, 2, 3, 13; Colombian control of Isthmus, 46; J. Q. Adams’s advice, 351

Colon, distance from New York, New Orleans, Panama, and Liverpool, 11, 12; sketch of, 37-40; Canal workers leaving, 54; distance from foreign ports, 63

Colonias, Territory of, Bolivia, 328, 344

Colonization, in Peru, 138, 160; in Chile, 272; in Bolivia, 340

Colquechaca silver deposits, 318

Colquiri, tin-mining district, 314

Columbus, statue to, at mouth of Canal, 38; made search for passage through Isthmus, 41

Commercial traveller’s need of Spanish, 23

_Compania Nacional de Recaudacion_, Peru, 176

Concepcion, third largest city in Chile, 196; coal mines in district, 229

_Condor_, 72

Consequencia silver mines, Chile, 230

Continental Divide, _see_ Cordilleras

Coolies as plantation laborers, 158

Copacabana, peninsula of, 326

Copiapo district, silver mines, 229; seat of revolution, 233

Copiapo Railway, 188

Copper, in Ecuador, 70; in Peru, 131, 132; in Chile, 194, 195, 228; in Bolivia, 320-323

Coquimbo, 189, 228, 229

Cordilleras, 4, 42, 45, 51, 67, 74, 123, 129, 130, 143, 149, 161, 162, 188, 201, 269, 279, 297, 305, 314, 326, 342 _See also_ Andes

Cordoba, 5

Corocoro copper mines, 183, 322, 323

Coronel, coaling-station, 194, 195, 229

Coropuna mountain, 109, 112

Corpus Christi festival in Santiago, 208

Cosmopolitan La Paz, 311, 312

Cotagaita, tin district, Bolivia, 315

Cotaigata Mountain, 286

Cotopaxi, 60

Cotton, in Peru, 69, 124-127, 147; in Bolivia, 329

Council of State, Peru, 173; in Chile, 240

Cousiño family, controllers of Lota and Coronel, 195

Cousiño Park, Lota, 195

Cousiño Park, Santiago, 213

Crucero Alto, summit of divide, 118

Cuba, compared to Canal Zone, 51; U. S. relations toward, 361, 362

Cuenca, Ecuador, 67

Culebra Cut, 45, 52

Curarey River, 69

Currency, paper, in Peru, 178; metal and paper, in Bolivia, 349

Cuzco, Inca capital of Peru, 119, 129

Darien, or Caledonian, cross-cut channel projected, 42

_Darsena_ at Callao, 83

Deafness of infants in mountain regions, 310

Death rate, _see_ Birth and death rates

Debt of Chile, 274

De Costa, Señora Angela, originator of idea of statue “Christ of the Andes,” 269

De Faramond, Lieutenant Commander, French naval officer, 181

De Lesseps, residence of, 38

Departments of Bolivia, 344

Deposits and depositors in Santiago Savings Bank, 256

Desaguadero River, 299

Desolation Islands, 197

_Deutsche La Plata Zeitung_, 358

Diary-making on Pacific steamer, 59

Diseases, to be controlled by sanitation, 19; incident to West Coast, 35; to life in Canal Zone, 51, 52, 54, 55; yellow fever at Guayaquil, 61; fever at Arica, 181

Dos de Mayo, Peru, mercury and coal district, 133

Drake, Sir Francis, visit to Arica in 1579, 182

Dress for travellers, 25

Drinks, native, 26, 27

Dudley, Minister, of Lima, 97, 100, 126

Duran, 65

Earthquakes which have shaken Lima, 93; Arequipa, 116; Arica, 182

Ecuador, relation to Canal, 2; trade with U. S., 9; foreign trade, 13, 14, 63; railway exploitation, 65, 66, 68; topography, 67; products, 68, 69; minerals, 69; population, 70; financial standing and money, 71, 72; banks and national debt, 72

Editor, the ideal, 215, 216

Edwards, Mr. Augustin, owner of _El Mercurio_, 214

Elections, in Chile, 240; in Bolivia, 344

_El Mercurio_, of Santiago and Valparaiso, 214, 215, 363

El Misti, extinct volcano, 109, 117

Elmore, Judge Alberto, president of Council of State, Peru, 1903, 169

El Oro, the gold country of Ecuador, 69

Elsa mine, 324

English ports distant from West Coast, 12, 13, 63; commerce, 15, 16, 64, 84, 136, 196, 271, 347; interests in oil fields, 131; in railroads, 139, 140, 161; at Iquique, 185; in nitrate fields, 186, 227, 269; at Valparaiso, 190; advertising, 202; in Santiago, 213; wheat trade with Chile, 263; diplomatic relations with Bolivia, 346; concern with Monroe Doctrine, 352 _et seq._

English spoken in South America, 22, 23

Enock, C. Reginald, English engineer, 130

Errazuriz, Frederico, former Chilean president, 235

Escariano, 287, 291

Esmeraldas, 63

Eten, Port of, 79

Eugenie, Empress, statue presented by, 38

Evangelist Islands, 196, 197

Exchange, rates of, 34

Farmer, comprehensive term in Chile, 212, 213

Fashions in Bolivian towns, 285, 295

Ferrenafe, Peru, 79

Ferrol, Bay of, 81

Fever flower of Algiers, 181

Fleas of Quilca, 114

_Fleteros_, or boatmen, 75

_Fomento de Fabrica_, or Manufacturers Association, of Chile, 272

_Foreign Commerce of the U. S., Annual Review 1904_, table compiled from, 9

Foreigners, may hold municipal offices in Peru, 175; from colonies around Valdivia, Osorno, and Lake Llanquihue, 272; in Uyuni, 296; scarcity in Bolivia, 337; rights under the government, 345

Forest lands of southern Chile, 264

Fortunes of Chileans, 239

_Four Years among the South Americans_, 66

France in trade with Ecuador, 64; with Peru, 127

_Fredonia_, U. S. frigate, destroyed by tidal wave, 182

Freight rates, 16-18; through freight along West Coast, 58; on Peruvian sugar, 128; affected by Canal, 188

French community at Valparaiso, 190

Froward, Cape, 198

Fruits, 28, 29

Fuel saved by Canal route, 13

Galapagos Islands, 70, 71, 357

Galera tunnel, Central Railway, 101

Garland, Mr. Alejandro, of Lima, 97

Gatun, first view of Canal obtained from railroad at, 44

Geographical Society of Lima, 152

German colony, 157; immigrants desired, 159; Germans in Valparaiso, 190; in Bolivian rubber region, 327; concern in Monroe Doctrine, 358 _et seq._

Germany, in trade with Ecuador, 64; with Peru, 84; sends minister to Bolivia, 346; trade with Bolivia, 347

Gold, in Ecuador, 69; in Peru, 120, 131, 132; in Chile, 229; in Bolivia, 282, 323-325

Gold River of St. John, 324

Gold standard, of Panama, 19; of Peru, 177; of Chile, 274; of Bolivia, 349

Gottschalk, United States Consul, 130

Granadilla fruit, 85

Grape brandy, 85

Grape culture in Chile, 265

Grass cross over dwellings, 307

Guachalla, Señor Fernando, 34

Guadalupe Mountain, 280, 286, 291; district, 318

Gualca, Indian who discovered silver at Potosi, 318

Guamote, Ecuador, 65

Guanaco skins, 182

Guano exported from Peru, 15, 79; Guano islands, or Chinchas, 85

Guaqui, on Lake Titicaca, scene of Indian uprising, 339

Guayacan copper mines, 228

Guayaquil, distance from U. S. forts, 11, 14; from Panama, 12; sketch of, 61; relation to Canal and commerce, 62, 63; banks, 72

Guayaquil Chamber of Commerce, 64

Guayaquil, Gulf of, 60

Guayas River, 60

Guevara, Bachiler, forbidden to practise law in Quito, 67

Gulf ports, trade with West Coast ports, 11

Gum, _see_ Rubber

Haciendas, in Peru, 85, 155; in central valley, Chile, 263

Hamburg, distance from West Coast ports via Panama, 13; from Guayaquil, 63

Harvard Astronomical Observatory, on Mt. El Misti, 117

Hassaurek, Frederick, his impressions of Quito, 66

Hats, Ecuador’s export trade in, 64

Havre, distance from Guayaquil, 63

Hay-Varilla Treaty, 46

Hay, John, late Secretary of State, 362, 363

Holidays in Bolivia, 345

Hotels, 29-31

_Huaca_, of Trujillo, 81; of Supe, 82

Hualgayoc district, Peru, silver-producing, 132

Huallaga River, 6, 137

Huamachuco, gold-producing district, Peru, 132

Huamalies district, Peru, gold-producing, 132; coal deposits, 133

Huancavelica, silver-producing district, Peru, 132; mercury deposits, 133; quicksilver mines, 142

Huanchaca, town and mines, 318

Huanchaca Company of Bolivia, their reduction works at Antofagasta, 187, 319

Huanchaco, Port of, 80

Huantayaja silver region, 229

Huanuco, German colony, 157; district is gold-producing, 132

Huaraz district, Peru, copper-producing, 132; iron and sulphur deposits, 133

Huarochiri, sulphur, coal, and lead deposits, 133

Huaylas district, Peru, copper-producing, 132; coal-mining district, 133

Huayna-Potosi, tin-mining district, 314, 315

Humboldt, Von, 2, 325

Humboldt, or Antarctic, current, 59

Hydraulic power of Andes to be developed, 130

Ibarra, Ecuador, 69

Ica district, Peru, gold and copper producing, 132

Illampu, series of peaks in Oriental Cordilleras, 305

Illimani, in the Bolivian Andes, 305, 306

Immigration, 8, 138, 158, 163, 272, 340

Inambari River basin, rubber industry, 120, 136; gold-washings, 132

_Inca_, Peruvian coin, 35, 177

Inca Caracoles silver mines, 230

Inca Company, headquarters in Arequipa, 116, 119, 120

Indians, 25, 44, 75, 79, 105, 116, 121, 136, 151-157, 181, 195, 198, 199, 251, 285-287, 295, 304, 305, 308, 309, 328, 337-340

Industrial establishments of Chile, 266

Infiernillo (Little Hell or Devil’s Bridge), on Central Railway, 103

Ingenia, 287

Inquisivi, tin-mining district, 314; bismuth deposit, 325

Intercontinental Railway Survey, 70, 153

Intercontinental railway, _see_ Pan-American trunk line

International Sanitary Bureau, 18

Iodine found in nitrate deposits, 222

Iquique, distance from Panama, 12; shipping-point for soda nitrates, 16; one of the three worst ports on West Coast, 86; sketch of, 184-186

Iquitos, 6, 7, 135, 148

Iron, in Ecuador, 70; in Peru, 133, 147; in Chile, 227

Irrigation, 86, 112, 124, 125, 127, 130, 142, 159, 276

Isla de Plata, Silver Island, 73

Islands of Direction, _same as_ Evangelist Islands

Islay, Bay of, 87; town, 88

Italia, wine made in Pisco district, 85

Italians, in Lima, 96; agricultural immigrants, 159, 160

Ivory nut, _see_ Tagua

Jauja, valley of, presents possibilities for irrigation, 142

_Jebe_, best quality crude rubber, 134

Jones, Mr. Champion, of Lima, 90

“Journalism, The Land of,” 214

Juliaca, on Southern Railway, Peru, 119, 121

Junin, town and lake, 106, 222

Kaolin, in Chorolque district, Bolivia, 320

Kelley, Frederick M., 42

Kraus, Jacob, Holland engineer, 192

La Boca, railway terminus at Pacific mouth of Canal, 46

Laborers, on Canal, 50; in Piura cotton lands, 125; in Peruvian rubber forests, 136; Indian and _cholo_, 155; Chinese coolies, 158; mine workers needed, 159; at Iquique, 185; in nitrate fields, 223; Chilean roto, 251-255; in Chilean factories, 267; Bolivian _cholos_, 340

Laca-Amra River, Bolivia, 299

_L’Africaine_, government railway concession, 341

_La Lei_, Santiago newspaper, 215

La Mar, gold-producing district, Peru, 132

Lambayeque region of Peru, 79, 129, 133

Land-owners in central valley, Chile, 263

La Paz, Bolivia, hotels, 30; travellers to, 300; sketch of, 310; tin mined in district, 315; in gold district, 324; Aymará inhabitants, 338; elevation of, 341; Department in revolution of 1898, 343

La Quiaca, on Argentine frontier, 279

Larecaja placers of Tipuani, Bolivia, 324

Larez district, Peru, iron-producing, 133

Lastarria, J. V., Chilean diplomat and historian, 250, 251

_La Vie Latine_, 366

“Law, The,” Santiago newspaper, 215

Lead, in Ecuador, 70; in Peru, 132; in Chorolque district, Bolivia, 320

Leger, Minister, of Haiti, 362, 363

Leguia, Señor, of Peru, 171

_Le Perou_, Auguste Plane, 145

Lima, Peru, pure Spanish spoken, 24; hotel, 30; sketch of, 89-100; censuses, 152; scene of revolution, 164

Limon, Bay of, 37

Lipez, silver deposit, 318; copper deposits, 321, 323

Live-stock industry, 8, 121, 133, 134, 263

Llai-Llai, 202

Llama, disposition of the, 309

Llanquihue district exports lumber, 264; colony on lake, 272

Lobos Islands, 79

Loja, in mining district of Ecuador, 70

Lomas, 85

Lopez de Guevara had scheme for three canals, 43

Loreto, Department of, centre of Peruvian rubber district, 134; variations in government, 173

Los Andes, location of spiral tunnel, 202

Lota, 194, 195; copper product of district, 228; iron mines, 229

Lottery at Lima, 95; at Santiago, 213

Louisiana Purchase, resources of the, 3

Luya district, Peru, gold-producing, 132

Machacamarca smelting works, 321

Machala, 63, 67

MacKenna, Benjamin V., historian, 205

Madre de Dios rubber region, 327

Magellan, Territory of, 264, 275

Majo, Bolivia, 279, 280

Malinowski, engineer of Central Railway, 101

Manserriche, Falls of, 6, 78, 147, 148

Manufactories, of Lima, 99; of Chile, 266

Manufacturers’ Association of Chile, 265, 272

Manzanillo, Island of, 37, 40

Mapocho River, Santiago, 207

Marañon River, 6, 78, 80, 132, 137, 147, 148

Maravillas, silver-smelting plant located at, 119

Marcapata valley, 136

Marriage customs among Indians, 155, 309

Martinez, Mr. Juan Walker, 211, 219

Mathieu, Mr., former Secretary of Chilean Legation, 312

Matte, Mr. Auguste, 211

Matucana, 104

Meals, customs concerning, 27

Meier, Mr., American consul at Mollendo, 114

Meiggs, Henry, builder of Central Railway of Peru, 100, 101, 110, 149, 203

Meiggs, Mt., on Central Railway, Peru, 104

Merchant marine of Chile, 270, 271

“Mercury, The,” of Santiago and Valparaiso, 214, 215

Mercury-cinnabar, Peruvian districts which produce, 133

_Mestizos_, 27, 151, 154, 155, 337; compare with _Cholos_

Methodist Mission at Iquique, 185

Mexico of South America, Bolivia, 313-330

Mica deposits near Quilca, 114

Military party in Chile, 260

Mills, cotton, in Peru, 126

Milluni, tin-mining district, 314, 315

Mineral waters, 26

Mineral wealth, of Andes, 4; of Ecuador, 69, 78, 81; Peruvian deposits, 106, 107, 117, 120, 122, 130-133, 146; Chilean deposits, 217-231, 276; Bolivian deposits, 282, 294, 313-326

Mining-code, the Peruvian, 133

Mississippi Valley will benefit from Canal, 12

Molina, Father, Jesuit naturalist, 205

Mollendo, distance from Panama, 12; trade passing through, 14; relation to Arica, 16; one of three worst ports on West Coast, 86; railway terminus and harbor improvements, 88; trade, 88; use of Panama Canal, 88

Monastery of San Francisco, Lima, 97, 98

Money, South American, 34; Ecuadorian, 72

Monroe Doctrine in South America, 70, 351-371

Montaña region, 68, 123

Monte Cristo, from Bay of Caracas, 60

Montes, President Ismael, of Bolivia, 314, 332, 343, 345

Montt, Director of National Library, Santiago, 207

Montt, Captain Jorge, Chilean insurrectionist, 237

Montt, Manuel, former Chilean president, 233

Moquegua district, Peru, sulphur-producing, 133

Morgan, Sir John, sacked Panama, 41, 45

Mountain travel, supplies for, 32, 33

Mule in Andean use, 33

National Library, Lima, 97

National Library, Santiago, 206

National Tax Collection Society, 176

Naturalization of foreigners in Peru, 176

Naval school at Talcahuano, 195

Nazarene, on San Juan River, 280

Negro element, in Panameñans, 44; blacks engaged in Canal excavation, 50; in railway building, 66; in Peruvian population, 157, 158

Neill, Mr. Richard, Secretary American Legation, Lima, 96

New Orleans, distance from West Coast ports, 7, 11, 14, 63

New York, relative position with reference to West Coast ports, 7, 11; distance from Colon, 12; from Valparaiso, 12; from Guayaquil, 14, 62; from Callao, 14

New York Chamber of Commerce, statistics from, 13

Newspapers, Chilean, 199, 213-216

Nicaragua Canal, one of three proposed by Lopez de Guevara, 43

Nitrate kings, 184, 219

Nitrates of soda, exports from Chile, 16; shipments from Iquique, 16, 186; the product, 217-231, 276, 277

Noco, plain of, 86, 125

North, Colonel, the nitrate king, 184

_Nudos_ in inter-Andine region, 67

Oaths, Spanish, 24

O’Higgins, liberator of Chile, 204, 232, 355

Old age attained by Bolivian peasants, 281

Olney, ex-Secretary, 357

Oranges of Pacasmayo, 79

Orcoma, nitrate district, 224

Oregon, Webster’s valuation of, 3

_Oropesa_, S. S., 191, 196

Oroya, on Central Railway, Peru, 101, 105, 107

Oroya Railway, _same as_ Central Railway

Oruro, hotel at, 30; town seen from hills, 293; sketch of, 299; tin and silver mines in vicinity, 314-317, 320

Osorno, colony at, 272

Otuzco district, Peru, gold-producing, 132

Ovalle, copper mines in the district of, 228

Pacasmayo, 79, 80

Pacific Company, concessions to, 147

Pacific Ocean, trade influenced by Canal, 1-20; described by Friar Calancha, 57; Pacific steamers, 57; Southern ocean rough, 194

Pacific Steam Navigation Company, Valparaiso office, 249

Paita, distance from New York, 7; from Panama, 12; sketch of, 74-78; selected as terminus of projected railroad, 147; district, sulphur deposits, 133

Paita, Bay of, 6, 74

Pallasca district, Peru, silver-producing, 132; lead deposits, 133

Palma, Dr. Ricardo, Director National Library, Lima, 97

_Palta_, or alligator pear, 28

Panama Bay, 58

Panama Canal, industrial development due to the, 1-20; toll rates, 11, 15; relation to Chilean trade, 16; entrance, 37; proposed routes, 40-43; route adopted, 44; villages and inhabitants along course, 44; Culebra Cut, 45; U. S. authority in Canal Zone, 46-50; sanitation and hygiene in Canal Zone, 50-53; American employees, 53-55; instrument in development of Panama, 55; Guayaquil trade will pass through, 62, 64; Amazon traffic will pass through, via Paita, 78; effect upon Callao, 84; Peruvian traffic, 88, 125, 128, 131, 135, 139, 145, 183; outlet for Cerro de Pasco mines, 107; will further Italian immigration, 160; relation to Iquique and the nitrates, 186, 227; will tend to lower ocean freight charges, 188; bearing on Valparaiso as harbor, 193; relation to Punta Arenas, 199; effect on Chilean commerce, 270; value to Bolivia, 331, 332, 350

Panama, City of, distance from Colon, Guayaquil, Paita, Callao, Mollendo, Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, and Valparaiso, 12; growth of, 39; sacking by Morgan’s buccaneers, 41, 45; sketch of, 45; distance from Guayaquil, 62

Panama, Isthmus of, 3; sanitary conditions on, 18; gold standard in, 19; waterways which have been projected, 41; Champlain conceived project of cutting through, 43; geographical position, 43; natives and villages, 44; government of, 46, 47; area, wealth, industries, and agriculture, 48; good to be derived from Canal, 49

Panama Railway, 17; statue to builders, 39; hygienic work of, 39

Panameñans, the, 44

Pan-American Conference, 18

Pan-American trunk line, 4

Pando, General, former President of Bolivia, 345

Pandura, 303

Pansio silver mines, Chile, 230

Paper money prohibited in Peru, 178

Para, Peruvian rubber metropolis, 7

Pardo, Señor José, President of Peru, 169-172

Parties, political, in Chile, 246

Pataz district, Peru, silver-producing, 132

Patterson, William, his scheme for canal through Isthmus, 42

Paucartambo district, gold-producing, 132

Peachy, American traveller in Peru, 153

Pelicans, 79

Perez, Carlos, surveys and explorations of, 142

Perez, José Joaquin, former Chilean president, 233

Permanent Industrial Exhibition, 266

Pernambuco, distance from the Cape and New York, 12

Peru, relation to Canal, 2; rubber industry, 7; foreign commerce, 14, 15; description, 73 _et seq._

Peruvian Congress, 175

Peruvian Corporation of London, 101, 107, 119, 139, 140, 142, 143, 160, 161, 333

_Peso_, value of, 274

_Petacas_, or leather trunks, 32

Petroleum, fields of Peru, 78, 122, 131, 132; districts which produce, 133; deposits along shores of Lake Titicaca, 326; crude product used in Caupolican Province, 326

Phillips, Mr., editor of _La Lei_, Santiago, 215, 216

Pichis, or central highway, 142-146

Pierola, General, President in 1896, 143, 167, 170, 177

Pinto, Anibal, former Chilean president, 235

Pisagua, in nitrate and guano region, 184

Pisco, 85

Piura, in northern Peru, 78

Piura region, aridity of, 76, 77; cotton cultivation, 124, 147; American project for irrigating, 125; district produces petroleum and iron, 133

Pizarro, 41, 74, 80, 90, 92, 116

Plane, A., French engineer in Peru, 145

Playa Blanca, ore-smelters of Huanchaca Company at, 320

Political history of Chile, 232-247

Political parties in Chile, 246

Poöpo, Lake, 298; tin mines in Province of, 314

Population, growth in South America, 3, 4; in valley and mountain regions, 6; in cereal region, 8; in Ecuador, 70; in trans-Andine country, 138; in Peru, 151-163; of Chile, 271, 272; region between Oruro and La Paz, 306; of Bolivia, 336-341

Porco, tin-mining district of Bolivia, 315; silver deposits, 318; copper, 322

Portugalete Pass, 291; silver mines in district, 318

Postal service, 144

Potosi, silver mines, 293, 318, 319; tin mines, 314-316; need for railroad facilities, 319, 335

Prat, naval hero, statue to, 190

Presidential office, in Chile, 239; in Bolivia, 344

Priests, in Chilean social life, 212; Bolivian priesthood, 307

Prieto, Joaquin, former Chilean president, 233

Professional classes, dress of, 25

Projects for cutting through Isthmus, 40, 41

Protective policy of Chile, 266

Protestant churches in Peru, 174

_Puchero_, Spanish dish, 28

Pulacayo, most productive silver mine in South America, 294, 319

Puna, customs and quarantine port, 60

Puno, on Lake Titicaca, 121, 122; district produces coal, petroleum, and mercury, 133

Punta Arenas, southernmost town, 198-200

Quail in barren country, 288, 292

Quarantine regulations, 33, 34, 63

Quiaca River, on Bolivian boundary, 379

Quichua, or aboriginal Indian race of Peru, 105, 154, 157, 281, 292, 293, 304, 338

Quicksilver mines of Huancavelica, 142

Quilca, 113, 114

Quinine industry, 329

Quinta Normal, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Santiago, 213

_Quinua_, native cereal, 307

Quiros River, irrigation from, 125

Quisma Cruz, or Three Crosses, in Oriental Cordilleras, 305

Quito, 65, 66

Racing a feature at Santiago, 213

Railroads, through Andes, 4, 162, 188; line joining Buenos Ayres and Valparaiso, 5; proposed Argentine and Bolivian lines, 5, 15; passenger rates, 31; development in Panama, 49; lines and projects in Ecuador, 65-69; survey through mining region, 70; Peruvian line, 78; road from Eten, 79; project for road from Cajamarca, 80; line from Chimbote, 82; from Pisco to Ica, 85; Central (Oroya) Railway, 100-107; American syndicate road between Oroya and Cerro de Pasco, 107; line to Lake Titicaca, 110; extension from Sicuani, 119; engineering in Province of Carabaya, 119; projected line along Inambari River, 120; motive power furnished by river Rimac, 130; use of oil as fuel, 131; Peruvian lines, 138-142, 145-150; proposed line out from coffee district, 161; road from Arica to Tacna, 182; extension to La Paz, 183; lines in nitrate district, 187, 219, 221, 222; Copiapo Railway, 188; passenger accommodations, 202; William Wheelright’s road, 203; Chilean railroad policy, 267-269, 275; Bolivian roads, 278, 314, 332-336; mines await railroads, 319-321; Antofagasta and Oruro Railway, 336; concession granted by Bolivia, 341; treaty with Chile, 347, 348; West Coast railway development, 351 _et seq._

Raimondi, surveys of Department of Anacho, 130; description of central plateau of Bolivia, 297

Raspadura channel, possible route across Isthmus, 43

Rates of transportation of products, 17, 18

Reclus, representing French company in exploiting Darien route, 42

_Reconnaissance Report upon the Proposed System of Bolivian Railways_, Sisson, 335

Recuay district, Peru, silver and coal producing, 132

Reloncavi, Bay of, at the head of Gulf of Ancud, 262

Revenue, of Peruvian government, 176; of Bolivian, 346

Revolutions, in Peru, 164; in Bolivia, 343

Rice product of Peru, 79, 129

Richest woman in the world, the widow Cousiño, 195

Riesco, President Jerman, of Chile, 247

Rimac valley, Peru, 103, 130

Rivadavia mission to Europe, 355

Road-building, in Panama, 49; in Peru, 120

Roman Catholic Church, in Peru, 157, 174; in Chile, 208, 242, 243; attitude of roto toward, 253, 254; in Bolivia, 307, 308

Romaña, ex-President Edward, of Peru, 115

Roosevelt, President, 47, 70, 357, 358

Root, Mr. Elihu, 357

_Roto_, 248-259, 264

Royal Andes, 280

Rubber, demand for, 7; Ecuador’s product, 68, 69; shipped through Mollendo, 88; on San Gaban River, 120; in Coast Region, Peru, 124; Peruvian forests, 134-136, 138; Bolivian product, 327, 328

Saddles for mountain travel, 32

Sailors, members of Chilean roto as, 254

Sala, Father, surveys and explorations of, 142

Salaverry, Peru, sugar from, 14; volume of trade and unique inscription, 81

Salisbury, Lord, 357

Salt fields east of Punta de Lobos, 223

Saltpetre fertilizers, _see_ nitrates

Sambo, origin of name, 158

San Bartholomew, tunnel in Chorolque district, 320

San Bartolomew, on Central Railway of Peru, 103

San Blas route proposed for Canal, 42

Sandia district, gold in, 120, 132

San Gaban River, 120

Sanitary conditions along Canal, 18, 50-52, 54, 55; in Lima, 99, 100; among Peruvian Indians, 157; in Santiago, 207, 258, 259

San José mine, near Oruro, 300, 321

San Juan River, 324

San Leon, tunnel at entrance of Pulacayo mine, 319

San Lorenzo, Island of, in harbor of Callao, 85

San Martin, statue to, Santiago, 205

San Mateo, on Central Railway of Peru, 103

San Miguel Bay named, 41

Santa Cruz, Department of, gum forests awaiting development, 327; the capital, 341

Santa Lucia, mountain in Santiago, 203-205

Santa Maria, Domingo, former Chilean executive, 236

Santa Rosa, ranch of, near Arequipa, 110

Santa Rosa valley, Bolivia, 282

Santiago, hotels at, 30, 31; sketch of, 203-216; social questions, 250; savings bank, 256; birth and death rates in province, 257

Santo Domingo, U. S. policy toward, 359

Santo Domingo gold mines, Province of Carabaya, 116, 119, 122

San Vicente, Sierra of, 292

Saracocha, Lake, 118

Savedro, Señor Don Angel, projected waterway through Isthmus, 42

Savings Bank, Santiago, 256

School system of Peru, 157; school conducted in Aymará language, 304, 305; Bolivian school system, 344, 345

Selfridge, Commander, 42

Sexes, even ratio of the, 337

Sheep-raising, 133, 264

Shipping interests of Chile, 270, 271

Sicasica, at an altitude of 14,000 feet, 304

Sicuani, 119

Silva, Mr., leader writer on _El Mercurio_, 215

Silver, in Ecuador, 70; in Peru, 107, 131, 132; in Chile, 229; in Bolivia, 304, 318-321

_Sinopsis Estadistica y Geografica de la Republica de Bolivia_, 342

_Siroche_, or mountain sickness, 104, 118, 288-291

Sisson, W. L., 335

Smythe’s Channel, 196

Socavon of the Virgin, silver mine in Oruro district, 321

Social question in Chile, 207, 248-261

Socialistic doctrines at work in Chile, 254

Society, in Lima, 95, 96; in Santiago, 210-213

_Sol_, Peruvian coin, 35, 177

Solano, Father Francis, founder of Franciscan Order in Peru, 98

Sorsby, Minister, of La Paz, 311

_South America, 1854-1904_, Akers, 364

South American Steamship Company offices burned by mob, 249

Southern Cross, 57

Southern Railway, 101, 120, 149, 334

Southernmost town of world, Punta Arenas, 198-200

Spanish administrative system to be moulded on American model, 48

Spanish-American, the, 2

Spanish language, needed by travellers, 21-25; spoken in its purity at Lima, 95; native hostility toward, 157, 338, 339

State ownership of Chilean railways, 267

Steamships, in West Coast foreign trade, 11; in nitrate trade, 16; in West Coast passenger service, 57, 58; in Guayaquil trade, 62; trading at Callao, 84; at Valparaiso, 191; in Chilean trade, 270, 271

Stephens, John L., statue to, 39

Strike in Valparaiso, 248, 249

Stumpff, engineer Elsa Mine, 324

Succession in office in Peru, 168

Suches, placer washings in gold district, Bolivia, 323

_Sucre_, 72

Sucre, old capital of Bolivia, 298, 311

Sugar-beet industry, 265

Sugar industry, in Peru, 14, 18, 127, 128; in Ecuador, 69; amount shipped via Pacasmayo, 79; through Huanchaco, 80; industry in Chile, 265, 266

Suipacha, on San Juan River, 280

Sulphur beds, near Bay of Sechura, 78; on Lake Titicaca Railroad, 117; Peruvian provinces which produce, 133

Supe, the landing-place, 82

Superunda, Count, memoirs of, 93

Taboga Isle, 45

Tacna, Pampas of, 224; tin mines in district, 315

Tacora, Mt., in Bolivia, 183

Taft, Secretary, 47

Tagua, or ivory nut, Ecuador’s production of, 64

Talcahuano, naval port, 195

Taltal, nitrate shipping-port, 188

Tambilla, 292

Tambo de Mora, 86

_Tambos_, or inns, 31; one at Majo, Bolivia, 279

Tarapacá, Province of, lost to Chile, 152, 217; saltpetre region, 217-226

Tarata, sulphur-producing district, Peru, 133

Tarija, capital of agricultural region in southeast Bolivia, 341

Tarma, coal-mining district, Peru, 133

Taxes, in Peru, 176; in Bolivia, 346

Tayacaja district, Peru, gold-producing, 132

Tehuantepec Canal, one of three proposed by Lopez de Guevara, 43

Telegraph line from Lima to Bermudez, 144

Telegraph line, monument commemorating completion of, Santiago, 205

Timber lands of southern Chile, 264

Tin product of Bolivia, 314-317, 320

Tipuani placer washings in gold district, Bolivia, 323

Tirapata, railroad station for mines of Carabaya Province, 119

Titicaca, Lake, trip from Arequipa to, 117-122

Tobacco, crop in Ecuador, 69; tax in Peru set aside for railroads, 141

Toll rates through Canal, 13, 15

Tombs at Caracollo, 302, 303, 305

Trades unions in Chile, 250, 251

Travellers, should practise customs of natives, 21; need for knowledge of Spanish, 21-25; dress, 25; eating and drinking, 26-29; hotels, 29-31; care of baggage, 31; railroad fares and night trains, 31; charges for embarkation and disembarkation, 32; supplies for mountain travel, 32, 33; fodder for animals, 33; quarantine regulations, 33, 34; money, 34; diseases, 35; friction with natives and officials in Peru, 175

Treasure islands, 73

Treaty between Bolivia and Chile ratified 1905, 347, 348

Treaty of Ancon, 83

Trujillo, 81

Trunks carried on pack animals, 32

_Tucapel_, West Coast vessel, 82

Tucker, surveys and explorations of, 142

Tucuman, 5, 188

Tumbez, 73, 74; district, oil-producing, 131; sulphur and petroleum deposits, 133

Tupiza, Bolivia, hotel at, 30; sketch of, 283-286

Ubina Mountain, 286

Ucayali River, 137, 146

Union Club, Santiago, 211

Union district, Peru, gold-producing, 132

United States, trade with Argentine, 9; with West Coast countries, 10; policy toward Canal, 11; direct benefit derived, 12; authority in Canal Zone, 17-20, 37-40

University of San Marcos, Lima, 97

Uruguay, grain and cattle industries in, 8

Uyuni, Bolivia, 293-296, 315

V’s and VV’s, 102

Valdivia, Pedro, statue to, at Santiago, 203

Valdivia Province, 229, 264; town, 272

Valparaiso, distance from Panama and New York, 12; from Liverpool, 13; hotels, 31; sketch of, 189-194

Vegetable ivory, _same as_ Ivory nut

Verrugas, on Central Railway of Peru, 103

_Verrugas_, or bleeding warts, 103

Vice-presidency in Chile, 243

Vicuña, Archbishop, memorials to, at Santiago, 204

Vicuña high-grade wool and rugs, 116, 122, 182

Vicuñas, 118, 133

Vilcanota River, 119

Village life in Bolivian Andes, 280 _et seq._

Villamil family controlled Larecaja properties, 324

Villa Villa, Bolivia, 303

Villazon, Señor, Vice-president of Bolivia, 343

Viña del Mar, seashore resort near Valparaiso, 213

Vincocaya, 118

Vineyards of Pisco, 85

Vitor, 110

Vitor River, 113

Von Bülow, Chancellor, 358

Von Hassel, surveyor and explorer, 146

Von Sternberg, Baron, 358

Washington, Booker T., his work a subject of discussion, 215

_Wateree_, U. S. frigate, carried inland by tidal wave, 182

Water-fowl, 117

Watermelons of Pisco, 86

Webster, Daniel, 3

Weed-killing plant in use on tropical railway, 65

Werthemann, surveys and explorations of, 142

Wetherill system in San José smelting works, 321

Wheat shipped from central valley, 263

Wheelright, William, pioneer railroad builder of Chile and Argentina, 188, 190, 203

White Spirit of the Illimani, ancient deity of Bolivian Indians, 308

Whitehead, American traveller in Peru, 153

Wines, imported and native, 26; Italia, wine made in Pisco district, 85

Wireless telegraphy station at southernmost town of the world, 199

Wolfe, surveys and explorations of, 142

Wolfram in Chorolque district, Bolivia, 203

Women, conductors on Santiago tramways, 205; Chilean, 212; Bolivian Indian, 309

Wood, Rev. Dr., Methodist clergyman in Lima, 162

Wool trade, 12, 264

Woollens needed by travellers, 25

Wyse, representing French company in exploiting Darien route, 42

Yani River placer washings, 324

Yauli, on Central Railway, Peru, 103; silver and copper deposits, 132; lead deposits, 133

Yauyos, coal-mining district, Peru, 133

Yavari River, frontier, rubber industry, 136

Yunca Indians, 154

Yura, iron and sulphur springs, 115

Yuracares, department of Cochabamba, produces a species of rubber tree, 327

Yurimaguas on the Huallaga River, 6, 80

Yuruma, village in Royal Andes, 280

Zambo, _same as_ Sambo

Zaruma, centre of gold-mining region, 69

Zarzuela, or one-act comedy, 212

TABLES

Page Commercial relations of West Coast with United States 9

Distances of shipping ports on West Coast to trade centres 12

Distances and elevation above sea-level of the Central Railway of Peru 102

Mineral output of Peru for one year 132

Itinerary from Lima to Iquitos via Central Highway 144

Distances on railway from Paita to Piura 148

Product of the nitrate zone 224

Tin product of Bolivia 316

Metals found in combination with copper, Bolivia 322

Population of Bolivia 337

Temperature and products of zones, Bolivia 342

Rainfall, Bolivia 343

Transcriber's Notes

The following changes have been made to the text as printed.

1. Illustrations and end-of-page footnotes (marked with an asterisk) have been located in appropriate paragraph breaks.

2. Where a word is used repeatedly in the same way, spelling and hyphenation have been made consistent, preferring the form most often used in the printed work, or failing that the more usual form in general use at the time of publication. No typographical change has been made within direct quotes from other works.

3. The spelling of the following names has been changed to agree with normal usage at the time of the original publication:

Page 119 and Index: "Vilcanata" to "Vilcanota" Page 131: "Tolara" to "Talara" Pages 212, 265, 397 and Index: "Vina del Mar" to "Viña del Mar" Page 326 and Index: "Copacabama" to "Copacabana" Page 342 and Index: "Sinopsis Estadictica" to "Sinopsis Estadistica" Page 355 (twice) and Index: "Rivadiva" to "Rivadavia".

4. Index: the following entries have been amended in line with the corresponding body text:

"Chilete (Añcachs)" to "Chilete (Ancachs)" "Chinchona" to "Cinchona" "Continental Divide, _see_ Cordillerac" to "Continental Divide, _see_ Cordilleras" "Guachella" to "Guachalla" "Malmowski" to "Malinowski" "Socavan" to "Socavon" "Von Stenberg" to "Von Sternberg".

On Page 137, "south latitude 40°" should no doubt read "south latitude 4°". No change has been made.