Part 10

Originally published in 1642, this work does not contain a great deal of information about Indian culture. Relevant passages concern hairdressing, ornament, fire-making, weapons, and government.

46. Macy, Zaccheus, “A Short Journal of the First Settlement of the Island of Nantucket,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. III, 1794, pp. 155-60.

Description of settlement of the island in 1659 speaks briefly of the Indians as kind and hospitable people. Gives population figures in 1763 (358) prior to an epidemic in the same year that substantially eradicated that population.

47. Miller, W.J., NOTES CONCERNING THE WAMPANOAG TRIBE OF INDIANS (Providence) 1880.

Concerns the history of English dealings with the tribe; no ethnographic data.

48. Mooney, James, “The Aboriginal Population of America North of Mexico,” SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, Vol. LXXX, no. 7, (February, 1928).

Gives estimate of population for the area. Presumably this is based on historical sources rather than any formula, although he does not say how the figures were arrived at.

49. Mooney, J., “Handbook of American Indians,” BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, XXX, Vols. I and II, 1910, pp. 810 (vol. I), 903-4 (vol. II).

For the Wampanoag there is a brief description concerning matters of history, linguistics, and population. There is also a list of town names.

50. Morton, Thomas, THE NEW ENGLISH CANAAN, (Boston: The Prince Society) 1883.

This work, originally published in 1637, is a basic source for the study of both early colonists and Indians; covers all aspects of Indian culture. The tribe being described is the Massachusett.

51. MOURT’S RELATION (in Young CHRONICLES OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS, etc.)

Originally published in 1622, this is a basic source for Wampanoag culture in all aspects; also contains the accounts of earliest Pilgrim dealings with the Indians.

52. Murdock, George Peter, ETHNOGRAPHIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA, 2nd. Edition (New Haven: Human Relations Area Files) 1953.

Contains a list of all published sources on North American Indians through 1953. All sources that are relevant to the Plymouth area are included in the present list.

53. Pory, John, JOHN PORY’S LOST DESCRIPTION OF PLYMOUTH (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company) 1918.

——also in James, THREE VISITORS, etc.

Description of Indians is brief and relates mostly to interrelationships with English—trade, hostilities, etc. What comments there are on culture also pertain to Indians outside the Plymouth area; no information is included that is not gotten better from other sources.

54. Potter, E.R., “Early History of Narragansetts,” COLLECTIONS OF THE RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Vol. III (Providence: Marshall Brown, and Company) 1835.

A compilation of historical data on the Narragansetts. The main ethnographic source is Williams. There is considerable data on Indian-colonial dealings from town records.

55. Prince, J.D., “The Last Living Echoes of the Natick,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. IX, 1907, pp. 493-98.

Concerns a few remaining Indians during the early 20th. century, living in Mashpee on Cape Cod; the recollections of old people. There is also some collected vocabulary.

56. Pring, Martin, “The Voyage of Martin Pring,” (in Winship) SAILORS’ NARRATIVES also Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND.

Account by an early (1603) visitor to Plymouth harbor. Information on general appearance, horticulture, diet, weapons, and birch bark canoes.

57. Rainey, F.G., “A Compilation of Historical Data Contributing to the Ethnography of Connecticut and Southern New England Indians,” BULLETIN OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT (April, 1936).

This is just what the title implies—a collection of some data on Indians in southeastern New England. The author assumes that all groups are the same culture-wise, and makes no attempt to segregate data, for example, of observers in Maine from that of those in Connecticut. The compilation, moreover, is incomplete. No synthesis is attempted—information presented in a series of quotations.

58. de Rasieres, Issack, “Letter of Issack de Rasieres to Samuel Blommaert, 1628,” in James, THREE VISITORS, etc., and also Jameson, Franklin, J., ed., NARRATIVES OF NEW NETHERLAND (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909).

Information concerning trade with Maine, conduct of the Indians, education of the young, and male initiation. Also extensive account of customs of New York Indians.

59. Shepard, Thomas, “The Clear Sun-Shine of the Gospel Breaking forth upon the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV, pp. 27-67.

Mainly a description of missionary activities, dating to about 1648. There is little ethnographic information; mainly it tells of the efforts of religious instruction. Mentions the existence of female initiation.

60. Smith, John, A DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND, OR OBSERVATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN THE NORTH OF AMERICA IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1614 (Boston: Williams Veazie) 1875.

Information on Indians is not extensive. Concerns general distribution of settlements, location of furs, and horticulture around Massachusetts Bay.

61. Speck, F.G., “Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians,” INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS, XIX, 1917, pp. 303-21.

Ethnographic information concerns Montagnais, Mohegan, Penobscott—mostly remedy lists, which, since they tend to be specific at least to tribe are not much help except as illustrations of the kinds of things used in the general area. Theory contained therein is relevant to all Algonquians, however, and should be read by anyone studying in this area.

62. Speck, F.G., “Mythology of the Wampanoag,” EL PALACIO, Vol. XXV, 1928, pp. 83-6.

Acculturated, 19th. century information.

63. Speck, F.G., “Territorial Subdivisions and Boundaries of the Wampanoag, Massachusetts, and Nauset Indians,” INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS, no. 44, (Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation).

Data on tribal subdivisions is compiled, and most of it relates to about the time of King Philip’s War. Also genealogical data.

64. Speck, F.G., and Ralph Dexter, “Utilization of Marine Life by the Wampanoag Indians of Massachusetts,” JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. XXXVIII, 1948, pp. 257-65.

Information in regard to contemporary practices of the Wampanoag of Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, on use of sea products for food and other purposes.

65. Tantaquidgeon, G., “Notes on the Gay Head Indians of Massachusetts,” INDIAN NOTES, Vol. 7, no. 1 (Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation) January, 1930.

Concerns 19th. century splint and grass basketry-making; describes some techniques of manufacture.

66. Thatcher, James, HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF PLYMOUTH, FROM ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT IN 1620, TO THE PRESENT TIME: WITH A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ABORIGINES OF NEW ENGLAND AND THEIR WARS WITH THE ENGLISH, &C. (Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon) 1835.

Brief cultural summary includes diet, division of labor, appearance, housing, attitude toward children, effects of strong drink, treatment of captives, and the general character of Indians. For its brevity it is quite complete, albeit non-analytical. Includes history of Indian-Pilgrim contacts. Covers King Philip’s War. Includes Indian anecdotes and sketches of character and activities of some of the more well-known Indians of the 17th. century.

67. Trumbull, J.H., “Natick Dictionary,” BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, XXV, 1903.

Linguistic material. No ethnographic data.

68. Vaughan, Alden T., NEW ENGLAND FRONTIER: PURITANS AND INDIANS 1620-1675 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company) 1965.

This is a history of relations between Indians and colonists, taken from the point of view of the colonists. The section relevant to a study of Wampanoag culture is the introductory chapter on general Algonquian culture for the New England area. A most articulate and applicable summary, it is basic reading for a general background in Indian culture of the region.

69. Verrazano’s Narrative (contained in H. Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND).

This narrative represents the first account of contact with Algonquians of the Plymouth region—area concerned is Narragansett Bay, date is 1524. Information on general appearance and notation of dwellings that do not fit the expected pattern for wigwam construction.

70. Whitfield, Henry, compiler, “The Light Appearing More and More Towards the Perfect day or, A Farther Discovery of the Present State of the Indians in New England, Concerning the Progresse of the Gospel Amongst Them,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV.

Contains letters by John Eliot dating about 1651, with information on becoming a powow, dreams, and the succession of powows.

71. Wilder, H.H., “Notes on the Indians of Southern Massachusetts,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. XXV, 1923, pp. 197-218.

This contains some information on the excavation of burials, plus an attempt at reconstruction of how the face of an Indian might have looked, based upon skeletal features.

72. Williams, Roger, A KEY INTO THE LANGUAGE OF AMERICA: OR AN HELP TO THE LANGUAGE OF THE NATIVES IN THAT PART OF AMERICA, CALLED NEW ENGLAND (Providence: The Narragansett Club) Vol. 1, Ser. 1, 1866.

Originally published in 1643, this is a basic source on all aspects of Indian culture. Concern is mainly with the Narragansetts.

73. Willoughby, C. C., “The Adze and the Ungrooved Axe of the New England Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns. Vol. IX, 1907, pp. 296-306.

Contains both historic and prehistoric data. Same material is found in Willoughby, 1935. Perhaps useful in separating historic and prehistoric forms.

74. Willoughby, Charles C., ANTIQUITIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND INDIANS (Cambridge: the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University) 1935.

The area covered here is the entirety of New England, so caution must be exercised in selecting information to avoid bringing in details not applicable to the Plymouth area. The relevant section is that called, “The Later Algonquian Group”. Information covers textiles, wooden dishes, shell beads, and burials and grave goods. The sub-section on “General Culture of the Historic New England Tribes”, has both relevant and irrelevant information—the discussions of wampum and fortifications are worthy of note. The archaeology contained in the rest of the book seems rather out of date, and the conclusions as to the source of copper are wrong. Illustrations that pertain to historic artifacts are worth looking at. This book has the advantage of being the major and last of the author’s works concerning the New England area, and information contained in earlier articles (of which there are several) can be found here.

75. Willoughby, C. C., “Certain Earthworks of Eastern Massachusetts,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. XIII, 1911, pp. 566-76.

The information also appears in Willoughby, 1935, where the author has revised his thinking on the nature of some of the earthworks; that source, therefore is better consulted than this.

76. Willoughby, C. C., “Dress and Ornaments of the New England Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. VII, 1905, pp. 499-508.

All information is covered in Willoughby, 1935.

77. Willoughby, C. C., “Houses and Gardens of the New England Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., VIII, 1906, pp. 115-32.

All information covered in Willoughby, 1935.

78. Willoughby, Charles C., “The Wilderness and the Indian,” in COMMONWEALTH HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS, Albert Bushnell Hart, ed. (New York: The States History Company) Vol. I, 1927-28, pp. 127-57.

A general summary of New England Indian culture, which is better done in the book by Vaughan.

79. Willoughby, C. C., “Wooden Bowls of the Algonquian Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. X, 1908, pp. 423-34.

Illustrations are interesting for general types, however, objects relevant to the Plymouth area are also illustrated in Willoughby, 1935.

80. Winship, George Parker, ed., SAILORS’ NARRATIVE OF VOYAGES ALONG THE NEW ENGLAND COAST 1524-1624 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company) 1905.

This book is a collection of early narratives. Especially relevant are the accounts of Samuel de Champlain, Martin Pring, and John Brereton; all are basic sources.

81. Winslow, Edward, “The Glorious Progress of the Gospel Amongst the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV, 1834, pp. 69-99.

Originally compiled in 1649, this contains a letter by Eliot, concerning spring congregations at fishing places.

82. Winslow, Edward, “Good Newes from New England: or A true Relation of things very Remarkable at the Plantation of Plimoth in New-England,” (in Young, CHRONICLES OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS, etc.)

Originally published in 1624, this is one of the basic sources on all aspects of Indian culture; the observations are most insightful.

83. Wood, William, NEW ENGLAND’S PROSPECT, Charles Deane, ed. (Boston: The Prince Society), 1865.

A basic source on all aspects of Indian culture. Concern is mainly with the Massachusett.

84. Young, Alexander, CHRONICLES OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS OF THE COLONY OF PLYMOUTH FROM 1602-1625 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown), 1841.

Contains MOURT’S RELATION and Winslow’s Relation (“Good Newes from New England” etc.).

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Notes 32, 58, 323 and 324 each have two anchors in the text.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Main text: Pg 1: ‘FORWARD’ replaced by ‘FOREWORD’. Pg 1: ‘undoubtely much’ replaced by ‘undoubtedly much’. Pg 2: ‘anthropoligists were’ replaced by ‘anthropologists were’. Pg 2: the third line ‘valuable sources for scholars undertaking such studies.’ was misplaced and has been deleted. It is placed, correctly, in a later paragraph. Pg 2: ‘anthropoligists who’ replaced by ‘anthropologists who’. Pg 2: ‘Altantic Coast’ replaced by ‘Atlantic Coast’. Pg 2: ‘Massasoit, Hobamock’ replaced by ‘Massasoit, Hobomock’. Pg 3: ‘from Pautxet was’ replaced by ‘from Patuxet was’. Pg 3: ‘normal proceedure’ replaced by ‘normal procedure’. Pg 3: ‘is a phenonmenon’ replaced by ‘is a phenomenon’. Pg 3: ‘all liklihood’ replaced by ‘all likelihood’. Pg 3: ‘of the seventheenth’ replaced by ‘of the seventeenth’. Pg 4: ‘seventeeneh century’ replaced by ‘seventeenth century’. Pg 4: anchor [20] was missing and has been inserted after ‘bowls and drinking cups.’. Pg 4: ‘for the maintainence’ replaced by ‘for the maintenance’. Pg 5: ‘androgenous fish’ replaced by ‘androgynous fish’. Pg 5: ‘currants, chesnuts’ replaced by ‘currants, chestnuts’. Pg 6: ‘tred them out’ replaced by ‘tread them out’. Pg 7: ‘kernals were dried’ replaced by ‘kernels were dried’. Pg 7: ‘seive to catch’ replaced by ‘sieve to catch’. Pg 7: ‘bitter tanic acid’ replaced by ‘bitter tannic acid’. Pg 8: ‘the prefered diet’ replaced by ‘the preferred diet’. Pg 9: ‘bullrushes, bent grass’ replaced by ‘bulrushes, bent grass’. Pg 9: ‘arrow quivver’ replaced by ‘arrow quiver’. Pg 10: ‘was usualy worn’ replaced by ‘was usually worn’. Pg 10: ‘prefered material’ replaced by ‘preferred material’. Pg 11: ‘There were undoubtely’ replaced by ‘There were undoubtedly’. Pg 11: ‘one writer, dying’ replaced by ‘one writer, dyeing’. Pg 11: ‘otherwise interwined’ replaced by ‘otherwise intertwined’. Pg 11: ‘Neverless, by’ replaced by ‘Nevertheless, by’. Pg 12: ‘locally occuring’ replaced by ‘locally occurring’. Pg 12: ‘similar proceedure’ replaced by ‘similar procedure’. Pg 12: ‘with rozen from’ replaced by ‘with rosin from’. Pg 12: ‘Other Manufacturers’ replaced by ‘Other Manufactures’. Pg 13: ‘part nonexistant’ replaced by ‘part nonexistent’. Pg 13: ‘AND MAINTAINENCE’ replaced by ‘AND MAINTENANCE’. Pg 14: ‘virtually nonexistant’ replaced by ‘virtually nonexistent’. Pg 14, 15, 16: ‘costal’ replaced by ‘coastal’ (seven occurrences). Pg 14: ‘naturally occuring’ replaced by ‘naturally occurring’. Pg 14: ‘had occured,’ replaced by ‘had occurred,’. Pg 16: ‘encumberance on the’ replaced by ‘encumbrance on the’. Pg 16: ‘for sustainence and’ replaced by ‘for sustenance and’. Pg 16: ‘wthout using’ replaced by ‘without using’. Pg 16: ‘for posession of’ replaced by ‘for possession of’. Pg 16: ‘a solem affair’ replaced by ‘a solemn affair’. Pg 17: ‘of their possesions’ replaced by ‘of their possessions’. Pg 17: ‘or propitation of’ replaced by ‘or propitiation of’. Pg 17: ‘he alloted certain’ replaced by ‘he allotted certain’. Pg 17: ‘costal promentories’ replaced by ‘coastal promontories’. Pg 18: anchor [398] was missing and has been inserted after ‘those of his subjects.’. Pg 18: ‘govermental sphere’ replaced by ‘governmental sphere’. Pg 18: ‘settling dispututes’ replaced by ‘settling disputes’. Pg 18: ‘regular proceedure’ replaced by ‘regular procedure’. Pg 18: ‘special mesengers’ replaced by ‘special messengers’. Pg 19: ‘as the preceeding’ replaced by ‘as the preceding’. Pg 19: ‘emmisaries were sent’ replaced by ‘emissaries were sent’. Pg 19: ‘the doner thus’ replaced by ‘the donor thus’. Pg 19: ‘The host greatfully’ replaced by ‘The host gratefully’. Pg 19: ‘solemenized by the’ replaced by ‘solemnized by the’. Pg 21: ‘on its circumfrence’ replaced by ‘on its circumference’. Pg 21: ‘and Accouterment’ replaced by ‘and Accoutrement’. Pg 22: ‘terminated be a dash’ replaced by ‘terminated by a dash’. Pg 22: ‘both theraputic’ replaced by ‘both therapeutic’. Pg 22: ‘their therauptic’ replaced by ‘their therapeutic’. Pg 22: ‘curing proceedure’ replaced by ‘curing procedure’. Pg 22: ‘division occured’ replaced by ‘division occurred’. Pg 22: ‘contageous disease’ replaced by ‘contagious disease’. Pg 22: ‘Hazzards were’ replaced by ‘Hazards were’. Pg 22: ‘equipmnt of life’ replaced by ‘equipment of life’. Pg 22: ‘treasurers and put’ replaced by ‘treasures and put’. Pg 23: ‘death had occured’ replaced by ‘death had occurred’. Pg 23: ‘of the kind’ replaced by ‘or the kind’. Pg 23: anchor [359] replaced by [539]. Pg 23: ‘kernal of corn’ replaced by ‘kernel of corn’. Pg 24: ‘to dispell any’ replaced by ‘to dispel any’. Pg 26: ‘QUIVVER’ replaced by ‘QUIVER’. Pg 26: ‘of the quivver’ replaced by ‘of the quiver’. Pg 26: ‘TOMMAHAWK’ replaced by ‘TOMAHAWK’. Pg 26: ‘p. 102; p. 58;’ replaced by ‘p. 102; Pring, p. 58;’.

Notes: No. 6: ‘AND TOMAHAWAK’ replaced by ‘AND TOMAHAWK’. 62: ‘is reperesentative’ replaced by ‘is representative’. 87: ‘their livlihood’ replaced by ‘their livelihood’. 87: ‘costal farming’ replaced by ‘coastal farming’. 87: ‘Probably horiculture’ replaced by ‘Probably horticulture’. 119: ‘a farily heavy’ replaced by ‘a fairly heavy’. 322: ‘village of Pautuxet’ replaced by ‘village of Patuxet’. 326: ‘Bereton in Howe’ replaced by ‘Brereton in Howe’. 391: ‘have been alloted’ replaced by ‘have been allotted’. 445: ‘Wood, 91.’ replaced by ‘Wood, p. 91.’. 493: ‘the sympotms of’ replaced by ‘the symptoms of’. 512: ‘pp. 105-5’ replaced by ‘pp. 105-6’.

Bibliography: No. 8: ‘main revelance of’ replaced by ‘main relevance of’. 15: ‘FOR ARCHAELOGY’ replaced by ‘FOR ARCHAEOLOGY’. 30: ‘COSTAL ALGONQUIAN’ replaced by ‘COASTAL ALGONQUIAN’. 43: ‘AMERICAN FOLKORE’ replaced by ‘AMERICAN FOLKLORE’. 44: ‘AND TOMAHAWAK’ replaced by ‘AND TOMAHAWK’. 49: ‘history, linquistics’ replaced by ‘history, linguistics’. 57: ‘to seggregate data’ replaced by ‘to segregate data’. 70: ‘Henry Whitfeld’ replaced by ‘Henry Whitfield’. 74: ‘the entirity of’ replaced by ‘the entirety of’.