CHAPTER IV

TRANSPORTATION. I. RIVER AND ROAD 123 Early Water Communication—Waterways Penetrating Interior— Great rivers—Early roads—New Automobile highways II. RAIL 129 First Railroad Planning—First Construction—Coffee Railways— Climbing the Mountain Barrier—Work in Empire and Republic— Borrowing—Linking Centres—Radiating Lines—Roads Serving States, South to North—Brazil Railway Company—The Central Line—Leopoldina—Bahia Roads—Great Western—Northern Lines— Roads Passing Falls—Financial Conditions—Status of Ownership— Future Lines. III. SHIPPING 161 Steamship River Service—Sea Communication—Nationality of Lines—Brazilian Mercantile Marine.