Part 17

=El-as-mo-bran´chi-i= [Gr. _elasmos_, metal plate; _branchia_, gills.] Fish-like vertebrates which have no membrane bones in the skull or the shoulder-girdle; five pairs of strap-like gills attached by their distal ends; claspers to the ventral fins of males; complicated brain with optic nerves forming a decussation.

=Em´bry-o= [Gr. _en_, in; _bruein_, swell.] The term applied to an animal in the earlier stages of development.

=Em-bry-ol´o-gy= [Gr. _embryon_, embryo; _logos_, < _lego_, speak.] The study of embryos.

=En´do-derm= [Gr. _endon_, within; _derma_, skin.]

=En´do-plasm= [Gr. _endon_, within; _plasso_, form.]

=En-ter-op-neus´ta= [Gr. _enteron_, intestine; _pneustos_, breathing.] Acorn-tongue worms. Smooth-bodied, footless worms, having a large exserted soft proboscis; breathing by a series of respiratory sacs opening into the digestive canal, and communicating externally by spiracles; nervous system situated above a seeming notochord. Balanoglossus. Included by some biologists among the chordata.

=E-o-hip´pus= [Gr. _eos_. dawn; _hippos_, horse.]

=E´o-cene= [Gr. _eos_, dawn; _kainos_, recent.]

=Ep-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. _epi_, upon; _enkephalos_, brain.] A fundamental subdivision of the brain (encephalon).

=Ep´i-blast= [Gr. _epi_, upon; _blastos_, bud.]

=E´quus= [Lat. horse.]

=E-ryth-ro-lam´prus= [Gr. _erythros_, red; _lampros_, shining.]

=Eu-ca-lyp´tus= [Gr. _eu_, good; _kalypto_, cover.] A large genus of evergreen trees of the myrtle family.

=Ev-o-lu´tion= [Lat. _e_, out; _volvo_, roll.]

=Ex-o-skel´e-ton= [Gr. _exo_, outside; _skeleton_, dried body.] External skeleton; bony or horny hardening of the integument.

=Fla-gel´lum= [Lat., dim. of _flagrum_, scourge.] A slender protoplasmic extension of a cell, for purposes of locomotion.

=Fo-ram-i-nif´e-ra= [Lat. _foramen_, opening; _fero_, bear.] A division of protozoans secreting a shell perforated by many minute apertures.

=Fos´sil= [Lat. _fodio_, dig.] Any organic body so situated in the earth, and so buried in solid rock or in earthy deposits, as to be capable of indefinite preservation.

=Gan´gli-on= [Gr. _ganglion_, tumor.] A swelling that consists of an aggregation of nerve-cells. It receives and discharges nervous impulses and serves to stimulate psychical and organic activities.

=Ga-noi´de-i= [Gr. _ganos_, brightness; _eidos_, appearance.]

=Gas-ter-op´o-da= [Gr. _gaster_, stomach; _pous_, foot.] Including all snails and slugs.

=Gas´tru-la= [Dim. of Lat. _gaster_, stomach.]

=Gem´mæ= [Lat. buds.]

=Geph-y-re´a= [Gr. _gephyra_, bridge.] A division of worms with an œsophageal nervous ring and ventral chord; no distinct segments or legs; a terminal or dorsal anus.

=Go´ni-a-tites= [Gr. _gonia_, corner; _lithos_, stone.] A genus of fossil Ammonites.

=Gor´gets= [Fr. _gorgette_, dim. of _gorge_, throat.] Throat-patches distinguished by color or texture, especially in humming birds.

=Grap´to-lites= [Gr. _graptos_, written; _lithos_, stone.] Fossil hydroids.

=Greg-a-ri´na= [Lat. _gregarius_, < _grex_, flock.] A genus typical of Gregarinidæ. _Gregarina gigantea_ is sixteen millimeters in length and is one of the largest unicellular animals known.

=Greg-a-rin´i-dæ= [Vid. Gregarina.] More or less elongated amœba-like Protozoa, having a well-defined cell-wall, and a “subcuticular” system of muscular fibrillæ; nucleus, but no contractile vacuole; reproduction by encystment and subdivision of the central cell mass or protoplasm, by which shelly psorosperms are formed and from which escape the moner-like young, which undergo a metamorphosis.

=Gro´mi-a o-vi-form´is= [Lat. _gromia_; _ovum_, egg; _forma_, form.] A characteristic imperforate foraminifer.

=Gym-no-phi´o-na= [Gr. _gymnos_, naked; _ophis_, serpent]

=Gym-no-sper´mæ= [Gr. _gymnos_, naked; _sperma_, seed.] Plants whose seeds are not contained in a closed seed-vessel, as Cycads and Conifers.

=Hap´a-le= [Gr. _hapalos_, gentle.]

=Ha-pal´i-dæ= [Gr. _hapalos_, gentle] A family of New World monkeys including the Marmosets.

=Hel-i-co-nid´æ= [N., < _heliconius_, of Helicon; idæ.] A family of butterflies.

=Hes-per-or´nis= [Gr. _hesperos_, western; _ornis_, bird.] Cretaceous carinate birds with rudimentary wings, short tail, and pointed teeth implanted in grooves.

=Hip-po-pot´a-mus= [Gr. _hippos_, horse; _potamos_, river.]

=Hol-o-ceph´a-li= [Gr. _holos_, whole; _kepale_, head.] A subdivision of Elasmobranchii in which the suspensorium of the lower jaw is continuous with the cranium, as chimæroids, etc.

=Hol-o-thu-roi´de-a= [Gr. _holos_, whole; _thouros_, rushing.] Worm-like echinoderms, with skin-like integuments, and circum-oral tentacles; including sea-cucumbers, sea-slugs, etc.

=Ho-min´i-dæ= [Lat. _homo_, man; idæ.] A family of primates restricted to mankind.

=Hy´a-lo-plasm= [Gr. _hyalos_, glass; _plasma_, < _plasso_, form.]

=Hy´dra= [Gr. _hydra_, Lernæan serpent, < _hudor_, water.] A fresh-water polyp, having the form of a cylindrical tube, surrounded at the mouth with a circle of thread-like tentacles, by which it captures its prey.

=Hy´droid= [Gr. _hudor_, water; _eidos_, form.] Resembling the _hydra_; pertaining to the Hydroidea.

=Hy-dro-zo´a= [Hydro-; _zoon_, animal.] Cœlenterates including Hydroids and jelly-fishes.

=Hy-lob-a-ti´næ= [Gr. _hylobates_, one who walks the wood.] An Asiatic subfamily of apes; the long-armed apes or gibbons.

=Hy-lob´a-tes= [Gr. _hylobates_.] A gibbon,—an Asiatic ape.

=Hy-ra-coi´de-a= [Gr. _hyrax_, shrew-mouse; _eidos_, appearance.]

=Ich-thy-or´nis= [Gr. _ichthys_, fish; _ornis_, bird.] Cretaceous toothed birds of tern-like form, with socketed acute teeth, and bi-concave vertebræ

=Ich-thy-o-sau´ri-a= [Gr. _ichthys_, fish; _sauros_, lizard.]

=Id´i-o-blast= [Gr. _idios_, individual; _blastema_, sprout.]

=In-fu-so´ri-a= [Lat. _in_, into; _fundo_, pour.] So called because including many animalcules that occur in infusions of decaying substances.

=In-sec´ta= [Lat. _in_, into; _seco_, cut.]

=In-sec-tiv´o-ra= [Lat. _insectum_, insect; _voro_, devour.]

=In-ver-te-bra´ta= [Lat. _in_, not; _vertebratus_, jointed.] Including all animals that do not possess a notochord or backbone: opposed to Vertebrata.

=In-ver´te-brates= [Vid. Invertebrata.]

=Ju-ras´sic= [Jura mountains.]

=Kaf´ir-boom= [Erythrina caffra.] A prickly-stemmed tree of South Africa.

=Kal´li-ma para-lek´ta= [Gr. _kallimos_, beautiful; _para_, along side of; _lektos_, picked out.]

=Keri-vou´la pic´ta.=

=Lab-y-rin´tho-donts= [Gr. _labyrinthos_, labyrinth; _odous_, tooth.] Extinct amphibians.

=Lac-er-til´i-a= [Lat. _lacertus_, lizard.]

=La-ge´na= [Gr. _lagynos_, flask.]

=La-mel-li-bran-chi-a´ta= [Lat. _lamella_, a plate; _branchia_, gills.] Bivalve molluscs.

=La-nu´go= [Lat. _lana_, wool.]

=Lar´væ= [Lat. pl. of _larva_, mask.] The early forms of animals when they are unlike the parent. In insects the first stages after leaving the eggs, preceding the pupa, as maggots or caterpillars.

=Lem-u-roi´de-a= [Lemur; Gr. _eidos_, appearance.] A sub order of Primates. Prosimiæ.

=Lep-i-do-si´ren= [Gr. _lepis_, scale; _siren_, a genus of amphibians.] One of the lung-fishes.

=Lep-to-car´di-i= [Gr. _leptos_, fine, small; _kardia_, heart.]

=Liv´er-worts.=

=Lon-gi-cor´ni-a= [Lat. _longus_, long; _cornu_, horn.] A division of beetles having very long filiform antennæ.

=Ma-caques´= [F., < Afr. _macaquo_.] Cercopithecine monkeys of the genus _macacus_. Their form is stout; large ischial tuberosities: muzzle considerably produced.

=Ma-ca´cus.=

=Mam´mal= [Lat. _mamma_, breast; suffix -_al_; in analogy with Animal. Dr. Th. Gill.] Vertebrate animal whose female has mammæ, or milk-secreting organs.

=Mam-ma´li-a= [Vid. mammal.]

=Man´tis= [Gr. _mantis_, prophet.] The mantises are insects noted for the manner in which they carry the large spinous fore legs when waiting for prey. They have the attitude, then, as if praying.

=Mar´mo-set.= A small South-American monkey.

=Mar-si-po-bran´chi-i= [Gr. _marsipos_, bag; _branchia_, gills.]

=Mar-su´pi-al= [Lat. _marsupium_, pouch.] Animals having a marsupium or pouch for retaining the young.

=Mas´to-don= [Gr. _mastos_, breast; _odous_, tooth.] An extinct elephant.

=Me-dul´la= [Lat. _medius_, middle.] A subdivision of the brain—that portion especially that is continuous with the spinal chord.

=Men-o-bran´chus= [Gr. _meno_, remain; _branchia_, gills.] A large American aquatic amphibian, of salamander-like form, with persistent gills, as the mud-puppy.

=Mens sana in corpore sano.= A Latin phrase meaning a sound mind in a sound body.

=Mes-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. _mesos_, middle; _enkephalos_, brain.] A fundamental segment of the brain.

=Mes´en-chyme= [Gr. _mesos_, middle; _enchyma_, infusion.]

=Mes´o-blast= [Gr. _mesos_, middle; _blastos_, germ.]

=Mes-o-glϫa= [Gr. _mesos_, middle; _gloia_, glue.]

=Mes-o-hip´pus= [Gr. _mesos_, middle; _hippos_, horse.]

=Mes-o-zo´ic= [Gr. _mesos_, middle; _zoe_, life.]

=Met-a-dis-coi´dal= [Gr. _meta_, after; _diskos_, disk; _eidos_, appearance.] Resembling a discoidal form.

=Met-a-mor´pho-sis= [Gr. _meta_, over; _morphe_, form.] The series of pronounced external changes through which an animal passes after leaving the egg-envelopes and before reaching sexual maturity.

=Met-a-phy´ta= [Gr. _meta_, above, higher; _phyton_, plant.]

=Met´a-plasm= [Gr. _metaplasmos_, transformation.]

=Met-a-zo´a= [Gr. _meta_, after, higher; _zoon_, animal.]

=Met-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. _meta_, after; _enkephalos_, brain.] A fundamental segment of the brain.

=Mi-cro-ceph-a´li-a= [Gr. _mikrokephalos_, small-headed.] Imperfect development of the cranium.

=Mi-cren-ceph-a´li-a= [Gr. _mikros_, small; _enkephalos_, brain.] Small-brained.

=Mi´cro-cosm= [Gr. _mikros_, small; _kosmos_, world.]

=Micro-gro´mi-a so-ci-al´is= [Gr. _mikros_, small; _gromia_; Lat. _socialis_ < _socius_, companion.]

=Mi-cro-les´tes.=

=Mi´das.= A wealthy king of Phrygia.

=Mi-o-hip´pus= [Miocene; Gr. _hippos_, horse.]

=Mi´o-cene= [Gr. _meion_, less; _kainos_, recent.]

=Mi-to´sis= [Gr. _mitos_, thread.]

=Mol-lus´ca= [Lat. _mollis_, soft.]

=Mon-o-cot-y-le´don-es= [Gr. _monos_, single; _kotyledon_, cup-shaped cavity.] A group of flowering plants in which the first leaves of the embryo are alternate, for which reason they are said to have one seed-leaf or cotyledon.

=Mon-o-del´phi-a= [Gr. _monos_, single; _delphys_, womb.] A sub-class of mammals having a single vagina and uterus; embryo attached by a placenta; brain has a corpus callosum. Includes all animals above Monotremes and Marsupials.

=Mon´o-tremes= [Gr. _monos_, single; _trema_, hole.] An order of ornithodelphians.

=Mor´u-la= [Lat. dim. of _morum_, mulberry.]

=Mul-ti-tu-ber-cu-la´ta= [Lat. _multus_, many; _tuberculum_, tubercle.]

=My-ce´tes= [Gr. _myketes_, bellower.]

=Myr-i-ap´o-da= [Gr. _myrios_, numberless; _pous_, foot.] Insects with numerous pairs of legs, as centipedes.

=Nau´ti-loids= [Gr. _nautilos_, sailor; _eidos_, like.] A group of cephalopods.

=Nau´ti-lus= [Gr. _nautilos_, sailor.] A cephalopod.

=Nem-a-thel-min´thes= [Gr. _nema_, thread; _helmins_, worm.]

=Nem-er-ti´na= [Gr. _nemertes_, unerring.] Worms with skin ciliated, proboscis retractile, and nervous, muscular, and vascular systems characteristically developed.

=Ne-o-lith´ic= [Gr. _neos_, new; _lithos_, stone.]

=Noc-ti-lu´ca mi-li-a´ris= [Lat. _nox_, night; _luceo_, shine; _miliarius_, < _milium_, millet.]

=No´to-chord= [Gr. _notos_, the back; _chorda_, a chord.] A cartilaginous rod found in the young chordate embryo in a situation that is later on occupied by the centers of the bodies of the vertebræ. It separates a dorsal nervous system from a ventral alimentary (digestive) canal. The notochord is persistent in its entirety in Leptocardians and Marsipobranchs and also in some pisces, as the sturgeon.

=O-don-tor´ni-thes= [Gr. _odous_, a tooth; _ornis_, bird.] Including all those extinct birds having teeth.

=Œ-soph´a-gus= [Gr. _oiso_, will bear; _phagein_, eat.] The gullet; the membranous tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.

=On-tog´e-ny= [Gr. _on_, being; _genesis_, origin.] The history of the evolution of the individual; the development of the individual.

=On-to-ge-net´ic= [Gr. _on_, being; _genesis_, origin.] Pertaining to ontogeny.

=On-y-choph´o-ra= [Gr. _onyx_, claw; _pherein_, bear.] Arthropods including only a single genus, the curious caterpillar-like Peripatus.

=Oösperm= [Gr. _oon_, egg; _sperma_, semen.] A fertilized ovum. The first stage in the existence of a human being is called oösperm.

=O-per´cu-lum= [Lat. lid.] The gill-cover.

=O-phid´i-a= [Gr. _ophis_, serpent.] Serpents; snakes.

=Op-po´nens Hal-lu´cis= [Lat. _ob_, _pono_, to place over against; _hallux_, great toe.] The name of a muscle in the foot.

=Or-do-vi´cian= [_ordovices_, ancient Celtic tribe in Wales.]

=Or-nith-o-del´phi-a= [Gr. _ornis_, bird; _delphys_, womb.] A sub-class of oviparous mammals.

=Or-o-hip´pus= [Gr. _oros_, mountain; _hippos_, horse.]

=Or-tho-cer´a-tites= [Gr. _orthos_, straight; _keras_, horn.]

=Os´te-o-blasts= [Gr. _osteon_, bone; _blastano_, sprout.]

=Os´te-o-clasts= [Gr. _osteon_, bone; _klao_, destroy.]

=Os´tra-co-derms= [Gr. _ostrakon_, shell; _derma_, skin.]

=Ovum= [Lat. _egg_.] Female germ-cell; female, encysted, sexual cell.

=O-vip´a-rous= [Lat. _ovum_, egg; _pairo_, produce.] Producing eggs that mature and are hatched outside the body.

=Pal´li-um= [Gr. _mantle_.]

=Pa-læ-o-lith´ic= [Gr. _palaios_, ancient; _lithos_, stone.]

=Pa-læ-o-zo´ic= [Gr. _palaios_, ancient; _zoe_, life.]

=Pan-do-ri´na mor´um= [Gr. Pandora; _moron_, mulberry.]

=Pan-gen´e-sis= [Gr. _pas_, all; _genesis_, origin.]

=Par-a-me´ci-um= [Gr. _paramekes_, of longish shape.]

=Par-then-o-gen´e-sis= [Gr. _parthenos_, virgin; _genesis_, origin.] Production of a new individual from a virgin female without intervention of a male; reproduction by means of unfertilized eggs.

=Per-en-ni-bran-chi-a´ta= [Lat. _perennis_, perpetual; _branchia_, gills.]

=Per-en-ni-bran´chi-ates= [Vid. Perennibranchiata.]

=Ped´al= [Lat. _pes_, foot.]

=Per´mi-an= [Perm, Russia.]

=Phan´er-o-gams= [Gr. _phaneros_, visible; _gamos_, marriage.] Flowering plants.

=Phos-phor-es´cence.=

=Phryn-o-ceph´a-lus mys-ta´ce-us.=

=Phy-log´e-ny= [Gr. _phylon_, tribe; _genesis_, origin.] The history of the evolution of a species or group; distinguished from ontogeny.

=Phy-lo-ge-net´ic= [Vid. phylogeny.] Pertaining to phylogeny.

=Pith´e-coid= [Gr. _pithekos_, ape; _eidos_, like.]

=Pith-e-can-thro´pus= [Gr. _pithekos_, ape; _anthropos_, man.]

=Pla-gi-os´to-mi= [Gr. _plagios_, oblique; _stoma_, mouth.] A division of Elasmobranchii, including sharks and rays.

=Pla-cen´tal= [Lat. _placenta_, cake.] So called on account of its shape. Pertaining to the _placenta_, the organ of attachment of higher vertebrate (monodelph) embryos to the wall of the uterus of the female.

=Plas´tids= [Gr. _plastos_, formed.]

=Plat-y-hel-min´thes= [Gr. _platys_, flat; _helminos_, worm.]

=Plat-y-rhi´næ= [Gr. _platys_, broad, flat; _rhis_, nose.] Monkeys of the New World having long tails and a wide septum to the nose.

=Pleur-a-can´thus= [Gr. _pleuron_, rib; _akantha_, thorn.]

=Pleu´ral= [Gr. _pleura_, rib, side.]

=Pli-o-hip´pus= [Pliocene; Gr. _hippos_, horse.]

=Pli´o-cene= [Gr. _pleion_, more; _kainos_, recent.]

=Plumes= [Lat. _pluma_, small soft feather.] Feathers, especially when ornamental or large; or tufts of large and ornamental feathers.

=Pneu-mo-coc´ci= [Gr. _pneumon_, lung; _kokkos_, berry.] Bacteria (spheroidal) found in those suffering from pneumonia.

=Pol-y-dac´tyl-ism= [Gr. _polys_, many; _daktylos_, finger, toe.] The possession of an abnormally large number of fingers or toes.

=Pol-y-mor´phism= [Gr. _polys_, many; _morphe_, form.] Exhibition by a group of animals, as a species, of different types of form or structure.

=Po-lyp´te-rus= [Gr. _polypteros_, many-winged.]

=Po-ly´o-don= [Gr. _polys_, many; _odous_, tooth.]

=Pol´yp= [Gr. _polys_, many; _pous_, foot.]

=Pol´y-the-ism= [Gr. _polys_, many; _theos_, god.]

=Po-rif´e-ra= [Lat. _porus_, pore; _fero_, bear.]

=Pre-Pa-læ-o-lith´ic= [Lat. _præ_, before; Palæolithic.] The period of time preceding the Ancient Stone Age.

=Pri-ma´tes= [Lat. _primus_, first.] An order of mammals.

=Pro-bos-cid´e-a= [Gr. _pro_, before; _bosko_, feed.]

=Pro-nu´cle-us= [Lat. _pro_, before; _nucleus_, kernel.]

=Pros-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. _pro_, before; _enkephalos_, brain.] A fundamental segment of the brain.

=Pro-to-hip´pus= [Gr. _protos_, first; _hippos_, horse.]

=Pro-toph´y-ta= [Gr. _protos_, first; _phyton_, plant.]

=Pro´to-plasm= [Gr. _protos_, first; _plasma_, < _plasso_, form.]

=Pro-top´te-rus= [Gr. _protos_, first; _pteron_, wing.]

=Pro-to-zo´a= [Gr. _protos_, first; _zoon_, animal.]

=Pseu-do-he-red´i-ty= [Gr. _pseudes_, false; Lat. _heredita_, heirship.]

=Pseu-do-po´di-a= [Gr. _pseudes_, false; _pous_, foot.]

=Psy-cho-zo´ic= [Gr. _psyche_, soul; _zoe_, life.]

=Pter-i-doph´y-ta= [Gr. _pteris_, fern; _phyton_, plant.]

=Pter-o-sau´ri-a= [Gr. _pteron_, wing; _sauros_, lizard.]

=Pti-lo´pus cinc´tus.=

=Pu´pa=, pl. =pupæ= [Lat. doll, girl, f. of _pupus_, boy.] The third stage of those insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. Pupæ are often surrounded by protective envelopes called cocoons.

=Quad-ru´la sym-met´ri-ca.=

=Qua-ter´na-ry= [Lat. _quaternarius_, consisting of four.]

=Ra-ti´tæ= [Lat. _ratis_, raft.] A group of birds whose sternum is without a keel; aborted wings. Including ostriches, emus, moas, rheas, etc.

=Rhi-noc´e-ros= [Gr. _rhis_, nose; _keras_, horn.]

=Rhi-zop´o-da= [Gr. _rhiza_, root; _pous_, foot.]

=Ro-den´ti-a= [Lat. _rodo_, gnaw.]

=Ro-ta´li-a Frey´er-i= [Lat. _rota_, wheel; Freyer.]

=Ro-ta-to´ri-a= [Lat. _rota_, wheel.]

=Ro´ti-fer= [Lat. _rota_, wheel; _fero_, bear.]

=Ru´mi-nant= [Lat. _ruminans_, ruminate.]

=Sai´tis pu´lex.=

=Saur-u´ræ= [Gr. _sauros_, lizard; _oura_, tail.] Jurassic birds having lizard-like tails with distichous feathers, as Archæopterygidæ.

=Sca-phop´o-da= [Gr. _skaphos_, bowl, skiff; _pous_, foot.] A division of molluscs.

=Sep´al= [Lat. _separ_, separate.] One of the individual leaves of a calyx.

=Si-lu´ri-an= [Silures, ancient Celts in Wales.]

=Sim´i-a= [Lat. _simia_, ape.] A genus typical of Simiidæ and now restricted to the orang.

=Si-mi´i-dæ= [Lat. _simia_, ape.] A family of Old World Anthropoidea.

=Sim-i-i´næ= [Lat. _simia_, ape.] A subfamily of Simiidæ with robust form and molars tuberculated as in man and no ischial tuberosities, including Chimpanzees, Gorillas, and Orangs.

=Si´nus veno´sus= [Lat.] Venous cavity. (1) In higher vertebrates the main part of the auricular cavity. (2) In the lower vertebrates, a dilitation at the termination of venous channels, forming a separate chamber.

=Si-re´ni-a= [Lat. _siren_, siren.]

=Snags= [Norw. _snag_, a projecting point.] A branch on the antler of a deer.

=So-mat´ic= [Gr. _soma_, body.] Pertaining to the body.

=So-ma-to-ge-net´ic= [Gr. _soma_, body; _genesis_, generation, origin.] Originating in the body or soma through external influences.

=Sper-ma-to-zo´id= [Gr. _sperma_, seed, semen; _zoon_, animal.] Male germ-cell; male, flagellate, (“ciliated”) sexual cell. At one time supposed to be minute parasites in the semen, hence often called _spermatozooa_.

=Sphinx fu-ci-form´is.=

=Spon´gi-o-plasm= [Gr. _spongion_, little sponge; _plasso_, form.]

=Steg-o-ceph´ala= [Gr. _stego_, cover; _kepale_, head.] Another name for Labyrinthodonts.

=Sty-lo-nych´i-a.=

=Su-pra-œ-soph-ag´e-al= [Lat. _supra_, above; œsophagus.]

=Tar´si-us= [Gr. _tarsos_, any flat surface.]

=Tax-o-nom´ic= [Gr. _taxis_, orderly arrangement; _nemein_, distribute.] Pertaining to systematic classification.

=Tel-e-os´to-mi= [Gr. _teleos_, perfect; _stoma_, mouth.] A division of fishes with well-developed dentary and maxillary and membrane bones; includes all fishes except Elasmobranchii and lower forms.

=Tel´e-osts= [Gr. _teleos_, perfect; _osteon_, bone.] A subdivision of Teleostomi that includes most fishes; decussation of optic nerves; non-contractile arterial bulb.

=Ter´ti-a-ry= [Lat. _tertius_, third.]

=Tet´ra-o cu´pi-do= [Lat. _tetrao_, pheasant; _Cupido_, the God of Love.]

=Thal-am-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. _thalamos_, chamber; _enkephalos_, brain.] A fundamental segment of the brain.

=Thal´a-mi= [Gr. _thalamos_, chamber.] The lateral boundaries of the thalamencephalon.

=Thal´loph´y-ta= [Gr. _thallos_, young branch; _phyton_, plant.]

=The-ro-mor´pha= [Gr. _ther_, beast; _morphe_, form.]

=Tho-mi´sus cit´re-us.=

=Ti-mor´.=

=Top´knots.= Crests or tufts of feathers growing on the heads of birds.

=Toxalbu´min= [Gr. _toxikon_, poison; _albumin_, < Lat. _albus_, white.]

=Tri-as´sic= [Gr. _trias_, three.]

=Tri´lo-bites= [Gr. _treis_, three; _lobos_, lobe.]

=Tu-ni-ca´ta= [Lat. _tunica_, tunic.] A class of Chordata called Sca-squirts or Ascidians.

=Tynes= [AS. _tind_, prong.] The spike or prong of an antler.

=Un-gu-la´ta= [Lat. _unguis_, nail.] The order of hoofed mammals.

=U-ro-de´la= [Gr. _oura_, tail; _delos_, manifest.] The tailed Amphibians.

=U´te-rus= [Lat. _uterus_, womb.] The organ of a female animal in which the young are protected and developed before birth.

=Vac´u-ole= [Lat. _vacuus_, empty.] The little cavities in cells containing watery solutions.

=Ves´i-cle= [Lat. _vesicula_, little bladder.] Synonymous with vacuoles.

=Ve´na ca´va= [Lat.] _Hollow vein._ Either of the two great veins that empty into the right auricle of the heart.

=Ven´tri-cles= [Lat. _ventriculus_, little belly.] One of the cavities of the heart or brain.

=Ven´tral= [Lat. _venter_, belly.] Applied to the front (under) side of the body.

=Ver´mes= [Lat. _vermis_, worm.]

=Ver-te-bra´ta= [Lat. _vertebratus_, jointed.]

=Ver´te-brate= [Lat. _vertebratus_, jointed.]

=Vi-vip´a-rous= [Lat. _vivus_, alive; _pario_, bear.] Applied to animals which bring forth their young alive.

=Vis´ce-ra= [Lat. _viscera_, organs.] The internal organs of the body.

=Vol´vox glo-ba´tor= [Lat. _volvo_, roll; _globatus_, made into a ball.]

=Wat´tles= [AS. _watel_, hurdle.] Fleshy, naked processes depending from the neck or head of a bird.

FOOTNOTES.

[1] One cubic millimeter of human blood alone, not to mention other tissues of the body, contains over five million cells.

[2] Except in the maturation of _ova_ and _spermatozoids_.

[3] Bradford.

[4] Bradford.

[5] Socially, morally, and religiously.

[6] Lyell.

[7] Readers not familiar with Elementary Zoölogy will do well to consult the Classification of Animals in Section VII.; and also the Diagram of Development.

[8] Wallace.

[9] Belt.

[10] Wallace.

[11] Wallace.

[12] Wallace.

[13] Darwin.

[14] Darwin.

[15] Lloyd Morgan.

[16] Clodd.

[17] “Feelings and motions run parallel to each other, and where we do not meet with actual feelings we suppose the presence of the elements of feeling. But this parallelism would be most wonderful indeed if it were a true parallelism consisting of two different and distinct lines. The simplest conception of the case is the monistic view, which considers the parallelism as an identity. Both motion and feeling are abstract conceptions. A motion exists of itself no more than a feeling. The reality from which the ideas motion and feeling have been abstracted is one inseparable whole, which if viewed as an objective process appears as motion, and if viewed from the subjective side appears as feeling. Feelings can only be felt, not seen; but if we _could_ see them, we might observe the elements of feeling wherever motion takes place.

“Fechner seems to have hit the mark, when he compared feeling and motion to the inside and the outside curves of a circle; they are entirely different and yet the same. The inside curve is concave, the outside curve is convex. If we construct rules relating first to the concave inside and then to the convex outside, we shall notice a parallelism in the formulas; yet this parallelism will appear only in the abstractions which have been made of one and the same thing from a different aspect. It results from making two different abstractions. The abstract conceptions form two parallel systems, but the real thing can be represented as parallel only in the sense that it is parallel to itself; it is the parallelism of identity. There is but one line and this one line is concave if viewed from the inside, if viewed from the outside convex.” Dr. Carus in “The Soul of Man,” p. 20.

[18] Central Soul (Dr. Carus).

[19] Clifford.

[20] It is more scientific to say a _Cosmic Soul immanent_ in the Cosmos.

“God, as I conceive him to be, is not less than a person, but more than a person.” Dr. Paul Carus.

[21] Fiske.

[22] Fiske.

[23] “Religion is the conception by man of his relation to the infinite universe and its source; and morality is the ever present guide of life proceeding only from this relation.” Tolstoi.

[24] Fiske.

[25] Society also utterly ignores the rights of unborn children in permitting the constant marriages of men and women having constitutions tainted with hereditary diseases, as insanity, syphilis, tuberculosis, etc.

[26] In Dipnoi, which are fishes with Amphibian characters, the paired fins have each a central segmented axis which bears on each side a series of radial pieces. The air bladder is a true lung, and is frequently used as such. The heart shows indications of becoming three chambered (two auricles and one ventricle). The left auricle contains arterial blood from the lungs. There is an inferior vena cava. The nasal sacs open posteriorly into the mouth.

INDEX.

Achromatin, 6.

Acquired Characters, 65, 71, 72, 76.

Actinozoa, 232.

Age, of Amphibians, 105.

Age, of Fishes, 101.

Age, of Mammals, 111.

Age, of Man, 114.

Age, of Molluscs, 98, 100.

Age, of Reptiles, 110.

Air-bladder, 236.

Allantois, 238.

Altruism, 223, 225.

Amblypoda, 111.

Amblystoma, 62, 63.

America, Central, 141.

America, South, 83, 145, 146.

America, North, development of, 85.

America, Archæan, 85.

America, Cretaceous, 87.

America, Tertiary, 88, 89.

America, tropical, 146, 147, 149.

Amia, 236, 237.

Amitosis, 28.

Ammonites, 100, 108.

Amnion, 238.

Amœba proteus, 10, 35, 230.

Amphibia, 96, 102, 103, 104, 105, 235, 238.

Amphibia, of snake-like form, 103.

Amphibia, generalized, 107.

Amphimixis, 46.

Amphineura, 234.

Amphioxus, 235.

Anaptomorphus, 111.

Ancon sheep, 49.

Angiospermæ, 245.

Animals, backboned, 96, 101, 103, 152.

Animals, birth rate of, 123.

Animals, coloration of, 126, 127.

Animals, death rate of, 123.

Animals, grass-eating, 137.

Animals, gregarious, 150.

Animals, multicellular, 4, 229.

Animals, multiplication of, 122.

Animals, snake-eating, 136.

Animals, segmented, 233, 234.

Animals, unicellular, 4, 229.

Animals, unsegmented, 233.

Annulata, 233.

Ant-bear, 123.

Antelope, desert, 127.

Antitoxines, 15.

Anthropoid Apes, 243.

Anthropoid Characters, 185.

Anthropomorphism, 211.

Anthropopithecus, 243, 244.

Anthropoidea, 240, 241.

Antlers, of deer, 14, 157.

Ants, 110, 123, 233.

Anura, 238.

Apes, anthropoid, 243.

Arachnida, 233.

Arcella, 16, 231.

Archæan land, Canadian, 86.

Archæan land, Blue Ridge, 86.

Archæan land, Rocky Mountain, 86.

Archæopteryx, 108, 238.

Archegosaurus, 103, 238.

Arctic regions, 151.

Argonaut, 98.

Armadillos, 114.

Arthropoda, 233.

Arthropods, 96, 98, 99.

Artificial Selection, 120, 121, 122.

Asteroidea, 232.

Atavism, 51, 52, 191.

Ateles, 242.

Attraction-sphere, 27.

Aves, 234, 238.

Aye-Ayes, 241.

Baboons, 243.

Baby, grasping power of, 192.

Bach, family of, 40.

Bacillus diphtheriæ, 16.

Bacillus, tetanus, 15.

Bacteria, 14.

Bacteria, nitrifying, 16.

Badger, 123.

Balanoglossus, 233.

Barriers, geographical, 166, 169.

Barriers, sexual, 166, 169.

Bat, 127, 130.

Bear, polar, 127.

Beavers, 157.

Bees, 59, 60, 102, 105, 110, 123, 163, 164.

Bee-eaters, 127.

Beetles, 147.

Belemnites, 108.

Berg adder, 149.

Biophors, 6.

Bipes, 115.

Blastids, 99.

Blastoidea, 233.

Blastula, 32.

Bird fancier, 120.

Birds, 96, 105, 107, 109, 144, 146, 147, 148, 152, 159.

Birds, courtship of, 153, 154.

Birds, eggs of, 132, 133, 134, 135.

Birds, excreta of, 142.

Birds, humming, 152, 157, 159.

Birds, paradise, 152.

Birds, reptilian, 108.

Birds, singing of, 154, 155.

Birds, snake-eating, 147, 149.

Boar, wild, 121, 157.

Body-cells, 45, 64.

Borneo, 138.

Bower birds, 155.

Brachiopoda, 232.

Brachiopods, 96, 97, 100, 102, 105.

Brain, 232, 233, 234, 235, 239.

Brain, development of, 199, 214, 215.

Brain, fœtal, 203, 204.

Brain, ideal section of, 203.

Brain, of fish, 199.

Brain, of lemur, 201.

Brain, of man, 203, 206, 211.

Brain, of marsupial, 200.

Brain, mind immanent in, 208.

Brain, of monkeys, 202.

Brain, psychic phenomena of, 206.

Brain, of reptile, 199.

Bryophyta, 244.

Bryozoa, 232.

Bull, 157.

Bullfinch, 154.

Butterflies, 59, 102, 110, 135, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 158, 233.

Bulldog, 121.

Caducibranchiata, 178, 237.

Calamoichthys, 236.

Callithrix, 242.

Camel, 127.

Canaries, 154.

Carinatæ, 238.

Carnivora, 239.

Carus, Dr. Paul, 208.

Castration, 224.

Catarrhinæ, 241.

Caterpillar, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145.

Cats, forest, 128.

Cattle, 169.

Cave bear, 114.

Cebidæ, 241, 242.

Cebus, 242.

Cells, xiii. 4.

Cells, body or somatic, xiv. 45, 64.

Cells, chemistry of, 4, 5.

Cells, daughter, 8.

Cells, encysted, 5.

Cells, flagellate, 29.

Cells, germ, xiv. 45, 54, 57, 65, 67, 161.

Cells, mother, 8.

Cells, nutrition of, 7.

Cells, reproduction of, 7, 25.

Cells, stinging, 231.

Cells, structure of, 5, 6.

Centipede, 98, 233.

Centrosome, 6, 27.

Cephalopoda, 234.

Cephalopods, 98, 100.

Ceratites, 105.

Ceratodus, 104, 105, 237.

Cercopithecidæ, 241, 242.

Cerebellum, 199, 206, 239.

Cerebrum, 199, 205, 239.

Cetacea, 239.

Character, 220, 226.

Characters, acquired, 65, 68.