M.

Macaws, 100

Madagascar, white-marked butterflies of, 260

Madagascar once united to Africa, 325

Madagascar and Malaya, resemblances of fauna of, 328

Male birds, origin of ornamental plumage of, 205

Male birds which incubate, 212

Male humming-birds produce a shriller sound, 215

Males, theory of display of ornaments by, 207

_Malva sylvestris_, _M. rotundifolia_, 233

Mammals, 116

Mammalia, supposed variations of, comparable to those of butterflies, 261 local resemblances of, in Africa, 262

Mammalia of Palæarctic Region, 315 of Ethiopian Region, 317 of Oriental Region, 319 of Miocene period in Euro-Asia, 321

Man, antiquity and origin of, 280 indications of extreme antiquity of, 285 highly developed at very early period, 286 antiquity of intellectual, 290

Mangroves, 58

_Manicaria saccifera_, 41

Mantidæ, 91

Mantis resembling an orchis-flower, 173

Marantaceæ, 47

Marmosets, 118

Marshall, Messrs. on barbets, 106

Martins, M. Charles, on increased size of leaves of arctic plants, 236

Mates readily found by birds, 200

Mauritia, palm, 40

_Maximiliana regia_, 41

Meiglyptes, 150

Meldola, Mr. R., on variable colouring in insects, 170

Meliphagidæ in Auckland Isles probably flower-fertilizers, 239

Melliss, Mr., on flora of St. Helena, 275

Migrations between N. America and Euro-Asia, 334 between N. America and South America, 335

Mesembryanthemum, stone, 223

Meteorological phenomena, intensity of, at the equator, 23

Mimicry, theory of, 189

_Mimosa pudica_, 59

Mivart, Professor, on animal origin of man, 284 on the divergent affinities of man and apes, 288

Mongredien, Mr., on showy and fragrant flowers, 230

Monkeys, 116

Monkeys and pigeons, 102

Moseley, Mr., on humming-birds of Juan Fernandez, 143

Moseley, Mr. H. N., on birds conveying seeds to islands, 268

Moths, conspicuously-coloured caterpillars of, uneatable, 175

Motmots, 105

Mott, Mr. Albert, on antiquity of intellectual man, 291

Mounds of N. America, antiquity of, 296

Mound-builders, a semi-civilized race, 297

Müller, Dr. Hermann, on fertilization of alpine flowers, 232 on fertilization of Martagon lily, 231 on variations of insect-fertilized flowers, 275 on differences of allied species of flowers, 233

_Musa paradisiaca_, 48

Musaceæ, 48

Mygale, a bird-catching spider, 97

_Mysis chameleon_, changes of colour of, 171

N.

Nearctic Region, mammalia of, 329 birds of, 330

Neotropical region, mammalia of, 331 birds of, 332

Nests of humming-birds, 137

Newton, Professor, on appearance of living humming-birds, 130

New Zealand, poor in flowers and insects, 235

New World, regions of the, 329

North American earthworks, 292

Nuttall, Mr., on the rufous flame-bearer, 131

Nymphalidæ, local resemblances of species of distinct genera of, 257

O.

Oceanic Islands, peculiar floras of, 269 theory of, 307

Odontomachus, genus of ants, 82

Odour deficient in New Zealand flowers, 277

Odours absorbed unequally by differently coloured stuffs, 266 of flowers attractive, 230

_Œcodoma cephalotes_, 85

_Œcophylla smaragdina_, 82

Ogle, Dr., on colour and sense-perception, 265

Oil from palms, 45

Oncidiums, 51

Optical theory of colour, 180

Orchids, 49

Oriental Region, 319

Ornamental humming-birds, the most pugnacious, 214

Ornaments, display of, by male humming-birds, 134

Orthoptera, 91

P.

Palæarctic Region, 314

Palms, 40 height of, 41 climbing, 41

Palm-wine, 43

Palm-trees, uses and products of, 42-46

Pandanaceæ, 49

Papilio, pale varieties of, in Moluccas and New Guinea, 258

Papilionidæ and Nymphalidæ, local resemblances of, 255

_Papilio nireus_, changes of colour of pupa of, 168

Parrots, 99 red in Moluccas and New Guinea, 264 black in New Guinea and Madagascar, 264

Passeres, 108

Phyllostoma, 120

Phasmidæ, 91-93

_Phœnix sylvestris_, 45

Phaëthornithinæ, 136

Pheasants, brilliant plumage of, in cold countries, 163

Pheidole, genus of ants, 84

Philippine Islands, metallic colours of butterflies of, 259 white-marked birds of, 263

Picariæ, 103

Pickering, Mr., on plants of Pacific Islands, 269

Pieridæ and Lycænidæ, local resemblances of, 256

Pigeons, 102 black in Australia and Madagascar, 264

Pigs, white poisoned in Virginia, black not, 265

Pipes from N. American mounds, 295

Plantain, 48

Plantain-eaters, 197

Plants, protective coloration in, 223

Platycerium, 47

Plumage of tropical birds, 109 of humming-birds, 128

Polyrachis, genus of ants, 81

_Polyalthea_, tree with flowers on trunk, 35

_Polygonum bistorta_, _P. aviculare_, 233

_Pontia rapæ_, changes of colour of chrysalis of, 168

_Ponera clavata_, terrible sting of, 82

Portraits on sculptured pipes from mounds, 295

Prosthemadera in the Auckland Isles, 239

Protective colours, theory of, 187

_Psittacula diopthalma_, sexual difference of colour of, 178

Pterylography, 151

Pyramid, the Great, 298 the Great, indicates an earlier civilization, 300

Pythons, 115

R.

Rabbits, why white-tailed, 197

Rainbow, how described by ancient writers, 245

Rainfall at London and Batavia, diagram of, 15

Rainfall, greatest recorded at Batavia, 24

Ramsay, Prof. on ancient fresh-water deposits, 313

_Raphia tædigera_, 41

Rattan-palms, 42

Recognition aided by colour, 196

Reed, Mr., on humming-birds in Juan Fernandez, 146 Mr. Edwyn C., on insects of Juan Fernandez, 270

Reptiles, 111

Reptiles of oceanic islands, 309

Rhamphococcyx, 105

S.

Salvin, Mr., on the pugnacity of humming-birds, 134, 214

Saüba ant, 85

_Saxifraga longifolia_, 233

_S. cotyledon_, 233

_S. oppositifolia_, 233

Scorpions, 97

Screw-pines, 49

Scythrops, 105

Seeds, how protected, 226

Sensitive-plants, 59

Sexes of butterflies differently coloured for recognition, 196

Sexual colours, 177 theory of, 192

Sexual selection not a cause of colour, 198 neutralized by natural selection, 210

Sickle-bill humming-bird, 136

Size, correspondence of, in tropical flowers and insects, 236

Sky, colour of not mentioned in old books, 245

Smith, Mr. Worthington, on mimicry in fungi, 223

Smyth, Professor Piazzi, on the Great Pyramid, 298

Snakes, 114

Sobralias, 51

Soil, heat of, 8 influence of temperature on climate, 8

Solenopsis, genus of ants, 84

Sorby, Mr., on composition of chlorophyll, 221

South America, extinct fauna of, 336 geographical changes of, 338 its parallelism with Africa, 339 an area of preservation of ancient types, 339

Spices from equatorial forest-trees, 36

Spiders, 97

Spruce, Dr. Richard, on number of ferns at Tarrapoto, 47 on inconspicuousness of tropical flowers, 61 on use of aromatic secretions of leaves, 278

Stainton, Mr., on insects attacking scented leaves, 277

Stick-insects, 92

St. Helena, indigenous flowers of, 275

St. John, Mr., on large python, 115

Structure of humming-birds, 125

Sugar from palm-trees, 44

Sunda Islands and Japan once joined to Asia, 326

Sun-birds, differences from humming-birds, 154

Sun’s noonday altitude in Java and London compared, 6

Sun’s rays, heating effect of, 7

Sunrise in the equatorial zone, 22

Swifts, resemblances of to humming-birds, 152

_Symmachia trochilus_, 75 _colubris_, 75

T.

Tahiti, preponderance of ferns in, 269

Temperature of London and Batavia compared, 6 of different latitudes, various causes of, 7

Temperature, influenced by heat of soil, 8 influenced by aqueous vapour of atmosphere, 9

Temperature of tropical and temperate zones, cause of, illustrated, 12

Tertiary faunas and their relations, 344, 347

_Thaumastura cora_, very pugnacious, 214

Timor and Scotland, climates compared, 14

Timor and Flores, white-marked birds of, 263

Toucans, 106

Tree-frogs, 116

Tristan d’Acunha, bright-coloured Pelargonium of, 275

Trochilidæ, 125

Trogons, 105

Tropical vegetation, concluding remarks on, 65 probable causes of its luxuriance and variety, 66 Mr. Belt on, 67

Tropical birds, dull-coloured, 110 coloration of, 110 green, 110

Tropics, limitation of, 3 aspects of animal life in, 121

Trunks, variety of, 31, 33 probable cause of flowering, 34

Twilight, short at equator, 21

Typical colours, 179