D.

Dactylic metre, 3. 400 C.

Daedalus, beauty of his works, 7. 529 E.

Damon, an authority on rhythm, 3. 400 B (cp. 4. 424 C).

Dancing (in education), 3. 412 B.

Day-dreams, 5. 458 A, 476 C.

Dead (in battle) not to be stripped, 5. 469; judgment of the dead, 10. 615.

Death, the approach of, brings no terror to the aged, 1. 330 E; the guardians must have no fear of, 3. 386, 387 (cp. 6. 486 C); preferable to slavery, 3. 387 A.

Debts, abolition of, proclaimed by demagogues, 8. 565 E, 566 E.

Delphi, religion left to the god at, 4. 427 A (cp. 5. 461 E, 469 A; 7. 540 B).

Demagogues, 8. 564, 565.

Democracy, 1. 338 D; spoken of under the parable of the captain and the mutinous crew, 6. 488; democracy and philosophy, _ib._ 494, 500; the third form of imperfect state, 8. 544 [_cp._ Pol. 291, 292]; detailed account of, _ib._ 555 foll.; characterised by freedom, _ib._ 557 B, 561-563; a 'bazaar of constitutions,' _ib._ 557 D; the {346} humours of democracy, _ib._ E, 561; elements contained in, _ib._ 564.--democracy in animals, _ib._ 563:--the democratical man, _ib._ 558, 559 foll., 561, 562; 9. 572; his place in regard to pleasure, 9. 587.

Desire, has a relaxing effect on the soul, 4. 430 A; the conflict of desire and reason, 4. 440 [_cp._ Phaedr. 253 foll.; Tim. 70 A];--the desires divided into simple and qualified, 4. 437 foll.; into necessary and unnecessary, 8. 559.

Despots (masters), 5. 463 A. _See_ Tyrant.

Destiny, the, of man in his own power, 10. 617 E.

Dialectic, the most difficult branch of philosophy, 6. 498; objects of, _ib._ 511; 7. 537 D; proceeds by a double method, 6. 511; compared to sight, 7. 532 A; capable of attaining to the idea of good, _ibid._; gives firmness to hypotheses, _ib._ 533; the coping stone of the sciences, _ib._ 534 [_cp._ Phil. 57]; must be studied by the rulers, _ib._ 537; dangers of the study, _ibid._; years to be spent in, _ib._ 539; distinguished from eristic, _ib._ D (cp. 5. 454 A; 6. 499 A):--the dialectician has a conception of essence, 7. 534 [_cp._ Phaedo 75 D].

Dialectic. [_Dialectic, the 'coping stone of knowledge,' is everywhere distinguished by Plato from eristic, i.e., argument for argument's sake_ [_cp._ Euthyd. 275 foll., 293; Meno 75 D; Phaedo 101; Phil. 17; Theaet. 167 E]. _It is that 'gift of heaven'_ (Phil. 16) _which teaches men to employ the hypotheses of science, not as final results, but as points from which the mind may rise into the higher heaven of ideas and behold truth and being. This vague and magnificent conception was probably hardly clearer to Plato himself when he wrote the Republic than it is to us_ [_cp._ Introduction, p. xcii]; _but in the Sophist and Statesman it appears in a more definite form as a combination of analysis and synthesis by which we arrive at a true notion of things._ [_Cp. the_ [Greek: u(phêgême/nê metho/dos] _of Aristotle_ (Pol. i. 1, § 3; 8, § 1), _which is an analogous mode of proceeding from the parts to the whole.] In the Laws dialectic no longer occupies a prominent place; it is the 'old man's harmless amusement'_ (7. 820 C), _or, regarded more seriously, the method of discussion by question and answer, which is abused by the natural philosophers to disprove the existence of the Gods_ (10. 891).]

Dice ([Greek: ku/boi]), 10. 604 C; skill required in dice-playing, 2. 374 C.

Diet, 3. 404; 8. 559 C [_cp._ Tim. 89].

Differences, accidental and essential, 5. 454.

Diomede, his command to the Greeks (Iliad iv. 412), 3. 389 E; 'necessity of,' (proverb), 6. 493 D.

Dionysiac festival (at Athens), 5. 475 D.

Discord, causes of, 5. 462; 8. 547 A, 556 E; the ruin of states, 5. 462; distinguished from war, _ib._ 470 [_cp._ Laws 1. 628, 629].

Discourse, love of, 1. 328 A; 5. 450 B; increases in old age, 1. 328 D; pleasure of, in the other world, 6. 498 D [_cp._ Apol. 41].

Disease, origin of, 3. 404; the right treatment of, _ib._ 405 foll.; the physician must have experience of, in his own person, _ib._ 408; disease and vice compared, 4. 444; 10. 609 foll. [_cp._ Soph. 228; Pol. 296; Laws 10. {347} 906]; inherent in everything, 10. 609.

Dishonesty, thought by men to be more profitable than honesty, 2. 364 A.

Dithyrambic poetry, nature of, 3. 394 B.

Diversities of natural gifts, 2. 370; 5. 455; 7. 535 A.

Division of labour, 2. 370, 374 A; 3. 394 E, 395 B, 397 E; 4. 423 E, 433 A, 435 A, 441 E, 443, 453 B; a part of justice, 4. 433, 435 A, 441 E (cp. _supra_ 1. 332, 349, 350, _and_ Laws 8. 846 C);--of lands, proclaimed by the would-be tyrant, 8. 565 E, 566 E.

Doctors, flourish when luxury increases in the state, 2. 373 C; 3. 405 A; two kinds of, 5. 459 C [_cp._ Laws 4. 720; 9. 857 D]. Cp. Physician.

Dog, Socrates' oath by the, 3. 399 E; 8. 567 E; 9. 592;--dogs are philosophers, 2. 376; the guardians the watch-dogs of the state, _ibid._; 4. 440 D; 5. 451 D; breeding of dogs, 5. 459.

Dolphin, Arion's, 5. 453 E.

Dorian harmony, allowed, with the Phrygian, in the state, 3. 399 A.

Draughts, 1. 333 A; skill required in, 2. 374 C;--comparison of an argument to a game of draughts, 6. 487 C.

Dreams, an indication of the bestial element in human nature, 9. 571, 572, 574 E.

Drones, the, 8. 552, 554 C, 555 E, 559 C, 564 B, 567 E; 9. 573 A [_cp._ Laws 10. 901 A].

Drunkenness, in heaven, 2. 363 D; forbidden in the guardians, 3. 398 E, 403 E;--the drunken man apt to be tyrannical, 8. 573 C. Cp. Intoxication.

Dyeing, 4. 429 D.

E.

Early society, 2. 359.

Eating, pleasure accompanying, 8. 559.

Education, commonly divided into gymnastic for the body and music for the soul, 2. 376 E, 403 (_see_ Gymnastic, Music, _and_ _cp._ Laws 7. 795 E); both music and gymnastic really designed for the soul, 3. 410:--use of fiction in, 2. 377 foll.; 3. 391; the poets bad educators, 2. 377; 3. 391, 392, 408 B; 10. 600, 606 E, 607 B [_cp._ Laws 10. 886 C, 890 A]; must be simple, 3. 397, 404 E; melody in, _ib._ 398 foll.; mimetic art in, _ib._ 399; importance of good surroundings, _ib._ 401; influence of, on manners, 4. 424, 425; innovation in, dangerous, _ibid._; early, should be given through amusement, _ib._ 425 A; 7. 536 E [_cp._ Laws 1. 643 B]; ought to be the same for men and women, 5. 451 foll., 466; dangerous when ill-directed, 6. 491; not a process of acquisition, but the use of powers already existing in us, 7. 518; not to be compulsory, _ib._ 537 A;--education of the guardians, 2. 376 foll.; 4. 429, 430; 7. 521 (cp. Guardians, Ruler);--the higher or philosophic education, 6. 498, 503 E, 504; 7. 514-537; age at which it should commence, 6. 498; 7. 537; 'the longer way,' 6. 504 (cp. 4. 435); 'the prelude or preamble,' 7. 532 E.

Education. [_Education in the Republic is divided into two parts,_ (i) _the common education of the citizens;_ (ii) _the special education of the rulers._ (i) _The first, beginning with childhood in the plays of the children_ [_cp._ Laws 1. 643 B], _is the old Hellenic education,_ [_the_ [Greek: katabeblême/na paideu/mata] _of Aristotle_, Pol. viii. 2, § 6], {348}--_'music for the mind and gymnastic for the body'_ [_cp._ Laws 7. 795 E]. _But Plato soon discovers that both are really intended for the benefit of the soul_ [_cp._ Laws 5. 743 D]; _and under 'music' he includes literature_ ([Greek: lo/goi]), _i.e. humane culture as distinguished from scientific knowledge. Music precedes gymnastic; both are not to be learned together; only the simpler kinds of either are tolerated_ [_cp._ Laws Book VII, _passim_]. _Boys and girls share equally in both_ [_cp._ Laws 7. 794 D]. _The greatest attention must be paid to good surroundings; nothing mean or vile must meet the eye or strike the ear of the young scholar. The fairy tales of childhood and the fictions of the poets are alike placed under censorship_ [_cp._ Laws Book X, _and see s. v._ Poetry]. _Gentleness is to be united with manliness; beauty of form and activity of mind are to mingle in perfect and harmonious accord._--(ii) _The special education commences at twenty by the selection of the most promising students. These spend ten years in the acquisition of the higher branches of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, harmony_ [_cp._ Laws 7. 817 E], _which are not to be pursued in a scientific spirit or for utility only, but rather with a view to their combination by means of dialectic into an ideal of all knowledge_ (_see s. v._ Dialectic). _At thirty a further selection is made: those selected spend five years in the study of philosophy, are then sent into

## active life for fifteen years, and finally after fifty return to

philosophy, which for the remainder of their days is to form their chief occupation_ (_see s. v._ Rulers).]

Egyptians, characterised by love of money, 4. 435 E.

Elder, the, to bear rule in the state, 3. 412 B [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 A; 4. 714 E]; to be over the younger, 5. 465 A [_cp._ Laws 4. 721 D; 9. 879 C; 11. 917 A].

Embroidery, art of, 3. 401 A.

Enchantments, used by mendicant prophets, 2. 364 B;--enchantments, i.e. tests to which the guardians are to be subjected, 3. 413 (cp. 6. 503 A; 7. 539 E).

End, the, and use of the soul, 1. 353:--ends and excellencies ([Greek: a)retai\]) of things, _ibid._; things distinguished by their ends, 5. 478.

Endurance, must be inculcated on the young, 3. 390 C (cp. 10. 605 E).

Enemies, treatment of, 5. 469.

Enquiry, roused by some objects of sense, 7. 523.

Epeus, soul of, turns into a woman, 10. 620 C.

Epic poetry, a combination of imitation and narration, 3. 394 B, 396 E;--epic poets, imitators in the highest degree, 10. 602 C.

Er, myth of, 10. 614 B foll.

Eriphyle, 9. 590 A.

Eristic, distinguished from dialectic, 5. 454 A; 6. 499 A; 7. 539 D.

Error, not possible in the skilled person (Thrasymachus), 1. 340 D.

Essence and the good, 6. 509; essence of the invariable, 9. 585;--essence of things, 6. 507 B; apprehended by the dialectician, 7. 534 B.

Eternity, contrasted with human life, 10. 608 D.

Eumolpus, son of Musaeus, 2. 363 D.

Eunuch, the riddle of the, 5. 479.

Euripides, a great tragedian, 8. 568 A; his maxims about tyrants, _ibid._:--quoted, Troades, l. 1169, _ibid._ {349}

Eurypylus, treatment of the wounded, 3. 405 E, 408 A.

Euthydemus, brother of Polemarchus, 1. 328 B.

Evil, God not the author of, 2. 364, 379, 380 A; 3. 391 E [_cp._ Laws 2. 672 B]; the destructive element in the soul, 10. 609 foll. (cp. 4. 444):--justice must exist even among the evil, 1. 351 foll.; their supposed prosperity, 2. 364 [_cp._ Gorg. 470 foll.; Laws 2. 66 1; 10. 899, 905]; more numerous than the good, 3. 409 D. Cp. Injustice.

Excellence relative to use, 10. 601; excellences ([Greek: a)retai\]) and ends of things, 1. 353.

Exchange, the art of, necessary in the formation of the state, 2. 369 C.

Exercises, naked, in Greece, 5. 452.

Existence, a participation in essence, 9. 585 [_cp._ Phaedo 101].

Experience, the criterion of true and false pleasures, 9. 582.

Expiation of guilt, 2. 364.

Eye of the soul, 7. 518 D, 527 E, 533 D, 540 A;--the soul like the eye, 6. 508; 7. 518:--Eyes, the, in relation to sight, 6. 507 (cp. Sight).

F.

Fact and ideal, 5. 472, 473.

Faculties, how different, 5. 477;--faculties of the soul, 6. 511 E; 7. 533 E.

Faith [or Persuasion], one of the faculties of the soul, 6. 511 D; 7. 533 E.

Falsehood, alien to the nature of God, 2. 382 [_cp._ Laws 11. 917 A]; a medicine, only to be used by the state, _ibid._; 3. 389 A, 414 C; 5. 459 D [_cp._ Laws 2. 663]; hateful to the philosopher, 6. 486, 490.

Family life in the state, 5. 449;--families in the state, _ib._ 461;--family and state, _ib._ 463;--cares of family life, _ib._ 465 C.

Fates, the, 10. 617, 620 E.

Fear, a solvent of the soul, 4. 430 A; fear and shame, 5. 465 A.

Fearlessness, distinguished from courage, 4. 430 B [_cp._ Laches 197 B; Protag. 349 C, 359 foll.].

Feeling, community of, in the state, 5. 464.

Festival of the Bendidea (at the Piraeus), 1. 327 A, 354 A; of Dionysus (at Athens), 5. 475 D.

Fiction in education, 2. 377 foll.; 3. 391; censorship of, necessary, 2. 377 foll.; 3. 386-391, 401 A, 408 C; 10. 595 foll.; not to represent sorrow, 3. 387 foll. (cp. 10. 604); representing intemperance to be discarded, 3. 390;--stories about the gods, not to be received, 2. 378 foll.; 3. 388 foll., 408 C [_cp._ Euthyph. 6, 8; Crit. 109 B; Laws 2. 672 B; 10. 886 C; 12. 941];--stories of the world below, objectionable, 3. 386 foll. (cp. Hades, World below).

Final causes, argument from, applied to justice, 1. 352.

Fire, obtained by friction, 4. 434 E.

Flattery, of the multitude by their leaders, in ill-ordered states, 4. 426 (cp. 9. 590 B).

Flute, the, to be rejected, 3. 399;--flute players and flute makers, _ib._ D; 10. 601.

Folly, an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the soul, 9. 585 A.

Food, the condition of life and existence, 2. 369 C.

Forgetfulness, a mark of an unphilosophical nature, 6. 486 D, 490 E:--the plain of Forgetfulness (Lethe), 10. 621 A.

Fox, the emblem of subtlety, 2. 365 C.

Fractions, 7. 525 E.

Freedom, the characteristic of democracy, 8. 557 B, 561-563.

Friend, the, must be as well as seem {350} good, 1. 334, 335;--the friends of the tyrant, 8. 567 E; 9. 576.

Friendship, implies justice, 1. 351 foll.; in the state, 5. 462, 463.

Funeral of the guardians, 5. 465 E, 468 E; 7. 540 B;--corpses placed on the pyre on the twelfth day, 10. 614.

Future life, 3. 387; 10. 614 foll.; punishment of the wicked in, 2. 363; 10. 615 [_cp._ Phaedo 108; Gorg. 523 E, 525; Laws 9. 870 E, 881 B; 10. 904 C]. _See_ Hades, World below.

G.

Games, as a means of education, 4. 425 A (cp. 7. 537 A);--dice ([Greek: ku/boi]), 10. 604 C;--draughts ([Greek: pettei/a]), 1. 333 A; 2. 374 C; 6. 487 C;--city ([Greek: po/lis]), 4. 422 E:--[the Olympic, &c.] glory gained by success in, 5. 465 D, 466 A; 10. 618 A (cp. 620 B).

General, the, ought to know arithmetic and geometry, 7. 522 D, 525 B, 526 D, 527 C.

Gentleness, characteristic of the philosopher, 2. 375, 376; 3. 410; 6. 486 C; usually inconsistent with spirit, 2. 375.

Geometry, must be learnt by the rulers, 7. 526 foll.; erroneously thought to serve for practical purposes only, _ib._ 527;--geometry of solids, _ib._ 528;--geometrical necessity, 5. 458 D;--geometrical notions apprehended by a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 C.

Giants, battles of the, 2. 378 B.

Gifts, given to victors, 3. 414; 5. 460, 468;--gifts of nature, 2. 370 A; 5. 455; 7. 535 A; may be perverted, 6. 491 E, 495 A; 7. 519 [_cp._ Laws 7. 819 A; 10. 908 C].

Glaucon, son of Ariston, 1. 327 A; 2. 368 A; takes up the discourse, 1. 347 A; 2. 372 C; 3. 398 B; 4. 427 D; 5. 450 A; 6. 506 D; 9. 576 B; anxious to contribute money for Socrates, 1. 337 E; the boldest of men, 2. 357 A; his genius, _ib._ 368 A; distinguished at the battle of Megara, _ibid._; a musician, 3. 398 D; 7. 531 A; desirous that Socrates should discuss the subject of women and children, 5. 450 A; breeds dogs and birds, _ib._ 459 A; a lover, _ib._ 474 D (cp. 3. 402 E; 5. 458 E); not a dialectician, 7. 533; his contentiousness, 8. 548 E; not acquainted with the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, 10. 608.

Glaucus, the sea-god, 10. 611 C.

Gluttony, 9. 586 A.

God, not the author of evil, 2. 364, 379, 380 A; 3. 391 E [_cp._ Laws 2. 672 B]; never changes, 2. 380; will not lie, _ib._ 382; the maker of all things, 10. 598:--Gods, the, thought to favour the unjust, 2. 362 B, 364; supposed to accept the gifts of the wicked, _ib._ 365 [_cp._ Laws 4. 716 E; 10. 905 foll.; 12. 948]; believed to take no heed of human affairs, 2. 365 [_cp._ Laws 10. 889 foll.; 12. 948]; human ignorance of, 2. 365 [_cp._ Crat 400 E; Crit. 107; Parm. 134 E]; disbelief in, 2. 365 [_cp._ Laws 10. 885 foll., 909; 12. 948]; stories of, not to be repeated, 2. 378 foll.; 3. 388 foll., 408 C [_cp._ Euthyph. 6, 8; Crit. 109 B; Laws 2. 672 B; 10. 886 C; 12. 941]; not to be represented grieving or laughing, 3. 388;--'gods who wander about at night in the disguise of strangers,' 2. 381 D;--the war of the gods and the giants, _ib._ 378 B.

God. [_The theology of Plato is summed up by himself in the second book of the Republic under two heads, 'God is perfect and unchangeable,' and 'God is true and_ {351} _the author of truth.' These canons are also the test by which he tries poetry and the poets_ (_see s. v._ Poetry):--_Homer and the tragedians represent the Gods as changing their forms or as deceiving men by lying dreams, and therefore they must be expelled from the state. But Plato has not yet acquired the austere temper of his later years. He does not threaten the impenitent unbeliever with bonds and death_ (Laws 10. 908, 910), _but is content to show by argument the superiority of justice over injustice. In other respects the theology of the Republic is repeated and amplified in the Laws; the theses that God is not the author of evil and will not accept the gifts of the wicked or favour the unjust, are maintained with equal earnestness in both. The Republic is less pessimistic in tone than the Laws; but the thought of the insignificance of man and the briefness of human life is already familiar to Plato's mind_ [_cp._ 6. 486 A; 10. 604; _and see s. v._ Man]. _The conception of God as the Demiurgus or Creator of the universe, which is prominent in the Timaeus, Sophist, and Statesman, hardly appears either in the Republic or the Laws_ (_cp._ Rep. 10. 596 foll.; Laws 10. 886 foll.).]

Gold, mingled by the God in the auxiliaries, 3. 415 A (cp. 416 E; 8. 547 A);--[and silver] not allowed to the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 419, 422 D; 5. 464 D (cp. 8. 543).

Good, the saving element, 10. 609:--the good = the beautiful, 5. 452 [_cp._ Lys. 216; Symp. 201 B, 204 E foll.]; the good and pleasure, 6. 505, 509 A [_cp._ Gorg. 497; Phil. 11, 60 A]; the good superior to essence, _ib._ 509; the brightest and best of being, 7. 518 D;--absolute good, 6. 507 B; 7. 540 A;--the idea of good, 6. 505, 508; 7. 517, 534; is the highest knowledge, 6. 505; 7. 526 E; nature of, 6. 505, 506;--the child of the good, _ib._ 506 E, 508:--good things least liable to change, 2. 381;--goods classified, _ib._ 357, 367 D [_cp._ Protag. 334; Gorg. 451 E; Phil. 66; Laws 1. 631; 3. 697];--the goods of life often a temptation, 6. 491 E, 495 A.

Good man, the, will disdain to imitate ignoble actions, 3. 396:--Good men, why they take office, 1. 347; = the wise, _ib._ 350 [_cp._ 1 Alcib. 124, 125]; unfortunate (Adeimantus), 2. 364; self-sufficient, 3. 387 [_cp._ Lys. 215 A]; will not give way to sorrow, _ibid._; 10. 603 E [_cp._ Laws 5. 732; 7. 792 B, 800 D]; appear simple from their inexperience of evil, 3. 409 A; hate the tyrant, 8. 568 A; the friends of God and like Him, 10. 613 [_cp._ Phil. 39 E; Laws 4. 716].

Goods, community of, 3. 416; 5. 464; 8. 543. _See_ Community.

Government, forms of, are they administered in the interest of the rulers? 1. 338 D, 343, 346; are all based on a principle of justice, _ib._ 338 E [_cp._ Laws 12. 945]; present forms in an evil condition, 6. 492 E, 496; none of the existing forms adapted to philosophy, _ib._ 497;--the four imperfect forms, 4. 445 B; 8. 544 [_cp._ Pol. 291 foll., 301 foll.]; succession of changes in states, 8. 545 foll.;--peculiar barbarian forms, _ib._ 544 D. Cp. Constitution, State.

Government, forms of. [_The classification of forms of government which Plato adopts in the Republic is not exactly the same with that given in the Statesman or the Laws. Both in the Republic_ {352} _and the Statesman the series commences with the perfect state, which may be either monarchy or aristocracy, accordingly as the 'one best man' bears rule or many who are all 'perfect in virtue'_ [_cp._ Arist. Pol. iv. 2, § 1]. _But in the Republic the further succession is somewhat fancifully connected with the divisions of the soul. The rule of reason_ [_i.e. the perfect state_] _passes into timocracy, in which the 'spirited element' is predominant_ (8. 548), _timocracy into three governments in turn, which represent the 'appetitive principle,'--first, oligarchy, in which the desire of wealth is supreme_ (8. 533 D; 9. 581); _secondly, democracy, characterised by an unbounded lust for freedom_ (9. 561); _thirdly, tyranny, in which all evil desires grow unchecked, and the tyrant becomes 'the waking reality of what he once was in his dreams only'_ (9. 574 E). _Each of these inferior forms is illustrated in the individual who corresponds to the state and 'is set over against it'_ (8. 550 C). _In the Statesman, after the government of the one or many good has been separated, the remaining forms are classified accordingly as the government has or has not regard to law, and democracy is said to be_ (303 A) _'the worst of lawful and the best of lawless governments'_ (_an expression criticised by Aristotle,_ Pol. iv. 2, § 3). _In the Laws again the subject is differently treated: monarchy and democracy are described as 'the two mother forms,' which must be combined in order to produce a good state_ (3. 693), _and the Spartan and Cretan constitutions are therefore praised as polities in which every form of government is represented_ (4. 712). _But the majority of existing states are mere class governments and have no regard to virtue_ (12. 962 E). _These various ideas are nearly all reproduced or criticised in the Politics of Aristotle, who, however, does not employ the term 'timocracy,' and adds one great original conception,--the_ [Greek: mesê\ politei/a], _or government of the middle class._]

Governments, sometimes bought and sold, 8. 544 D.

Grace ([Greek: eu)schêmosu/nê]), the effect of good rhythm accompanying good style, 3. 400 D; all life and every art full of grace, _ib._ 401 A.

Greatness and smallness, 4. 438 B; 5. 479 B; 7. 523, 524; 9. 575 C; 10. 602 D, 605 C.

Grief, not to be indulged, 3. 387; 10. 603-606. Cp. Sorrow.

Guard, the tyrant's request for a, 8. 566 B, 567 E.

Guardians of the state, must be philosophers, 2. 376; 6. 484, 498, 501, 503 B; 7. 520, 521, 525 B, 540; 8. 543; must be both spirited and gentle, 2. 375; 3. 410; 6. 503 [_cp._ Laws 5. 731 B]; must be tested by pleasures and pains, 3. 413 (cp. 6. 503 A; 7. 539 E); have gold and silver mingled in their veins, 3. 415 A (cp. 416 E; 8. 547 A); their happiness, 4. 419 foll.; 5. 465 E foll.; 6. 498 C; 7. 519 E; will be the class in the state which possesses wisdom, 4. 428 [_cp._ Laws 12. 965 A]; will form one family with the citizens, 5. 462-466; must preserve moderation, _ib._ 466 B; divided into auxiliaries and guardians proper, 3. 414 (cp. 8. 545 E; _and see_ Auxiliaries, Rulers):--the guardians [i.e. the auxiliaries] must be courageous, 2. 375; 3. 386, 413 E, 416 E; 4. 429; 6. 503 E; must have no fear of death, 3. 386 (cp. {353} 6. 486 C); not to weep, 3. 387 (cp. 10. 603 E); nor to be given to laughter, 3. 388 [_cp._ Laws 5. 732; 11. 935]; must be temperate, _ib._ 389 D; must not be avaricious, _ib._ 390 E; must only imitate noble characters and actions, _ib._ 395 foll., 402 E; must only learn the Dorian and Phrygian harmonies, and play on the lyre and harp, _ib._ 398, 399; must be sober, _ib._ 398 E, 403 E; must be reared amid fair surroundings, _ib._ 401; athletes of war, _ib._ 403, 404 B; 4. 422; 7. 521 E; 8. 543 [_cp._ Laws 8. 830]; must live according to rule, 3. 404; will not go to law or have resort to medicine, _ib._ 410 A; must have common meals and live a soldier's life, _ib._ 416; will not require gold or silver or property of any kind, _ib._ 417; 4. 419, 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464 C; compared to a garrison of mercenaries (Adeimantus), 4. 419 (cp. 8. 543); must go to war on horseback in their childhood, 5. 467; 7. 537 A; regulations for their conduct in war, 5. 467-471:--female guardians, _ib._, 456, 458, 468; 7. 540 C (cp. Women).

Gyges, 2. 359 C; 10. 612 B.

Gymnastic, supposed to be intended only for the body, 2. 376 E; 3. 403; 7. 521 [_cp._ Laws 7. 795 E]; really designed for the improvement of the soul, 3. 410; like music, should be continued throughout life, _ib._ 403 C; effect of excessive, _ib._ 404, 410; 7. 537 B; should be of a simple character, 3. 404, 410 A; the ancient forms of, to be retained, 4. 424; must co-operate with music in creating a harmony of the soul, _ib._ 441 E; suitable to women, 5. 452-457 [_cp._ Laws 7. 804, 813, 833]; ought to be combined with intellectual pursuits, 7. 535 D [_cp._ Tim. 88]; time to be spent in, _ib._ 537.

H.

Habit and virtue, 7. 518 E; 10. 619 D.

Hades, tales about the terrors of, 1. 330 D; 2. 366 A; such tales not to be heeded, 3. 386 B [_cp._ Crat. 403];--the place of punishment, 2. 363; 10. 614 foll.; Musaeus' account of the good and bad in, 2. 363;--the journey to, 10. 614 [_cp._ Phaedo 108 A]:--(Pluto) helmet of, 10. 612 B. Cp. World below.

Half, the, better than the whole, 5. 466 B.

Handicraft arts, a reproach, 9. 590 [_cp._ Gorg. 512].

Happiness of the unjust, 1. 354; 2. 364; 3. 392 B (cp. 8. 545 A, _and_ Gorg. 470 foll.; Laws 2. 661; 10. 899 E, 905 A);--of the guardians, 4. 419 foll.; 5. 465 E foll.; 6. 498 C; 7. 519 E;--of Olympic victors, 5. 465 D, 466 A; 10. 618 A;--of the tyrant, 9. 576 foll., 587;--the greatest happiness awarded to the most just, _ib._ 580 foll.

Harmonies, the more complex to be rejected, 3. 397 foll.;--the Lydian harmony, _ib._ 398; the Ionian, _ib._ E; the Dorian and Phrygian alone to be accepted, _ib._ 399.

Harmony, akin to virtue, 3. 401 A (cp. 7. 522 A);--science of, must be acquired by the rulers, 7. 531 (cp. Music);--harmony of soul and body, 3. 402 D;--harmony of the soul, effected by temperance, 4. 430, 441 E, 442 D, 443 (cp. 9. 591 D, _and_ Laws 2. 653 B);--harmony in the acquisition of wealth, 9. 591 E.

Harp, the, ([Greek: kitha/ra]), allowed in the best state, 3. 399. {354}

Hatred, between the despot and his subjects, 8. 567 E; 9. 576 A.

Health and justice compared, 4. 444; pleasure of health, 9. 583 C; secondary to virtue, _ib._ 591 D.

Hearing, classed among faculties, 5. 477 E; composed of two elements, speech and hearing, and not requiring, like sight, a third intermediate nature, 6. 507 C.

Heaven, the starry, the fairest of visible things, 7. 529 D; the motions of, not eternal, _ib._ 530 A.

Heaviness, 5. 479; 7. 524 A.

Hector, dragged by Achilles round the tomb of Patroclus, 3. 391 B.

Helen, never went to Troy, 9. 586 C.

Hellas, not to be devastated in civil war, 5. 470 A foll., 471 A: --Hellenes characterised by the love of knowledge, 4. 435 E; did not originally strip in the gymnasia, 5. 452 D; not to be enslaved by Hellenes, _ib._ 469 B, C; united by ties of blood, _ib._ 470 C; not to devastate Hellas, _ib._ 471 A foll.; Hellenes and barbarians are strangers, _ib._ 469 D, 470 C [_cp._ Pol. 262 D].

Hellespont, 3. 404 C.

Hephaestus, binds Herè, 2. 378 D; thrown from heaven by Zeus, _ibid._; improperly delineated by Homer, 3. 389 A; chains Ares and Aphroditè, _ib._ 390 C.

Heracleitus, the 'sun of,' 6. 498 B.

Herè, bound by Hephaestus, 2. 378 D; Herè and Zeus, _ibid._; 3. 390 B; begged alms for the daughters of Inachus, 2. 381 D.

Hermes, the star sacred to (Mercury), 10. 617 A.

Hermus, 8. 566 C.

Herodicus of Selymbria, the inventor of valetudinarianism, 3. 406 A foll.

Heroes, not to lament, 3. 387, 388; 10. 603-606; to be rewarded, 5. 468; after death, _ibid._

Heroic rhythm, 3. 400 C.

Hesiod, his rewards of justice, 2. 363 B; 10. 612 A; his stories improper for youth, 2. 377 D; his classification of the races, 8. 547 A; a wandering rhapsode, 10. 600 D:-- Quoted:-- Theogony, l. 154, 459, 2. 377 E. Works and Days, l. 40, 5. 466 B. l. 109, 8. 546 E. l. 122, 5. 468 E. l. 233, 2. 363 B. l. 287, _ib._ 364 D. Fragm. 117, 3. 390 E.

Hirelings, required in the state, 2. 371 E.

Holiness of marriage, 5. 458 E, 459 [_cp._ Laws 6. 776]. _See_ Marriage.

Homer, supports the theory that justice is a thief, 1. 334 B; his rewards of justice, 2. 363 B; 10. 612 A; his stories not approved for youth, 2. 377 D foll. (cp. 10. 595); his mode of narration, 3. 393 A foll.; feeds his heroes on campaigners' fare, _ib._ 404 C; Socrates' feeling of reverence for him, 10. 595 C, 607 (cp. 3. 391 A); the captain and teacher of the tragic poets, 10. 595 B, 598 D, E; not a legislator, _ib._ 599 E; or a general, _ib._ 600 A [_cp._ Ion 537 foll.]; or inventor, _ibid._; or teacher, _ibid._; no educator, _ib._ 600, 606 E, 607 B; not much esteemed in his lifetime, _ib._ 600 B foll.; went about as a rhapsode, _ibid._ Passages quoted or referred to:-- Iliad i. l. 11 foll., 3. 392 E foll. l. 131, 6. 501 B. l. 225, 3. 389 E. l. 590 foll., 2. 378 D. l. 599 foll., 3. 389 A. Iliad ii. l. 623, 6. 501 C. Iliad iii. l. 8, 3. 389 E. {355} Iliad iv. l. 69 foll., 2. 379 E. l. 218, 3. 408 A. l. 412, _ib._ 389 E. l. 431, _ibid._ Iliad v. l. 845, 10. 612 B. Iliad vii. l. 321, 5. 468 D. Iliad viii. l. 162, _ibid._ Iliad ix. l. 497 foll., 2. 364 D. l. 513 foll., 3. 390 E. Iliad xi. l. 576, _ib._ 405 E. l. 624, _ibid._ l. 844, _ib._ 408 A. Iliad xii. l. 311, 5. 468 E. Iliad xiv. l. 294 foll., 3. 390 C. Iliad xvi. l. 433, _ib._ 388 C. l. 776, 8. 566 D. l. 856 foll., 3. 386 E. Iliad xviii. l. 23 foll., _ib._ 388 A. l. 54, _ib._ B. Iliad xix. l. 278 foll., _ib._ 390 E. Iliad xx. l. 4 foll., 2. 379 E. l. 64 foll., 3. 386 C. Iliad xxi. l. 222 foll., _ib._ 391 B. Iliad xxii. ll. 15, 20, _ib._ A. l. 168 foll., _ib._ 388 C. l. 362 foll., _ib._ 386 E. l. 414, _ib._ 388 B. Iliad xxiii. l. 100 foll., _ib._ 387 A. l. 103 foll., _ib._ 386 D. l. 151 _ib._ 391 B. l. 175 _ibid._ Iliad xxiv. l. 10 foll., _ib._ 388 A. l. 527, 2. 379 D. Odyssey i. l. 351 foll., 4. 424 D. Odyssey viii. l. 266 foll., 3. 390 D. Odyssey ix. l. 9. foll., _ib._ B. l. 91 foll., 8. 560 C. Odyssey x. l. 495, 3. 386 E. Odyssey xi. l. 489 foll., _ib._ C; 7. 516 D. Odyssey xii. l. 342, 3. 390 B. Odyssey xvii. l. 383 foll., _ib._ 389 D. l. 485 foll., 2. 381 D. Odyssey xix. l. 109 foll., _ib._ 363 B. l. 395, 1. 334 B. Odyssey xx. l. 17, 3. 390 D; 4. 441 B.

Homer, allusions to, 1. 328 E; 2. 381 D; 3. 390 E; 8. 544 D.

Homeridae, 10. 599 E.

Honest man, the, a match for the rogue, 3. 409 C (cp. 10. 613 C).

Honesty, fostered by the possession of wealth, 1. 331 A; thought by mankind to be unprofitable, 2. 364 A; 3. 392 B.

Honour, pleasures enjoyed by the lover of, 9. 581 C, 586 E:--the 'government of honour,' _see_ Timocracy.

Hope, the comfort of the righteous in old age (Pindar), 1. 331 A.

Household cares, 5. 465 C.

Human interests, unimportance of, 10. 604 B (cp. 6. 486 A, _and_ Theaet. 173; Laws 1. 644 E; 7. 803);--life, full of evils, 2. 379 C; shortness of, 10. 608 D;--nature, incapable of doing many things well, 3. 395 B; --sacrifices, 8. 565 D. {356}

Hunger, 4. 437 E, 439; an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the body, 9. 585 A.

Hymns, to the gods, may be allowed in the State, 10: 607 A [_cp._ Laws 3. 700 A; 7. 801 E];--marriage hymns, 5. 459 E.

Hypothesis, in mathematics and in the intellectual world, 6. 510; in the sciences, 7. 533.