M.

Madman, arms not to be returned to a, 1. 331; fancies of madmen, 8. 573 C.

Magic, 10. 602 D.

Magistrates, elected by lot in democracy, 8. 557 A.

Magnanimity, ([Greek: megalo/prepeia]), one of the philosopher's virtues, 6. 486 A, 490 E, 494 A.

Maker, the, not so good a judge as the user, 10. 601 C [_cp._ Crat. 390].

Man, 'the master of himself,' 4. 430 E [_cp._ Laws 1. 626 E foll.]; 'the form and likeness of God,' 6. 501 B [_cp._ Phaedr. 248 A; Theaet. 176 C; Laws 4. 716 D]; his unimportance, 10. 604 B (cp. 6. 486 A, {361} _and_ Laws 1. 644 E; 7. 803); has the power to choose his own destiny, 10. 617 E; --the one best man, 6. 502 [_cp._ Pol. 301]:--Men are not just of their own will, 2. 366 C; unite in the state in order to supply each other's wants, _ib._ 369;--the nature of men and women, 5. 453-455;--analogy of men and animals, _ib._ 459;--three classes of, 9. 581.

Manners, influenced by education, 4. 424, 425; cannot be made the subject of legislation, _ibid._; freedom of, in democracies, 8. 563 A.

'Many,' the term, as applied to the beautiful, the good, &c., 6. 507.

Many, the, flatter their leaders into thinking themselves statesmen, 4. 426; wrong in their notions about the honourable and the good, 6. 493 E; would lose their harsh feeling towards philosophy if they could see the true philosopher, _ib._ 500; their pleasures and pains, 9. 586;--'the great beast,' 6. 493. Cp. Multitude.

Marionette players, 7. 514 B.

Marriage, holiness of, 5. 458 E, 459; age for, _ib._ 460; prayers and sacrifices at, _ibid._;--marriage festivals, _ib._ 459, 460.

Marsyas, Apollo to be preferred to, 3. 399 E.

Mathematics, 7. 522-532; use of hypotheses in, 6. 510;--mathematical notions perceived by a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 C:--the mathematician not usually a dialectician, 7. 531 E.

Mean, happiness of the, 10. 619 A [_cp._ Laws 3. 679 A; 5. 728 E; 7. 792 D].

Meanness, unknown to the philosopher, 6. 486 A; characteristic of the oligarchs, 8. 554.

Measurement, art of, corrects the illusions of sight, 10. 602 D.

Meat, roast, the best diet for soldiers, 3. 404 D.

Medicine, cause of, 3. 405; not intended to preserve unhealthy and intemperate subjects, _ib._ 406 foll., 408 A; 4. 426 A [_cp._ Tim. 89 B]; the two kinds of, 5. 459 [_cp._ Laws 4. 720]; use of incantations in, 4. 426 A;--analogy of, employed in the definition of justice, 1. 332 C.

Megara, battle of, 2. 368 A.

Melody, in education, 3. 398 foll.; its influence, 10. 601 B.

Memory, the philosopher should have a good, 6. 486 D, 490 E, 494 A; 7. 535 B.

Mendicant prophets, 2. 364 C.

Menelaus, treatment of, when wounded, 3. 408 A.

Menoetius, father of Patroclus, 3. 388 C.

Mental blindness, causes of, 7. 518.

Merchants, necessary in the state, 2. 371.

Metaphysics; absolute ideas, 5. 476;--abstract and relative ideas, 7. 524;--analysis of knowledge, 6. 510;--qualifications of relative and correlative, 4. 437 foll.; 7. 524. Cp. Idea, Logic.

Metempsychosis, 10. 617. Cp. Soul.

Midas, wealth of, 3. 408 B.

Might and right, 1. 338 foll. [_cp._ Gorg. 483, 489; Laws 1. 627; 3. 690; 10. 890].

Miletus, Thales of, 10. 600 A.

Military profession, the, 2. 374.

Mimetic art, in education, 3. 394 foll.; the same person cannot succeed in tragedy and comedy, _ib._ 395 A; imitations lead to habit, ib. D; men

## acting women's part, _ib._ E; influence on character, _ibid._ foll. Cp.

Imitation.

'Mine and thine,' a common cause of dispute, 5. 462.

Ministers of the state must be educated, 7. 519. See Ruler. {362}

Miser, the, typical of the oligarchical state, 8. 555 A (cp. 559 D).

Misfortune, to be borne with patience, 3. 387; 10. 603-606.

Models (or types), by which the poets are to be guided in their compositions, 2. 379 A.

Moderation, necessity of, 5. 466 B [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 E; 5. 732, 736 E].

Momus (god of jealousy), 6. 487 A.

Monarchy, distinguished from aristocracy as that form of the perfect state in which one rules, 4. 445 C (cp. 9. 576 D, _and_ Pol. 301); the happiest form of government, 9. 576 E (cp. 580 C, 587 B).

Money, needed in the state, 2. 371 B [_cp._ Laws 11. 918]; not necessary in order to carry on war, 4. 423;--love of, among the Egyptians and Phoenicians, _ib._ 435 E; characteristic of timocracy and oligarchy, 8. 548 A, 553, 562 A; referred to the appetitive element of the soul, 9. 580 E; despicable, _ib._ 589 E, 590 C (cp. 3. 390 E).

Money-lending, in oligarchies, 8. 555, 556.

Money-making, art of, in Cephalus' family, 1. 330 B; evil of, 8. 556; pleasure of, 9. 581 C, 586 E.

Money-qualifications in oligarchies, 8. 550, 551.

Moon, reputed mother of Orpheus, 2. 364 E.

Motherland, a Cretan word, 9. 575 E [_cp._ Menex. 237].

Mothers in the state, 5. 460.

Motion and rest, 4. 436;--motion of the stars, 7. 529, 530; 10. 616 E.

Multitude, the, the great Sophist, 6. 492; their madness, _ib._ 496 C. Cp. Many.

Musaeus, his pictures of a future life, 2. 363 D, E, 364 E.

Muses, the, Musaeus and Orpheus the children of, 2. 364 E.

Music, to be taught before gymnastic, 2. 376 E (cp. 3. 403 C); includes literature ([Greek: lo/goi]), 2. 376 E;--in education, _ib._ 377 foll.; 3. 398 foll.; 7. 522 A (_see_ Poetry, Poets, _and cp._ Protag. 326; Laws 2. 654, 660); complexity in, to be rejected, 3. 397 [_cp._ Laws 7. 812]; the severe and the vulgar kind, _ibid._ [_cp._ Laws 7. 802]; the end of, the love of beauty, _ib._ 403 C; like gymnastic, should be studied throughout life, _ibid._; the simpler kinds of, foster temperance in the soul, _ib._ 404 A, 410 A; effect of excessive, _ib._ 410, 411; ancient forms of, not to be altered, 4. 424 [_cp._ Laws 2. 657; 7. 799, 801]; must be taught to women, 5. 452.

Music. [_Music to the ancients had a far wider significance than to us. It was opposed to gymnastic as 'mental' to 'bodily' training, and included equally reading and writing, mathematics, harmony, poetry, and music strictly speaking: drawing, as Aristotle tells us_ (Pol. viii. 3, § 1), _was sometimes made a separate division._ I. _Music_ (_in this wider sense_), _Plato says, should precede gymnastic; and, according to a remarkable passage in the Protagoras_ (325 C), _the pupils in a Greek school were actually instructed in reading and writing, made to learn poetry by heart, and taught to play on the lyre, before they went to the gymnasium. The ages at which children should commence these various studies are not stated in the Republic; but in the VIIth Book of the Laws, where the subject is treated more in detail, the children begin going to school at ten, and spend three years in learning to read and write, and another three years in music_ (Laws 7. 810). _This agrees very fairly with the selection of the_ {363} _most promising youth at the age of twenty_ (Rep. 7. 537), _as it would allow a corresponding period of three years for gymnastic training._ II. _Music, strictly so called, plays a great part in Plato's scheme of education. He hopes by its aid to make the lives of his youthful scholars harmonious and gracious, and to implant in their souls true conceptions of good and evil. Music is a gift of the Gods to men, and was never intended, 'as the many foolishly and blasphemously suppose,' merely to give us an idle pleasure_ (Tim. 47 E; Laws 2. 654, 658 E; 7. 802 D). _Neither should a freeman aim at attaining perfect execution_ [_cp._ Arist. Pol. viii. 6, §§ 7, 15]: _in the Laws_ (7. 810) _we are told that every one must go through the three years course of music, 'neither more nor less, whether he like or whether he dislike the study.' Both instruments and music are to be of a simple character: in the Republic only the lyre, the pipe, and the flute are tolerated, and the Dorian and Phrygian harmonies. No change in the fashions of music is permitted; for where there is licence in music there will be anarchy in the state. In this desire for simplicity and fixity in music Plato was probably opposed to the tendencies of his own age. The severe harmony which had once characterized Hellenic art was passing out of favour: alike in architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, and music, richer and more ornate styles prevailed. We regard the change as inevitable, and not perhaps wholly to be regretted: to Plato it was a cause rather than a sign of the decline of Hellas._]

Musical amateurs, 5. 475;--education, 2. 377; 3. 398 foll.; 7. 522 A; --instruments, the more complex kinds of, rejected, 3. 399 [_cp._ Laws 7. 812 D];--modes, _ib._ 397-399; changes in, involve changes in the laws, 4. 424 C.

Mysteries, 2. 365 A, 366 A, 378 A; 8. 560 E.

Mythology, misrepresentations of the gods in, 2. 378 foll.; 3. 388 foll., 408 C (cp. Gods); like poetry, has an imitative character, 3. 392 D foll.

N.

Narration, styles of, 3. 392, 393, 396.

National qualities, 4. 435.

Natural gifts, 2. 370 A; 5. 455; 6. 491 E, 495 A; 7. 519, 535.

Nature, recurrent cycles in, 8. 546 A (cp. Cycles); divisions of, 9. 584 [_cp._ Phil. 23].

Necessities, the, of life, 2. 368, 373 A.

Necessity, the mother of the Fates, 10. 616, 617, 621 A.

Necessity, the, 'which lovers know,' 5. 458 E;--the 'necessity of Diomede,' 6. 493 D.

Nemesis, 5. 451 A.

Niceratus, son of Nicias, 1. 327 C.

Nicias, 1. 327 C.

Nightingale, Thamyras changed into a, 10. 620.

Niobe, sufferings of, in tragic poetry, 2. 380 A.

[Greek: no/mos], strain and law, 7. 532 E [_cp._ Laws 7. 800 A].

Not-being, 5. 477.

Novelties in music and gymnastic to be discouraged, 4. 424.

Number, said to have been invented by Palamedes, 7. 522 D;--the number of the State, 8. 546.

O.

Objects and ideas to be distinguished, 5. 476; 6. 507. {364}

Odysseus and Alcinous, 10. 614 B; chooses the lot of a private man, _ib._ 620 D.

Odyssey, 3. 393 A. Cp. Iliad.

Office, not desired by the good ruler, 7. 520 A.

Old age, complaints against, 1. 329; Sophocles quoted in regard to, _ibid._; wealth a comforter of age, _ibid._;--old men think more of the future life, _ib._ 330; not students, 7. 536 [_cp._ Laches 189];--the older to bear rule in the state, 3. 412 [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 A; 4. 714 E]; to be over the younger, 5. 465 A [_cp._ Laws 4. 721 D; 9. 879 C; 11. 917 A].

Oligarchy, a form of government which has many evils, 8. 544, 551, 552; origin of, _ib._ 550; nature of, _ibid._; always divided against itself, _ib._ 551 D, 554 E--the oligarchical man, 8. 553; a miser, _ib._ 555; his place in regard to pleasure, 9. 587.

Olympian Zeus, the Saviour, 9. 583 B.

Olympic victors, happiness and glory of, 5. 465 D, 466 A (_cp._ 10. 618 A).

One, the, study of, draws the mind to the contemplation of true being, 7. 525 A.

Opinion and knowledge, 5. 476-478; 6. 508 D, 510 A; 7. 534; the lovers of opinion, 5. 479, 480; a blind guide, 6. 506; objects of opinion and intellect classified, 7. 534 (cp. 5. 476);--true opinion and courage, 4. 429, 430 (cp. Courage).

Opposites, qualification of, 4. 436; in nature, 5. 454, 475 E. Cp. Contradiction.

Oppositions in the soul, 10. 603 D.

Orpheus, child of the Moon and the Muses, 2. 364 E; soul of, chooses a swan's life, 10. 620 A;--quoted, 2. 364 E.

P.

Paeanian, Charmantides the, 1. 328 B.

Pain, cessation of, causes pleasure, 9. 583 D [_cp._ Phaedo 60 A; Phil. 51 A]; a motion of the soul, _ib._ E.

Painters, 10. 596, 597; are imitators, ib. 597 [_cp._ Soph. 234]; painters and poets, _ib._ 597, 603, 605:--'the painter of constitutions,' 6. 501.

Painting, in light and shade, 10. 602 C.

Palamedes and Agamemnon in the play, 7. 522 D.

Pamphylia, Ardiaeus a tyrant of some city in, 10. 615 C.

Pandarus, author of the violation of the oaths, 2. 379 E; wounded Menelaus, 3. 408 A.

Panharmonic scale, the, 3. 399.

Panopeus, father of Epeus, 10. 620 B.

Pantomimic representations, not to be allowed, 3. 397.

Paradox about justice and injustice, the, 1. 348.

Parental anxieties, 5. 465 C [_cp._ Euthyd. 306 E].

Parents, the oldest and most indispensable of friends, 8. 574 C; parents and children in the state, 5. 461.

Part and whole, in regard to the happiness of the state, 4. 420 D; 5. 466; 7. 519 E; in love, 5. 474 C, 475 B; 6. 485 B.

Passionate element of the soul, 4. 440; 6. 504 A; 8. 548 D; 9. 571 E, 580 A. _See_ Spirit.

Passions, the, tyranny of, 1. 329 C; fostered by poetry, 10. 606.

Patient and agent equally qualified, 4. 436 [_cp._ Gorg. 476; Phil. 27 A].

Patroclus, cruel vengeance taken by Achilles for, 3. 391 B; his treatment of the wounded Eurypylus, _ib._ 406 A. {365}

Pattern, the heavenly, 6. 500 E; 7. 540 A; 9. 592 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739 D].

Paupers. _See_ Poor.

Payment, art of, 1. 346.

Peirithous, son of Zeus, the tale of, not to be repeated, 3. 391 D.

Peleus, the gentlest of men, 3. 391 C.

Perception, in the eye and in the soul, 6. 508 foll.

Perdiccas [King of Macedonia], 1. 336 A.

Perfect state, difficulty of, 5. 472; 6. 502 E [_cp._ Laws 4. 711]; possible, 5. 471, 473; 6. 499; 7. 540 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739]; manner of its decline, 8. 546 [_cp._ Crit. 120].

Periander, the tyrant, 1. 336 A.

Personalities, avoided by the philosopher, 6. 500 B [_cp._ Theaet. 174 C].

Personification; the argument compared to a search or chase, 2. 368 C; 4. 427 C, 432; to a stormy sea, 4. 441 B; to an ocean, 5. 453 D; to a game of draughts, 6. 487 B; to a journey, 7. 532 E; to a charm, 10. 608 A;--'has travelled a long way,' 6. 484 A;--'veils her face,' _ib._ 503 A; --'following in the footsteps of the argument,' 2. 365 C;--'whither the argument may blow, thither we go,' 3. 394 D;--'a swarm of words,' 5. 450 B;--the three waves, _ib._ 457 C, 472 A, 473 C.

Persuasion [or Faith], one of the faculties of the soul, 6. 511 D; 7. 533 E.

Philosopher, the, has the quality of gentleness, 2. 375, 376; 3. 410; 6. 486 C; 'the spectator of all time and all existence,' 6. 486 A [_cp._ Theaet. 173 E]; should have a good memory, _ib._ D, 490 E, 494 A; 7. 535; has his mind fixed upon true being, 6. 484, 485, 486 E, 490, 500 C, 501 D; 7. 521, 537 D; 9. 581, 582 C (cp. 5. 475 E; 7. 520 B, 525, _and_ Phaedo 82; Phaedr. 249; Theaet. 173 E; Soph. 249 D, 254); his qualifications and excellences, 6. 485 foll., 490 D, 491 B, 494 B [_cp._ Phaedo 68]; corruption of the philosopher, _ib._ 491 foll.; is apt to retire from the world, _ib._ 496 [_cp._ Theaet. 173]; does not delight in personal conversation, _ib._ 500 B [_cp._ Theaet. 174 C]; must be an arithmetician, 7. 525 B; pleasures of the philosopher, 9. 581 E:--Philosophers are to be kings, 5. 473 (cp. 6. 487 E, 498 foll., 501 E foll.; 7. 540; 8. 543; 9. 592); are lovers of all knowledge, 5. 475; 6. 486 A, 490; true and false, 5. 475 foll.; 6. 484, 491, 494, 496 A, 500; 7. 535; to be guardians, 2. 375 (_see_ Guardians); why they are useless, 6. 487 foll.; few in number, _ib._ E, 496, 499 B, 503 B [_cp._ Phaedo 69 C]; will frame the state after the heavenly pattern, _ib._ 501; 7. 540 A; 9. 592; education of, 6. 503; philosophers and poets, 10. 607 [_cp._ Laws 12. 967].

Philosophic nature, the, rarity of, 6. 491; causes of the ruin of, _ibid._

Philosophy, every headache ascribed to, 3. 407 C; = love of real knowledge, 6. 485 (cp. _supra_ 5. 475 E); the corruption of, 6. 491; philosophy and the world, _ib._ 494; the desolation of, _ib._ 495; philosophy and the arts, _ib._ E, 496 C (cp. _supra_ 5. 475 D, 476 A); true and false philosophy, 6. 496 E, 498 E; philosophy and governments, _ib._ 497; time set apart for, _ib._ 498; 7. 539; commonly neglected in after life, 6. 498; prejudice against, _ib._ 500, 501; why it is useless, 7. 517, 535, 539; the guardian and saviour of virtue, 8. 549 B; philosophy and poetry, 10. 607; aids a man to make a wise choice in the next world, _ib._ 618. {366}

Phocylides, his saying, 'that as soon as a man has a livelihood he should practise virtue,' 3. 407 B.

Phoenician tale, the, 3. 414 C foll.

Phoenicians, their love of money, 4. 436 A.

Phoenix, tutor of Achilles, 3. 390 E.

Phrygian harmony, the, 3. 399.

Physician, the, not a mere money maker, 1. 341 C, 342 D; the good physician, 3. 408; physicians find employment when luxury increases, 2. 373 C; 3. 405 A. Cp. Medicine.

Pigs, sacrificed at the Mysteries, 2. 378 A.

Pilot, the, and the just man, 1. 332 (cp. 341); the true pilot, 6. 488 E.

Pindar, on the hope of the righteous, 1. 331 A; on Asclepius, 3. 408 B; --quoted, 2. 365 B.

Pipe, the, ([Greek: su/rigx]), one of the musical instruments permitted to be used, 3. 399 D.

Piraeus, 1. 327 A; 4. 439 E; Socrates seldom goes there, 1. 328 C.

Pittacus of Mitylene, a sage, 1. 335 E.

Plays of children should be made a means of instruction, 4. 425 A; 7. 537 A [_cp._ Laws 1. 643 B].

Pleasure, not akin to virtue, 3. 402, 403; pleasure and love, _ibid._; defined as knowledge or good, 6. 505 B, 509 B; the highest, 9. 583; caused by the cessation of pain, _ib._ D [_cp._ Phaedo 60 A; Phil. 51]; a motion of the soul, _ib._ E;--real pleasure unknown to the tyrant, _ib._ 587; --pleasure of learning, 6. 486 C (cp. 9. 581, 586, _and_ Laws 2. 667); --sensual pleasure, 7. 519; 9. 586; a solvent of the soul, 4. 430 A [_cp._ Laws 1. 633 E]; not desired by the philosopher, 6. 485 E:--Pleasures, division of, into necessary and unnecessary, 8. 558, 559, 561 A; 9. 572, 581 E; honourable and dishonourable, 8. 561 C; three classes of, 9. 581; criterion of, _ib._ 582; classification of, _ib._ 583;--pleasures of smell, _ib._ 584 B;--pleasures of the many, 585; of the passionate, _ib._ 586; of the philosopher, _ib._ 586, 587.

Pluto, 8. 554 B.

Poetry, styles of, 3. 392-394, 398; in the state, _ib._ 392-394, 398; 8. 568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A, 607 A [_cp._ Laws 7. 817]; effect of, 10. 605; feeds the passions, _ib._ 606; poetry and philosophy, _ib._ 607 [_cp._ Laws 12. 967]:--'colours' of poetry, _ib._ 601 A.

Poetry. [_The Republic is the first of Plato's works in which he seriously examines the value of poetry in education, and the place of the poets in the state. The question could hardly be neglected by the philosopher who proposed to construct an ideal polity or government of the best. For poetry played a great part in Hellenic life: the children learned whole poems by heart in their schools_ (Protag. 326 A; Laws 7. 810 C); _the rhapsode delighted the crowds at the festivals_ (Ion 535); _the theatres were free, or almost free, to all, 'costing but a drachma at the most'_ (Apol. 26 D); _the intervals of a banquet were filled up by conversation about the poets_ (Protag. 347 C). _The quarrel between philosophy and poetry was an ancient one, which had found its first expression in the attacks of Xenophanes_ (538 B.C.) _and Heracleitus_ (508 B.C.) _upon the popular mythology. In the earlier dialogues of Plato the poets are treated with an ironical courtesy, through which an antagonistic spirit is allowed here and there to appear: they are 'winged and holy beings'_ (Ion 534) _who sing by inspiration,_ {367} _but at the same time are the worst possible critics of their own writings and the most self-conceited of mortals_ (Apol. 22 D). _In the Republic_ (_II and III_), _Plato begins the trial of poetry by the enquiry whether the tales and legends related by the epic and tragic poets are true in themselves or likely to furnish good examples to his future citizens. They cannot be true, for they are contrary to the nature of God_ (_see s. v._ God), _and they are certainly not proper lessons for youth. There must be a censorship of poetry, and all objectionable passages expunged; suitable rules and regulations will be laid down, and to these the poets must conform. In the Xth Book the argument takes a deeper tone. The Poet is proved to be an impostor thrice removed from the truth, a wizard who steals the hearts of the unwary by his spells and enchantments. Men easily fall into the habit of imitating what they admire; and the lamentations and woes of the tragic hero and the unseemly buffoonery of the comedian are equally bad models for the citizens of a free and noble state. The poets must therefore be banished, unless, Plato adds, the lovers of poetry can persuade us of her innocence of the charges laid against her. In the Laws a similar conclusion is reached:--'The state is an imitation of the best life, and the noblest form of tragedy. The legislator and the poet are rivals, and the latter can only be tolerated if his words are in harmony with the laws of the state'_ (vii. 817)].

Poets, the, love their poems as their own creation, 1. 330 C [_cp._ Symp. 209]; speak in parables, _ib._ 332 B (cp. 3. 413 B); on justice, 2. 363, 364, 365 E; bad teachers of youth, _ib._ 377; 3. 391, 392, 408 C [_cp._ Laws 10. 866 C, 890 A]; must be restrained by certain rules, 2. 379 foll.; 3. 398 A [_cp._ Laws 2. 656, 660 A; 4. 719]; banished from the state, 3. 398 A; 8. 568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A, 607 A [_cp._ Laws 7. 817]; poets and tyrants, 8. 568; thrice removed from the truth, 10. 596, 597, 598 E, 602 B, 605 C; imitators only, _ib._ 600, 601 (cp. 3. 393, _and_ Laws 4. 719 C); poets and painters, 10. 601, 603, 605;--'the poets who were children and prophets of the gods' (? Orpheus and Musaeus; cp. _supra_ 364 E), 2. 366 A.

Polemarchus, the son of Cephalus, 1. 327 B; 'the heir of the argument,' _ib._ 331; intervenes in the discussion, _ib._ 340; wishes Socrates to speak in detail about the community of women and children, 5. 449.

Politicians, in democracies, 8. 564.

Polydamas, the pancratiast, 1. 338 C.

Poor, the, have no time to be ill, 3. 406 E; everywhere hostile to the rich, 4. 423 A; 8. 551 E [_cp._ Laws 5. 736 A]; very numerous in oligarchies, 8. 552 D; not despised by the rich in time of danger, _ib._ 556 C.

Population, to be regulated, 5. 460.

Poverty, prejudicial to the arts, 4. 421; poverty and crime, 8. 552.

Power, the struggle for, 7. 520 C [_cp._ Laws 4. 715 A].

Pramnian wine, 3. 405 E, 408 A.

Priam, Homer's delineation of, condemned, 3. 388 B.

Prisoners in war, 5. 468-470.

Private property, not allowed to the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464 C; 8. 543.

Prizes of valour, 5. 468.

Prodicus, a popular teacher, 10. 600 C. {368}

Property, to be common, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464 C; 8. 543; restrictions on the disposition of, 8. 556 A [_cp._ Laws 11. 923]: --property qualifications in oligarchies, _ib._ 550, 551.

Prophets, mendicant, 2. 364 C.

Proportion, akin to truth, 6. 486 E.

Prose writers on justice, 2. 364 A.

Protagoras, his popularity as a teacher, 10. 600 C.

Proteus, not to be slandered, 2. 381 D.

Proverbs: 'birds of a feather,' 1. 329 A; 'shave a lion,' _ib._ 341 C; 'let brother help brother,' 2. 362 D; 'wolf and flock,' 3. 415 D; 'one great thing,'4. 423 E; 'hard is the good,' _ib._ 435 C; 'friends have all things in common,' 5. 449 C; 'the useful is the noble,' _ib._ 457 B; 'the wise must go to the doors of the rich,' 6. 489 B (cp. 2. 364 B); 'what is more than human,' 6. 492 E; 'the necessity of Diomede,' _ib._ 493 D; 'the she-dog as good as her mistress,' 8. 563 D; 'out of the smoke into the fire,' _ib._ 569 B; 'does not come within a thousand miles' ([Greek: ou)d' i)/ktar ba/llei]), 9. 575 D.

Public, the, the great Sophist, 6. 492; compared to a many-headed beast, _ib._ 493; cannot be philosophic, _ib._ 494 A [_cp._ Pol. 292 D]. _See_ Many, Multitude.

Punishment, of the wicked, in the world below, 2. 363; 10. 614. Cp. Hades, World below.

Purgation of the luxurious state, 3. 399 E;--of the city by the tyrant, 8. 567 D;--of the soul, by the tyrannical man, _ib._ 573 A.

Pythagoreans, the, authorities on the science of harmony, 7. 529, 530, 531; never reach the natural harmonies of number, _ib._ 531 C;--the Pythagorean way of life, 10. 600 A.

Pythian Oracle, the, 5. 461 E; 7. 540 C.

Q.

Quacks, 5. 459.

Quarrels, dishonourable, 2. 378; 3. 395 E; will be unknown in the best state, 2. 378 B; 5. 464 E [_cp._ Laws 5. 739];--quarrels of the Gods and heroes, 2. 378.

R.

Rational element of the soul, 4. 435-442; 6. 504 A; 8. 550 A; 9. 571, 580 E, 581 [_cp._ Tim. 69 E-72]; ought to bear rule, and be assisted by the spirited element against the passions, 4. 441 E, 442; characterized by the love of knowledge, 9. 581 B; the pleasures of, the truest, _ib._ 582; preserves the mind from the illusions of sense, 10. 602.

Rationalism among youth, 7. 538 [_cp._ Laws 10. 886].

Reaction, 8. 564 A.

Read, learning to, 3. 402 A.

Reason, a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 D (cp. 7. 533 E); reason and appetite, 9. 571 (cp. 4. 439-442, _and_ Tim. 69 E foll.); reason should be the guide of pleasure, 9. 585-587.

Reflections, 6. 510 A.

Relations, slights inflicted by, in old age, 1. 329.

Relative and correlative, qualifications of, 4. 437 foll. [_cp._ Gorg. 476]; how corrected, 7. 524.

Relativity of things and individuals, 5. 479; fallacies caused by, 9. 584, 585; 10. 602, 605 C.

Religion, matters of, left to the god at Delphi, 4. 427 A (cp. 5. 461 E, 469 A; 7. 540 B).

Residues, method of, 4. 427 E.

Rest and motion, 4. 436.

Retail traders, necessary in the state, 2. 371 [_cp._ Laws 11. 918].

Reverence in the young, 5. 465 A {369} [_cp._ Laws 5, 729; 9. 879; 11. 917 A].

Rhetoric, professors of, 2. 365 D.

Rhythm, 3. 400; goes with the subject, _ib._ 398 D, 400 B; its persuasive influence, _ib._ 401 E; 10. 601 B.

Riches. _See_ Wealth.

Riddle, the, of the eunuch and the bat, 5. 479 C.

Ridicule, only to be directed against folly and vice, 5. 452 E; danger of unrestrained ridicule, 10. 606 C [_cp._ Laws 11. 935 A].

Riding, the children of the guardians to be taught, 5. 467; 7. 537 A [_cp._ Laws 7. 794 D].

Right and might, 1. 338 foll.

Ruler, the, in the strict and in the popular sense, 1. 341 B; the true ruler does not ask, but claim obedience, 6. 489 C [_cp._ Pol. 300, 301]; the ideal ruler, _ib._ 502:--Rulers of states; do they study their own interests? 1. 338 D, 343, 346 (cp. 7. 520 C); are not infallible, 1. 339; how they are paid, _ib._ 347; good men do not desire office, _ibid._; 7. 520 D; why they become rulers, 1. 347; present rulers dishonest, 6. 496 D: --[in the best state] must be tested by pleasures and pains, 3. 413 (cp. 6. 503 A; 7. 539 E); have the sole privilege of lying, 2. 382; 3. 389 A, 414 C; 5. 459 D [_cp._ Laws 2. 663]; must be taken from the older citizens, 3. 412 (cp. 6. 498 C); will be called friends and saviours, 5. 463; 6. 502 E; must be philosophers, 2. 376; 5. 473; 6. 484, 497 foll., 501, 503 B; 7. 520, 521, 525 B, 540; 8. 543; the qualities which must be found in them, 6. 503 A; 7. 535; must attain to the knowledge of the good, 6, 506; 7. 519; will accept office as a necessity, 7. 520 E, 540 A; will be selected at twenty, and again at thirty, from the guardians, _ib._ 537; must learn arithmetic, _ib._ 522-526; geometry, _ib._ 526, 527; astronomy, _ib._ 527-530; harmony, _ib._ 531; at thirty must be initiated into philosophy, _ib._ 537-539; at thirty-five must enter on active life, _ib._ 539 E; after fifty may return to philosophy, _ib._ 540; when they die, will be buried by the state and paid divine honours, 3. 414 A; 5. 465 E, 469 A; 7. 540 B. Cp. Guardians.

S.

Sacrifices, private, 1. 328 B, 331 D;--in atonement, 2. 364;--human, in Arcadia, 8. 565 D.

Sailors, necessary in the state, 2. 371 B.

Sarpedon, 3. 388 C.

Sauces, not mentioned in Homer, 3. 404 D.

Scamander, beleaguered by Achilles, 3. 391 B.

Scepticism, danger of, 7. 538, 539.

Science ([Greek: e)pistê/mê]), a division of the intellectual world, 7. 533 E (cp. 6. 511);--the sciences distinguished by their object, 4. 438 [_cp._ Charm. 171]; not to be studied with a view to utility only, 7. 527 A, 529, 530; their unity, _ib._ 531; use hypotheses, _ib._ 533; correlation of, _ib._ 537.

Sculpture, must only express the image of the good, 3. 401 B; painting of, 4. 420 D [_cp._ Laws 2. 668 E].

Scylla, 9. 588 C.

Scythian, Anacharsis the, 10. 600 A;--Scythians, the, characterized by spirit or passion, 4. 435 E.

Self-indulgence in men and states, 4. 425 E, 426;--self-interest the natural guide of men, 2. 359 B;--self-made men bad company, 1. 330 C; --self-mastery, 4. 430, 431. {370}

Sense, objects of, twofold, 7. 523; knowledge given by, imperfect, _ibid._; 10. 602; sense and intellect, 7. 524:--Senses, the, classed among faculties, 5. 477 C.

Seriphian, story of Themistocles and the, 1. 329 E.

Servants, old family, 8. 549 E.

Sex in the world below, 10. 618 B;--sexes to follow the same training, 5. 451, 466 [_cp._ Laws 7. 805]; equality of, advantageous, _ib._ 456, 457; relation between, _ib._ 458 foll. [_cp._ Laws 8. 835 E]; freedom of intercourse between, in a democracy, 8. 563 B. Cp. Women.

Sexual desires, 5. 458 E [_cp._ Laws 6. 783 A; 8. 835 E].

Shadows, 6. 510 A;--knowledge of shadows ([Greek: ei)kasi/a]), one of the faculties of the soul, 6. 511 E; 7. 533 E.

Shepherd, the analogy of, with the ruler, 1. 343, 345 [_cp._ Pol. 275].

Shopkeepers, necessary in the state, 2. 371 [_cp._ Laws 11. 918].

Short sight, 2. 368 D.

Sicily, 'can tell of Charondas,' 10. 599 E;--Sicilian cookery, 3. 404 D.

Sight, placed in the class of faculties, 5. 477 C; requires in addition to vision and colour, a third element, light, 6. 507; the most wonderful of the senses, _ibid._; compared to mind, _ib._ 508; 7. 532 A; illusions of, 7. 523; 10. 602, 603 D:--the world of sight, 7. 517.

Sign, the, of Socrates, 6. 496 C.

Silver, mingled by the God in the auxiliaries, 3. 415 A (cp. 416 E; 8. 547 A);--[and gold] not allowed to the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 419, 422 D; 5. 464 D (cp. 8. 543).

Simonides, his definition of justice discussed, 1. 331 D--335 E; a sage, _ib._ 335 E.

Simplicity, the first principle of education, 3. 397 foll., 400 E, 404; the two kinds of, _ib._ 400 E; of the good man, _ib._ 409 A; in diet, 8. 559 C (cp. 3. 404 D).

Sin, punishment of, 2. 363; 10. 614 foll. Cp. Hades, World below.

Sirens, harmony of the, 10. 617 B.

Skilled person, the, cannot err (Thrasymachus), 1. 340 D.

Slavery, more to be feared than death, 3. 387 A; of Hellenes condemned, 5. 469 B.

Slaves, the uneducated man harsh towards, 8. 549 A; enjoy great freedom in a democracy, _ib._ 563 B; always inclined to rise against their masters, 9. 578 [_cp._ Laws 6. 776, 777].

Smallness and greatness, 4. 438 B; 5. 479 B; 7. 523, 524; 9. 575 C; 10. 602 D, 605 C.

Smell, pleasures of, 9. 584 B.

Snake-charming, 1. 358 B.

Socrates, goes down to the Peiraeus to see the feast of Bendis, 1. 327; detained by Polemarchus and Glaucon, _ibid._; converses with Cephalus, _ib._ 328-332; trembles before Thrasymachus, _ib._ 336 D; his irony, _ib._ 337 A; his poverty, _ib._ D; a sharper in argument, _ib._ 340 D; ignorant of what justice is, _ib._ 354 C; his powers of fascination, 2. 358 A; requested by Glaucon and Adeimantus to praise justice _per se_, _ib._ 367 B; cannot refuse to help justice, _ib._ 368 C; 4. 427 D; his oath 'by the dog,' 3. 399 E; 8. 567 E; 9. 592 A; hoped to have evaded discussing the subject of women and children, 5. 449, 472, 473 (cp. 6. 502 E); his love of truth, 5. 451 A; 6. 504; his power in argument, 6. 487 B; not unaccustomed to speak in parables, _ib._ E; his sign, _ib._ 496 C; his earnestness in behalf of philosophy, 7. 536 B; his reverence for Homer, 10. 595 C, 607 (cp. 3. 391 A). {371}

Soldiers, must form a separate class, 2. 374; the diet suited for, 3. 404 D (cp. Guardians);--women to be soldiers, 5. 452, 466, 471 E;--punishment of soldiers for cowardice, _ib._ 468 A. Cp. Warrior.

Solon, famous at Athens, 10. 599 E;--quoted, 7. 536 D.

Son, the supposititious, parable of, 7. 537 E.

Song, parts of, 3. 398 D.

Sophists, the, their view of justice, 1. 338 foll.; verbal quibbles of, _ib._ 340; the public the great Sophist, 6. 492; the Sophists compared to feeders of a beast, _ib._ 493.

Sophocles, a remark of, quoted, 1. 329 B.

Sorrow, not to be indulged, 3. 387; 10. 603-606; has a relaxing effect on the soul, 4. 430 A; 10. 606.

Soul, the, has ends and excellences, 1. 353 D; beauty in the soul, 3. 401; the fair soul in the fair body, _ib._ 402 D; sympathy of soul and body, 5. 462 D, 464 B; conversion of the soul from darkness to light, 7. 518, 521, 525 [_cp._ Laws 12. 957 E]; requires the aid of calculation and intelligence in order to interpret the intimations of sense, _ib._ 523, 524; 10. 602; has more truth and essence than the body, 9. 585 D;--better and worse principles in the soul, 4. 431; the soul divided into reason, spirit, appetite, _ib._ 435-442; 6. 504 A; 8. 550 A; 9. 571, 580 E, 581 [_cp._ Tim. 69 E-72, 89 E; Laws 9. 863]; faculties of the soul, 6. 511 E; 7. 533 E; oppositions in the soul, 10. 603 D [_cp._ Soph. 228 A; Laws 10. 896 D];--the lame soul, 3. 401; 7. 535 [_cp._ Tim. 44; Soph. 228];--the soul marred by meanness, 6. 495 E [_cp._ Gorg. 524 E];--immortality of the soul, 10. 608 foll., (cp. 6. 498 C);--number of souls does not increase, 10. 611 A;--the soul after death, _ib._ 614 foll.;--transmigration of souls, _ib._ 617 [_cp._ Phaedr. 249; Tim. 90 E foll.];--the soul impure and disfigured while in the body, _ib._ 611 [_cp._ Phaedo 81];--compared to a many-headed monster, 9. 588; to the images of the sea-god Glaucus, 10. 611;--like the eye, 6. 508; 7. 518;--harmony of the soul, produced by temperance, 4. 430, 442, 443 (cp. 9. 591 D, _and_ Laws 2. 653 B);--eye of the soul, 7. 518 D, 527 E, 533 D, 540 A;--five forms of the state and soul, 4. 445; 5. 449; 9. 577.

Soul. [_The psychology of the Republic, while agreeing generally with that of the other Dialogues, is in some respects a modification or developement of their conclusions.--The division of the soul into three elements, reason, spirit, appetite, here first assumes a precise form, and henceforward has a permanent place in the language of philosophy_ (_cp._ Introd. p. lxvii). _On this division the distinction between forms of government is based_ (_see s. v._ Government). _Virtue, again, is the harmony or accord of the different elements, when the dictates of reason are enforced by passion against the appetites, while vice is the anarchy or discord of the soul when passion and appetite join in rebellion against reason_ (_cp._ 4. 444; 10. 609 foll.; Soph. 228; Pol. 296 D; Laws 10. 906 C].--_Regarded from the intellectual side the soul is analysed into four faculties, reason, understanding, faith, knowledge of shadows. These severally correspond to the four divisions of knowledge_ (6. 511 E), _two for intellect and two for opinion; and thus arises the Platonic 'proportion,'_--_being_ : _becoming_ :: _intellect_ : _opinion, and science_ : _belief_ {372} :: _understanding_ : _knowledge of shadows. These divisions are partly real, partly formed by a logical process, which, as in so many distinctions of ancient philosophers, has outrun fact, and are further illustrated and explained by the allegory of the cave in Book VII_ (_see_ Introduction, p. xciv).--_The pre-existence and the immortality of the soul are assumed. The doctrine of [Greek: a)na/mnêsis] or 'remembrance of a previous birth' is not so much dwelt upon as in the Meno, Phaedo, or Phaedrus, neither is it made a proof of immortality_ (Meno 86; Phaedo 73). _It is apparently alluded to in the story of Er, where we are told that 'the pilgrims drank the waters of Unmindfulness; the foolish took too deep a draught, but the wise were more moderate'_ (10. 621 A). _In the Xth Book Glaucon is supposed to receive with amazement Socrates' confident assertion of immortality, although a previous allusion to another state of existence has passed unheeded_ (6. 498 D); _and in earlier parts of the discussion_ (_e.g._ 2. 362; 3. 386), _the censure which is passed on the common representations of Hades implies in itself some belief in a future life_ [_cp._ Introduction to Phaedo, Vol. I]. _The argument for the immortality of the soul is not drawn out at great length or with the emphasis of the Phaedo. It is chiefly of a verbal character:--All things which perish are destroyed by some inherent evil; but the soul is not destroyed by sin, which is the evil proper to her, and must therefore be immortal_ (_cp._ Introd. p. clxvi).--_The condition of the soul after death is represented by Plato in his favourite form of a myth_ [_cp._ Meno 81; Phaedo 88; Gorg. 522]. _The Pamphylian warrior Er, who is supposed to have died in battle, revives when placed on the funeral pyre and relates his experiences in the other world. He tells how the just are rewarded and the wicked punished, and is privileged to describe the spectacle which he had witnessed of the choice of a new life by the pilgrim souls. The reward of release from bodily existence is not held out to the philosopher_ (Phaedo 114 C), _but his wisdom, which has a deeper root than habit_ (10. 619), _preserves him from overhaste in his choice and ensures him a happy destiny.--The transmigration of souls is represented in the myth much as in the Phaedrus and Timaeus. Plato in all likelihood derived the doctrine from an Oriental source, but through Pythagorean channels. It probably had a real hold on his mind, as it agreed, or could be made to agree, with the conviction, which he elsewhere expresses, of the remedial nature of punishment_ [_cp._ Protag. 323; Gorg. 523-525].

Sounds in music, 7. 531 A.

Sparta. _See_ Lacedaemon.

Spectator, the, unconsciously influenced by what he sees and hears, 10. 605, 606 [_cp._ Laws 2. 656 A, 659 C];--the philosopher the spectator of all time and all existence, 6. 486 A [_cp._ Theaet. 173 E].

Spendthrifts, in Greek states, 8. 564.

Spercheius, the river-god, 3. 391 B.

Spirit, must be combined with gentleness in the guardians, 2. 375; 3. 410; 6. 503 [_cp._ Laws 5. 731 B]; characteristic of northern nations, 4. 435 E; found in quite young children, _ib._ 441 A [_cp._ Laws; 12. {373} 963]:--the spirited (or passionate) element in the soul, _ib._ 440 foll.; 6. 504 A; 8. 550 A; 9. 572 A, 580 E; must be subject to the rational part, 4. 441 E [_cp._ Tim. 30 C, 70, 89 D]; predominant in the timocratic state and man, 8. 548, 550 B; characterised by ambition, 9. 581 B; its pleasures, _ib._ 586 D; the favourite object of the poet's imitation, 10. 604, 605.

Stars, motion of the, 7. 529, 530; 10. 616 E.

State, relation of, to the individual, 2. 368; 4. 434, 441; 5. 462; 8. 544; 9. 577 B [_cp._ Laws 3. 689; 5. 739; 9. 875, 877 C; 11. 923]; origin of, 2. 369 foll. [_cp._ Laws 3. 678 foll.]; should be in unity, 4. 422; 5. 463 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739]; place of the virtues in, 4. 428 foll.; virtue of state and individual, _ib._ 441; 6. 498 E; family life in, 5. 449 [_cp._ Laws 5. 740]:--the luxurious state, 2. 372 D foll.:--[the best state]; classes must be kept distinct, _ib._ 374; 3. 379 E, 415 A; 4. 421, 433 A, 434, 441 E, 443; 5. 453 (cp. 8. 552 A, _and_ Laws 8. 846 E); the rulers must be philosophers, 2. 376; 5. 473; 6. 484, 497 foll., 501, 503 B; 7. 520, 521, 525 B, 540; 8. 543 (cp. Rulers); the government must have the monopoly of lying, 2. 382; 3. 389 A, 414 C; 5. 459 D [_cp._ Laws 2. 663 E]; the poets to be banished, 3. 398 A; 8. 568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A, 607 A [_cp._ Laws 7. 817]; the older must bear rule, the younger obey, 3. 412 [_cp._ Laws 3. 690 A; 4. 714 E]; women, children, and goods to be common, _ib._ 416; 5. 450 E, 457 foll., 462, 464; 8. 543 A [_cp._ Laws 5. 739; 7. 807 B]; must be happy as a whole, 4. 420 D; 5. 466 A; 7. 519 E; will easily master other states in war, 4. 422; must be of a size which is not inconsistent with unity, _ib._ 423 [_cp._ Laws 5. 737]; composed of three classes, traders, auxiliaries, counsellors, _ib._ 441 A; may be either a monarchy or an aristocracy, _ib._ 445 C (cp. 9. 576 D); will form one family, 5. 463 [_cp._ Pol. 259]; will be free from quarrels and law-suits, 2. 378; 5. 464, 465;--is it possible? 5. 471, 473; 6. 499; 7. 540 [_cp._ 7. 520 _and_ Laws 4. 711 E; 5. 739]; framed after the heavenly pattern, 6. 500 E; 7. 540 A; 9. 592; how to be commenced, 6. 501; 7. 540; manner of its decline, 8. 546 [_cp._ Crit. 120];--the best state that in which the rulers least desire office, 7. 520, 521:--the four imperfect forms of states, 4. 445 B; 8. 544 [_cp._ Pol. 291 foll., 391 foll.]; succession of states, 8. 545 foll. (cp. Government, forms of):--existing states not one but many, 4. 423 A; nearly all corrupt, 6. 496; 7. 519, 520; 9. 592.

State. [_The polity of which Plato 'sketches the outline' in the Republic may be analysed into two principal elements,_ I, _an Hellenic state of the older or Spartan type, with some traits borrowed from Athens,_ II, _an ideal city in which the citizens have all things in common, and the government is carried on by a class of philosopher rulers who are selected by merit. These two elements are not perfectly combined; and, as Aristotle complains_ (Pol. ii. 5, § 18), _very much is left ill-defined and uncertain._--I. _Like Hellenic cities in general, the number of the citizens is not to be great. The size of the state is limited by the requirement that 'it shall not be larger or smaller than is consistent with unity.'_ [_The 'convenient number' 5040, which is_ {374} _suggested in the Laws_ (v. 737), _is regarded by Aristotle_ (Pol. ii. 6, § 6) _as an 'enormous multitude.'_] _Again, the individual is subordinate to the state. When Adeimantus complains of the hard life which the citizens will lead, 'like mercenaries in a garrison'_ (4. 419), _he is answered by Socrates that if the happiness of the whole is secured, the happiness of the parts will inevitably follow. Once more, war is supposed to be the normal condition of the state, and military service is imposed upon all. The profession of arms is the only one in which the citizen may properly engage. Trade is regarded as dishonourable:--'those who are good for nothing else sit in the Agora buying and selling'_ (2. 371 D); _the warrior can spare no time for such an employment_ (_ib._ 374 C). [_In the Laws Plato's ideas enlarge; he thinks that peace is to be preferred to war_ (1. 628); _and he speculates on the possibility of redeeming trade from reproach by compelling some of the best citizens to open a shop or keep a tavern_ (11. 918).]--_In these respects, as well as in the introduction of common meals, Plato was probably influenced by the traditional ideal of Sparta_ [_cp._ Introd. p. clxx]. _The Athenian element appears in the intellectual training of the citizens, and generally in the atmosphere of grace and refinement which they are to breathe_ (_see s. v._ Art). _The restless energy of the Athenian character is perhaps reflected in the discipline imposed upon the ruling class_ (7. 540), _who when they have reached fifty are dispensed from continuous public service, but must then devote themselves to abstract study, and also be willing to take their turn when necessary at the helm of state_ [_cp._ Laws 7. 807; Thucyd. i. 70; ii. 40].--II. _The most peculiar features of Plato's state are_ (1) _the community of property,_ (2) _the position of women,_ (3) _the government of philosophers._ (1) _The first_ (_see s. v._), _though suggested in some measure by the example of Sparta or Crete_ [_cp._ Arist. Pol. ii. 5, § 6], _is not known to have been actually practised anywhere in Hellas, unless possibly among such a body as the Pythagorean brotherhood._ (2) _Nothing in all the Republic was probably stranger to his contemporaries than the place which Plato assigns to women in the state. The community of wives and children, though carefully guarded by him from the charge of licentiousness_ (5. 458 E), _would appear worse in Athenian eyes than the traditional 'licence' of the Spartan women_ [Arist. Pol. ii. 9, § 5), _which, so far as it really existed, no doubt arose out of an excessive regard to physical considerations in marriage. Again, the equal share in education, in war, and in administration which the women are supposed to enjoy in Plato's state, was, if not so revolting, quite as contrary to common Hellenic sentiment_ [_cp._ Thucyd. ii. 45]. _The Spartan women exercised a great influence on public affairs, but this was mainly indirect_ [_cp._ Laws 7. 806; Arist. Pol. ii. 9, § 8]; _they did not hold office or learn the use of arms. At Athens, as is well known, the women, of the upper classes at least, lived in an almost Oriental seclusion, and were wholly absorbed in household duties_ (Laws 7. 805 E). (3) _Finally, the government of philosophers had no analogy in the Hellenic world of_ {375} _Plato's time. He may have taken the suggestion from the stories of the Pythagorean rule in Magna Graecia. But it is also possible that these accounts of the brotherhood of Pythagoras, some of which have reached us on very doubtful authority, may be themselves to a considerable extent coloured and distorted by features adapted from the Republic. Whether this is the case or not, we can hardly doubt that Plato was chiefly indebted to his own imagination for his kingdom of philosophers, or that it remained to himself an ideal, rather than a state which would ever 'play her part in actual life'_ (Tim. 19, 20). _It is at least significant that he never finished the Critias, as though he were unable to embody, even in a mythical form, the 'city of which the pattern is laid up in heaven.'_]

Statesmen in their own imagination, 4. 426.

Statues, polished for a decision, 2. 361 D; painted, 4. 420 D.

Steadiness of character, apt to be accompanied by stupidity, 6. 503 [_cp._ Theaet. 144 B].

Stesichorus, says that Helen was never at Troy, 9. 586 C.

Stories, improper, not to be told to children, 2. 377; 3. 391. Cp. Children, Education.

Strength, rule of, 1. 338.

Style of poetry, 3. 392;--styles, various, _ib._ 397.

Styx, 3. 387 B.

Suits, will be unknown in the best state, 5. 464 E.

Sumptuary laws, 4. 423, 425.

Sun, the, compared with the idea of good, 6. 508; not sight, but the author of sight, _ib._ 509;--'the sun of Heracleitus,' _ib._ 498 A.

Supposititious son, parable of the, 7. 538.

Sympathy, of soul and body, 5. 462 D, 464 B; aroused by poetry, 10. 605 B.

Syracusan dinners, 3. 404 D.

T.

Tactics, use of arithmetic in, 7. 522 E, 525 B.

Tartarus (= hell), 10. 616 A.

Taste, good, importance of, 3. 401, 402.

Taxes, heavy, imposed by the tyrant, 8. 567 A, 568 E.

Teiresias, alone has understanding among the dead, 3. 386 E.

Telamon, 10. 620 B.

Temperance ([Greek: sôphrosu/nê]), in the state, 3. 389; 4. 430 foll. [_cp._ Laws 3. 696]; temperance and love, 3. 403 A; fostered in the soul by the simple kind of music, _ib._ 404 E, 410 A; a harmony of the soul, 4. 430, 441 E, 442 D, 443 (cp. 9. 591 D, _and_ Laws 2. 653 B); one of the philosopher's virtues, 6. 485 E, 490 E, 491 B, 494 B [_cp._ Phaedo 68].

Temple-robbing, 9. 574 D, 575 B.

Territory, devastation of Hellenic, not to be allowed, 5. 470;--unlimited, not required by the good state, 4. 423 [_cp._ Laws 5. 737].

Thales, inventions of, 10. 600 A.

Thamyras, soul of, chooses the life of a nightingale, 10. 620 A.

Theages, the bridle of, 6. 496 B.

Themis, did not instigate the strife with the gods, 2. 379 E.

Themistocles, answer of, to the Seriphian, 1. 330 A.

Theology of Plato, 2. 379 foll. Cp. God.

Thersites, puts on the form of a monkey, 10. 620 C.

Theseus, the tale of, and Peirithous not permitted, 3. 391 C.

Thetis, not to be slandered, 2. 381 D; {376} her accusation of Apollo, _ib._ 383 A.

Thirst, 4. 437 E, 439; an inanition ([Greek: ke/nôsis]) of the body, 9. 585 A.

Thracians, procession of, in honour of Bendis, 1. 327 A; characterised by spirit or passion, 4. 435 E.

Thrasymachus, the Chalcedonian, a person in the dialogue, 1. 328 B; described, _ib._ 336 B; will be paid, _ib._ 337 D; defines justice, _ib._ 338 C foll.; his rudeness, _ib._ 343 A; his views of government, _ibid._ (cp. 9. 590 D); his encomium on injustice, 1. 343 A; his manner of speech, _ib._ 345 B; his paradox about justice and injustice, _ib._ 348 B foll.; he blushes, _ib._ 350 D; is pacified, and retires from the argument, _ib._ 354 (cp. 6. 498 C); would have Socrates discuss the subject of women and children, 5. 450.

Timocracy, 8. 545 foll.; origin of, ib. 547:--the timocratical man, described, 8. 549; his origin, _ibid._

Tinker, the prosperous, 6. 495, 496.

Tops, 4. 436.

Torch race, an equestrian, 1. 328 A.

Touch, 7. 523 E.

Traders, necessary in the state, 2. 371.

Traditions of ancient times, their truth not certainly known to us, 2. 382 C (cp. 3. 414 C, _and_ Tim. 40 D; Crit. 107; Pol. 271 A; Laws 4. 713 E; 6. 782 D).

Tragedy and comedy in the state, 3. 394 [_cp._ Laws 7. 817].

Tragic poets, the, eulogizers of tyranny, 8. 568 A; imitators, 10. 597, 598.

Training, dangers of, 3. 404 A; severity of, 6. 504 A (cp. 7. 535 B).

Transfer of children from one class to another, 3. 415; 4. 423 D.

Transmigration of souls, 10. 617. See Soul.

Trochaic rhythms, 3. 400 B.

Troy, 3. 393 E; Helen never at, 9. 586 C:--Trojan War, 2. 380 A: treatment of the wounded in, 3. 405 E, 408 A; the army numbered by Palamedes, 7. 522 D.

Truth, is not lost by men of their own will, 3. 413 A; the aim of the philosopher, 6. 484, 485, 486 E, 490, 500 C, 501 D; 7. 521, 537 D; 9. 581, 582 C (cp. _supra_ 5. 475 E; 7. 520, 525; _and_ Phaedo 82; Phaedr. 249; Theaet. 173 E; Soph. 249 D, 254 A); akin to wisdom, 6. 485 D; to proportion, _ib._ 486 E; no partial measure of, sufficient, _ib._ 504; love of, essential in this world and the next, 10. 618;--truth and essence, 9. 585 D.

Tyranny, 1. 338 D; = injustice on the grand scale, _ib._ 344 [_cp._ Gorg. 469]; the wretchedest form of government, 8. 544 C; 9. 576 [_cp._ Pol. 302 E]; origin of, 8. 562, 564:--the tyrannical man, 9. 571 foll.; life of, _ib._ 573; his treatment of his parents, _ib._ 574; most miserable, _ib._ 576, 578; has the soul of a slave, _ib._ 577.

Tyrant, the, origin of, 8. 565; happiness of, _ib._ 566 foll.; 9. 576 foll. [_cp._ Laws 2. 661 B]; his rise to power, 8. 566; his taxes, _ib._ 567 A, 568 E; his army, _ib._ 567 A, 569; his purgation of the city, _ib._ 567 B; misery of, 9. 579; has no real pleasure, _ib._ 587; how far distant from pleasure, _ibid._:--Tyrants and poets, 8. 568; have no friends, _ibid._; 9. 576 [_cp._ Gorg. 510 C]; punishment of, in the world below, 10. 615 [_cp._ Gorg. 525].

U.

Understanding, a faculty of the soul, 6. 511 D; = science, 7. 533 E.

Union impossible among the bad, 1. 352 A [_cp._ Lysis 214]. {377}

Unity of the state, 4. 422, 423; 5. 462, 463 [_cp._ Laws 5. 739]; --absolute unity, 7. 524 E, 525 E; unity and plurality, _ibid._

Unjust man, the, happy (Thrasymachus), 1. 343, 344 [_cp._ Gorg. 470 foll.]; his unhappiness finally proved, 9. 580; 10. 613:--injustice = private profit, 1. 344 (_see_ Injustice).

Uranus, immoral stories about, 2. 377 E.

User, the, a better judge than the maker, 10. 601 C [_cp._ Crat. 390].

Usury, sometimes not protected by law, 8. 556 A [_cp._ Laws 5. 742 C].