X.

X is written in some MSS. for _sh_. It constantly occurs in the Coventry Mysteries, as in _xal_, _xalt_, _xuld_, &c.; see HD.

Y.

Y, at the beginning of words, often represents an older Ȝ, under which letter Y-words may in some cases be found.

Y-, _prefix_; see Ȝe.

Yald, _pt. s._ of Ȝelden.

Yane, _v._ to yawn, HD, Palsg.; see Ganien.

Yare, _adv._ soon, S2, Sh.; see Ȝare.

Yate, _sb._ gate, C2, S3; see Gate.

Yawle, _v._ to howl, HD; see Ȝoulen.

Ychan, each one, HD; ychone, HD; see Eche.

Yche, _adj._ the same, S2; see Ilke.

Ydolastre, _sb._ idolater, C2.—Cp. OF. _idolâtre_ (Cotg.); Church Lat. _idolatra_ (Vulg.).

Ydolatrie, _sb._ idolatry, PP.—Church Lat. _idolatria_ (Vulg.).

Ydole, _sb._ idol, C3; ydoles, _pl._, C3.—Church Lat. _idōlum_ (Vulg.); Gr. εἴδωλον (LXX); cp. OF. _idle_, _ydle_ (Roland); Late Lat. _ídolum_ (accented as in Greek).

Ydre, _sb._ hydra, water-snake, WA.—OF. _ydre_; Lat. _hydra_; Gr. ὕδρα.

Ydres, _sb. pl._ water-pots (= Lat. _hydriae_), S.—Gr. ὑδρίαι; cp. OF. _ydrie_ (Ducange).

Ye, _sb._ eye, Voc., HD; see Eȝe.

Yeant, _sb._ giant, HD; see Geaunt.

Yeddinges, _pl._ romances, songs, C; see Ȝeddynge.

Yede, _pt. s._ went, S, S2, S3, C3; see Eode, Ȝeode.

Yeer, _sb._ year, C2; see Ȝeer.

Yef, if, S, S2; see Ȝif.

Yefte, _sb._ a gift, S; see Ȝift.

Yeir, _pl._ years, S2; see Ȝeer.

Yelde, _sb._ a payment, S; see Gild.

Yelde-halle, _sb._ guild-hall, CM, C.

Yelden, _v._ to yield, pay, C2; see Ȝelden.

Yelderes, _sb. pl._ debtors, S2.

Yeldinges, _sb. pl._ payments, debts, S2.

Yelleden, _pt. pl._ yelled, C; see Ȝellen.

Yelpe, _v._ to boast, C; see Ȝelpen.

Yelwe, _adj._ yellow, C; see Ȝelow.

Yeman, _sb._ retainer, C; see Ȝoman.

Yeme, _sb._ an uncle, HD; see Eem.

Yemen, _v._ to heed, S; see Ȝemen.

Yemer, _adj._ sad, S; see Ȝemer.

Yemernesse, _sb._ sadness, S.

Yen, _sb. pl._ eyes, HL; see Eȝe.

Yep, _adj._ prompt, quick, HD; yepe, HD; see Ȝape.

Yer, _conj._ ere, before, S3; see Er.

Yerd, _sb._ an enclosure, S, C; see Ȝerd.

Yerde, _sb._ rod, C2; yeorde, S; see Ȝerde.

Yere, _sb._ ear, HD; see Ere.

Yerle, _sb._ earl, S3; see Erl.

Yerly, _adv._ early, S3; see Erly.

Yerne, _adj._ desirous, CM; see Ȝerne.

Yerthe, _sb._ earth, S3; see Erthe.

Yeste, _sb._ gest, tale, HD; see Geste.

Yete, _conj._ yet, S; yet, C3; see Ȝet.

Yeuen, _v._ to give, S; see Ȝiuen.

Yftles, _adj._ giftless, HD. See Ȝift.

Yh- is written in some MSS. for y-; see HD.

Yheden, _pt. pl._ went, S2; see Eode.

Yhode, went, S2; see Eode.

Ying, _adj._ young, S3, G, B; see Ȝong.

Yis, _adv._ yes, C2; see Ȝis.

Yistirday, yesterday, PP; see Ȝister-.

Yit, _conj._ yet, C2, C3; see Ȝet.

Y-kuenct, _pp._ quenched, S2; see Quenchen.

Ylaste, _pt. s._ of Ȝe-lesten.

Y-leuen, _v._ to believe, S2.—AS. _ge-lýfan_. See Leuen.

Y-liche, _adv._ alike, C2; see Iliche.

Ylk-oon, each one, HD; see Eche.

Ylonde, _sb._ island, S2; ilond, SkD.—AS. _íg-land_; _íg_, watery land, island, from OTeut. stem *_auja_, see Sievers, 99.

Y-mone, _sb._ company, S.—AS. _ge-mána_, ‘societas’ (Voc.).

Ympe, _sb._ a graft, scion, offspring, HD, PP, H; impe, Prompt., ND; imp, S3, TG.—AS. _impe_ (BT); Low Lat. _impotus_, a graft; Gr. ἔμφυτος engrafted; cp. F. _ente_.

Ympen, _v._ to graft, PP; ympyd, _pp._, H, Prompt. _Der._: ympynge, graft, scion, H; impynge, Prompt.

Ympne, _sb._ hymn, CM, HD.—OF. _ymne_; Church Lat. _hymnum_ (Vulg.); Gr. ὕμνος see Brugmann, § 131. See Impne.

Ynkirly, _adv._ particularly, B; see Enkerly.

Ynow, _adj._, _sb._, and _adv._ enough, S2, C2, W, PP; ye-noughe, S3; inoh, S; ynoh, S2; ynou, S2, S; ynow, S3; ynouȝ, S2; innoh, S; inow, S; inouh, S; inou, S2; inoȝe, S; inoȝh, S; ynouh, S; ynowȝ, W; innoghe, S2; ynough, C2; inough, C; onoh, S; anough, CM; ynewe, HD; anew, S3; ynewch, S3; eneuch, S3; inouwe, _pl._, S2.—AS. _genóh_; cp. OHG. _gi-nuht_, abundance (Tatian).

Ynwyt, _sb._ understanding, conscience, HD; see Inwyt.

Yod, _pt. s._ went, S2; see Eode, Ȝeode.

Yolden, _pp._ of Ȝelden.

Yolle, _v._ to yell, C; see Ȝellen.

Yollyng, _sb._ yelling, clamour, C; see Ȝellen.

Yond, _adv._ yonder, S2, C2; see Ȝond.

Yonge, _adj._ young, S, C2; see Ȝong.

Yonghede, _sb._ youth, S; see Ȝonghede.

Yore, _adv._ formerly, S2, S3, C2; see Ȝore.

Yornyng, _sb._ desire, S3; see Ȝerning.

Youngth, _sb._ youth, S3; see Ȝongth.

Youngthly, _adj._ youthful, S3. See Ȝongthe.

Youthe, _sb._ youth, C2; yowthe, S2; see Ȝouthe.

Yow, _pron. pl. acc._ and _dat._ you, S, C2; see Ȝou.

Yow, _sb._ ewe, CM.—AS. _eowu_: Goth. _awi_; see Sievers, 106.

Yoye, _v._ to joy, HD; see Ioien.

Ypocrysie, _sb._ hypocrisy, PP; ypocrisye, C3.—AF. _ipocrisie_.

Ypocryte, _sb._ hypocrite, C2.—OF. _ypocrite_; Lat. _hypocrita_ (Vulg.); Gr. ὑποκριτής.

Y-rayled, _pp._ covered, S3. See Reȝel.

Yre, _sb._ anger, H; iris, _pl._, W2.—Lat. _ira_.

Yreyne, _sb._ spider, W2; see Aranye.

Yrk, _v._ to make tired, to become tired, H: irkyn, _fastidior_, Prompt.; erke, SD; irkyt, _1 pt. s._, S3; irked, _pt. s._, SD.—Swed. _yrka_; cp. Lat. _urgere_.

Yrk, _adj._ oppressed, tired, S3; irke, SkD. _Comb._: irkesum, _fastidiosus_, Prompt.; irkesumnesse, _fastidium_, Prompt.

Yrous, _adj._ angry, H.

Ysche, _v._ to issue, to go forth, B; see Ische.

Yse, _sb._ ice, CM, H (Ps. 148. 8); iys, W2; ijs, S3; yse, _dat._, S2.—AS. _ís_.

Ysels, _sb. pl._ ashes, HD.—AS. _ysle_ (Grein); see Curtius, No. 610. See Isle.

Ysope, _sb._ hyssop, W2, Voc.; ysoop, HD; ysoppe, Voc.—OF. _ysoppe_ (Ps. 50. 7); Lat. _hyssopum_ (Vulg.); Gr. ὕσσωπος.

Ysue, _sb._ issue, P; issue, PP.—AF. _issue_, pp. f. of _issir_; Lat. _ex-ire_. See Ische.

Ythen, _adj._ busy, B; ythand, B.—Icel. _iðinn_.

Yþez, _sb. pl._ waves, S2, HD; ythes, WA; see Uthe.

Y-tiȝt, _pp._ made tight, S3; see Thyhtyn.

Yugement, _sb._ judgment, HD; see Iugement.

Yuel, _adj._ and _sb._ evil, S, S2, W, W2, C3; uuel, S2, S; iuel, S, W2, S2; euel, S, W2, S2; eueyl, S2; ufel, S; yuels, _pl._, S2; the yuele (= malignus, i.e. the devil), W.—AS. _yfel_: OS. _ubil_ (Tatian).

Yuele, _adv._ evilly, W; uuele, S2; euele, S.

Yuer, _sb._ ivory, W, W2; yuor, HD; yuour, HD; see Euour.

Yuory, _sb._ ivory, Prompt.; see Euorye.

Yȝe, _sb._ eye, HD; see Eȝe.

Ȝ (pronounced as _y_).

Ȝa, _adv._ yea, S, PP, S2, H; see Ȝea.

Ȝæn, _prep._ against, in comparison with, S; see Ȝeyn.

Ȝaf, _pt. s._ of Ȝiuen.

Ȝal, _pt. s._ yelled, S2; see Ȝellen.

Ȝape, _adj._ vigorous, strong, keen, bold, WA.—AS. _geap_, astute, bold (BT).

Ȝare, _adv._ formerly, S; see Ȝore.

Ȝare, _adj._ ready, S, S2, G; yare, HD; ȝaru, S; ȝarowe, S; ȝare, _adv._, soon, S, G; yare, S2, Sh.—AS. _gearo_.

Ȝarken, _v._ to prepare, S, S2, WA; ȝarrkenn, S; gerken, S; giarkien, S; ȝearceon, S; ȝeirken, S; ȝarketh hym, _pr. s. reflex._, P; ȝæarced, _pp._, S; i-garcket, S; iȝarked, S; giarked, S.—AS. _gearcian_.

Ȝarm, _sb._ cry, S2.—Icel. _jarmr_, a crying.

Ȝarme, _v._ to scream, yell, bellow, WA, HD.

Ȝarowe, _sb._ milfoil, _millefolium_, herb for nose-bleeding, Prompt.; yarowe, Palsg., Manip.; ȝarow, Voc.; ȝarrow, S3.—AS. _gearwe_ (Voc.): OHG. _garawa_, _garwa_.

Ȝarowe, _adj._ ready, S; ȝaru, S; see Ȝare.

Ȝate, _sb._ gate, S2, G, H, WA; yat, HD; see Gate.

Ȝe-, a prefix before verbs and substantives.—AS. _ge-_. [In ME. the equivalents of _ge-_, viz. Ȝe-, I-, Y-, Hi-, A-, E-, are often found prefixed to past participles. For words beginning with this particle see in many cases the uncompounded form.]

Ȝe, _pron._ ye, S, S2, PP; ye, C2; ge, S; yhe, S2; ȝeo, S; ȝie, S.—AS. _ge_. See also Ȝou, Ȝoure.

Ȝea, _adv._ yea, PP: ȝa, S, S2, PP, H; ȝe, S, S2, PP, G; ȝhe, W; ye, S2, PP, C2; ȝie, S; ȝha, S2; ȝo, S2.—AS. _géa_; cp. Goth. _já_, Icel. _já_.

Ȝe-arnen, _v._ to earn, S.—AS. _ge-earnian_. See Ernen.

Ȝeat, _pt. s._ poured, S; see Ȝeten.

Ȝe-bugon, _pt. pl._ were obedient, S.—AS. _ge-bugon_, from _ge-búgan_. See Bowen.

Ȝe-cende, _adj._ natural, S; i-cundur, _comp._, S.—AS. _ge-cynde_. See Kynde.

Ȝe-ceosen, _v._ to choose, MD; ȝe-cas, _pt. s._, S.—AS. _ge-céosan_.

Ȝed, _sb._ a word; ȝeddes, _pl._, MD.—AS. _gied_, _gid_, _gyd_, song, poem, saying.

Ȝeddien, _v._ to speak, MD; ȝedde, to sing, S2.—AS. _geddian_, _giddian_, to sing, to speak.

Ȝeddynge, _sb._ a gest or romance, Prompt.; ȝeddyngis, _pl._, HD; yeddynges, songs, C. See above.

Ȝede, _pt. s._ went, S, S2; see Ȝeode.

Ȝedire, _adj._ vehement, WA; ȝederly, _adv._ quickly, S2, HD.—Cp. AS. _ædre_, (_edre_), quickly, at once: OS. _adro_, quick.

Ȝeer, _sb._ year, S3; ȝer, S, S2; gær, S; yeer, C2; ȝere, PP, S2; yere, S2, C2; yeire, S2; ȝer, _pl._, PP, S, S2, S3; yer, S; yeer, C2; ger, S; ȝeir, S3; yeir, S2; ȝere, PP; yere, S2; yhere, S2; ȝeres, S, PP; geres, S.—AS. _gér_, _géar_: OS. _jer_, _jar_; cp. Gr. ὥρα; see Brugmann, § 118.

Ȝeerli, _adv._ yearly, S3.

Ȝef, _conj._ if, S, S2; see Ȝif.

Ȝe-fered, _sb._ company, _societas_, S; i-ferred, MD; ifereden, MD.—AS. _ge-férrǽden_, companionship.

Ȝeft, _sb._ gift, S; see Ȝift.

Ȝe-fo, _sb._ foe, MD; ifo, MD; y-uo, MD; ivo, S; ȝefo, _pl._, S; ifo, MD.—AS. _ge-fá_. See Foo.

Ȝe-geng, _sb._ company, S.—AS. _gegang_.

Ȝeid, _pt. s._ went, S2; see Ȝeode.

Ȝeien, _v._ to cry out, S, MD; ȝeide, _pt. s._, MD.—Icel. _geyja_, to bark (a strong vb.).

Ȝeir, _pl._ years, S3; see Ȝeer.

Ȝe-laðien, _v._ to invite, S.—AS. _ge-laðian_.

Ȝe-laðiere, _sb._ inviter, S.

Ȝeld, _sb._ payment; yelde, S; ȝielde, S; gildes, _pl._, S; gæildes, S.—AS. _gild_.

Ȝelden, _v._ to pay, yield, S, PP, S2, G, W; yelden, C2; ȝulde, PP; yhelde, S2; yheld, S2; ȝelt, _pr. s._, PP; ȝilt, PP; ȝald, _pt. s._, PP, S2, S3; yald, PP, S2; yalt, HD; ȝelde, PP, S2; ȝelte, PP; ȝelt, PP; geld, S; ȝeldide, W; yolden, _pp._, C; ȝoldun, W; ȝolde, W; iȝolde, S, S2.—AS. _geldan_, pt. _geald_ (pl. _guldon_), pp. _golden_: cp. Goth. _gildan_.

Ȝeldingus, _sb. pl._ payments, debts, S3.

Ȝe-lesten, _v._ to fulfil, to perform, to continue, last, extend, S; i-leste, S; i-lest, _pr. s._, S; i-lested, S; gelest, _pt. s._, S; y-laste, S2; i-laste, S, S2.—AS. _ge-lǽstan_.

Ȝe-limpen, _v._ to happen, MD; ȝelamp, _pt. s._, S; ilomp, S.—AS. _ge-limpan_. See Limpen.

Ȝelke, _sb._ yolk of an egg, Prompt.

Ȝellen, _v._ to yell, MD; yolle, C; ȝolle, S; ȝellynge, _pr. p._, howling, W; ȝal, _pt. s._, MD, S2; ȝulle, _pl._, MD; ȝelliden, MD; yelleden, C.—AS. _gellan_ (_giellan_), pt. _geall_ (pl. _gullon_), pp. _gollen_.

Ȝellynge, _sb._ yelling, MD; yollyng, C; ȝollinge, S.

Ȝelow, _adj._ yellow, MD; ȝeoluwe, S; ȝeolewe, S; ȝeluwe, S; ȝolewe, S; yelwe, C; yalu, HD.—AS. _geolw-_ stem of _geolu_ (_geolo_); see Sievers, 300; cp. G. _gelb_.

Ȝelpe, _sb._ boasting, S.

Ȝelpen, _v._ to boast, S; yelpe, C; yalp, _pt. s._, MD; yelp, MD.—AS. _gilpan_ (_gielpan_), pt. _gealp_ (pl. _gulpon_), pp. _golpen_.

Ȝelpynge, _sb._ boasting, Prompt.

Ȝeman, _sb._ youth, servant, MD; see Ȝoman.

Ȝemanry, _sb._ yeomanry, B.

Ȝeme, _sb._ care, S, S2, G; yeme, HD; geme, S.—AS. _géme_ (in compounds), _gýme_.

Ȝeme-leas, _adj._ careless, S: ȝemeles, S.—AS. _gémeléas_.

Ȝemeleaste, _sb._ carelessness, S; ȝemeleste, S; ȝemeles, S.—AS. _gémelést_, _gýmeléast_.

Ȝemen, _v._ to care for, to heed, S, HD, S2, S3; yemen, S, G; yem, S2; ȝiemeð, _pr. s._, S; yhemes, _pl._, S2; ȝemed, _pt. s._, S2; ȝemedd, _pp._, S; ȝemmde, _pl._, S.—AS. _géman_, (_gýman_); cp. Icel. _geyma_, mutated form from Icel. _gaumr_, heed, attention; see Sievers, 21. See Gome.

Ȝemer, _adj._ sad, MD; yemer, S; ȝeomer, S; ȝomere, _adv._, S.—AS. _géomer_.

Ȝe-meten, _v._ to meet, S; i-meten, to find, S: y-mete, S; ȝe-met, _pr. s._, S; i-metten, _pt. pl._, S; y-mette, _pp._, C2, PP.—AS. _ge-métan_, pt. s. _gemétte_. See Meten.

Ȝemsall, _sb._ keeping, B. See Ȝemen.

Ȝene, _v._ to reply, S; see Geȝnen.

Ȝeode, _pt. s._ went, S, PP; ȝede, PP, S, S2; ȝeid, S2, S3; ȝude, S2; yede, S, S2, S3, C3; yhode, S2; yod, S2; yheden, _pl._, S2 (s.v. _forth-_).—AS. _ge-éode_. See Eode.

Ȝeolewe, _adj._ yellow, S; see Ȝelow.

Ȝeomer, _adj._ sad, S; see Ȝemer.

Ȝeorne, _adv._ eagerly, S, S2; see Ȝerne.

Ȝeornen, _v._ to yearn, desire, S; see Ȝernen.

Ȝeoten, _v._ to pour, S; see Ȝeten.

Ȝep, _adj._ prompt, HD; see Ȝape.

Ȝer, _sb._ year, S, S2; see Ȝeer.

Ȝerd, _sb._ an enclosure, court, field, garden, W; yerd, S, C; ȝerde, G; ȝard, S3.—AS. _geard_: Goth. _gards_, house; cp. Lat. _hortus_; see Douse, p. 73. See Garth.

Ȝerde, _sb._ rod, stick, yard, staff, Prompt., W, S, S2, P; yerde, C2; yeorde, S; ȝerd, S2; ȝerdis, _pl._, W; ȝerden, _dat. pl._, S.—OMerc. _gerd_ (VP): Goth. _gazds_; cp. Lat. _hasta_; see Douse, p. 73.

Ȝe-redie, _adj._ ready, S; iredy, S2; ireadi, _adv._, S. See Redi.

Ȝerne, _v._ to run, S.—AS. _ge-ærnan_. See Rennen.

Ȝerne, _adv._ eagerly, S, S2, S3, PP; yerne, C3; ȝeorne, S, S2; ȝorne, HD; ȝierne, S; ȝern, S2.—AS. _georne_.

Ȝernen, _v._ to yearn, S, S2, PP; ȝeornen, S, S2; ȝirnen, S; ȝarnand, _pr. p._, S2; ȝirnde, _pt. s._, S; ȝornde, S; ȝyrnden, _pl._, S2; i-ȝirnd, _pp._, S; yȝyrned, S2.—AS. _geornan_, also _gyrnan_; see Sievers, 79.

Ȝernful, _adj._ desirous, MD: ȝeornful, S.

Ȝerning, _sb._ desire, MD; yornyng, S3; yherninges, _pl._, S2.—AS. _geornung_.

Ȝernliche, _adv._ diligently, MD; ȝeornliche, S.—AS. _geornlice_.

Ȝerre, _sb._ outcry, loud lament, WA.—Cp. AS. _georran_, to make a noise.

Ȝe-sceaft, _sb._ creature; ȝesceafte, _dat._, S.—AS. _ge-sceaft_. Cf. Schaft.

Ȝe-sceapen, _v._ to create, MD; ȝescop, _pt. s._, S; ȝesceop, S; ȝescepe, _pp._, S.

Ȝe-sceod, _sb._ distinction, difference, discrimination, reason, S; ȝescod, S.—AS. _ge-scéad_, _ge-scád_. See Scheden.

Ȝescung, _sb._ covetousness, S; see Ȝiscunge.

Ȝe-secðe, _sb._ sight, S; see I-sihðe.

Ȝet, _conj._ yet, S, S2; giet, S; gæt, S; ȝiet, S; yete, S; ȝeiet, S; ȝut, S, S2, P; ȝete, S; ȝette, S; ȝute, S, S2; yhit, S2; ȝit, W; ȝhit, S3; yit, C2, C3; yet, C3; ȝyt, S2; get, S.—AS. _get_.

Ȝeten, _v._ to pour, MD; ȝeoten, MD, S; ȝett, WA, Cath.; ȝeat, _pt. s._, S; ȝet, S; ȝoten, _pp._, PP; ȝotun, molten, W2; ȝeten, PP.—AS. _géotan_, pt. _géat_ (pl. _guton_), pp. _goten_: Goth. _giutan_; cp. Lat. _fundo_ (for _fu-d-no_); see Douse, p. 112.

Ȝeten, _v._ to say yea, to grant, S; ȝaten, MD; ȝettien, S, MD; ȝettede, _pt. s._, S; ȝetede, S; ȝette, S; i-ȝette, S; gatte, S, MD; gat, MD; gatten, _pl._, S; gett, _pp._, S2.—AS. _géatan_, pt. s. _géatte_ (pl. _géatton_); cp. Icel. _játa_, to say yea, confess, grant, see Fick, 7. 243. See Ȝea.

Ȝett, _sb._ gate, S3; ȝet, B; see Gate.

Ȝeu, Ȝew, _pron._ you, S; see Ȝou.

Ȝe-wealden, _v._ to control, MD; ȝe-wold, _pt. subj. pl._, S.—AS. _ge-wealdan_. See Welden.

Ȝe-wer, _adv._ everywhere, S.—AS. _ge-hwǽr_.

Ȝe-winne, _v._ to contend, S.—AS. _ge-winnan_.

Ȝeyn, _prep._ and _prefix_, against, in comparison with; ȝæn, S.—AS. _gegn_; cp. Icel. _gegn_.

Ȝeynbowght, _pt. s._ redeemed, HD; see Biggen.

Ȝeyncome, _sb._ return, HD.

Ȝeynsey, _v._ to gainsay; ȝeinseye, SkD.

Ȝha, _adv._ yea, S3: ȝhe, W; see Ȝea.

Ȝhis, _adv._ yes, W; see Ȝis.

Ȝicchen, _v._ to itch, MD; ȝitchinge, _pr. p._, W.—AS. _giccan_, also _gyccan_ (see OET): OHG. _juochen_: OTeut. *_jukkjan_.

Ȝielde, _sb._ a payment, S; see Ȝeld.

Ȝierne, _adv._ eagerly, S; see Ȝerne.

Ȝiet, _conj._ yet, S; see Ȝet.

Ȝif, _conj._ if, S, S2, G, H; ȝiff, S; ȝyf, S2; yif, S; gif, S2; yf, S; gief, S; ȝief, S; gef, S; ȝef, S, S2; yef, S, S2; ef, S, C2; geue, S3; gife, S3, H.—AS. _gif_ = _ge_ + _if_ (cp. Icel. _ef_, and OIcel. _if_, if): Goth. _jabai_; see Brugmann, § 123.

Ȝife, _sb._ gift, grace, S; giue, S; gyue, S; gife, S; ȝieue, S; gief, S.—AS. _gifu_.

Ȝift, _sb._ gift, PP; ȝyft, S2; yefte, S; yifte, C3; ȝiftes, _pl._, PP; ȝeftes, S; yeftes, S; ȝiftus, S2; yiftes, C3.—Icel. _gipt_.

Ȝimmes, _sb. pl._ gems, jewels, S; ȝymmes, WA.—AS. _gim_; Lat. _gemma_; see Sievers, 69. See Gemme.

Ȝim-stones, _sb. pl._ jewels, S.—AS. _gim-stán_.

Ȝing, _adj._ young, S3, G; see Ȝong.

Ȝirnan, _v._ to desire, S; see Ȝernen.

Ȝis, _adv._ yes, MD; ȝys, Prompt.; yis, C2; ȝus, PP, S2; ȝhis, W.—AS. _gese_ for _géa_ + the particle _-se_, _-si_ (for Goth. _sai_, OHG. _sé_, behold); see Sievers, 338.

Ȝiscare, _sb._ covetous person, S; ȝitsere, MD; ȝietceres, _pl._, S.—AS. _gítsere_.

Ȝiscen, _v._ to covet, desire, MD.—AS. _gítsian_, _gídsian_; cp. Goth. _gaidw_, want; see Sievers, 198, 205.

Ȝiscunge, _sb._ covetousness, S; ȝescung, S; ȝitsunge, MD.—AS. _gítsung_.

Ȝister-, _adj._ yester-, MD.—AS. _geostra_, _gystra_: Goth. _gistra_.

Ȝister-dai, yesterday, W2; yistirday, PP.

Ȝister-evin, yester-eve, S3.

Ȝit, _conj._ yet, W; see Ȝet.

Ȝiu, you, S; see Ȝou.

Ȝiuen, _v._ to give, S, S2, PP; ȝifenn, S; ȝyue, W, S2; gyuen, S; geuen, S; ȝeuen, S, S2, S3; ȝefen, S; yiuen, C2; yeuen, S; ȝeouen, S; ȝieuen, S; ȝefue, S; ȝiefe, S; ȝief, S; geyff, S3; yef, _imp. s._, S; yif, S, S2; gif, S2; ȝeueþ, _pl._, S2; gifð, _pr. s._, S; yeft, S; yefþ, S2; gaf, _pt. s._, S, S2; ȝaf, S, S2, G; ȝæf, S; ȝifuen, _pl._, S; yaf, S, C2; iaf, S; ȝiaf, S; gef, S; ȝef, S, S2; gaiff, S3; yafe, S3; ȝaue, S2; ȝeue, _pl._, S2; ȝauen, W; iafen, S; iauen, S; geuen, _pp._, S; gyuen, S; ȝiuen, S; yiuen, C2; iiuen, S; iȝiue, S; yeuen, S2, C2; y-ȝeue, S2, G; ȝouen, S2; ȝouun, S2, W; iȝiue, S, S2.—AS. _gifan_, pt. _geaf_ (pl. _géafon_), pp. _gifen_; see Sievers, 391.

Ȝiuer, _adj._ greedy, MD; ȝiure, S.—AS. _gífre_; cp. G. _geifer_, drivel.

Ȝoill-evyn, _sb._ Yule-even, Christmas eve, B. See Ȝole.

Ȝok, _sb._ yoke, W, W2; ȝockis, _pl._, W, W2.—AS. _geoc_: Goth. _juk_; cp. Lat. _iŭgum_, Gr. ζυγόν; see Brugmann, § 133.

Ȝolde, _pp._ paid, W; see Ȝelden.

Ȝole, _sb._ Yule, Christmas, HD, SkD.—AS. _géola_; cp. Goth. _jiuleis_, Grimm, p. 702; see Sievers, 220.

Ȝoman, _sb._ a youth, MD, Cath.; ȝeman, MD; yeman, servant, retainer, C; ȝemen, _pl._, HD, PP; ȝoumen, PP.

Ȝomere, _adv._ sadly, S; see Ȝemer.

Ȝomerly, _adj._ sad, S2.—AS. _géomorlic_.

Ȝon, _adj._ yon, MD, PP; ȝone, PP, S2.—AS. _geon_, (SkD); cp. Goth. _jains_; see Sievers, 338, and Brugmann, § 123.

Ȝond, _prep._ through, MD; ȝeond, S; ȝont, S; ȝeon, S.

Ȝond, _adv._ yonder, there, MD, S3; yond, S2, C2; ȝonde, PP.

Ȝonde, _used as adj._ yon, PP; yond, S2, S3, Sh.—AS. _geond_, through, also yonder.

Ȝonder, _adv._ yonder, G; _used as adj._, PP.

Ȝong, _adj._ young, S, S2, S3, W, PP; ȝung, S; ȝonge, G; yonge, S, C2; yunge, S; ȝyng, S3; gunge, S; iunge, S; yhung, S2; ying, S3, G; ȝing, S3, G; yonger, _comp._, S; ȝeunger, S; ȝungre, S; gungest, _superl._, S; gunkeste, S; ȝongost, S2; ȝongest, G.—AS. _geong_: Goth. _juggs_ (for _jungs_); cp. Lat. _iuuencus_; see Kluge (s.v. _jugend_).

Ȝonghede, _sb._ youth, MD; yonghede, S, CM; ȝunghede, MD.

Ȝonglyng, _sb._ young man, disciple, MD, W; iunglenges, _pl._, S.

Ȝongthe, _sb._ youth, W; ȝungthe, HD, Prompt.; youngth, S3.

Ȝop, _adj._ bold, HD; see Ȝape.

Ȝore, _adv._ formerly, S2, G; yore, S2, S3, C2: ȝare, S.—AS. _geára_, for _géara_, gen. pl. of _géar_. See Ȝeer.

Ȝorle, _sb._ earl, HD; see Erl.

Ȝornde, _pt. s._ yearned, S; see Ȝernen.

Ȝoskinge, _sb._ sobbing, WA; ȝyxynge, Prompt.—Cp. AS. _giscian_ (BT).

Ȝotun, _pp._ molten, W2; see Ȝeten.

Ȝou, _pron. pl. acc._ and _dat._ you, S, S2, W, PP; ȝow, S2, G, PP; yow, S, C2; ȝew, S; ȝeu, S; ȝuw, S; ȝiu, S; giu, S; gu, S; ow, S, S2; ou, S, S2; eu, S; eou, S; eow, S.—AS. _éow_. See also Ȝe.

Ȝoulen, _v._ to howl, cry, MD; goulen, S, S2; ȝaulen, MD; yawle, HD; gowland, _pr. p._, S3.—Icel. _gaula_.

Ȝoure, _pron. pl. gen._ of you (also _poss. pron._, your), S; eouwer, S; æoure, S; ȝure, S; ȝiure, S; ȝowre, PP; eure, S; gur, S; ȝeur, S; ower, S; oure, S2; our, S; ore, S2; or, S2; youres, C2.—AS. _éowre_, gen. of _éow_, you. See Ȝe.

Ȝou-selue, yourselves, S; ȝou-silf, W; ȝow-seluen, PP; ȝow-self, PP; ow-seolf, S; ow-seoluen, S; ou-suluen, S.

Ȝouthe, _sb._ youth, PP, S2; youthe, C2; ȝowthe, PP; yowthe, S2; yhouthe, S2; yhowthe, S2; ȝieuð, S; ȝuheðe, S; ȝuȝeðe, S.—AS. _geoguð_, _guguð_, _iuguð_; see Sievers, 74.

Ȝouthede, _sb._ youth, MD; youthede, MD; guðhede, S.—AS. _geoguðhád_.

Ȝouen, _pp._ of Ȝiuen.

Ȝowle, _sb._ Yule, HD; see Ȝole.

Ȝoȝelinge, _sb._ guggling noise, S.

Ȝude, _pt. s._ went, S2; see Ȝeode.

Ȝuheðe, _sb._ youth, S; see Ȝouthe.

Ȝus, _adv._ yes, S2; see Ȝis.

Ȝut, _conj._ yet, S, S2, P; see Ȝet.

Ȝyng, _adj._ young, S3; see Ȝong.

_The subdivision of T, U/V, and W, and the format of their headers, is as in the original. Note that Th includes Þ._

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

This section is included for completeness. All changes have been made in the text. Corrections are marked with mouse-hover popups, while additions are shown as outlined paragraphs.

A, _prep._ of, S2, S3, PP; see Of.

A, _adv._ ever, S; aa, S; a buten, ever without, S; see O.

Accompt, _sb._ account, S3; see Acounte.

Accompted, _pp._ accounted, S3; see Acounte.

Ace, _sb._ a jot, S3; see As.

Addledd, _pp._ earned, S; see Adlen.

Æn, _num._ and _indef. art._ one, S; ænne, S; see Oon.

Æness, _adv._ once, S; see Oones.

Afingret, _pp._ an-hungered, NED, HD; see Of-hungred.

Afyrst, _pp._ athirst, PP; afurst, PP; afrust, PP; see Of-þurst.

Agreþed, _pp._ made ready, S2; see A-graythen.

Ah, _pr. s._ owes (as a duty), S; ahen, _pr. pl._, are obliged, S; see Owen.

Aht, _sb._ aught, anything; ahte, S; ahct, S; see Ought.

Ak, _sb._ oak, Voc.; akis, _pl._, S3; see Ook.

Akennet, _pp._ born, S; see A-cennen.

Almain. _For_ almain-lean _read_ almain-leap.

Anaunter, for an aunter, a chance, S2; see Auenture.

Ande, _sb._ breath, H; see Onde.

Anfald, _adj._ single, simple, S, HD; see Oone-fold.

Anhed, _sb._ unity, H; see Oonhed.

Anleth. For _v._ read _sb._

Anwalde, _sb. dat._ power, S; anwolde, S; see On-wald.

Are, _sb._ oar, MD; see Ore.

Athamaunte, _sb._ adamant, C; see Adamant.

Atteir, _sb._ attire, S3; see Atyre.

Aual, _imp. s._ fell, cause to fall, S; see A-fallen.

Auhte, _pt. s._ ought, S; aucte, owned, S; see Owen.

Auote, _adv._ on foot, S2; see A-fote.

Autorite, _sb._ authority, C; see Auctoritee.

Autour, _sb._ author, S3; see Auctour.

Aw-; see Au-.

Aynd, _sb._ breath, B; see Onde.

Aynding, _sb._ smelling, B; see Onding.

Ayr, _sb._ oar, B; see Ore.

Belde, _adj._ big, blustering, S; see Bold.

Belt, _pp._ built, S3; see Bilden.

Beode, _v._ to pray, S; see Bidden.

Bersten, _v._ to burst, S, C; see Bresten.

Betaken, _v._ to betoken, S2; see Bi-toknen.

Bi-healde, _v._ to behold; bihalden, S2; see Bi-holden.

Bilæde, _pt. s._ enclosed, S; see Bi-leggen.

Bilæuen, _v._ to remain, S; see Bi-leuen.

Billet, _sb._ a piece of firewood; byllets, _pl._, S3 (26. 785).

Binam, Binom; _pt. s._ of Bi-nimen.

Bi-soȝte, _pt. s._ of Bi-sechen.

Bituhhe, _prep._ between, S; see Bi-twiȝe.

Blane (_for_ blan), _pt. s._ of Bi-linnen.

Blynke. _For_ sie _read_ see.

Bod, _pt. s._ waited, S2; bode, waited for, S2; see Biden.

Bounden, _pp._ bound, S, C2; see Binden.

Breas, _sb._ brass, S; see Bras.

Breggid, _pt. s._ shortened, W; see Abregge.

Bulde, _pt. s._ built, C; see Bilden.

Bye, _v._ to buy, S2; by, C3; see Biggen.

Camel. The regular OF. equivalent for Lat. _camēlum_ was _chameil_. In OF. _camel_ the termination _-el_ is due to analogy with French forms derived from _-ālem_. See BH, § 43.

Canoun. Church Lat. _canonicus_ did not mean originally ‘one on the church-roll or list,’ but one who was bound to observe a certain rule of life (_canon_, κανών). OF. _chanoine_ is not the precise equivalent of _canonicum_, but represents a Latin type *_canonium_. See Scheler’s Dict. (ed. 3).

Cherche, _sb._ church, S2, C3; see Chirche.

Clomben, _pp._ climbed, C; see Climben.

Daw, _sb._ day, S2; see Day.

Deburs, _v._ disburse, pay, S3; see Disburse.

Dedeyn, _sb._ disdain, W, H; see Disdeyn.

Degyset, _pp._ disguised, S2; see Disgysen.

Deserited. For Desheriten, read Disheriten.

Dide, _pt. s._ did, caused, put, S; see Don.

Dilitable, _adj._ delightful, S2; see Delitable.

Diuise, _v._ to tell of, describe, S2; see Deuisen.

Druiȝest, _2 pr. s._ art dry, S2; see Drye.

Dunt, _sb._ blow, S, S2; see Dent.

Effnenn, _v._ to make equal or even, S; see Euenen.

Ernes. A derivation of this word from the French has not been proved.—OF. _ernes_ does not exist.

Falten. The form falt should be taken away from this article and placed under Folden. The words _falt mi tunge_ mean ‘my tongue gives way.’ For the various meanings of this verb folden, see MD (ii. 68). This correction is due to the kindness of Prof. Napier.

For-swinken, _v._ to exhaust with toil; forswonke, _pp._, S3 (p. 364, l. 24).

Frayd, _pp._ frightened, S3; fraid, scared, S3; see Afrayen.

Habide, _v._ to abide, resist, S2; see A-biden.

Hagt. Dr. F. Holthausen suggests that this word means ‘danger, peril,’ comparing this ME. _hagt_ with Icel. _hætta_ which has the same meaning. Kluge connects this _hætta_ with Gothic _hāhan_, to hang, so that it may mean radically ‘a state of being in suspense.’ The word must have come into England in the form *_haht_, before the assimilation of _ht_ to _tt_.

Hal, _adj._ all, S2; see Al.

Ham, _1 pr. s._ am, S; see Am.

Haxede, _pt. s._ asked, S; see Asken.

Here, _adv._ before, S; see Er.

Heremyte, _sb._ hermit, S2; heremites, _pl._, P; see Ermite.

Hulpen. (To be placed more to the right.)

Ich, _adj._ each, S, S2; see Eche.

Ieden, _pt. pl._ went, S; see Eode.

Joutes. For _jutā_ read _jūta_. For other cognates of this wide-spread word, see Kluge (s.v. _jauche_). See also s.v. _käse_, where Kluge remarks that Icel. _ostr_, cheese, and Finnish _juusto_, cheese, are etymologically connected with G. _jauche_, and Latin _jus_.

Kepen. AS. _cépan_, to keep, should be kept quite distinct from AS. _cýpan_, to sell. AS. _cýpan_ is the phonetic representative of OTeut. _kaupjan_, whereas _cépan_, to keep, represents an OTeut. *_kōpjan_. Cp. E. _keen_, the representative of AS. _céne_, OTeut. *_kōni_ (G. _kühn_). See Kluge’s note in P. & B. Beiträge, viii. 538.

Mo. Add ) at the end.

Note, _sb._ nut. A better explanation of _not-heed_ is ‘with the hair of the head closely cut.’ The verb to _nott_ means to cut the hair close. ‘_Tondre_, to sheer, clip, cut, powle, _nott_’; Cotgrave.

Onond, _prep._ as regards, respecting, S; onont, S; see An-ent.

Quene. It should be noted that E. _queen_ is not precisely the same word as E. _quean_. For _queen_ is the phonetic equivalent of AS. _cwén_, Goth. _kwēns_, whereas _quean_ represents AS. _cwĕne_, Goth. _kwĭno_.

Senged, _pp._ sun-burnt, S3 (p. 364, l. 29); see Sengin.

Sisour, _sb._ juror, PP; sysour, P; see Asisour.

Stok. Prof. Napier maintains that the stokess of the Ormulum cannot be identified with AS. _stocc_, as the gemination of the consonant persists in the Ormulum. He suggests that stokess means ‘places,’ comparing the use of _stoke_ in place-names, e.g. _Wude stoke_ in Chron. (Earle, p. 249), He also cites in illustration AS. _stoc-weard_, ‘oppidanus,’ see Leo, p. 206.

Sum (1). _Dele_ ‘sumere, dat., S;’

Twichand, _pres. pt._ touching, regarding, S3 (13. 271).

Tyred, _pp._ attired, dressed, S2; see Atyren.

Urþe (written Vrþe), _sb._ earth, S2; see Erthe.

Whicche, a chest, trunk, box; whucche, PP; whyche, Prompt.; hoche, Prompt.—AS. _hwicce_; ‘Clustella, _hwicce_;’ Engl. Studien, xi. 65.

Wike, _sb. pl._ the corners of the mouth, S (4 a. 49).—Cf. Icel. _munnvik_, pl., the corners of the mouth; see CV (s.v. _munnr_). The word _wikes_ is still in use in this sense at Whitby. See Whitby Glossary (E.D.S.).

Wone, _adj._ one, S3 (7. 97); see Oon.

Wyne-grapis, _sb. pl._ vine-grapes, S3 (13. 99).

Transcriber’s Notes:

Underlining Errors Alphabetization Hyphens

Underlining in the Dictionary

All underlining was added by the transcriber. You will see the following forms:

errors noted by transcriber errors noted by author ambiguous hyphens (underlining intentionally faint) Greek words (underlining should be invisible in most browsers) text from Additions and Corrections (outlined as a block)

Errors and Inconsistencies

For errors corrected by the authors, see the Additions and Corrections section.

Typographical errors are shown in the text with mouse-hover popups. Most errors are trivial, such as missing or incorrect punctuation or misplaced italics. Variant abbreviations such as “O.H.G.” for “OHG.” have been regularized to the forms given in the Authorities and Language lists. The word “invisible” in corrections means that there is an appropriately sized blank space in the printed text.

Errors in Greek accents were silently corrected. A few minor variations were retained, including:

“hedgehog” or “hedghog” Cf. or Cp. (_n_) or (_n._) _pt. pr._ or _pt.-pr._

Alphabetization in the Dictionary

Unless otherwise noted, words are spelled and alphabetized as originally printed. Note in particular:

The letter Æ æ is alphabetized as ae.

The letter I is alphabetized according to its phonetic value, vowel before consonant. J is not used.

Thorn Þ þ and eth ð (capital Ð does not occur) are alphabetized as th.

The letters U and V are shown with the _form_ used in their source documents, but are _alphabetized_ by phonetic value. A few sequences such as initial Su- do not make this distinction.

Yogh Ȝ ȝ is alphabetized after y.

_Technical Note_

Anchors of Dictionary headwords are in the form word_entry (lower case) with these modifications:

— æ, ð, þ, ȝ have been expanded to ae, dh, th, gh

— diacritical marks and medial hyphens have been omitted

— spaces (only in phrases) have been changed to _ lines

— duplicate headwords are identified by part of speech and, if necessary, by number: word_thanne_adv; word_on_prefix_1. If the text uses numbers, as with groups of identically spelled prefixes, the anchor will use the same number.

Hyphens At Line-End

The book’s two-column format resulted in a great many line-end hyphens. Most hyphenated words were unique, so the ordinary tests (“Is this word, or a structurally similar one, hyphenated on its other occurrences?”) could seldom be used.

Line-end hyphens in cross-references (“see”, “see also”, “cf.”) were kept or omitted based on the form of the cross-referenced headword. Note that hyphenization in this situation is very inconsistent. Except in the Additions, cross-references often omit a mid-line hyphen that is present in the referenced word, or include one that is absent.

Line-end hyphens were retained in past participles in i-, y- and equivalent, and after the prefixes out- and to-; they were omitted before common endings such as -lich, -ship, -ness, -full. They were removed after Middle English un-, but retained after Anglo-Saxon un-.

The remaining line-end hyphens were omitted _unless_ they were in the same location (morphological boundary) as the hyphen in the headword, or if the hyphenated word was a compound. Within these two groups, final decisions were based on more fluid criteria such as internal consistency within an entry, or hyphenization of other words from the same source. Words printed with these types of ambiguous hyphens are lightly underlined in the e-text. The position of omitted hyphens is generally obvious, and has not been explicitly marked.