Chapter XI
., ante.
[347] See War Department Report, 1900, vol. i., pt. 5, pp. 65-6.
[348] As for my share as a soldier in that Philippine Insurrection, admitting, as I now do, that it was a tragedy of errors, the President of the United States would indeed be a very impotent Chief Executive if it were every American's duty to deliberate as a judge on the Bench before he decided to answer a president's call for volunteers in an emergency. I am not yet so highly educated as to find no inward response to the sentiment, "Right or wrong, my country." If this sentiment is not right, no republic can long survive, for the ultimate safety of republics must lie in volunteer soldiery.
[349] Page 93.
[350] Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain, vol. ii., p. 1211.
[351] Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain, vol. ii., p. 1222.
[352] Ibid., vol. ii., p. 1223.
[353] Ibid., p. 1226.
[354] Ibid., p. 1237.
[355] See Correspondence Relating to War with Spain, vol. ii., p. 1239.
[356] Ten or twelve thousand.
[357] Correspondence Relating to War with Spain, vol. ii., p. 1249.
[358] See Public Laws, U. S. Philippine Commission Division of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington, 1901, p. 181.
[359] See General Funston's article on "The Capture of Aguinaldo," which appeared in Scribner's Magazine for November, 1911.
[360] War Department Report, 1901, vol. i. pt. 4, p. 99.
[361] For a copy of this proclamation see War Department Report, 1901, vol. i., pt. 4, p. 100.
[362] The War with Spain, by H. C. Lodge, p. 20.
[363] Mr. Williams to Mr. Cridler, Senate Document 62 (1898), p. 319.
[364] See First Report of Taft Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, p. 17.
[365] General MacArthur's report for 1901, War Department Report, 1901, vol. i., pt. 4, p. 90.
[366] Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain, vol. ii., p. 1241.
[367] J. R. Arnold, of the Philippine Civil Service Board, in North American Review, for February, 1912.
[368] Correspondence Relating to War with Spain, vol. ii., p. 1261.
[369] War Department Report, 1901, vol. i., pt. 4, p. 98.
[370] Senate Document 331, pt. 1, 57th Congress, 1st Session, 1902, p. 136.
[371] Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya.
[372] A kind of two-wheeled buggy, the principal public vehicle of Manila.
[373] As it turned out, I lost nothing in the end, because my resignation of my military commission was not acted on at Washington, and I only ceased to be an officer of the army by operation of law at the end of the fiscal year, June 30, 1901, as had been provided by the Act of Congress of March 2, 1899, organizing the twenty-five regiments for Philippine service.
[374] See the Act of the U. S. Philippine Commission of July 17, 1901, entitled, "An act restoring the provinces of Batangas, Cebu, and Bohol, to the executive control of the military governor," in Public Laws, U. S. Philippine Commission, Division of Insular Affairs, War Department.
[375] See American Census of the Philippines, vol. ii., p. 123.
[376] Ib., vol. i., p. 58.
[377] War Department Report, 1901, vol. i., pt. 8, p. 7.
[378] See pages 102 et seq. of Our Philippine Problem by H. Parker Willis, Professor of Economics and Politics in Washington and Lee University. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1905.
[379] Where he still is.
[380] Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain, vol. ii., p. 1297.
[381] The words quoted were used by Mr. Root in a speech delivered at Youngstown, Ohio, October 25, 1900.
[382] Sixty-six men and three officers were surprised at breakfast and cut off from their guns by several hundred bolo men who had come into town as unarmed natives under pretence of attending a church fiesta. Forty-five men and officers were killed after a desperate resistance. Twenty-four only were able to escape. War Department Report, 1901, vol. i., pt. 8, p. 8.
[383] Governor Taft's Report for 1901, War Department Report, 1901, vol. i., pt. 8, p. 8.
[384] War Department Report, 1902, vol. ix., p. 208.
[385] Leviticus xvi., 10.
[386] War Department Report, 1901, vol. i., pt. 8, p. 12.
[387] Senate Document 331, pt. 1, p. 86, 57th Congress, 1st Session (1902).
[388] War Department Report for 1900, vol. i., pt. 5, p. 59 et seq. Ibid., 1901, vol. i., pt. 4, p. 88 et seq.
[389] Report for 1901, p. 98.
[390] See Philippine Census, vol. ii, p. 123.
[391] The Provincial Government Act was an act passed February 6, 1901, outlining the general scheme of government for the several provinces, and indicating the various tempting official positions attaching thereto.
[392] War Department Report, 1902, vol. ix., p. 191.
[393] Senate Document 331, p. 1612 et seq.
[394] Senate Document 331, 1902, p. 1614.
[395] S. D. 331, 1902, p. 1622.
[396] Ibid., p. 1623.
[397] S. D. 331, 1902, p. 1628.
[398] War Department Report, 1902, vol. ix., p. 221.
[399] Colonel Wagner's testimony before Senate Committee of 1902. Senate Document 331, pt. 3, p. 2873.
[400] War Department Report, 1902, vol. ix., p. 284.
[401] Senate Document 331, 1902, p. 887.
[402] Senate Document 331, pt. 3, p. 2878.
[403] Theodore Rex.
[404] War Department Report, 1902, vol. ix., p. 192.
[405] Correspondence relating to the War with Spain, vol. ii., pp. 1352-3.
[406] Military Correspondence Relating to War with Spain, vol. ii., p. 1244.
[407] Macaulay's Trial of Hastings.
[408] Says Gen. Henry T. Allen, commanding the Philippines constabulary, in his report for 1903 (Report U. S. Philippine Commission, 1903, pt. 3, p. 49), "For some time to come the number of troops (meaning American) to be kept here should be a direct function of the number of guns put into the hands of natives." He adds, "It is unwise to ignore the great moral effect of a strong armed force above suspicion."
[409] The constabulary force was about 5000. When disturbances in one province would become formidable, constabulary from provinces would be hurried thither, thus denuding the latter provinces of proper police protection.
[410] 1912.
[411] The reference is supposed to be to Mr. McKinley.
[412] War Department Report, 1902, vol. ix., p. 264.
[413] Delaware has 2050 square miles, Albay 1783.
[414] Correspondence Relating to War with Spain, vol. ii., p. 1249.
[415] President Roosevelt cabled Kelly, whom he had known in the West many years before, congratulating him on the results of his cool and determined fearlessness and presence of mind on that occasion, but elaboration on the Surigao affair was not part of the insular programme, which was one of irrepressible optimism as to the state of public order.
[416] Every province in the Philippines is divided into so many pueblos. Pueblo, in Spanish, means town. But the Spanish pueblo is more like a township. It does not mean a continuous stretch of residences and other buildings, but a given municipal area. Each pueblo is likewise subdivided into barrios, dotted usually with hamlets, and groups of houses.
[417] Report U. S. Philippine Commission, 1903, pt. 3, p. 92.
[418] Report U. S. Philippine Commission, 1903, pt. 1, p. 366.
[419] Senate Document 170, 58th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 16.
[420] Report U. S. Philippine Commission, 1903, pt. 1, p. 32.
[421] 240, 326, Philippine Census, 1903, vol. ii., p. 123.
[422] The speech referred to in the text was made at Manila in December, 1903, but the same "Philippines for the Filipinos" policy had already been proclaimed much earlier. The Manila American of February 28, 1903, reprints from the Iloilo Times of February 21, 1903, an account of Governor Taft's celebrated Iloilo speech of February 19, 1903, which was received with such profound chagrin by the American business community in the Islands. There had been much bad blood between the American colony at and about Iloilo and the native Americano-phobes. The following is from the Iloilo paper's account of Governor Taft's speech: "The Governor then gave some advice to foreigners and Americans, remarking that if they found fault with the way the government was being run here, they could leave the islands; that the government was being run for the Filipinos."
[423] James LeRoy in The World's Work for December, 1903.
[424] A familiar instance of this will occur to any one acquainted with the situation in the Islands for any considerable part of the last ten years.
[425] Act No. 136, U. S. Philippine Commission, passed June 11, 1901.
[426] Act 1024, Philippine Commission, passed Oct. 10, 1903.
[427] There were five members of the original Taft Commission, including President Taft.
[428] I neither forget nor gainsay the generally benevolent character of his despotism; and having been a beneficiary of it myself I am therefore disposed to see much of wisdom in the way it was exercised.
[429] Philippine Census, vol. ii., p. 123.
[430] Ib., vol. i., p. 58.
[431] Says Brigadier-General Wm. H. Carter, in his annual report for 1905 covering the Samar outbreak of 1904-5: "Whatever may have been the original cause of the outbreak, it was soon lost sight of when success had drawn a large proportion of the people away from their homes and fields. Except in the largest towns it became simply a question of joining the pulajans or being harried by them. In the absence of proper protection thousands joined in the movement." See War Department Report, 1905, vol. iii., p. 286.
[432] Bulao was situated on a high bluff on the left bank of a river called the Bangahon. The Pulajans entered before daybreak, on July 21st. There was a stiff fight at Bulao, also, between our native troops and the enemy on August 21st, but Calderon seems to have left it out of his list. See Gen. Wm. H. Carter's Report for 1905, War Department Report, 1905, vol. iii., p. 290. Capt. Cary Crockett, a descendant of David Crockett, commanded the constabulary, and though badly wounded himself, as were also half his command, he defeated a force of Pulajans greatly outnumbering his, killing forty-one of them. Report U. S. Philippine Commission, 1905, pt. 3, p. 90, Report of Col. Wallace C. Taylor. I think he was awarded a medal of honor for his work. He certainly earned it.
"Pulajan" means "red breeches," the uniform of the mountain clans, worn whenever they set out to give trouble.
[433] Of March 23d of the previous year, already described in a previous chapter, where Luther S. Kelly--"Yellowstone" Kelly--saved the American women by gathering them and a few men in the Government House and bluffing the brigands off.
[434] The "Conant" peso, named for the noted fiscal expert, Mr. Conant. It was worth fifty cents American money.
[435] The Fourteenth U. S. Infantry was stationed in garrison just outside the town proper of Calbayog, which was three hours by steam launch from the provincial capital, Catbalogan. But the depredations might have been carried to just outside the line of the military reservation, and the military folk would not have dared to make a move save on request first made by the Civil Government at Manila. In other words the above three villages were burned under their noses.
[436] One seems to get the stoicism better in the original, somehow, so I give the body of the original Spanish, as it came to me:
En el distrito de Motiong, municipio de Wright, provincia de Samar, Islas Filipinas, a primero de septiembre de mil novecientos quatro. Ante mi Peregrin Albano, consejal del mismo, y presente el Presidente de Sanidad Municipal, D. Tomas San Pablo y principales del mismo se procedio al enterramiento de los cadaveres victimas de los Pulajans en el sementerio de esta localidad el oficial de voluntarios, Rafael Rosales y otros voluntarios, Gualberto Gabane, Juan Pacle, Dionisio Daisno, Pedro Damtanan, Carmelo Lagbo, y
## particulares Eustaquia Sapiten y Apolinaria N: con otro tanto
Pulajan desconocido; en conformidad de la carta oficial de la presidencia municipal de Wright de fecha de hoy registrada con el numero 136.
Del citado enteramiento ha sido asistido por el Reverendo Padre Marcos Gomez y acompanado por toda la fuerza voluntaria del mismo por la muerte del oficial Rosales.
[437] See War Department Report, 1905, vol. iii., p. 290.
[438] Hill was Whittier's deputy at Llorente.
[439] Even if the municipal police had been like Caesar's wife, they were like chaff before the wind in a Pulajan foray, though they were somewhat better if well led by some prominent and forceful man of the community in an expedition after Pulajans.
[440] A disease of a dropsical variety, usually attacking the legs first, which easily becomes epidemic. It had been the cause of many of the 120 deaths in the Albay jail during the Ola insurrection. Ideal conditions for it are a steady diet of poor rice and lack of exercise.
[441] It was not well to be too hasty. You might have the head of the whole uprising in custody, or one of his most important lieutenants, and find it out by the merest accident in the course of hearing a case against some apparently abject "private of the rear rank."
[442] By unwarranted I mean without warrant. Nobody bothered much with warrants. The times were too strenuous.
[443] See New York Tribune, Oct. 25, 1904.
[444] Ibid.
[445] Smith, Bell & Co. are an old British mercantile house, well known in Manila and Hong Kong.
[446] The North American Review article by the writer, to which Judge Ide was replying, appeared in the issue of that magazine for January 18, 1907, and could hardly have escaped the attention of anybody concerned, having been given wide circulation; (1) by Mr. Andrew Carnegie through pamphlet reprints; (2) by Hon. Wm. J. Bryan, in his paper, the Commoner; (3) by Hon. James L. Slayden, M. C. of Texas, through reprinting in the Congressional Record.
[447] Such as the breakwater at Manila, the road-building in various provinces, etc.--all, however, be it remembered, being paid for by the Filipino people, out of the insular revenues and assets.
[448] By Mrs. Campbell Dauncey.
[449] Words used by Governor-General James F. Smith, in an address at the Quill Club, Manila, January 25, 1909.
[450] Delivered in 1902, after the Senator visited the Islands in 1901.
[451] The following is a copy of the letter accepting my resignation:
Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, January 25, 1905.
My dear Judge Blount:
I have to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of yesterday in which you tender your resignation as Judge of First Instance at large. I regret extremely that your ill-health has made this course imperative. Under all the circumstances, however, I am satisfied that you have acted wisely, as I have feared for some time that you would be unable to perform the duties pertaining to your office because of your physical condition. I, therefore, though with much regret accept your resignation.
At the same time I beg to express my appreciation of the faithful and efficient services you have rendered in the past. I hope very much that a rest and change of climate may have the effect of restoring you again to vigorous health, and I assure you that you carry with you my best wishes for your future prosperity and happiness.
Sincerely yours, Luke E. Wright, Civil Governor.
To the Honorable James H. Blount, Judge of First Instance at large, Manila, P. I.
[452] See annual report of the Governor-General for 1905, in Report of the Philippine Commission for 1905, pt. 1, p. 85.
[453] Which delegates were denied admission to the Convention on the ground that no American living in the Philippines could be in sympathy with the Democratic programme as to them.
[454] An Englishwoman in the Philippines, by Mrs. Campbell Dauncey.
[455] War Department Report, 1905, vol. iii., p. 285.
[456] Army reports are usually made right after the expiration of the American governmental fiscal year, June 30th.
[457] Report, U. S. Philippine Commission, 1907, pt. 1, p. 47.
[458] See Report, U. S. Philippine Commission, 1907, pt. 1, p. 38. He means Cavite, Batangas, and Laguna.
[459] Report, U. S. Philippine Commission, 1905, pt. 1, p. 212.
[460] Report, U. S. Philippine Commission, 1905, pt. 1, p. 52.
[461] For a copy of it, see the case of Barcelon vs. Baker, Philippine Supreme Court Reports, vol. v., p. 89.
[462] Volume v., Philippine Reports.
[463] Mr. Garfield was President Roosevelt's Secretary of the Interior.
[464] Report, U. S. Philippine Commission, 1906, pt. 2, p. 255.
[465] See page 227, Report of Philippine Commission, 1906, pt. 2.
[466] Report, Philippine Commission, 1906, pt. 1, p. 37.
[467] See Report of Philippine Commission, 1906, pt. 2, p. 228.
[468] Pt. 1, p. 36.
[469] Report of Taft Philippine Commission for 1900, p. 17.
[470] See Report of U. S. Philippine Commission, 1907, pt. 1, p. 229.
[471] Amigo, in Spanish, means friend. Every non-combatant Filipino with whom our people came in contact in the early days always claimed to be an "amigo," and never was, in any single instance.
[472] See testimony of General MacArthur before the Senate Committee of 1902, Senate Document 331, 1902, p. 1942.
[473] The adverse minority report on the pending Jones bill, which bill proposes ultimate Philippine independence in 1921, is full of the old insufferable drivel about "tribes," and of the rest of the Root views of 1900.
[474] See Report of U. S. Philippine Commission, 1907, pt. 1, p. 211.
[475] Part 1, p. 38.
[476] Report of Philippine Commission, 1907, pt. 1, p. 37.
[477] See President McKinley's annual message to Congress of December, 1899, Congressional Record, December 5, 1899, p. 34.
[478] Provinces totalling about a million people.
[479] Report of U. S. Philippine Commission, 1905, pt. 1, p. 211.
[480] Report of Philippine Commission, 1907, pt. 1, p. 38.
[481] Ibid., 1906; pt. 1, p. 225.
[482] To be absolutely accurate, there are 688 people classified as "wild" in the Census figures as to Samar, and 265,549 are put down as civilized; the total of population being 266,237. All the 388,922 people of Leyte are put down as civilized. See Philippine Census, Table of Population, vol. ii., p. 123.
[483] Report of Philippine Commission for 1907, pt. 1, p. 195.
[484] See Report of Philippine Commission, 1908, pt. 1, p. 62.
[485] Tract. You speak of the small farmer's "late of hemp" in the Philippines as you do of his "patch of cotton" in the United States.
[486] A picul is a bale of a given quantity--weight. "Breaking out a picul of hemp" is analogous, colloquially, to "picking a bale of cotton."
[487] See Congressional Record, December 5, 1905, p. 103.
[488] See Report of Philippine Commission, 1907, pt. 1, p. 215.
[489] Macbeth, Act V., Sc. 8.
[490] In June, 1912, Governor Forbes was still Governor-General.
[491] By "foreign" I mean, of course, American, i.e., non-resident.
[492] Hearings on Sugar, April 5, 1912.
[493] Introduced in the House of Representatives by Hon. W. A. Jones, of Va., Chairman of the Committee on Insular Affairs of the House, in March, 1912.
[494] See also, in connection with this table, the folding map of the archipelago at the end of the book.
[495] The greatest defect of the Philippine Government was in the beginning, and still is, that the Philippine Commission, which is the executive authority, controls the appointment and assignment of the trial judges, and also, largely, their chances for promotion to the Supreme Bench of the Islands. The Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of the United States, often on recommendation of the Commission, but thereafter they are absolutely independent. The trial judges ought also to be appointed by the President of the United States.
[496] Republished, Congressional Record, January 9, 1900, p. 715.
[497] See Report U. S. Philippine Commission, 1905, pt. 1, p. 89 et seq.
[498] Report Philippine Commission, 1906, pt. 1, p. 99.
[499] U. S. Philippine Commission Report, 1907, pt. 1, p. 149.
[500] See Report Philippine Commission for 1907, pt. 1, p. 80.
[501] War Department Report, 1899, vol. i., pt. 4, p. 142.
[502] Ibid., pp. 559-560.
[503] See War Department Report, 1901, vol. i., pt. 4, p. 98.
[504] War Department Report, vol. i., pt. 5, p. 60.
[505] From July 31, 1898, to May 24, 1900, we lost 1138 men by disease. See special report of the Surgeon-General of the Army, Senate Document 426, 56th Cong., 1st Sess. By the middle of 1900 our soldiers had pretty well learned how to take care of themselves in the tropics.
[506] See vol. ii., p. 102.
[507] See Senate Document 331, 1902, p. 887.
[508] Appalling, because there are forty-nine other provinces besides Batangas.
[509] Vol. ii., p. 123.
[510] See page 78 of the special report of the Secretary of War Taft on the Philippines, January 23, 1908, transmitted by President Roosevelt to Congress, January 27, 1908, Senate Document 200, 60th Cong., 1st Sess.
[511] Act 230, U. S. Philippine Commission.
[512] For the convenience of readers who do not constantly use the metric system: A kilo is about 2.25 lbs.
[513] According to what part of archipelago grown.
[514] The Payne law of 1909 continued the export tax, etc.
[515] Dried cocoa-nut meat, used to make soaps and oils. I do not deal with copra because it nearly all goes to Europe, principally to Marseilles.
[516] Senate Document 200, 1908, Sixtieth Congress, First Session.
[517] I have myself seen a cloud of locusts three miles long.
[518] Report, U. S. Philippine Commission, 1904, pt. 1, pp. 26-7.
[519] Report, U. S. Philippine Commission, 1905, pt. 1, pp. 72-3.
[520] Senator Newlands, North American Review, December, 1905. Senator Newlands was one of the party.
[521] Part 1, p. 99.
[522] 137 1/2 lbs.
[523] President Roosevelt's message to Congress of January 27, 1908, transmitting report of Secretary of War Taft on the Philippines.
[524] Before assuming to use these letters in this book, I sent them to Mr. Carnegie and asked his permission to so use them. He returned them to me with his consent entered on the back of one of them.
[525] 300,000 tons of sugar, 150,000,000 cigars, etc.
[526] Congressional Record, May 13, 1909, p. 2009.
[527] Mr. Perkins is chairman of the Finance Committee of the International Harvester Company, a hundred million dollar corporation owning divers subsidiary companies which make twine and cordage. See Moody's Manual.
[528] The Atcheson, Topeka & Santa Fe.
[529] Paul Morton.
[530] Autobiography of Seventy Years, vol. ii., p. 317.
[531] P. 252, ante.
[532] P. 255.
[533] P. 258.
[534] Pp. 258-9.
[535] The name is immaterial, but the grouping is convenient and practicable, though not the only grouping practicable.
[536] See p. 267, ante.
[537] For June 21, 1907.
[538] In the article quoted from I named three men, adding "or any three men of like calibre." One of the three was Justice Adam C. Carson, of the Philippine Supreme Court, who has been a member of the Philippine Judiciary since the Taft Civil Government was founded in 1901. If this book has gained for me any character in the estimation of any reader who is or may hereafter be clothed with authority, I desire to say here, on the very highest public grounds, that, in my judgment, Judge Carson is the most considerable man we have out there now (1912)--a good man to have in an emergency. Though not as learned in the law as his colleague, Justice Johnson--who is quite the equal, as a jurist, of most of the Federal judges I know in the United States, Judge Carson is a man of great breadth of view, and is peculiarly endowed with capacity to handle men and situations effectively and patriotically.
[539] Says the census of the Philippines of 1903, vol. ii., p. 15: "The total population of the Philippine Archipelago on March 2, 1903, was 7,635,426. Of this number, 6,987,686 enjoyed a considerable degree of civilization, while the remainder, 647,740, consisted of wild people." By this same Census, the Moros are classified as uncivilized, and the population of the island on which they live, Mindanao, is given at about 500,000 (499,634, vol. ii., p. 126), of which about half only (252,940) are Moros, the rest being civilized. The total of the uncivilized people of the archipelago, according to the Census, is 647,740 (vol. ii., p. 123), less than 400,000, leaving out the Moros.
[540] Tagalo, Ilocano, and Visayan are the three main dialects that have been evolved into written language by the patience of the Spanish priests in the last couple of hundred years or so. Probably five sixths of the people of the archipelago speak some one of these three dialects. In fact they can hardly be called "dialects," for there are plenty of books--novels, plays, grammars, histories, dictionaries, etc.--written in Tagalo, Ilocano, or Visayan. Every educated Filipino of the well-to-do classes grows up speaking Spanish and the dialect of his native province, while the latter is the only language spoken by the less fortunate people of his neighborhood, the poorer classes.
[541] This report is numbered Report 606, 62d Cong., 2d Sess., and accompanies H. R. 22143 (the Jones Bill).
[542] According to the American Census of the Philippines, of 1903, the total population of Mindanao is 499,634 (see vol. ii., p. 126), of which 252,940 are Moros, and the rest civilized. In addition to said 252,940 Moros on Mindanao, the adjacent islets contain some 25,000 Moros.
[543] See Senate Document 331, 1902, p. 339.