Chapter VI

., _infra_, p. 295.

[436] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[437] _Supra_, p. 28 and n. 1; _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 216 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2-4; _cf._ Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890, pp. 147 f.; _cf._ _infra_, Ch. VII, pp. 324-5, _c. d. e._

[438] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 29 f; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4, 9-10; _cf._ _infra_, pp. 162-3.

[439] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, pp. 234-5; _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 10-12; _cf._ _infra_, p. 322 and notes 1-7.

[440] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 10-11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2, 2_a_; F. W., no. 323; etc.

[441] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., p. 12; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, 5, 5a; F. W., 325.

[442] Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler_, p. 104. On nudity and athletics, see the article by Furtwaengler, Die Bedeutung der Gymnastik in der griech. Kunst, in _Saemann’s Monatschr. fuer paedagog. Reform._, 1905; W. Mueller, _Nacktheit und Entbloessung in der alt-orient. und aelteren griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., Leipsic, 1906.

[443] The boxer Euryalos “first put a cincture (ζῶμα) about him,” in his bout with Epeios: Iliad, XXIII, 683. See also XXIII, 710; Od., XVIII, 67 and 76.

[444] _E. g._, wrestlers on a black-figured amphora in the Vatican: _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 288, fig. 24; boxers, runners, and a jumper on a b.-f. stamnos in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris (no. 252): Gardiner, p. 418, fig. 142, from de Ridder, _Cat. des vases peints_, I, p. 160.

[445] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18.

[446] Ph., 17. This mantle was called τρίβων—the “worn,” hence was thin and coarse; Hermann-Bluemner, _Griech. Privatalt._, p. 175; etc.

[447] P., I, 44.1; Eustath., on Iliad, XXIII, 683, p. 1324, 12 f. Dionys. Hal., _Antiq. Rom._, VII, 72, says that it was the Spartan Akanthos, who won in a running race, _i. e._, δόλιχος, in Ol. 16; so also Afr.; see P., V, 8.6; Foerster, 17. Orsippos won the stade-race in Ol. 15: Afr.; Eustath., _l. c._; Dionys., _l. c._ Foerster, 16. But Didymos, schol. on Iliad, XXIII, 683, says that Orsippos won in Ol. 32 (= 652 B. C.); similarly _Etym. magn._, p. 242, _s. v._ γυμνάσια; however, Boeckh, _Kleine Schriften_, IV, p. 173, has shown that Ol. 15 is right. Isidoros, in a confused passage, _Orig._, XVIII, 17.2, says that athletes were early girded and dropped the loin-cloth in consequence of a runner getting weary, whence a decree of the time of the archon Hippomenes at Athens (Ol. 14.2) allowed athletes to contend nude; the same story is told in the _Schol. Venet._ on the Iliad, XXIII, 683; see Foerster, 16.

[448] _A. G._, App. 272; Cougny, _Anth. Pal._, 1890, III (_App. nov._), p. 4, no. 24; P., I, 44.1, says that his tomb was near that of Koroibos.

[449] _C. I. G._, I, 1050 (with Boeckh’s commentary on the loin-cloth); _C. I. G. G. S._, 52; Kaibel, _Epigr. Gr., ex lapid. conl._, 1878, no. 843; Frazer, II, p. 538. The schol. on Thukyd., I, 6, quotes four lines of it. The name was spelled Orrippos in the Megarian dialect.

[450] Ph., 17. The story is told also by P., V, 6.7-8. Peisirhodos won in Ol. (?) 88 (= 428 B. C.): P., VI, 7.2; Hyde, 63; Foerster, 314. This brings the change near the end of the fifth century B. C. For the spelling of the name of the victor, see Foerster, _l. c._

[451] I. 6. Here the historian is speaking of athletes in general; Dionysios, VII, 72 and P., I, 44.1, speak only of runners.

Scherer, p. 20, n. 1 (following Krause, I, pp. 405 and 501, n. 18) thought that the words of Thukydides (τὸ δὲ πάλαι) referred to the time antedating Ol. 15, and not later, and concluded that in wrestling (introduced in Ol. 18 = 708 B. C.) and boxing (introduced in Ol. 23 = 688 B. C.) the contestants were always nude. Boeckh, however, rightly concluded that the historian meant that in Ol. 15 only the runners laid off the loin-cloth, while other athletes did so just before his day: _C. I. G._, I, p. 554.

[452] _De Rep._, 452 D. He says that the custom of nudity was introduced first by the Cretans and then by the Spartans.

[453] Thus von Mach says (p. 240): “They were dedicatory statues representing events that had taken place in honor of the gods,” and adds that on such occasions persons were draped, except where such drapery would cause inconvenience, _i. e._, in gymnastic contests.

[454] See Gardiner, p. 465, fig. 172.

[455] _E. g._, the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 973 (fig. 29, p. 557, restored); _Guide_, 597 (fig. 28); Joubin, p. 134, fig. 40; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536.6; _B. Com. Rom._, XVI, 1888, Pls. XV, XVI, 1, 2, (two views) and XVIII (restored), pp. 335-365 (G. Ghirardini).

[456] Pollux, III, 155, wrongly states that runners wore soft leathern boots (ἐνδρομίδες); these never appear on vases, as Krause, I, p. 362 and n. 5, and Gardiner, p. 273, point out, and were the usual footwear of messengers. _Cf._ Mueller, _Arch. d. Kunst_, §363, 6.

[457] At Ephesos in Thukydides’ day: III, 104; earlier on Delos: Thukyd., _ibid._, and Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, 146 f. Maidens and youths wrestled in the gymnasia on Chios: Athenæus, XIII, 20 (p. 566 e.); _cf._ Boeckh, _C. I. G._, II, text to no. 2214.

[458] On athletic contests for women in Sparta, see Plutarch, _Lykourgos_, 14; Xen., _de Rep. lac._, I, 4. Aristoph., _Lysistr._, 80 f., says that the beauty and color of the Lakonian woman Lampito came from gymnastic exercises.

[459] P., V, 6.7. He says that those who broke the Elean rule were thrown from Mount Typaion (a rock south of the river). Their exclusion was doubtless due to a religious taboo and not to modesty; Gardiner, p. 47. P., VI, 20.9, says that the restriction did not include maidens. As there is no other reference about unmarried girls at Olympia, it is probable that girls were not admitted; _cf._ Krause, _Olympia_, p. 54 and n. 9.

[460] _E. g._, Kyniska, P., VI, 1.6, and other Spartan victresses, III, 8.1; Euryleonis, who won in a two-horse chariot-race in Ol. (?) 103 (= 368 B. C.): P., III, 17.6; Foerster, 344; Belistiche, mistress of Ptolemy Philadelphus, was the first to win συνωρίδι πώλων in Ol. 129 (= 264 B. C.): P., V, 8.11; Foerster, 443; Theodota, daughter of the Elean Antiphanes, won ἅρματι πωλικῷ in the first century B. C.: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 203; Foerster, 547.

[461] P., VI, 20.9. The inscribed marble base of a statue of one of these priestesses has been found at Olympia: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 485.

[462] See P., V, 6.7-8.

[463] However, we do not know if they were held in the same year as that of the Olympic festival, or at what time of the year. See L. Weniger, _Klio, Beitraege zur alten Geschichte_, V, 1905, pp. 22 f.

[464] P., V, 162-4. These πίνακες were probably iconic (portrait) paintings. Holes have been found on columns of the Heraion to which they may have been attached. On the girls’ race, see B. B., text to no. 521 (Arndt).

[465] It is a marble copy of an original bronze which is generally dated about 470 B. C., because of archaic reminiscences in the head. It represents a girl of about 14 years. See Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 364; _Guide_, 378, and references; F. W., 213; Bulle, pp. 304 f. Overbeck, II, p. 475, refers it to the school of Pasiteles. It is pictured in B. B., no. 521; Bulle, 142; Baum., III, p. 2111, fig. 2362; Springer-Michaelis, p. 224, fig. 412; von Mach, 73; Amelung, _Museums of Rome_, I, fig. 74; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 527.6; Clarac, Pl. 864, 2199. A similar statue is the torso in Berlin: _Beschr. der Skulpt._, no. 229; and _cf._ Kekulé, _Annali_, XXXVI, 1865, p. 66 (who points out the resemblance of the head of the Vatican statue to that of the figure by Stephanos, Pl. 12); Clarac, Pl. 864, 2200. The height of the Vatican statue is given by Bulle as 1.56 meters. _Cf._ also a statuette of a similar girl runner from Dodona: Rayet, I, Pl. 17, 3.

[466] However, B. Schroeder believes that it is merely a victorious danseuse, and gives several examples of dancers from vase-paintings and the lesser arts: _R. M._, XXIV, 1909, pp. 109 ff. (figs. 1-3). In all of these lively motion is expressed and the free foot is raised high from the ground. When the curious little plat under the statue’s right foot (perhaps intended to represent the starting-stone at the stadion) is removed, the position of the statue does not fit the dance; see Bulle, p. 304, for discussion of this starting-stone.

[467] VIII, 48.2; _cf._ Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4, I, (p. 982).

[468] Bulle compares it with the Tuebingen hoplite-runner (Fig. 42) ready to start, though the quieter pose of the Vatican statue befits a girl rather than the impetuous energy of the man.

[469] On the Διονυσίαδες, see P., III, 13.7; Hesychios, _s. v._; _cf._ Theokr., XVIII, 22; Plut., _Lycurgus_, 14; Pauly-Wissowa, _s. v._ _agones_, I, p. 847; Reisch, p. 46, n. 4. Pauly-Wissowa, _s. v._ χιτών (III, 2, p. 2314) shows that the use of the chiton closed on one side was a Dorian, and especially a Spartan, custom.

[470] On the running race at Kyrene, _cf._ Boeckh, _Explic. ad Pind._, _Pyth._, IX, p. 328. Plato, in his _de Leg._, VIII, 833, D, E, ordained for girls the three running races (στάδιον, δίαυλος, and δόλιχος); the youngest girls should run nude, the others (from 13 to 18) suitably dressed.

[471] Suet., _Domitian_, 4; Dio Cassius, LXVII, 8.

[472] Arndt believes it is Myronian in character: B. B., text to 521.

[473] See Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, pp. 170 f. On the style of wearing the hair in Greece, see the following works: K. O. Mueller, _Handbuch d. Archaeol. d. Kunst_^3, pp. 474 f; Bluemner, _Leben u. Sitten der Griechen_, I, pp. 76 f.; _Home Life of the Ancient Greeks_ (transl. of preceding, by A. Zimmern), 1893, pp. 64 f; Dar.-Sagl., _s. v._ _coma_ (Pottier), I, 2, pp. 1355 f.; Pauly-Wissowa, VII, 2, pp. 2109 ff. (Bremer); Baum., I, pp. 615 f; Guhl-Koner-Engelmann, _Das Leben d. Gr. u. Roem._^6, 1893, pp. 297 f; Amelung, _Gewandung d. Gr. u. Roem._, 1903; Helbig, _Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei_, Ser. III, vol. V., pp. 1 f. (for the Homeric age).

[474] _Cf._ the recurring epithet of Homer, κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαῖοι; Helbig, _Das homerische Epos_^2, p. 236, n. 3; for examples of long hair in the epic, _ibid._, pp. 236 f. That the Homeric hair fell free over the shoulders and not in any conventional order has been proved against Helbig by H. Hofmann, _Jb. f. cl. Philol._, Supplbd., XXVI, 1900, pp. 182 f.

[475] Eurip., _Bacchae_, 455; Aristotle, _de Physiogn._, 3, p. 38; pseudo-Phokylides, 212.

[476] Aristoph., _Equit._, 580 and _cf._ 1121; _Nubes_, 14; _Lysistrata_, 561; etc.

[477] Od., IV, 198; Euripides, _Alkestis_, 818-19; Aristoph., _Plut._, 572; Plato, _Phaedo_, 89 C; Athenæus, XV, 16 (p. 675 a); Hdt., I, 82; etc.

[478] Aristoph., _Aves_, 911.

[479] Ph., _Imag._, II, 32; Lucian, _Dial. meretr._, V, 3 (p. 290); etc.

[480] Xen., _de Rep. lac._, Ch. XI, 3; _cf._ Plut., _Apothegm. reg. et imperat._, p. 754; and see Aristotle, _Rhet._, I, 9, p. 1397 a, 28; Plut., _Lysandros_, I; _Lykourgos_, 22; etc.

[481] Hdt., VII, 208.

[482] Aristoph., _Aves_, 1281-2: Lysias, XVI, 18; Lucian, _Auctio vitarum_, 2 (Pythagoreans).

[483] Pollux, VI, 3.22; VIII, 9.107; Athenæus, XI, 88 (p. 494 f.): Hesychios, _s. v._ κουρεῶτις and οἰνιστήρια; Photius, _Lex._, p. 321.

[484] Aischyl., _Choeph._, 6; P., I, 37.3; at Delphi, Dio Chrys., _Or._, XXXV, p. 67 R.

[485] Eurip., _Bacchae_, 455.

[486] Κρωβύλος and κόρυμβος are etymologically the same word: see Prellwitz, _Etymolog. Woerterbuch d. griech. Sprache_. It used to be assumed that κόρυμβος referred to the similar coiffure of young girls. On the κρωβύλος, see the following: K. O. Mueller, _op. cit._^3, p. 476, 5; _id._, _Die Dorier_, II, 266; Conze, _Nuove memorie dell’ instituto archeol._, pp. 408 f.; Helbig, _Comment. philolog. in honorem Mommseni_, 1877, pp. 616 f., and _Rhein. Mus._, XXXIV, 1879, pp. 484 f.; Schreiber, Der altattische Krobylos, _A. M._, VIII, 1883, pp. 246-273, and Pls. XI., XII.; _id._, IX, 1884, pp. 232-254 and Pls. IX, X; and after him, Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 644, Collignon, I, p. 363, and de Villefosse, _Mon. Piot_, I, 1894, p. 62; Klein, _Gesch. d. gr. Kunst_, I, p. 255; Studniczka, Krobylos und Tettiges, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 248-291. Pauly-Wissowa, _l. c._, pp. 2120 f.; Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 1357-59 and 1571; etc. That the term κρωβύλος represented a way of wearing the hair and not a part of the hair has been proved by Hauser: _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1906, Beiblatt, pp. 87 f. On other methods of dressing the hair, see Pauly-Wissowa, _l. c._, pp. 2112 f.

[487] _Ap._ Athen., XII, 30 (p. 525).

[488] _Ibid._, 5 (p. 512 c).

[489] I, 6; _cf._ Aristophanes, _Nubes_, 984 and schol.; _Equit._, 1331.

[490] See fragm. of Nikolaos of Damascus, (perhaps from the _Lydiaka_ of Xanthos), _F. H. G._, III, p. 395, fragm. 62.

[491] See Krause, p. 541, n. 6.

[492] See _Ant. Denkm._, I, 1886, Pl. VIII, 3 b; etc.

[493] See hero reliefs in _A. M._, II, 1877, Pls. XX-XXV. On early Corinthian vases, men are represented regularly with long hair.

[494] _E. g._, on the bust of Apollo in the Glyptothek, Munich: von Mach, 449 (left); on the bearded man (Dionysos?) in the British Museum: _id._, 450 (right); and on the Apollo of Naples: _id._, 448: On the latter head the narrow band of the former two examples has become very broad.

[495] _Cf._ Waldstein, _op. cit._, p. 177.

[496] _Mw._, pp. 67 (on statues of Zeus, hair reaching the shoulders, a style later becoming typical of that god); p. 407 (the Argive school gave short hair to heads of Zeus); _Mp._, pp. 42 and 118; _cf._ _Mw._, p. 273.

[497] _Mw._, p. 249. Furtwaengler gives an example of a short-haired Apollo of the school of Euphranor, _ibid._, p. 590.

[498] _Mp._, p. 16. _E. g._, the Florentine gem: Furtwaengler, _Antike Gemmen_, 1900, Pl. XXXIX, no. 29.

[499] Pp. 444 f.

[500] A good example of this is seen on the _Apollo of Tenea_ (Pl. 8 A).

[501] Bulle, Pl. 225. He dates it in the middle of the sixth century B. C.

[502] _H. N._, XXXIV, 16 (Jex-Blake’s transl.) The Latin of the last portion of this passage runs: _Olympiae, ubi omnium qui vicissent statuas dicari mos erat, eorum vero qui ter ibi superavissent ex membris ipsorum similitudine expressa, quas iconicas vocant._

[503] Hirt, _Ueber das Bildniss der Alten_, 1814-15, p. 7; Visconti, _Iconographie grecque_ (1st ed. Paris 1808, Milan, 1824-26), Discours prelim., p. VIII, n. 4. They argued from Lucian’s _pro Imag._, 11, a passage already discussed _supra_, p. 45 and n. 3.

[504] Scherer, pp. 9 f., and especially p. 13; Lessing, _Laokoön_, II, 13, made Pliny’s words a text for a famous passage.

[505] For the latest discussion of Pliny’s passage, see _Inschr. v. Ol._, pp. 236 and 295-6 (the latter in reference to the inscribed base of the statue of Xenombrotos to be discussed a few lines _infra_).

[506] Klein, quoted by Jex-Blake, p. 14, footnote to line 7, believes Pliny’s statement apocryphal, an idea escaping all scholars except, perhaps, Bluemner in his commentary on the _Laokoön_ (p. 503). Evidently Pliny, or his source, is explaining the discrepancy between ideal and portrait statues as the result of an improbable rule, since the ancients applied little historical criticism to art, and hence did not distinguish between works representing types and those representing individuals. Dio Chrysostom, in his treatise Περὶ κάλλους (_Orat._, XXI, 1, p. 501 R), tries to explain the difference between early and late statues on the ground of physical degeneration in the latter.

[507] _Inschr. v. Ol_, 170. He won in Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. This date follows the reasoning of Robert, _O. S._, pp. 180 f. Pausanias, _l. c._, mentions another monument of the victor, the inscribed base of which has been found: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 154, though Dittenberger wrongly refers it to Damasippos: Foerster, 812; Hyde, pp. 53-4. The same authority refers no. 170 to the middle of the fourth century B. C., or a couple of decades later, because of the lettering and orthography. The monument of no. 170 must, therefore, have been set up long after the victory—about a century later.

[508] Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 296, compares two other inscriptions with no. 170, viz, no. 174 (in which the words ὧδε στάς occur) and _C. I. G. G. S._, I, 2470, l. 3 (where the words τοίας ἐκ προβολᾶς occur). However, as he says, these two refer to the poses of the statues of gymnic victors and not to portraits. Pausanias frequently uses the word εἰκών for ἀνδριάς (_e. g._, III, 18.7) of a victor, but this seems to be no indication of a portrait statue.

[509] _Cf._ Dittenberger, _op. cit._, p. 296. Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 530, think the case of Xenombrotos may simply be exceptional.

[510] VI, 3.11-12; he was three times victor in running races in Ols. (?) 95, (?) 97, and 99 (= 400, 392, 384 B. C.); the latter date is attested by Afr.: Hyde, 33; Foerster, 307, 315, 316. For the epigram on the base of one of these statues, see _A. G._, XIII, 15.

[511] VI, 4.1; he was three times victor in the pankration in Ols. 104, (?) 105, (?) 106 (= 364-356 B. C.): Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359.

[512] VI, 17.2; he was thrice victor in running races in Ols. 129, 130 (= 264, 260 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 173; Foerster, 440-2, 444-5.

[513] VI, 15.9; he was four times victor in the pankration, once in hoplite running, and once in the δίαυλος, at unknown dates: Hyde, 149; Foerster, 767-72. We can not say that his victories fell at a date when iconic statues were in vogue.

[514] VI, 6.6; he won in Ols. 74, 76, 77 (= 484, 476-2 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144.

[515] _E. g._, VI, 13.3-4 and 8: Hermogenes, five times victor in running races in Ols. 215, 216, 217 (= 81-89 A. D.): Afr.; Hyde, 111a; Foerster, 654-6, 659-660, 662-4; Polites, three times victor in running races in Ol. 212 (= 69 A. D.): Afr.; Hyde, 111b; Foerster, 648-50; Leonidas, four times victor in running races in Ols. 154, 155, 156, 157 (= 164-152 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 111c; Foerster, 495-7, 498-500, 502-4, 507-9; Tisandros, four times victor in boxing in Ols. (?) 60-3 (= 540-528 B. C.), at a date too early for portraiture: Hyde, 119a; Foerster, 115, 119, 123, 124. There are other examples from the early fifth and the sixth centuries B. C.

[516] _Princ. Gr. Art_, Ch. XI (Portrait Sculpture), pp. 165 f.

[517] Gardner, p. 165, cites Bernouilli, _Griech. Ikonogr._, 1901, as listing 26 known portraits of Euripides and 32 of Demosthenes, and calls attention to the fact that 870 plates in the Bruckmann series, _Griech. und Roem. Portraets_ (ed. Brunn und Arndt), from 1891 on, are of Roman portraits. On the subject of Græco-Roman portraits, see also Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, 1882-94; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912; and the works of E. Q. Visconti, now antiquated: _Iconogr. gr._ (Paris, 1808) and _Iconogr. romana_ (Milan, 1818).

[518] XXXIV, 74. Pausanias mentions a portrait of Perikles without naming the artist, I, 25.1; _cf._ I. 28.2. The inscribed base was found in Athens in 1888: Ἀρχαιολογικὸν Δελτίον, 1889, pp. 36 f. (Lolling). A terminal portrait of Perikles, extant in several copies, has been identified as a copy of this work, _e. g._, one in the British Museum: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 549; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. VII, opp. p. 118 (profile, fig, 46, p. 119); Hekler, _op. cit._, Pl. 4 a.; F. W., 481. Another replica is in the Vatican: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 276, and Nachtraege, II, p. 471; Visconti, _Iconogr. gr._, I, Pl. XV; B. B., 156; Hekler, _op. cit._, Pl. 4 b. However, Hitz.-Bluemn., I, p. 307, _ad loc._ Paus., think that the word ἀνδριάς used by Pausanias can not apply to a terminal bust; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 117, n. 4, says that the word does not necessarily mean a whole statue. _Cf._ Bernouilli, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 107 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 117 f.

[519] See _I. G. B._, 62, 63.

[520] _Philopseudes_, 18 f.

[521] Αὐτοανθρώπῳ ὅμοιον, §18.

[522] A good example of a Roman copy (from the age of Hadrian) of an original iconic athlete statue in bronze from the end of the fourth century B. C., is a bearded head in the Museo Chiaramonti; its swollen ears and the deep furrow in the hair for the metal crown show that it is from the statue of a victor. See Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 483, no. 257 and Tafelbd., I, Pl. 50; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Gr. und Roem. Portr._, Pls. 223-4.

[523] XXXV, 153. Jex-Blake, p. 176, justly remarks that this invention had nothing to do with the custom of taking death-masks.

[524] Xen., _Symp._, IV, 17: θαλλοφόρους γὰρ τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ τοὺς καλοὺς γέροντας ἐκλέγονται κ. τ. λ.; _cf._ Aristoph., _Vesp._, 544, and Athen., XIII, 20 (p. 565) and scholion.

[525] XIII, 90 (p. 609 e, f); here he quotes a history of Arkadia by Nikias.

[526] Athen., XIII, 20 (pp. 565 f and 566 a); _cf._, Theophr., _apud_ Athen., XIII, 90 (pp. 609 f, 610 a).

[527] Athen., XIII, 90 (p. 610a): here Athenæus is also quoting Theophrastos. In XIII, 20 (p. 565), he quotes Herakleides Lembos as saying that in Sparta the handsomest man and woman were especially honored.

[528] Hdt., V, 47; Eustath. _ad_ Iliad, III, p. 383, 43; Foerster, 138.

[529] P., IX, 22.1.

[530] P., VII, 24.4; _cf._, VIII, 47.3, for a similar custom at Tegea.

[531] See O. Mueller, _Die Dorier_^1, 1824, II, p. 238 (quoted by Krause, I, p. 37, n. 19). For references to contests of beauty in Greece, see _ibid._, pp. 33-38.

[532] On this subject, see the recent essay by W. H. Goodyear, Lessing’s Essay on the Laocoön and its Influence on the Criticism of Art and Literature, _Brooklyn Museum Quarterly_, Oct. 1917, pp. 228-9.

[533] Thus we have Polykleitos of Argos and Patrokles, perhaps his brother; Naukydes of Argos and Daidalos of Sikyon, sons of Patrokles; the younger Polykleitos—who called himself an Argive—the brother of Naukydes; Alypos of Sikyon, the pupil of Naukydes; etc. Statues by all these sculptors except Patrokles are known to have stood in Olympia.

[534] _Hbk._^2, p. 254.

[535] His criticism of painting occurs in _Poet._, 1448a, 5, 1450a, 26, and _Polit._, V, 1340a, 35. In _Eth_., VI, 1141a, 10, he says that Pheidias and Polykleitos were masters in marble and bronze respectively. For a discussion of Aristotle’s æsthetics of painting and sculpture, see M. Carroll, in _Publ. of Geo. Washington University_, Philol. and Lit. Series, I, 1 (Nov., 1905), pp. 1-10; and for both Aristotle and Plato on art, see Kalkman, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890 (Proport. des Gesichts), pp. 3 f. and notes.

[536] I, 5, 1361b; Oppian, _Kyneget._, I, 89-90, speaks of the similarly well-developed bodies of hunters.

[537] _Mem._, III, 10.6-8. For his visit to the painter Parrhasios, see _ibid._, 10.1-5.

[538] Following the suggestion of Klein, II, p. 143, and W. L. Westermann, _Class. Rev._, XIX, 1905, pp. 323-5. The latter gives several examples of similarly shortened forms of names and believes the passage in Xenophon emphasizes the fact that Polykleitos was employed at Athens. Plato frequently mentions Polykleitos by his full name: _e. g._, _Protag._, 328 C (sons of Polykleitos), 311 C (Polykleitos and Pheidias). P. Gardner justly observes that the statues of Polykleitos “however beautiful, are scarcely life-like:” _Prince. Gk. Art._, p. 15, n. 1; _Grammar_, p. 17.

[539] II, 17: τὰ σκέλη μὲν παχύνονται, τοὺς ὤμους δὲ λεπτύνονται, κ. τ. λ.

[540] See schol. on Plato, _Amatores_, p. 135 E; _cf._ Epiktetos, _Encheir._, Ch. 29.

[541] P., VI, 10.5; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 97; Foerster, 240; _cf._ Krause, _Olympia_, pp. 302 f.

[542] His date is uncertain: P., VI, 15.9; Hyde, 149; Foerster, 767-772.

[543] P., VI, 3.2; he won at Olympia some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 102 (= 384 and 372 B. C.): Hyde, 23; Foerster, 335.

[544] P., I, 29.5: Hdt., VI, 92; IX, 75; _cf._ Krause, I, pp. 495-6.

[545] _E. g._, Phaÿllos of Kroton was famed for his fleetness, his jumping, and his throwing the diskos. See Aristoph., _Acharn._, 212; _Vespes_, 1206; _A. G._, App. 297; _cf._ Hdt., VIII, 47; P., X, 9.2. He won at Delphi only.

[546] _E. g._, Myron at Delphi: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 57; Alkamenes, _ibid._, XXXIV, 72; etc.

[547] 656 E, 657 A.

[548] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXVI, 39. These works were probably critical as well as descriptive.

[549] _E. g._, of Pasiteles, XXXVI, 39; of Arkesilaos, XXXVI, 41; of Koponios, _ibid._

[550] 18(70). In this passage he also gives similar judgments on several painters. On Cicero on art, see Grant Showerman, _Proceed. Amer. Philol. Ass’n_, XXXIV, 1903, pp. xxxv f. He shows that Cicero’s references to art proceed from his instinct as a stylist and not from any enthusiasm for art itself.

[551] _Imag._, 6, p. 464. His eclectic statue is made up of works by Praxiteles, Alkamenes, Pheidias, and Kalamis.

[552] _Rhetorum praeceptor_, 9-10. He spells the two first names Ἡγησίας, Κράτης.

[553] XXXVI, 37. For careful judgments of Pliny’s work, see Jex-Blake, pp. xci f.: Kalkmann, _Die Quellen der Kunstgeschichte des Plinius_, 1898; Robert, _Archaeologische Maerchen_, 1886, pp. 28 f.; F. Muenzer, _Hermes_, XXX, 1895, pp. 499 f. (and _Beitraege zur Kritik der Naturgesch. des Plinius_, 1897); Botsford and Sihler, _Hellenic Civilization_, 1915, pp. 551-8 (= Translation by Jex-Blake of Pliny, XXXIV, 53-84 [sculptors], revised by E. G. Sihler); pp. 558-567 (= Pliny, XXXV, 15, and 53-97 [painters], revised by E. G. S.). For short estimate of Pliny’s work, see Mackail, _Latin Literatures_, 1895, p. 197.

[554] See his characterization of the great Greek painters and sculptors in _Inst. Orat._, XII, Ch. 9.

[555] Also in the work of H. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the Hist. of Gk. Sculpt._, 1895; _cf._, A history of classical writers on art from Xenokrates to Pliny, in Jex-Blake, pp. xvi-xci; _cf._ Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, _Antigonos von Karystos_ (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, _Philolog. Untersuchungen_, IV, 1881), pp. 7 f.; P. Gardner, _Principles of Greek Art_, Ch. II, pp. 13 f. (Ancient Critics on Art); etc.

[556] _A. Pl._, 2; Bergk, _P. l. G._, III^4, no. 149, p. 498. Theognetos won in Ol. 76 (= 476 B. C.): P., VI, 9.1; _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193 and 193 N.

[557] _H. N._, XXXIV, 88. Kallias won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): P., VI, 6.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208; _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 146.

[558] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 71.

[559] Kalamis made the horses and jockeys, Onatas the chariot: P., VI, 12.1; Hiero won twice in the horse-race and once in the chariot-race in Ols. 76-78 (= 476-468 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215.

[560] VI, 6.6. He won in Ols. 74, 76-7 (= 484, 476-472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[561] VI, 4.4. He won in Ols. 81 and 82 (= 456-452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203.

[562] VI, 9.3. He won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 88: Foerster, 285.

[563] V, 27.3.

[564] Bulle, p. 104, remarks that up to the present no single Roman copy can be _proved_ to be that of an Olympic victor statue. This fact must be constantly borne in mind.

[565] No. 6439; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 299-300 and fig.; _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, Pls. XXI, XXII, and p. 14; _Funde v. Ol._, Pl. XXIII, and p. 16; _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 10-11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2 and 2a; Boetticher, _Olympia_, Pl. XI, 1; Baum., p. 1104 00, figs. 1296, a and b; F. W., no. 323; Bulle, 235 and fig. 154, on p. 501; von Mach, 482; B. B., 247.

[566] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glyptothek_,^2 1910, no. 457, pp. 398 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 291; _Mw._, p. 507; F. W., no. 216; B. B., 8; Bulle, 207 (front and side); Kekulé, _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIV, 3, p. 246; H. Schrader, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1911, p. 74; Hauser, _R. M._, X, 1895, pp. 103 f. Kekulé, because of its similarity to the _Apollo_ of the West Gable, derived it from the art of the Olympia pediment sculptures; Flasch, _Verh. d. 29sten Philologenversamml._, Innsbruck, 1874, p. 162, and Brunn, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^5, no. 302, and _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, p. 658, classed it as Polykleitan; Bulle calls it Attic-Argive without Polykleitan influence, while Furtwaengler finds it Polykleitan-Attic. The latter gives several replicas, two of green and black basalt respectively, in the Museo delle Terme, and a marble head in the Museo Chiaramonti, no. 475. Bulle gives the height of the Munich head as 0.23 meter.

[567] Αἰδώς; _cf._ _decor_, applied to the work of Polykleitos by Quintilian: _Inst. Orat._, XII, 9. 7-8; _cf._ also Vitruvius, _de Arch._, I, 2.

[568] Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm. d. gr. und roem. Skulpt._, Hdausgabe,^3 1911, p. 102, n. 1. He adds that it is _das Ideal von Reinheit, Unschuld, liebenswuerdig edler Groesse, eines der herrlichsten griechischen Originale, die uns erhalten sind_. It is photographed _ibid._, figs. 30, 31. In the _Beschr. d. Glypt._, p. 399, he says it is _das edelste und vollendetste Werk, das die Glyptothek besitzt—ihr kostbarster Schatz_, etc.

[569] Formerly in the Coll. Tyszkiewicz: B. B., 324, (two views); Bulle, 206 (two views); von Mach, 481 (two views); _Mon. Piot_, I, 1894, pp. 77 f. (E. Michon) and Pls. X, XI; S. Reinach, _Têtes_, Pl. 72 and p. 58; Kalkmann, Prop. d. Gesichts, p. 27 (vignette); Collignon, II, Frontispiece and p. 169; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XL; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 290-1 and Pl. XIV; _Mw._, p. 507. The best illustration of the head is given by de Ridder, _Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. I (and text p. 8, on no. 4). It is 0.33 meter in height (Bulle).

[570] Preface to Furtw., _Mp._, p. xiii.

[571] So Furtw., _l. c._; Bulle, however, sees in it only Attic work and finds it slightly coarser and harder than the Munich head described.

[572] Invent. 5633; _Bronzi d’Ercol._, I, 73, 74; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, XI, 1; B. B., 323 (two views); Rayet, II, Pl. 67; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 291; _Mw._, p. 508; the latter believes that it, like the preceding two heads, is Polykleitan and Attic.

[573] _Bedeutung der Gymnastik in d. gr. Kunst_, 1905; _cf._ also Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 23, and _Hbk._, p. 215.

[574] Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler_, already cited, p. 63, n. 3. (Translated under the title _Greek and Roman Sculpture_ by H. Taylor, 1914; p. 119.)

[575] See F. W. G. Foat, Anthropometry of Greek Statues, _J. H. S._, XXXV, 1915, pp. 225 f. (p. 226).

[576] Plato, _Phileb._, 64 E, regarded μετριότης and συμμετρία as qualities of beauty and virtue; _cf._ Aristotle, _Metaphys._, X, 3.7, and _Nicom. Eth._, V, 5.14, 1133b. Vitruvius, _de Arch._, I, 2, makes symmetry in architecture a quality of _eurythmia: Item symmetria est ex ipsius operis membris conveniens consensus ex partibusque separatis ad universae figurae speciem ratae partis responsus_.

[577] I, 2: _Haec [eurythmia] efficitur, cum membra operis convenientia sunt, altitudinis ad latitudinem, latitudinis ad longitudinem, et ad summam omnia respondent suae symmetriae_; _cf._ III, 1; Lucian, _pro Imag._, 14 (ῥυθμίζειν τὸ ἄγαλμα); Clem. Alex., _Paedagog._, 3.11 and 64 (εὐρυθμὸς καὶ καλὸς ἀνδριάς); Xen., _Mem._, III, 10.9 (ῥυθμός, of corselets); Plut., _de Educ. puer._, 11 (τῶν σωμάτων εὐρυθμία); Diod., I, 97. 6 (ῥυθμὸς ἀνδριάντων, _i. e._, rhythmic order or grace in statuary): _id._, II, 56.4.

[578] Vitruv., III, 1: _<proportio>, quae graece ἀναλογία dicitur. Proportio est ratae partis membrorum in omni opere totiusque commodulatio, ex qua ratio efficitur symmetriarum._

[579] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[580] _Op. cit., _e. g._ _Op. cit._, XXXV, 67 and 128.

[581] Ueber die Kunsturteile bei Plinius, _Ber. ueber d. Verhandl. d. k. saechs. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Leipzig_, II, 1850, p. 131; _cf._ H. L. Urlichs, _Ueber griech. Kunstschriftsteller_ (Diss. inaug., Wuerzburg, 1887).

[582] _Principles of Greek Art_, 1914, p. 20 (= _Grammar of Greek Art_, 1905, p. 22).

[583] Quoted by Gardner, _op. cit._, p. 22 (= _Grammar_, p. 23), from two papers by H. Brunn, Ueber tektonischen Styl in der griech. Plastik und Malerei, in _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1883, pp. 299 f., 1884, pp. 507 f. Overbeck, I, pp. 266-277, explains rhythm in art as the _Ordnung der Bewegung_, in accordance with the definition of Plato: τῇ δὴ τῆς κινήσεως τάξει ῥυθμὸς ὄνομα εἴη: _de Leg._, 665 A.

[584] _H. N._, XXXIV, 58 (S. Q., 533): _Numerosior in arte quam Polyclitus et in symmetria diligentior_. The interpretation of this disputed passage depends, of course, on the meaning of _numerosior_, and whether we accept the curious statement of the manuscript that Myron surpassed Poykleitos in symmetry, or, by omitting the _et_ (with Sillig), make it mean just the contrary and in harmony with the usual ancient view that symmetry was the salient characteristic of Polykleitan art. The passage, then, would contrast the symmetry of Polykleitos with the variety of Myron. This accords with Pliny’s use of _numerosus_ elsewhere (_e. g._, XXXV, 130 and 138), which always refers to number. See Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 275 (note).

[585] _Op. cit._, XXXIV, 65, he says: _Nova intactaque ratione quadratas veterum staturas permutando_.

[586] _Op. cit._, XXXV, 67.

[587] VIII. I. 47.

[588] The Egyptians divided the front view of the body into 19 parts (or 21 parts and a quarter, including the height of the head-dress): Diod., 1, 98. See Lepsius, _Monum. funéraires de l’Égypte_ (figure, reproduced in Dar.-Sagl, I, 2, p. 892, fig. 1125); _cf._ his _Descript. de l’Égypte_, IV, LXII; Wilkinson, _History of Egypt_, p. 113, Pl. IV; these references are given by Foat, _op. cit._, p. 225, n. 1.

[589] Vitruv., I, 2. However, in thus following the statement of the Roman architect, it must be said that the attempt to recover and establish such a canon in Greek architecture is still unproved. The subject is complicated and has led to very different views. Thus, while many scholars have defended the theory of the canon (_e. g._, Pennethorne, _Geom. and Optics of Anc. Arch._, 1878; Penrose, in Whibley, _Comp. to Gk. Stud._^1, 1905, pp. 220-1; Ferguson, _Hist. Arch._, ed. 1887, I, p. 251; P. Gardner, _Princ. Gk. Art._, p. 21; Statham, _Short Crit. Hist. Arch._, 1912, p. 130), others are opposed, and believe that design in Greek architecture was a matter of feeling, and that the orders were first reduced to formulæ in Roman days (_e. g._, A. K. Porter, _Med. Arch._, 1909, I, 9; Goodyear, _Greek Refinements, Studies in Temperamental Arch._, 1912, esp. p. 83, quoting Joseph Hoffer from _Wiener Bauzeitung_, 1838). See on the subject a recent article by my pupil, Dr. A. W. Barker, in _A. J. A._, XXII, 1918, pp. 1 f., in which the above and other references are given.

[590] Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 22-3, says: “Paradoxical as it may seem at first sight, the very freedom of Greek sculpture is to a great extent due to its close adherence to tradition.” He shows how the free play of imagination depends on external conditions and tradition.

[591] _E. g._, Vitruv., I, 2; especially these words: _Ut in hominis corpore e cubito, pede, palmo, digito, ceterisque particulis (partibus) symmetria est eurythmiae qualitas_; also III, 1: _Pes vero altitudinis corporis sextae_ <_partis_>; _cubitum quartae; pectus item quartae_, etc. Also Philostr., _Imag._, Proem.; the third-century A. D. (?) treatise called _de Physiognomia_; St. Augustine, _de Civ. Dei_, XV, 26. 1; the poet Martianus Capella, of the middle of the fifth century A. D., who says, VII, 739: _septem corporis partes hominem perficiunt_; etc.

[592] Die Proportionen des Gesichts in der griechischen Kunst (= _53stes Berliner Wincklemanns programm_, 1893).

[593] _Gestalt des Menschen_, in _Verh. d. Berl. Anthrop. Gesell._, 1895. This work is based on the older investigations of C. Schmidt, _Proportionsschluessel_, 1849, and of C. Carus, _Die Proportionslehre der menschlichen Gestalt_, 1874. See also P. Richer, _Canon des proportions du corps humain_, 1893; E. Duhousset, Proportions artistiques et anthropométrie scientifique, _Gaz. B-A._, III, Pér. 3, 1 90, pp. 59 f.; E. Guillaume, art. Canon, _Dict. de l’Acad. des B-A._; E. Gebhard, in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 891-892; _cf._ Collignon, I, pp. 490 f.

[594] F. W. G. Foat, _op. cit._, offers a scheme or typical design, based on wide data, which will serve as a universal basis for securing facts about any statue under examination.

[595] On the influence of such canons of proportion on contemporary artists, see Balcarres, _Evolution of Italian Sculpture_, p. 128.

[596] _Cf._ Vitruvius, quoted above. The scholion on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158, speaks of πηχῶν τεσσάρων δακτύλων πέντε as the height of the statue of Diagoras at Olympia, etc.

[597] Vitruvius, _de Arch._, VII, Praef., 14, lists writers who _praecepta symmetriarum conscripserunt_. See V. Mortet, _Rev. Arch._, Sér. IV, XIII, 1909, pp. 46 f, and figs. 1 and 2. In this discussion of ancient canons he shows that the chief ratio was that of the head to the height of the body; the proportion of 8 heads to the body was that adopted by da Vinci and J. Cousin: 7 to 8 is found in the figures of the Parthenon frieze; a little under 7 in the _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos.

[598] See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 49-52. As examples, he gives the statue of Apollo from the Tiber now in the Museo delle Terme: _Mp._, pp. 50-51, figs. 8 and 9; _cf._ _R. M._, 1891, pp. 302, 377 and Pls. X-XII; the Mantuan _Apollo_: _cf._ _50stes Berliner Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 139, n. 61 (for replicas); etc.

[599] For Polykleitos’ canon, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55; _S. Q._, 953 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 249.

[600] So Pliny, _op. cit._, XXXV, 128; _cf._ J. Six, _Jb._, XXIV, 1909, pp. 7 f.

[601] _H. N._, XXXIV, 61; see Jex-Blake, p. XLVIII.

[602] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[603] However, other fourth-century artists, notably Praxiteles, used impressionism in the treatment of the hair: see Bulle, pp. 444 f.

[604] In XXXIV, 80, he mentions Menaichmos, who wrote on the toreutic art probably in the fourth century B. C.; in XXXIV, 83 (_cf._ XXXV, 68), he mentions Xenokrates, of the school of Lysippos, who wrote books on art; he is probably identical with an artist of the same name known to us from inscriptions from Oropos and Elateia: _I. G. B._, 135, a, b (Oropos), c (Elateia); _Arch. Eph._, 1892, 52 (Oropos); the identity is doubted by Jex-Blake, p. xx, n. 2. In XXXIV, 84 (_cf._ XXXV, 68) he speaks of Antigonos, who wrote on painting and who was employed by Attalos I of Pergamon to work on the trophies of his victory over the Gauls. For Antigonos as a writer on the criticism of art, see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, _Antigonos von Karystos_ (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, _Philolog. Untersuchungen_, IV, 1881), Ch. I, pp. 7 f.

[605] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. According to the exact words of Pliny, the _Canon_ and the _Doryphoros_ were distinct works. It is probable, however, that Pliny’s words conceal the same statue under two names, his commentary on each coming from a different source: see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 229 and n. 4; _Mw._, p. 422 and n. 2; _cf._ Muenzer, _Hermes_, XXX, 1895, p. 530, n. 1.

[606] Cicero, _Brut._, 86, 296. On the fame of the _Doryphoros_, see _id._, _Orator_, 2.

[607] _Instit. Orat._, V, 12.21. In Philon’s treatise περὶ βελοποιϊκῶν, IV, 2, we read: τὸ γὰρ εὖ παρὰ μικρὸν διὰ πολλῶν ἀριθμῶν ἔφη γίνεσθαι, sc. Πολύκλειτος, (“Beauty,” he said, “was produced from a small unit through a long chain of numbers”), a description which rightly characterizes the _Doryphoros_. The system given by Vitruv., III, 1, hardly agrees with Polykleitan statues and so has been connected by Kalkmann, though on insufficient grounds, with the canon of Euphranor: see _50stes Berlin Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890 (Proport. des Gesichts), pp. 43 f.; _cf._ H. Stuart Jones, _op. cit._, p. 129.

[608] _Guida Museo Napoli_, no. 146; Collignon, I, Pl. XII, opp. p. 488; Bulle, 47 and analysis on pp. 97-102.

[609] Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 53, gives the height as 1.98-1.99 m.; Bulle, p. 97 to no. 47, as 1.99 m.

[610] In Rayet, I, Text to Pl. 29; reproduced in _Études d’art antique et moderne_, 1888, pp. 399 f.; _cf._ also Collignon, I, pp. 492 f. and P. Gardner, _Principles of Greek Art_, pp. 21 f.

[611] _De plac. Hipp. et Plat._, 5.

[612] B. B., 321; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 956; _Guide_, 617; F. W., 215; to be discussed _infra_, pp. 201-2.

[613] _Orat._, XXXI, 89 f. (614 R).

[614] In the present discussion we shall confine ourselves to the assimilation of mortal types to those of athletic gods and heroes, omitting the larger question of assimilation to divine types in general. A good example of the latter is afforded by P. VIII, 9.7-8. Here, in noting that the Mantineans worshipped Antinoos as a god by the erection of a temple and the celebration of mysteries and games, he says that images and paintings of the hero were in the Gymnasion there, the latter Διονύσῳ μάλιστα εἰκασμέναι.

[615] Kabbadias, no. 218; _Rev. Arch._, III (1er Sér.), 1846, Pl. 53, fig. 2; Ph. Le Bas, _Voyage archéologique_ (ed. Reinach), Pl. CXVIII, p. 107; B. B., 18; von Mach, 191; F. W., 1220; Reinach., _Rép._, II, i, 149, 10.

[616] _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 49.

[617] Kabbadias, no. 219.

[618] Formerly known as the _Antinous_: M. W., II, Pl. 28, 307; Clarac, IV, Pl. 665, 1514; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 367,2 (with restored arms); von Mach, no. 192; Amelung, _Vat._, II, no. 53 (pp. 132 f.) and Pl. 12; F. W., no. 1218; Baum., I, pp. 675 f. and fig. 737.

[619] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1599 and Pl. IV; Clarac, IV, Pl. 664, 1539; Reinach, _Rép._, II, i, 149, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 317, fig. 567. A corresponding replica from Melos is described by F. W., 1219; for a replica of the head (on a torso which does not belong to it) in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, see Amelung, _Vat._, I, no. 132 (p. 155) and Pl. 21; for others, see Koerte, _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 98 f. The height is given in _B. M. Sculpt._ as 6 ft. 7-1/2 in. (without the plinth).

[620] Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 656 and Pl. 61; Furtw., _Mw._, p. 361, fig. 48. It is a marble copy of an original bronze of Myronian origin. Its height is 1.98 meters (Amelung).

[621] Duetschke, IV, no. 416; M. W., II, Pl. 30, 329.

[622] _Ibid._, no. 416; Koerte, _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 350, no. 72.

[623] Duetschke, IV, no. 876; Clarac, 958, 2473; Conze, in _A. A._, 1867, pp. 105-6. Here Conze gives a list of which three reliefs and one statue represent dead men as Hermes.

[624] Duetschke, IV, no. 46; Conze, _l. c._, p. 106 (mentioned in preceding note).

[625] _E. g._, the well-known bust of the emperor Commodus with the attributes of Hercules in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 930; Baum., I, p. 398, fig. 432; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, 230; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912, Pl. 270 a; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 583, 7.

[626] _Not. Scav._, 1885, p. 42; _Ant. Denkm._, I, I, 1886, Pl. V; Bulle, 75 and fig. 27, p. 141; B. B., 246; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II., 1347, and references; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, Pls. 358-360; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, Pls. 82-4; Collignon, II, p. 493, fig. 257; Murray, _Hbk._ Gr. _Archæol._, 1892, pp. 305 f., fig. 100; Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations of Anc. Rome_, 1897, Pl. on p. 303; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 548, 7; _cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, p. 364, n. 2, and _Mw._, p. 597, n. 3. The height of the statue is 2.08 meters, or 2.37 meters to the hand (Bulle).

[627] _E. g._, Philip V, Perseus, Alexander Balas (who usurped the Seleucid throne in 149 B. C.), Demetrios I (Soter), of Syria (who reigned 162-150 B. C.), and Antiochos II, (Theos, who reigned 261-246 B. C.), have been suggested.

[628] See Imhoof-Blumer, _Portraetkoepfe auf ant. Muenzen hellenischer und hellenisierter Voelker_, 1885, Pls. I, 6; III, 24; V, 21; VI, 29 and 31.

[629] A small replica of this famous statue may probably be seen in the bronze statuette in the Nelidoff collection: Wulff, _Alexander mit der Lanze_, 1898, Pls. I, II; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, p. 134, fig. 35. On supposed replicas, see Bernouilli, _Das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr._, p. 107; and Th. Schreiber, Studien ueber das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr., _Abh. d. philolog.-histor. Cl. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch._, XXI, 1903, no. III, pp. 100 f.

[630] Kabbadias, 235; Collignon, in _B. C. H._, XIII, 1889, p. 498 and Pl. III; Bulle, 74.

[631] _Cf._ the _Farnese Herakles_, Bulle, 72; etc.

[632] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; see below, p. 119 and note 5.

[633] _E. g._, in the _Payne Knight_ bronze of the British Museum (_B. M. Bronz._, no. 209 and Pl. 1) and the _Sciarra_ bronze (Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; _R. M._, II, 1887, Pls. IV, IVa, V), which will be discussed in Ch. III, pp. 108, 119.

[634] He won Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; _Inschr. v. Ol._ 149. _Cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 249 f.; _Mw._, pp. 452 f.

[635] _Mp._, p. 255; an almost exact copy of the Eleusis statue is in the Museo Torlonia, no. 37.

[636] Froehner, _Les medaillons de l’Empire romain_, 1878, p. 123; Furtw., _Mp._, _l. c._

[637] _Mp._, pp. 229 f., especially pp. 233 f.; _Mw._, pp. 422 f., especially pp. 426 f.

[638] On an Argive funerary relief: see _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII: this free adaptation of the _Doryphoros_ dates from the middle of the fourth century B. C.; it will be treated later on in our discussion of the _Doryphoros_.

[639] _Cf._ Ph., 16, (the palæstra of Hermes, the first known); Babr., 48,5 (παλαιστρίτης θεός). A trainer of professional athletes was called a γυμνάστης (a term sometimes applied to athletic gods): Xen., _Mem._, II, 1.20; Plato, _de Leg._, 720 E; etc.

[640] _E. g._, _Suppl._, 189, 333; _Agam._, 513.

[641] As in Iliad, XV, 428; XVI, 500; XXIV, 1. Eustathius in a scholion on the latter passage wrongly says that Aischylos called the ἀγοραῖοι θεοί “ἀγώνιοι θεοί.”

[642] As in Hesychios, who says ἀγώνιοι θεοὶ = οἱ τῶν ἀγώνων προεστῶτες.

[643] 509, ὕπατος χώρας, “lord of Nemea.”

[644] _Ibid._, ὁ Πύθιος ἄναξ.

[645] 515.

[646] _E. g._ Plato, _de Leg._, 783 A; Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 60, _Ol._, VI, 79, and _Pyth._, II, 10 (of Hermes); Soph., _Trach._, 26 (of Zeus, the decider of contests); _C. I. G._, II, 1421 (of Hermes); _cf._ also Simonides, quoted by Athenæus, XI, 90 (p. 490); Aischyl., _fragm._ 384 (of Hermes); Aristoph., _Plut._, 1161 (of Hermes); _C. I. G._, I, 251; etc.

[647] See Preller-Robert, _Griech. Mythol._^4, 1894, p. 415, n. 3.

[648] _Cf._ Krause, pp. 169 f.; Preller-Robert, _op. cit._, pp. 415 f.; Urlichs, _Skopas_, p. 42; Nissen, _Pompej. Stud._, p. 168; Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2369; S. Eitrem, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 786-7.

[649] Pindar, _Nem._, X, 52-3; _Oxy. Pap._, VII, 1015, 8.

[650] _E. g._, at Messene, P., IV, 32.1 (along with that of Theseus).

[651] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 2156; _C. I. G._, I, 250, and Neubauer, _Hermes_, XI, 1876, p. 146, no. 12; for the dedication of a torch to Hermes, see _A. G._, VI, 100.

[652] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1225-6; IV, 2, 1225b; 1226, b, c, d.

[653] _Inschr. Gr. Insul._, III (Thera), 390; _cf._ Cougny, _Epigr. Anth. Pal._, III, 1890 (_Appendix nova_), p. 26, no. 168.

[654] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VI, 134, Boeckh, p. 148. He is represented as a wrestler in a bronze group from Antioch, with wings in his hair: R. Foerster, _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 177 f., and Pl. XI (to be discussed _infra._, p. 233 and note 2).

[655] Servius on Virgil’s _Aen._, VIII, 138.

[656] I, 2.5.

[657] V, 14.9 (Ἑρμοῦ ... Ἐναγωνίου).

[658] VIII, 14.10. An inscription (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 184) records that a certain Akestorides of Alexandria Troas (whose name is left out of the text of Pausanias, VI, 13.7) won a victory at Pheneus, and this was probably at these games; on this victor, see Hyde, 119, and pp. 49-50.

[659] V, 7.10.

[660] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 324; _Guide_, 331; B. B., 131; Bulle, 54; von Mach, 126 b; Baum., I, p. 458, fig. 503; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 526,8; Collignon, II. p. 124, fig. 60; Overbeck, I, pp. 380 f. and fig. 102; F. W., no. 465; _A. Z._, XXIV, 1866, Pl. CCIX, 1-2, pp. 169 f. (Kekulé) and Pl. 209, 1, 2; _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 207 f. (Brunn); _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 57 f. and fig. 1 (Habich); _J. H. S._, XXVIII, 1907, p. 25, fig. 13; _A. J. A._, VII, 1903, pp. 445 f. (von Mach); Springer-Michaelis, p. 268, fig. 482; replicas in the Louvre (photo Giraudon, no. 1209), London (_B. M. Sculpt._ III, no. 1753), Duncombe Park, England (Michaelis, p. 295, no. 2), and elsewhere; for series, see J. Six, _Gaz. arch._, 1888, pp. 291 and Pl. 29, fig. 10 A.

[661] _Mw._, p. 122; also Smith, _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1753.

[662] First by Visconti, _Mus. Pio Clem._, III, p. 130; lately by G. Habich, _l. c._, and others.

[663] _H. N._, XXXIV, 72; _S. Q._, 826. It was the only bronze work which the sculptor is known to have made, all his other works being in marble.

[664] Kekulé (_l. c._), Furtwaengler (_l. c._), and others make the identification.

[665] Long ago Turnebus (_Advers._, 1580, p. 486) explained the word in the sense of ἔγκρισις ἀθλητῶν, as used by Lucian, _pro Imag._, 11; _cf._, Cicero’s _probatio_, in his _de Off._, I, 144. Most modern commentators, however, refer the word to the statue, translating it “classical” or “chosen”: thus Urlichs, _Chrest. Pl._, 1857, p. 325; O. Jahn, Ueber die Kunsturteile des Plinius (_Ber. saechs. Ges. d. Wiss._, 1850), p. 125; H. L. von Urlichs, _Blaetter f. d. bayr. Gymnasialsch._, 1894, pp. 609 f., translates it “klassisch” or “mustergueltig,” _i. e._, serving as a pattern or standard. But the term was too well known as an athletic one for it ever to have been applied to a statue. The present participle, instead of the usual aorist (ἐγκριθείς), shows that Alkamenes’ statue represented an athlete in the act of undergoing selection. The old emendation into ἐγχριόμενος has been recently defended by Klein, _Praxiteles_, p. 50, who identifies Pliny’s statue with the Glyptothek _Oil-pourer_ (Pl. 11); it is discredited by the occurrence of the epithet _Encrinomenos_ as a Roman proper name, _C. I. L._, V, 1, 4429, which shows how familiar it was. See Jex-Blake, on the passage of Pliny.

[666] _Cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 345; Helbig, _l. c._

[667] It seems to be a Hadrianic copy of an original which stood on the Athenian Akropolis.

[668] Now in the Antiquarium, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 1030; noted in _B. Com. Rom._, XXXVIII, 1910, p. 249, and fully discussed, _ibid._, XXXIX, 1911, pp. 97 f. (L. Mariani), and Pls. VI, VII (three views), and VIII (head, two views).

[669] _H. N._, XXXIV, 80: _Naucydes Mercurio et discobolo et immolante arietem censetur_, etc.

[670] _Ueber den Diskoswurf bei den Griechen_, 1892, p. 55. However, von Mach discusses a r.-f. deinos in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, which resembles the pose of the statue: _A. J. A._, VII, 1903, p. 447, fig. 1.

[671] As in a vase by Douris: _A. Z._, 1883, Pl. II; Furtw., _Berliner Vasen_, no. 2283 A; also on a Hellenistic gem in Berlin: Furtw., _Gemmen Katalog_, no. 6911. Philostr., _Imag._, I, 24, says that the left foot was advanced.

[672] Coin of Amastris: Schlosser, _Numism. Zeitschr._ (Vienna), XXIII, 1891, p. 19, Pl. 2, no. 35; a better reproduction by Imhoof-Blumer, in Sallet’s _Zeitschr. f. Numism._, XX, 1897, p. 269, Pl. 10, n. 2 (= Habich, p. 58, fig. 2); another in _B. M. Coins_ (Pontus), Pl. XX, 7, pp. 87 and 21. On this and the Thracian coin, see also Habich, Hermes Diskobolos auf Muenzen, in _Journ. internat. d’arch, num._, II, 1898, pp. 137 f. Habich gives a gem showing the god with a kerykeion in the left hand, and a diskos in the right and with the right foot advanced: p. 61, fig. 3.

[673] _E. g._, Michaelis, _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 175-6. He looks upon the statue simply as that of a diskobolos.

[674] In the National Museum, Athens, no. 13399: Staïs, _Marb. et Bronz._, pp. 353-354 and fig.; _Arch. Eph._, 1902, Pl. 17; Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 42-3; Tafelbd., I, Pl. VIII, no. 1; _J. H. S._, XXI, 1901, p. 351 (Bosanquet). This statuette is 0.25 meter in height and the base 0.09 meter (Svoronos).

[675] Svoronos, p. 43, reproduces the coins of Amastris and Philippopolis.

[676] Stuart Jones, _Cat. Mus. Capitol._, p. 288, no. 21 and Pl. 71; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 858; _Guide_, 509; B. B., 387; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 303 and n. 7; _Mw._, p. 525 and n. 1; Clarac, II, 859, 2170; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 525, 1; Lange, _Motiv des aufgestuetzten Fusses_, 1879, pp. 13 f. Helbig speaks of a replica in Paris, but confounds it with the type of the so-called _Sandal-binder_ of the Louvre (Fig. 8). The Capitoline statue is 1.845 meters in height (Stuart Jones).

[677] The motive of the “aufgestuetztes Bein” is more likely Lysippan than Skopaic, as Furtwaengler wrongly assumed.

[678] Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 18 f. (with bibliography of all the objects down to 1903, on p. 15, n. 1.); Tafelbd., I, Pls. I and II (front and back); Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 302-304 and fig.; Bulle, 61; von Mach, 290; _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, Pls. VIII (head), IX (body, three views); H. B. Walters, _Art of the Greeks_, Pl. XVI; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXVIII; for bibliographical notice and discussion, see _A. J. A._, V, 1901, p. 465, and VII, 1903, pp. 464-5; Springer-Michaelis, p. 297, fig. 531; the best account of the statue in English is by Dr. A. S. Cooley, in _Record of the Past_, II, 1903, pp. 207-13 (with two illustrations). It is 1.94 meters in height, _i. e._, slightly over life-size (Svoronos).

[679] _J. H. S._, XXI, 1901, pp. 205 f; he also briefly described all the bronzes found in _A. A._, 1901, pp. 17-19, (4 figs.), in _Rev. des Ét. gr._, XIV, 1901, pp. 122-6 (5 figs.), and in _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1901, pp. 58-63 (3 figs.) and 158-9 (3 Pls.). All the bronzes were published after cleansing in _Arch. Eph._, 1902, pp. 145 f., with Pls. 7-17 and figs. 1-18 in the text; see also Staïs, _Les trouvailles dans la mer de Cythère_, 1905; the last publication of all the pieces is by Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 1-86; Tafelbd., I, Pls. I-XX.

[680] In his popular discussion of the bronzes in _Monthly Review_, June, 1901, pp. 110-127 (with 5 Pls., and 5 figs.). Similar praise is that of W. Klein, II, p. 403; he calls it _die wundervollste aller uns erhaltenen Bronzestatuen des Altertums_.

[681] _London Illustrated News_, June 6, 1903 (with double-page plate).

[682] _Gaz. d. B.-A._, XXV, Pér. III, 1901, pp. 295-301 (with 3 figures).

[683] In a monograph entitled Ὁ Ἔφηβος τῶν Ἀντικυθήρων (pp. 1-42, and 6 figs.), Athens, 1903.

[684] It was restored by the French sculptor André, who covered it with putty to conceal the jointures and the rivets which were used in welding the fragments together. He also colored it to resemble bronze. The method used in the restoration is certainly open to objection, but not to the extent asserted by certain scholars, _e. g._, by von Mach, who asserts that no Greek statue has received such unworthy treatment, and that the restoration makes it possible to refer the statue to almost any age or admixture of influences: _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, p. 326. Much of the beauty of the statue, to be sure, is gone, but the style is not obscured. It has been restored too full, which gives it a sensuous appearance. For the statue, before restoration, see Svoronos, Textbd., p. 18, fig. 2; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, fig. on p. 304.

[685] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 152 f.; _cf._ _Sculpt._, pp. 244 f.; _Hbk._, pp. 532 f. In Chap. VI of the present work we shall follow the view which ascribes the _Herakles_ to Lysippos: _infra_, pp. 298, 311. The Praxitelean and Lysippan influences in the bronze under discussion are noted by Richardson, p. 276.

[686] _Ibid._, pp. 217 f.

[687] For the former, see Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 249; von Mach, 327; Reinach, I, 452, 2. On the hem of the cloak is an Etruscan dedicatory inscription to one Metilius by his wife, containing the name of Tenine Tuthines as the bronze-caster: see Corssen, _Sprache d. Etrusker_, I, pp. 712 f. (quoted by von Mach). For the latter, see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 5; _Guide_, 5; _Mon. d. I._, VI and VII, 1857-63, Pl. 84, 1; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 432 f. (Koehler); Rayet, II, Pl. 71; B. B., 225; Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, II, i, pp. 24 f., fig. 2; etc.

[688] Text on pp. 115 f.; Klein, _op. cit._, pp. 403 f., believes that the enigma of its interpretation remains unsolved. He looks upon it as, perhaps, a pre-Lysippan work, a sort of _Vorstufe_ to the _Apoxyomenos_.

[689] _Cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 534.

[690] On this gesture, see von Mach, _op. cit._, pp. 325-6.

[691] Textbd., I, figs. 13-14, pp. 26-7. For the gem, see _ibid._, fig. 3, p. 22; Reinach, _Pierres gravées_, Pl. 56, 34.

[692] _H. N._, XXXIV, 77. So Miss Bieber, _Jb._, XXV, 1910, pp. 159 f., following the suggestion of Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, ed. I, 1907, pp. 254 f. (view reiterated in ed. 2, 1910, p. 304), and Loeschke. Pliny says that the statue of Euphranor displayed every phase of Paris’ character, in the triple aspect of judge of the goddesses, lover of Helen, and slayer of Achilles. On this statue, of which we know so little, _cf._ the very different results reached by Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 357 f.; _Mw._, pp. 591-2) and Robert (_Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr._, XIX, 1895, pp. 20 f.). Edw. Vicars, in the _Pall Mall Magazine_, XIX, 1903, pp. 551 f., followed by Dr. Cooley, believes that the bronze should be restored as Paris holding the apple of discord in the right hand.

[693] _Suppl. de la Gaz. d. B.-A._, 1901, pp. 68 f., and 76 f.

[694] VI, 100 f.; VIII, 372 f.; in the latter connection it is an adjunct to the dance.

[695] Athenæus, I, 44 (p. 24 b), quotes the Pergamene Karystios (= _F. H. G._, IV, p. 359, fragm. 14) as saying that the women of Kerkyra played ball in his time. For Rome, _cf._ Hor., _Sat._, II, 2.11; Suetonius, _Octav._, 83; Pliny, _Ep._, III, 1.8; Seneca, _de Brev. vit._, 13; etc. On ball-playing, see Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, 1864, pp. 84 f.; L. Becq de Fouquières, _Les Jeux des Anciens_,^2 1873, Ch. IX, pp. 176-199.

[696] Athen., I, 25 (p. 14 d, e).

[697] Athen., I, 25-26 (pp. 14 f, 15 a).

[698] In his περὶ τοῦ διὰ σμικρᾶς σφαίρας γυμνασίου. _Cf._ Sidon. Apoll., V, 17; Martial, IV, 19; etc.

[699] Athen., I, 34 (p. 19 a).

[700] Athen., I, 26 (p. 15); _cf._, Eustath., on Od., VI, 115, p. 1553; only the Milesians were opposed to it: _id._, on Od., VIII, 372, p. 1601.

[701] Theophr., _Char._, V, 9; Pliny, _Ep._, II, 17.12 and V, 6.27; Suetonius, _Vit. Vespas._, 20; etc.

[702] _B. S. A._, X, 1903-4, pp. 63 f; _cf._, XII, 1905-6, p. 387.

[703] The σφαιρεῖς are mentioned in _C. I. G._, I, 4, 1386, 1432; P., III, 14.6, mentions a statue of Herakles there, to which these youths sacrificed. Mueller, _Die Dorier_, 4, 5, §2, classed these competitions as a sort of football.

[704] _Rev. des Ét. gr._, XIV, 1901, pp. 445-8.

[705] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1299; B. B., 413; Bulle, 44; Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, III, text to no. 1127; F. W., text to 1630; Rayet, II, text to Pl. 70, fig. on p. 5; Kekulé, _Die griech. Skulpt._,^2 fig. on p. 349 (the _Germanicus_ on p. 348; _cf._ Bulle, p. 94, fig. 17); Loewy, _Griech. Plastik_, Pl. 94, fig. 176 a, p. 80. The statue is 1.83 meters high (Bulle). Head alone in Overbeck, II, p. 446, and _cf._ 456, n. 4; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 270-271. A fine herma-replica of the head is at Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 219, no. 9; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 58, fig. 13 (three views). A poorer copy is in the Uffizi, Florence: Duetschke, III, no. 13; Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, 83-84.

[706] Graef, _Aus der Anomia_, 1890, p. 69. Bulle finds the head similar to that of the _Lemnian Athena_ and the body to that of the _Farnese Anadoumenos_ of the British Museum (= Bulle, no. 49). Furtwaengler thinks that its relation to the _Lemnia_ is not close enough to warrant us in assigning it to Pheidias: _Mp._, p. 57; _Mw._, pp. 86 and 742. On the basis of a Phokaian coin (Berlin example, _Mp._, Pl. VI, 19; copy in British Museum, _B. M. Coins_, Ionia, IV, 23), which represents a similar Hermes, he ascribes the statue to an Ionian artist and conjectures Telephanes mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 68.

[707] Helbig finds the head Myronian, but the body unconnected with any of the well-known artistic tendencies of his day.

[708] As shown in the _Germanicus_ copy; the right arm is wrongly restored in the Ludovisi statue. In the _Germanicus_ the arm is bowed more at the elbow, the hand reaching the level of the temples.

[709] Froehner, pp. 213 f., no. 184 (and bibliography); F. W., 1630; Rayet, II, Pls. 69 (statue), 70 (head); etc.

[710] _A. J. A._, XV, 1911, Pl. VI and pp. 215-16 (Caskey); _Jb._, XXIV, 1909, Pls. I and II (from Munich cast), pp. 1 f. (Sieveking). For the _Hermes_ of the Boboli gardens, see _ibid._, figs. 1 and 3, pp. 2 and 4; Arndt-Amelung., _Einzelauf._, 103-105; Duetschke, II, no. 84; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 230, _Mw._, p. 424. Another replica is in the Hermitage: Kieseritzky, _Kat._, no. 179; Sieveking, figs. 4-5, p. 5; _Mp._, p. 290, _Mw._, 506; another in the Torlonia Museum in Rome, no. [475] Sieveking, fig. 6, p. 5.

[711] _Gaz. d. B.-A._, 1911, p. 251.

[712] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 230 and _cf._ p. 290; _Mw._, p. 424 and _cf._ p. 506.

[713] See the _Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts_, 1898, p. 20. Mahler, _Polyklet u. seine Schule_, p. 27, no. 34, wrongly thought that it was a replica of the _Doryphoros_.

[714] Froehner, no. 183, pp. 210 f. (bibliography on pp. 212-13; later bibliogr. in Klein, _Praxitel. Stud._, 1899, p. 4, n. 2); B. B., no. 67; von Mach, 238 b; Clarac, Pl. 309, no. 2046. Replica in Munich (with a head of Apollo not belonging to the torso): Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, 1910, 287 (with list of replicas); von Mach, 238a; Clarac, V, 814, 2048; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 7; Klein, pp. 4 f.; one in London, in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, pp. 464f., no. 85 and Pl. opp. p. 464; Clarac, V, 814, 2048 A; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 6; one in the Vatican: Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 5; head and torso in Athens: _ibid._, II, i, 153, 10; _A. M._, XI, 1886, Pl. IX (middle), pp. 362 f. (Studniczka); head in Copenhagen, formerly in the Borghese Coll., Rome: P. Arndt, _Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, 1912, Pls. 128, 129, and text pp. 177 f., (fig. 95 = bronze restoration for the municipal Museum in Stettin, combining the Lansdowne body and the Fagan head in the British Museum; for the Fagan head see _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 1785).

[715] See von Mach, 170; R. Kekulé, _Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der Athena Nike_, with Pls. 1-6.

[716] From the _Ekphrasis_ of Christodoros, _A. G._, II, _vv._ 297-302. It was first shown to be a statue of Hermes by Lambeck, _de Mercurii statua_, Thorn, 1860.

[717] Pick, _Die antiken Muenzen Nordgriechenlands_, I, Pl. XVI, 25; _cf._ Froehner, p. 211.

[718] Duetschke, IV, no. 151; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XVI, pp. 239 f. (Wace).

[719] _E. g._, _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 1200, 1202, 1207; for a herm in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, after a fourth-century B. C. type, see Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 84, no. 65 and Pl. X.

[720] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1600 and Pi. III; _Jb._, I, 1886, p. 54, and Pl. 5, and fig. 1 (Wolters); Kalkmann, Proport. d. Gesichts, pp. 41 and 98; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XVIII. opp. p. 346; for a full discussion of this head, see the note by translator in _Mp._, pp. 346-7. The head is 11-1/2 inches high (_B. M. Sculpt._).

[721] Nissen, _Pompej. Stud._, p. 166.

[722] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18.

[723] _E. g._, one in Paris, in the Cab. des Médailles, no. 3350; Clarac, 666 D, 1512 F.

[724] _E. g._, E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz-und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pl. 10, 4; a bronze _Mercury_ in Paris, in the Cab. des Méd., Coll. Oppermann (0.20 m. tall): Furtw., _Mp._, p. 233, fig. 94, and _Mw._, p. 428, fig. 64; bronze statuette of Mercury in the British Museum with chlamys over the left shoulder: _Mp._, p. 232, fig. 93; _Mw._, p. 427, fig. 63.

[725] _Mp._, p. 231, n. 3.

[726] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 1217.

[727] _Mp._, pp. 288 f.; _Mw._, pp. 502 f.

[728] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 165 (renewed); base pictured, _Mp._, p. 288, fig. 123; _Mw._, p. 503; fig. 90. Furtwaengler had ascribed the statue of Aristion to the younger Polykleitos; this was disproved by the date of Aristion’s victory, Ol. 82 (= 452 B. C.), given by the _Oxy. Pap._

[729] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac, V, 946, 2436 A; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 289, fig. 124; _Mw._, p. 504, fig. 91.

[730] XXIII, 660; _cf._ Od., XIX, 86: “By Apollo’s grace he hath so goodly a son”—meaning that Apollo gave increase of physical strength to men, just as Artemis did to women. _Cf._ Hesiod, _Theog._, 346-7.

[731] V, 7.10.

[732] _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4 (= p. 724 C, D.); here he also mentions a Gymnasion of Apollo at Athens.

[733] Told by many writers: _e. g._, Apollod., II, 6.2.

[734] P., X, 13.7, describes a group at Delphi representing Apollo and Hermes grasping the tripod before the fight; in VIII, 37.1 he mentions the same subject on a marble relief at Lykosoura, and in III, 21.8 says that Gythion was founded by the two after the contest, and that their images stood in the agora there. The subject was represented in the gable of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi: Frazer, V, p. 274 (in connection with P., X, 11.2). Stephani enumerated 89 existing works of art which represent this subject, of which 58 appear on black-figured, 18 on red-figured vases, 8 on marble reliefs, 3 on terra-cottas, and 2 on gems: _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1868, pp. 31 f.; Overbeck has added to the list: _Griech. Mythol._, III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 391-415.

[735] The _Choiseul-Gouffier_ statue: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 209; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. III; _Specimens_, II, Pl. V; _Museum Marbles_, XI, Pl. 32; F. W., no. 221; _J. H. S._, I, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 178 f., and _cf._, II, 1882, pp. 332 f. (Waldstein); von Mach, Pl. 67; Collignon, I, p. 403, fig. 208; Clarac, III, 482, 931 H, and p. 213: Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 10; Conze, _Beitr. zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, 1869, Pl. VI; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 429. The height of the statue is 5 feet, 10.5 inches (_B. M. Sculpt._). The _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_: Kabbadias, 45; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 23-24 and fig.; _J. H. S._, I, Pl. V, fig. 3; Collignon, I, p. 405, fig. 209; B. B., 42; von Mach, 66; F. W., 219; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 7; Conze, _op. cit._, Pls. III-V, and text, pp. 13 f.; Murray, I, Pl. VIII, opp. p. 234 (both statues); torso in Munich, Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelauf._, nos. 849-50; for list of other copies, see _A. M._, IX, 1884, pp. 239-40.

[736] _Cf._ _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 209 (A. H. Smith).

[737] See Waldstein, p. 180; F. W., no. 219; _A. M._, IX, 1884, p. 248.

[738] Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 9; M. D., I, p. 47, no. 179; _cf._ F. W., 219. Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III. _Apollon_, p. 162, fig. 9.

[739] _A. M._, I, 1876, Pl. X, and pp. 178 f. (Kekulé); Bulle, 105 (Left) and p. 208, fig. 47.

[740] Published in _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 278-80 (Dickins); here, on p. 279, we have the fragment photographed with the lower parts of the _Choiseul-Gouffier_ and _Omphalos_ copies on either side; Dickins says that with the possible exception of the Athens statue this fragment shows the best workmanship of all the copies. Helbig, _Fuehrer_, no. 1268.

[741] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 211; it shows the _krobylos_ best.

[742] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 210.

[743] Braun, _Vorschule d. Kunstmythol._, Pl. V, (quoted by A. H. Smith).

[744] _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. 54; discussed in _Annali_, L, 1878, pp. 61 f. (Brizio).

[745] _Cf._ Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 859; Beulé, _Monnaies d’Athênes_, p. 271, quoted in _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 235, n. 54.

[746] _Jb._, II, pp. 234 f.; on p. 234, the Athens statue and the figure from the Bologna krater are shown side by side.

[747] _Fuehrer_, under no. 859 (the Capitoline replica), and especially under no. 1268.

[748] _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, p. 19.

[749] Roscher, _Lex._, I, p. 456.

[750] _A. M._, IX, 1884, p. 244.

[751] Mentioned by P., I, 3.4; this view has been upheld by Conze, _l.c._; Murray, I, p. 235; _cf._ Furtw., _l. c._, and on the artist, see his article in _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, pp. 160 f.

[752] _S. Q._, nos. 508-526.

[753] Furtw., _l. c._; the coin in the British Museum is pictured in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 205, fig. 2. Conze’s theory of identifying the type with the _Alexikakos_ has been questioned among others also by Overbeck: I, n. 226, to pp. 280 (on p. 301).

[754] Dionys. Halic., _de Isocrate Judicium_, III, p. 542 (ed. Reiske); _S. Q._, 531.

[755] _Op. cit._, especially p. 182.

[756] P., VI, 6.6. He won in the early fifth century, in Ols. 74, 76, 77 (= 484, 476, 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[757] F. W., nos. 219 and 221. Clarac, Text, Vol. III, p. 213, leaves it in doubt whether it be Apollo or an athlete; however, he calls the Capitoline copy an athlete.

[758] Published by Miss K. A. McDowall, _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 203-7 and fig. 1.

[759] The untrustworthy character of the Torlonia copy has been shown by Overbeck, _Kunstmythologie_, III, _Apollon_, pp. 109 and 162. The Roman copy in the Capitoline is also inferior, and the legs are wrongly restored—for at that period in art there was little difference between the free and the rest leg; see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, no. 859; Stuart Jones, _Cat. Mus. Capit._, p. 287, no. 20 and Pl. 69; Conze, _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, Pl. VII; Clarac, 862, 2189; head in Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, Serie II, 452-4, p. 35.

[760] Waldstein ascribed the original to Pythagoras, partly because this artist was famed for the detail of veins, sinews, and hair: see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[761] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 223 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVII, 3-5. The original height was 2.60 meters.

[762] _Strena Helbigiana_, 1900, p. 293; discussed also by Miss McDowall (_l. c._ and fig. 3, p. 206); a poor replica is in Munich: Furtw., _Mw._, p. 115, and fig. 21.

[763] _B. M. Coins, Troas_, etc., Pl. XXXII, 1; McDowall, _l. c._, fig. 4, p. 207.

[764] Bulle, 50, who gives the height 1.86 meters; von Mach, 115; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 9; other references _infra_, on p. 152, n. 5.

[765] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, VIII, 1905, pp. 42 f.; IX, 1906, pp. 279 f.; _cf._, Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, pp. 105-6, n. 1 (Engl. ed., p. 120).

[766] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 100 f. He thinks that the original may have been identical with the statue of Ἀπόλλων ἀναδούμενος standing before the temple of Ares at Athens, P., I, 8.4, and that the παῖς ἀναδούμενος of Pheidias at Olympia, P. VI, 4.5, also may have been an Apollo. He also interprets the figure of a charioteer entering a chariot on an Attic relief (Fig. 63), to be discussed later, as an Apollo: _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f. For the relief, see B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; F. W., no. 97; _infra_, pp. 269 f.

[767] _Cf._, Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 18 (_Achilleae_). On these “Achillean” statues (a generic name for statues of athletes leaning on their spears, from Achilles, the typical hero of ephebes), see Furtwaengler, _Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol._, Supplbd., IX, 1877, p. 47, n. 11.

[768] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, VIII, 1905, pp. 269 f. Miss McDowall, in the article already cited, p. 204, has also argued that there is no necessary connection between the quiver slung over the tree-support and Apollo.

[769] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; Loewy, _op. cit._, X, 1907, pp. 326 f. Studniczka, _ibid._, IX, 1906, pp. 311 f., discusses the base and believes that the pose of the statue of Pythokles was the same as that of the _Borghese Ares_ of the Louvre (von Mach, 125; F. W., 1298; Reinach, _Rép._ I, 133, 1-3; etc.), the weight on the left foot, _i. e._, essentially different from the Polykleitan pose.

[770] _R. M._, XXVII, 1912, p. 37.

[771] Duetschke, IV, no. 52 (= wrongly female); _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XV (three views), and pp. 235 f. (Wace).

[772] _Mp._, p. 247; _Mw._, pp. 448-449; he assigns it to the third quarter of the fifth century B. C.

[773] Amelung, _Rev. arch._, II, 1904, p. 344.1; Wace, _l. c._, p. 237.

[774] Both Schreiber, _A. M._, VIII, 1883, pp. 246 f., and Studniczka, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 255 f., have shown that the hair arranged in the double plait, whether the κρωβύλος or not, is Attic, and that similarly the mass of locks over the ears is common in Attic works.

[775] P., V, 7.9. In V, 7.7, the Idæan Herakles is said to have first crowned his brother as victor there; _cf._ V, 8.3-4. We have already (p. 10) spoken of the difference of opinion as to whether it was the Cretan (Idæan) Herakles, or the more famous son of Zeus and Alkmena, who founded the games. On the traditional connection of the hero with Olympia, see E. Curtius, _Sitzb. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1894, pp. 1098 f.; Busolt, _Gr. Gesch._,^2 I, pp. 240 f.; Krause, _Olympia_, pp. 26 f.

[776] With the river-god Acheloos, III, 18.16 (the contest pictured in relief on the throne of Apollo at Amyklai; _cf._ the same scene represented by the cedar-wood figures inlaid with gold on the treasury of the Megarians at Olympia, VI, 19, 12); with Antaios, IX, 11.6 (pictured in the sculptures of the gable of the Herakleion at Thebes); with Eryx, III, 16.4 and IV, 36.4.

[777] P., V, 8.4.

[778] P., V, 21.9; he won in Ol. 178 (= 68 B. C.): Foerster, 570-1.

[779] V, 21.10.

[780] These victors were Kapros of Elis, who won in Ol. 124 (= 212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; he had two statues, the remains of which may have been recovered: see _Bronzen v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. II, III; Aristomenes of Rhodes, who won in Ol. 156 (= 156 B. C.): Foerster, 505-6; Protophanes of Magnesia ad Maiandrum (ad Lethaeum in P., _l. c._), who won in Ol. 172 (= 92 B. C.): Foerster, 538-9; Marion of Alexandria, who won in Ol. 182 (= 52 B. C.): Foerster, 579-80; Aristeas of Stratonikeia, who won in Ol. 198 (= 13 A. D.): Foerster, 609-10; Nikostratos of Aigeai in Kilikia, who won in Ol. 204 (= 37 A. D.): Foerster, 621-2.

[781] Two men entered later, but were disqualified: Sokrates, who won in wrestling (?) in Ol. 232 (= 149 A. D.): Foerster, 704; and Aurelios Ailix, or Helix, of Phœnicia, who won the pankration in Ol. 250 (= 221 A. D.): Foerster, 734. See Dio Cassius, LXXIX, 10; Philostr., _Heroicus_, III, 13 (p. 147, ed. Kayser); _cf._ Ph., 46 and note by Juethner, _ad loc._ Ailix won in both events on the same day at the Capitoline games in Rome, which no one had done before: Foerster, _l. c._ Frazer, III, p. 625.

[782] Such victors were numbered in two ways; some authorities in the way mentioned above, _e. g._, Dio Cassius, _l. c._; others numbered them δεύτερος, τρίτος, κ. τ. λ., _e. g._, Africanus; _cf._ Rutgers, pp. 73 f. and n. 1, and p. 97 and n. 2.

[783] See F. Kindscher, Die herakleischen Doppelsieger zu Olympia, _Jahn’s Archiv f. Phil. u. Paedag._, II, 1845, pp. 392-411.

[784] P., IV, 32.1 (statues of the three in the Gymnasion at Messene). He mentions, IX, 11.7, a Gymnasion and Stadion of the hero near the Herakleion in Thebes.

[785] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 455-6.

[786] On the difficulty of distinguishing statues of victors from those of Herakles, see also Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Text, p. 138, to Pl. 94.

[787] P., VI, 2.1.

[788] Ch. VI, pp. 293 f., especially pp. 298-299.

[789] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. 117 (three views). It was formerly in the Tyszkiewicz collection.

[790] See Arndt, _l. c._ Furtwaengler believed the head Praxitelean: see Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2166 ll. 61 f. S. Reinach saw in it a _mélange_ of Skopaic and Praxitelean elements: _Gaz. d. B.-A._, 3, Pér., XVI, 1896, II, p. 332 and fig. on p. 328; _Têtes_, Pl. 176, p. 139; he is followed by Arndt.

[791] _Antichita di Ercolano, Bronzi_, I, Pls. 49 and 50; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. VII, 3, p. 261, 4; Rayet, II, Pl. 66; B. B., no. 364; F. W., 1302. Similarly, the bronze head of a youth in Naples, with a rolled fillet, may be from the statue of a victor or of the hero: Invent., 5594; B. B., 365.

[792] For the Naples replica, see Comparetti e de Petra, _Villa Ercolan._, Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., _Mp._ p. 234, fig. 95; _Mw._, p. 430, fig. 65; poorer copy in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican (no. 139): Helbig, _Guide_, 69; B. B., 338; another in Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 220, no. 10; _Mp._, p. 235, fig. 96; _Mw._, p. 431, fig. 66. Graef had already conjectured the type to be that of a Polykleitan _Herakles: R. M._, IV, 1889, p. 215. He is followed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 23.

[793] Amelung., _Vat._, I, p. 738, no. 636 and Pl. 79; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 108; _Guide_, 113; B. B., no. 609; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 341, fig. 146 (head, on p. 342, fig. 147); _Mw._, p. 575, fig. 109 (head, on p. 577, fig. 110). The group is 2.12 meters high (Amelung.).

[794] Helbig, _Guide_, no. 242.

[795] Helbig, _ibid._, no. 470; _R. M._, IV, 1889, p. 197, no. 12 (Skopaic).

[796] It was found in Genzano: _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1731 and Pl. V, fig. 2; height, 1 foot, 4-7/8 inches; for references, see _infra_, p. 169, n. 8.

[797] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1732; _Specimens_, I, Pl. 57; _Museum Marbles_, III, Pl. 12. A similar head, half portrait and half ideal, appears on coins of Macedonia. Such filleted heads as nos. 1733 and 1740 of _B. M. Sculpt._ are probably from statues of Herakles. The statuette of a seated Herakles, _ibid._, no. 1726, with the lion-skin and wearing a laurel wreath tied on with a fillet (= Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, p. 227, no. 3; _J. H. S._, III, 1882, Pl. XXV.) and inscribed as the work of Diogenes (_I. G. B._, 361), recalls the description of the pose of the _Hermes Epitrapezios_ made by Lysippos for Alexander: Statius, _Silv._, IV, 6; _cf._ Martial, IX, 44.

[798] _B. M. Bronz._, nos. 1254, 1276, 1292, etc.

[799] _B. M. Bronz._, Pl. II (upper right-hand); text, no. 212.

[800] Friedrichs, _Kleinere Kunst_, 1850; mentioned by Furtw., _Mw._, p. 525, n. 2.

[801] III, nos. 9 and 19; no. 19 has swollen ears.

[802] See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 234 and 236; _Mw._, pp. 429 and 433. He gives as an example the Polykleitan ephebe head-type discussed _supra_, p. 95.

[803] P., V, 8.4.

[804] P., V, 15.5.

[805] P., III, 14.7 (ἀφετήριοι).

[806] P., II, 34.10.

[807] Iliad, III, 237 (= Od., XI, 300); Homeric Hymn to the Dioskouroi, XXXIII, 3; Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 16 f.; _Pyth._, V. 9; etc. Kastor was famed also for throwing the quoit: Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 25.

[808] Iliad and Od., _ll. cc._; Simonides, frag. 8 (_P. l. G._, III, p. 390); Apoll. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 1 f.

[809] Apoll. Rhod., _op. cit._, I, 146; Theokr., XXII, 2-3 and 34; Pindar, _Pyth._, XI, 61-2; _Nem._, X, 49-50; _Isthm._, V, 32-3; etc.; various Roman poets: see Bethe, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, I, pp. 1092-4.

[810] _R. M._, XV, 1900, 1 f. (with illustrations).

[811] _I. G. A._, 37.

[812] _B. M. Bronz._, no. 3207; _C. I. G. G. S._, III, 1, 649; _Rev. arch._, Sér. 3, XVIII, 1891, Pl. 18, and pp. 45 f. (Froehner); _Wochenschr. f. kl. Phil._, VIII, 1891, p. 859; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73. Froehner reads the name “Exotra,” that of a woman victor.

[813] _I. G. A._, 43 a (p. 173).

[814] Duetschke, IV, no. 534. Another relief fragment in the Uffizi shows the upper part of the two with horses, each wearing the chlamys and pilleus and carrying spears: Duetschke, III, 446.

[815] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 780; _Museum Marbles_, II, Pl. 11; _cf._ a similar relief, no. 781. The relief _ibid._, III, no. 2206, supposedly representing Kastor, has been pronounced a modern forgery by Treu: see F. W., 1006.

[816] Ch. I, pp. 27 f. and 37 f.

[817] This is the usual division of victor monuments: Scherer, pp. 21 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 530; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler griech. und roem. Skulptur_, Handausgabe^3, 1911, pp. 104 f. (translation by H. Taylor, 1914, pp. 120 f.) Reisch, p. 40, divides _Siegerbilder in Motiven von allgemeiner Geltung und Bilder in Motiven, die der speciellen Veranlassung der Weihung entlehnt sind_—a division practically amounting to that of rest and motion statues, as we shall see.

[818] Discussed _infra_ in Ch. VII, pp. 334 f.

[819] VIII, 40.1.

[820] See _infra_, Ch. VII, pp. 327-8.

[821] We know of one case, at least, where an “Apollo” (draped) was transferred to a relief—on a column drum of the old Artemision in Ephesos, now in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, X, 1889, Pl. III, pp. 4 f., and figs. 4a, 5 (Murray); Overbeck, I, p. 106, fig. 9; Richardson, p. 53, fig. 16. According to Herodotos, I, 92, most of these columns were the gifts of Crœsus, who reigned 560-546 B. C. On the whole series of “Apollos,” see W. Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, 1909; _cf._ F. W., text to no. 14, pp. 9 f; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, pp. 82-3, with references; etc.

[822] See Richardson, pp. 39 f.

[823] Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 11-12 and fig.; _B. C. H._, X, 1886, Pl. V (two views) and pp. 98 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 117, fig. 58; Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 161, no. 35; Richardson, p. 44, fig. 12. It is in the National Museum at Athens, where most of the “Apollos” are to be found. The sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios on Mount Ptoion, Bœotia, is mentioned by P., IX, 23.6, Hdt., VIII, 135, and other writers.

[824] In Athens: Kabbadias, no. 8; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 10; Deonna, p. 227, no. 129; _A. M._, III, 1878, Pl. VIII; Collignon, I, p. 132, fig. 66; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 131, fig. 16; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 5; B. B., no. 77C; von Mach, 12; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 10; F. W., 14; Springer-Michaelis, p. 172, fig. 336; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 319, fig. 133.

[825] Kabbadias, no. 9; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 9-10 (1.27 m. high); _Annali_, XXXIII, 1861, pp. 79 f. and Pl. E; Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 148, no. 26; _B. C. H._, V, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 319 f.; Collignon, I, p. 114, fig. 56; Overbeck, I, fig. 14; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 166, fig. 29; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 8; B. B., 77A; von Mach, 11 b; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 509, fig. 260; F. W., 43; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 11.

[826] Kabbadias, no. 10; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 8 (1.30 meters high); Deonna, p. 153, no. 28; _B. C. H._, X, 1886, Pl. IV, and p. 66 (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 196, fig. 92; von Mach, 15a (left); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 168, fig. 30; B. B., 12 (left); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 7. In another found at Mount Ptoion in 1903, the left arm is almost entirely broken away: _B. C. H._, XXXI, 1907, Pl. XX.

[827] Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 10, no. 1558; Deonna, p. 217, no. 114, _B. C. H._, XVI, 1892, Pl. XVI (two views) and pp. 560 f. (Holleaux); von Mach, no. 13; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 321, fig. 134; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 132, fig. 17; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 6; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 1.

[828] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschreib. d. Glypt._,^2 pp. 49 f., no. 47; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 158, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 87, fig. 7; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 7; B. B., no. I; Bulle, 37 (right); von Mach, 14; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. I, pp. 3 f; _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1847, Pl. XLIV; Baum., I, fig. 340; Collignon, I, p. 202, fig. 96; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 338; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 401, figs. 187, 188; F. W., 49; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 2. It is 1.53 meters high (Bulle).

[829] Left: torso found in 1885: _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, Pl. VIII, and pp. 185 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 198, fig. 49; Richardson, p. 41, fig. 9 (without the head); head found in 1903: _B. C. H._, XXXI, 1907, Pls. XVII-XVIII; entire figure, _ibid._, Pl. XIX; text, pp. 187 f. (Mendel); Kabbadias, 12; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 9 and fig.; Deonna, p. 156, no. 30. Right: Staïs, pp. 12-13, no. 20; Deonna, no. 35; Collignon, I, p. 315 and fig. 157 (two views); _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, Pls. XIII and XIV, and pp. 275 f., and X, 1886, fig. VI (without head) and pp. 269 f.; von Mach, 15b (right); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 169, fig. 31; Richardson, p. 42, fig. 10 (two views); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 77, 4 (without head); _cf._ II, 1, 18, 4 and 5.

[830] See Holleaux, _B. C. H._, XI, p. 186, n. 1. Richardson, p. 41, wrongly thought that they were of marble, explaining the preservation of the arms by their presence; the arms, however, were formerly broken off and have since been readjusted to the statue.

[831] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 206; _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XLI; _Annali_, XLIV, 1872, pp. 181 f.; B. B., 51; von Mach, 16; Overbeck, I, p. 237, fig. 61; F. W., 89; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 81, 6. It is 3 feet 4 inches in height.

[832] See Holleaux, _B. C. H._, X, 1886, p. 271; XI, p. 186; and _cf._ Vischer, _Kleine Schriften_, II. pp. 302 f.

[833] B. B., no. 76.

[834] See Holleaux, in _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, p. 178.

[835] From the inscription on its thigh.

[836] In the Athens Museum; it dates from the middle of the sixth century B. C.: Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 11, no. 1906 and fig. (1.78 m. high); Deonna, p. 133, no. 5; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, figs. 189-190; Kabbadias, _Arch. Eph._, 1902, pp. 43 f. and Pls. 3 and 4; Bulle, no. 37 (left), who gives its height as 1.79 meters.

[837] See Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, text to Pl. I, p. 4.

[838] Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, p. 4, ascribe it to the Cretan sculptors Skyllis and Dipoinos, who worked in Argos, Sikyon, and Corinth, or to their school.

[839] Statue A: _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, Pl. I; _B. C. H._, XXIV, 1900, Pls. XIX-XXI (front, side, and rear) and pp. 445 f. (Homolle); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 155, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 89, fig. 8; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 337; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pls. IX, X. Statue B (fragmentary): _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, p. 7, fig. 7; _B. C. H._, XXIV, 1900, Pl. XVIII. See also the following: _Gaz. B.-A._, III Pér., XII, 1894, pp. 444-6; XIII, pp. 32 f.; _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1894, p. 585; especially Homolle, _l. c._, pp. 445 f. (he exchanges B for A); _cf._ _A. J. A._, 1895, p. 115; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 77, 6 and 7.

[840] VI, 10.5; the epigram reads:

Εὐτελίδας καὶ Χρυσόθεμις τάδε ἔργα τέλεσσαν Ἀργεῖοι, τέχναν εἰδότες ἐκ προτέρων.

Damaretos of Heraia won two victories in the heavy-armed race in Ols. 65, 66 (= 520, 516 B. C.); Theopompos two in the pentathlon in Ols. (?) 69, 70 (= 504, 500 B. C.). Their monument was one in common: Hyde, nos. 94, 95 and pp. 42 f.; Foerster, 135, 140 and 168, 169.

[841] P., VI, 15.8; he won in the boys’ wrestling match and in the pentathlon in Ol. 38 (= 628 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62.

[842] Hoplite victor in Ol. 68 (= 508 B. C.): Foerster, 151.

[843] Victor in three running races on the same day (τριαστής) in Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 144-6.

[844] They won in boxing in Ol. 59 (= 544 B. C.) and the pankration in Ol. 61 (= 536 B. C.) respectively: P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187, 188, and p. 56; Foerster, 113 and 120. Pausanias, _l. c._, wrongly says that they were the oldest statues at Olympia.

[845] He won the double foot-race in Ol. 35 (= 640 B. C.): Afr.; P., I, 28.1; Foerster, 55.

[846] He won five victories in wrestling at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: P., III, 13.9; Foerster, 86-90. The statue of Oibotas of Dyme, who won the stade-race in Ol. 6 (= 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.): Afr.; P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6; that of Chionis of Sparta, who won seven running races in Ols. 28-31 (= 668-656 B. C.), was made by Myron, and consequently was erected in the fifth century B. C.: P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111, and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-6: these two, therefore, did not necessarily conform with the “Apollo” type.

[847] VI, 14.5 f; he won in Ol. (?) 61, and in Ols. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 (= 536-516 B. C.): Hyde, 128; Foerster, 116, 122, 126, 131, 136, and 141; Afr. gives the second victory as Ol. 62; see Foerster, 122.

[848] _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, IV, 28.

[849] VI, 14.6-7.

[850] Frazer, IV, p. 44, believes that this description may be imaginary, concocted from stories of Milo’s feats of strength; but Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 601, cite Guttman, _de olympionicis apud Philostratum_, p. 7, Matz, _de Philostr. in describ. imag. Fide_, p. 33, and Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 413, as believing that it was based on the appearance of the statue. Scherer, pp. 23 f., thought that Philostratos followed Pausanias in interpreting the attributes of the statue, and that the latter got his idea of the strength of the victor from the statue or from a cicerone. Pliny, _H. N._, VII, 19, says of Milo: _Malum tenenti nemo digitum corrigebat_. Aelian mentions Milo’s feat with the pomegranate in _Var. Hist._, II, 24 and _de Nat. anim._, VI, 55.

[851] _Cf._ Philostr., _l. c._, ll. 27, 28: καὶ τὸ μήπω διεστὼς τῇ ἀρχαίᾳ ἀγαλματοποιίᾳ προσκείσθω.

[852] _Op. cit._, p. 31.

[853] _Cf._ P., VIII, 46.3.

[854] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75.

[855] For the type, see the Payne Knight bronze statuette in the British Museum: _B. M. Bronz._, no. 209 and Pl. I; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45; the same type appears on Milesian coins. _Cf._ Brunn, I, 77. Frazer is against Scherer’s contention.

[856] II, 2, pp. 601-2. See P., VI, 9.1 (statue of Theognetos).

[857] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[858] _Anachar._, 9; _cf._ _A. G._, IX, 357.

[859] No. 38; _cf._ for the left-hand figure, p. 83, fig. 11 (side view).

[860] _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 44 f., Pls. V, VI (de Ridder); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 547, fig. 332; A. de Ridder, no. 740, pp. 268-9, and Pls. III, IV. It is similar in pose to bronzes in the same museum, nos. 736 (= de Ridder, Pl. II, 1), 737 (= Pl. II, 3), and 738 (= Pl. II, 2). It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle).

[861] It will be considered later on in this chapter: p. 119 and n. 3. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle).

[862] This statuette, showing Peloponnesian tendencies, is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; it is 0.25 meter high (Bulle).

[863] In the same way the pediment statues from Aegina differ from Attic works by straighter lines and more compact forms.

[864] He won a chariot victory some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 (= 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17 (= 105 d; P., VI, 1.26); Foerster, 310.

[865] He won in chariot-racing some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513. The date is from the lettering on the recovered base: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 177; _cf._ Hyde, p. 51. On such statues, _cf._ Reisch, p. 41.

[866] The spelling Ηαγελαιδας occurs on two blocks, d, e, from the Praxiteles bathron at Olympia: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 631 = _I. G. B._, 30; for the whole Praxiteles bathron see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 266. Dittenberger and Purgold keep the reading Hagelaïdas. Possibly the spelling Ἁγελαίδα stands for ὁ Ἀγελαίδα; the MSS. of Pliny read Hagelades; see _I. G. B._, p. xviii, Add. to no. 30; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 217, n. 1. On the sculptor, see Lechat, p. 380 and n. 4, and pp. 454 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 316 f.; Joubin, pp. 14 f., 83 f., 92 f., etc.; Brunn, pp. 63 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 216 f.; and especially Pfuhl, in Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f.

[867] For Myron, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 57. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 196, _Mw._, 379-80, thinks that the connection is not literally true, even if considerations of chronology are not against it, and derives the story of Hagelaïdas teaching Myron from the similarity between the work of the two. For Polykleitos, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. The tradition that Hagelaïdas was the master of Polykleitos has been unreasonably assailed by many scholars: _e. g._, by Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p. 97; Mahler, _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, 3912, pp. 6 f.; Klein, I, p. 340; _cf._ II, p. 143; _cf._ Springer-Michaelis, I, p. 210. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 196, _Mw._, p. 380, believes it impossible because of chronological difficulties, and assumes a sculptor of an intermediate generation as the teacher of Polykleitos; he, followed by Mahler, _l. c._, and Klein, I, 340, names Argeiadas (mentioned in _I. G. B._, no. 30) as this intermediate artist. However, he admits that the statement is true in a general sense, since Polykleitos developed his canon from that of Hagelaïdas: _cf._ _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 149; Pfuhl, however, p. 2192, has shown that the relationship is perfectly possible.

[868] To be mentioned _infra_, p. III and note 2.

[869] Dio Chrysost., _de Hom. et Socr._, 1; here Mueller amends the MSS. reading ΗΠΟΥ to ΗΓΙΟΥ; E. A. Gardner, _Class. Rev._, 1894, p. 70, wrongly reads Ἡγελάδου.

[870] _Mp._, pp. 53 and 196; _Mw._, pp. 80-81, and 380.

[871] Wilamowitz has shown that it comes from Apollonios, son of Chairis, who lived _circa_ 100 B. C., and that it goes back probably to the _Chronica_ of Apollodoros of Athens, who lived in the middle of the second century B. C.: _Aus Kydathen_ (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, _Philolog. Untersuchungen_, I, 1880), pp. 154 f. Kalkmann, in his _Quellen der Kunstgesch. d. Plinius_, p. 41, believes that the date which is given by Pliny (XXXIV, 49) for the _floruit_ of Hagelaïdas, Ol. 87 (= 423-429 B. C.), comes from the same Apollodoros.

[872] _Op. cit._, pp. 41 and 65 f.; Pfuhl, p. 2194. Brunn, _l. c._, Overbeck, I, p. 140, and Robert, _l. c._, had assumed an earlier plague at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; but the real occasion for the dedication of the _Herakles_ remains obscure.

[873] P., IV, 33.2.

[874] P., VI, 8.6; Hyde, 82; Foerster, 142, 148.

[875] P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 132; Foerster, 133, 134.

[876] P., VI, 10.6 f.; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143. There is no reason for following Brunn in his contention that these statues were set up some time after the victories, as these dates fit the chronology of the artist outlined above.

[877] A fifth-century type of statue occurs on these coins, representing the god standing with the left foot forward, the knee slightly bent, a thunderbolt held in the extended right hand and an eagle in the extended left: _B. M. Coins_, Pelop., Pl. XXII, nos. 1 and 6; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 2, Muenztafel, III, 20 and 12; Springer-Michaelis, I, p. 211, fig. 393; Collignon, I, p. 318, figs. 158-159. Frickenhaus, quoted by Pfuhl, p. 2194, believes that the pose is seen also in the small bronze pictured in _B. S. A._, III, 1896-7, Pl. X, 1.

[878] P., VII, 24.4. See _B. M. Coins, Pelop._, Pl. IV, nos. 12 and 17, and _cf._ 14; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 1, Muenztafel, IV, 16-17; Svoronos, _Journ. int. d’arch. num._, II, 1898, 302, Pl. 14, 11.

[879] Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890 (Eine argivische Bronze), pp. 152-153 and Pl. I (3 views); from which plate Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 221, fig. 49; Waldstein, _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 131, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 93, fig. 11; von Mach, 17 b; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 1; _cf._ Frost, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 223 f., and fig. 1, who compares its style and pose with a later bronze statuette found off Cerigotto (_Arch. Eph._, 1902, Pl. 14). Ligourió is on the site of the ancient Lessa: Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, II, 1852, p. 418. The bronze without the base is 135 millimeters high (Furtwaengler).

[880] B. B., 302; Bulle, 43; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 428; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 52, fig. 10 (upper part); _Mw._, p. 79, fig. 3; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228 b. It is 1.60 meters high (Bulle).

[881] Listed by Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 139, n. 61. For the relation of these copies to each other, _id._, _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XIV, 1894, pp. 81 f.; he ascribes them to Hegias.

[882] B. B., no. 301; Bulle, 41; von Mach, 321; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1846; _Guide_, 744; Baum., II, p. 1191, fig. 1391; Collignon, II, p. 661, fig. 346; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228, a; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 9; F. W., 225; _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XV, and pp. 123 f.; _Annali_, XXXVIII, 1865, Pl. D and pp. 58 f.; Kekulé, _Gruppe des Kuenstlers Menelaos in Villa Ludovisi_, 1870, Pl. II, 2, pp. 20 f.; Joubin, p. 87, fig. 15; Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 398. The best copy of the head of the statue by Stephanos is in the Lateran Museum, Rome: see Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 217, fig. 92; _Mw._, p. 405, fig. 62. The statue is 1.44 meters high (Bulle). For the inscription on the tree-trunk, see _I. G. B._, no. 374.

[883] The best example is in Naples, the group being known, and probably correctly, since Winckelmann’s day, as _Orestes_ and _Elektra_: B. B., no. 306; Kekulé, _Gruppe d. Menelaos_, Pl. II, 1; Bulle, 141 (height 1.44 meters); Collignon, II, pp. 662, fig. 347; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 557, fig. 151; Clarac, V, 836, 2093; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 506.4. A sketch of the Naples _Orestes_ and the Ligourió bronze, showing their great resemblance, is given by Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 137. A replica of the female figure is cited by Michaelis as in Marbury Hall, England: p. 503, no. 6; _cf._ Conze, _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr._ Pl.^2, p. 25, n. 3.

[884] _E. g._, the so-called group of _Orestes_ and _Pylades_ in the Louvre: von Mach, 323; Collignon, II, p. 663, fig. 348; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 161, 2 (= _Mercury_ and _Vulcan_).

[885] Kalkmann, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, pp. 77 f., thought that the Stephanos figure went back to an original by Pythagoras, the rival of Myron, which Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 49, rightly characterizes as “wide of the mark”; Pfuhl, p. 2197, Bulle, and others regard its ascription to the school of Hagelaïdas as probable, even if not capable of proof. Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 152, believes it was _vermutlich ein Werk des Meisters_ (_i. e._, _Hagelaïdas_) _selbst_: on pp. 146-7 he pronounces the life-size marble torso of a statue of a nude man found in a wall over the ruins of the Palaistra at Olympia (Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 45)—because of its resemblance in pose to that of the Ligourió statuette—a Roman school copy of an original bronze victor statue going back to Hagelaïdas.

[886] _E. g._, the marble group formerly in the Boncompagni-Ludovisi collection, now in the Museo delle Terme, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1314; _Guide_, 887; B. B., no. 309; von Mach, 322; Baum., II, p. 1193, fig. 1393; Springer-Michaelis, p. 454, fig. 834; Kekulé, _Die Gruppe d. Menelaos_, Pl. I; Schreiber, _Bildw. d. Villa Ludovisi_, p. 89, no. 69; Collignon, II, p. 665, fig. 349; F. W., 1560; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 506, 6.

[887] V, 10.8.

[888] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 72, and XXXVI, 16.

[889] See Brunn, pp. 236-7 and 244-5.

[890] Loeschke (_Dorpaterprogr._, 1887, p. 7, on the basis of an early suggestion of Furtwaengler in _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 194) and J. Six (_J. H. S._, X, 1889, pp. 109 f.), assumed two sculptors of the name of Alkamenes, ascribing the gable statues and that of _Hera_ at Phaleron (mentioned by P., I, 1.5) to the elder one. Furtwaengler later retracted the theory of two artists and assumed but one (_Mp._, p. 90, n. 3; _Mw._, p. 122 and n. 6). Koepp has shown that the _Hera_ is of no use in dating, since the story of Pausanias that the temple of Hera was destroyed by the Persians is an invention (_Jb._, V, 1890, p. 277). The idea of an elder Alkamenes based on the inscription on a herm recently found in Pergamon (_A. A._, 1904, fig. on p. 76) has also been refuted by Winter (_A. M._, XXIX, 1904, pp. 208-211, and Pls. XVIII-XXI), who has shown that the inscription and statue do not go so far back.

[891] See Baum., pp. 1104 KK.

[892] P. 243.

[893] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, pp. 141 f.

[894] No. 135.

[895] _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebr._, pp. 67 f.

[896] _A. M._, VII, 1882, pp. 206 f. He also found the style of the two pediments unlike.

[897] _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 78, n. (= Argive-Sikyonian); _cf._ _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 44-95; Tafelbd., Pls. IX-XVII (East Gable), XXII-XXXI (West Gable).

[898] _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 374-5 (= Argive-Sikyonian); _cf._ _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 53 f., where he excepts the four corner figures of the West Gable as Attic, because they are of Pentelic marble, and not Parian, like the others.

[899] I, pp. 460-1.

[900] I, p. 330 (= Elean).

[901] For a discussion of the whole question of the artists, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, pp. 329 f.; Frazer, III, pp. 512 f. For a restoration of the two groups, see Treu, _Jb._, III, 1888, Pls. 5, 6 (West), and _ibid._, IV, 1889, Pls. 8, 9 (East); whence Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 246, figs, 57 and 56 respectively; see also _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XVIII-XXI; Textbd., pp. 114-137; Overbeck, I, Pl. opp. p. 309; etc.

[902] Richardson, p. 101, fig. 49 (side), and p. 154 for the statement; Lechat, _Au Musée_, Pl. XVI; Bulle, pp. 462-3, figs. 135, 136; B. B., no. 461 (middle row, bottom); _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 372 f. (Studniczka); de Ridder, no. 467; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 679, fig. 347; it is 0.10 meter high (Graef., _A. M._, XV, 1890, p. 16, n. 1). For the figure of Apollo, see Bulle, no. 42; _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. XXII, and Textbd., p. 69; von Mach, 86 (statue), 446 (head). The original height was 3.10 meters (Bulle).

[903] _Mp._, p. 53; _Mw._, p. 80; _50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr._, pp. 140-1 and 148.

[904] The torso was found in 1865, the head in 1888: torso, _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 20 and Pl. I, with wrong head (Furtwaengler); head, _Arch. Eph._, 1888, p. 81 and Pl. III; figure in outline, Collignon, I, pp. 374-5, figs. 191-2; Dickins, no. 698, pp. 264 f.; B. B., 461 b; Bulle, 40 and figs. 15, 14 on pp. 87-8 (from a cast); von Mach, 57; Overbeck, I, p. 205, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 452, fig. 38; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403; Furtwaengler, _A. A._, 1889, p. 147, _Mw._, pp. 76, n. 2, and 81; Wolters, _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 226. Bulle dates it toward 480 B. C.

[905] The same turn appears in the sixth-century Rampin head: Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182. It will be discussed later on, pp. 126-127.

[906] Furtwaengler, _50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr._, pp. 132 and 150; _Mp._, p. 19; Dickins, p. 265.

[907] It is a dedication by Euthydikos: Collignon, I, Pl. VI (right), opp. p. 356; von Mach, no. 26 (right); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 212, fig. 47; Bulle, 240; Lechat, _Au Musée_, p. 367, fig. 37; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 595, fig. 299; Richardson, p. 78, fig. 33; Springer-Michaelis, p. 207, fig. 390. Bulle gives it as half life-size.

[908] Dickins, pp. 248 f., no. 689; Bulle, no. 198; B. B., 460; von Mach, 440 and 443 (left); Collignon, I, p. 362, fig. 184, and bibliog., note 3, p. 363; Overbeck, I, p. 206, fig. 49; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 213, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 362 and _Au Musée_, p. 374, fig. 39; Furtw., _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XIV; _Arch. Eph._, III, 1888, Pl. II. It is slightly under life-size.

[909] Here again Furtwaengler ascribes it to Hegias, whose art he derives from Hagelaïdas.

[910] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum_, p. 49, fig. 78; it will be discussed _infra_ in Ch. IV, pp. 220-1.

[911] See _supra_, p. 105 and n. 3.

[912] On Chrysothemis, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, III, 2, p. 2521; Brunn, pp. 61-2; Overbeck, I, p. 140; Collignon, I, pp. 225 (= forerunners of Hagelaïdas and Polykleitos), and _cf._ p. 320. On Eutelidas, see Pauly-Wissowa, VI, 1, p. 1493.

[913] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55; others, _e. g._, P., VI, 6.2, call him an Argive. He belonged to a family of sculptors, some of whom worked in Sikyon and others in Argos.

[914] Kyniskos: P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149; Pythokles: P., VI, 7.10; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; Aristion: P., VI, 13.6; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 92; Thersilochos: P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 114; Foerster, 369.

[915] _H. N._, XXXIV, 91. In the same book, § 72, Pliny mentions another pupil of Polykleitos, Aristeides, as the fashioner of chariot-groups. Pausanias merely mentions him in connection with improvements in the hippodrome at Olympia made by Kleoitas: VI, 20.14; see Pauly-Wissowa, II, pp. 896-7.

[916] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 226, makes Naukydes, Daidalos, and the younger Polykleitos sons of Patrokles, the brother of the great Polykleitos. Naukydes and Daidalos describe themselves as sons of Patrokles in two inscriptions: _I. G. B._, 86 and 88. Pausanias, however, calls Naukydes a brother of Polykleitos and son of Mothon: II, 22.7.

[917] Cheimon: P., VI, 9.3; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285; Baukis: P., VI, 8.4; Hyde, 77; Foerster, 318; Eukles: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 159 (renewed). Naukydes’

## activity extended from Ol. 83 to Ol. 95 (= 448-400 B. C.): Hyde, p. 39.

[918] _H. N._, XXXIV, 49.

[919] P., VI, 8.1; Hyde, 72; Foerster, 268.

[920] P., VI, 6.2, expressly distinguishes between the elder and younger Polykleitos; in speaking of the statue of the boy wrestler Agenor, he says that Polykleitos, the pupil of Naukydes, “not the one who made the statue of Hera,” fashioned it. Robert, _O. S._, pp. 186 f., gives his activity as Ols. 98 to 103 (= 388-368 B. C.).

[921] Antipatros: P., VI, 2.6; Hyde, 16; Foerster, 309; Agenor: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 53; Foerster, 355; Xenokles: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 85; Foerster, 308; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; _I. G. B._, 90; Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos and that of Aristion to the younger: _Mp._, pp. 224-5. Loewy had already assumed the eider for Aristion, _Strena Helbigiana_, p. 180, n. 4, and this was confirmed by the early dating of his victory in the _Oxy. Pap._

[922] P., VI, 16.7; Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515. On this sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 2137; _I. G. B._, 475; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 318; etc.

[923] Before 600 B. C.; Robert, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, pp. 1159 f.; _cf._ Collignon, I, pp. 131 and 222 f.; Overbeck, I, pp. 84 f.

[924] P., VI, 9.1, f.

[925] Antipatros of Sidon, in _A. Pl._ (XVI), no. 220; on Aristokles, see Pauly-Wissowa, II, p. 937; Robert, _Arch. Maerch._, pp. 95 ff.

[926] Longpérier, _Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1868, no. 69; de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 2, 2, and p. 7; B. B., no. 78; Collignon, I, Pl. V, opp. p. 312; von Mach, 18 (two views); Overbeck, I, p. 235, fig. 60 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 397; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XI; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 84, 9. For bibliography, see Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 274. It is only 3 feet 4 inches tall. The _Apollo Philesios_, stolen from Miletos at the destruction of the city by Darius in 493 B. C. (Hdt., VI, 19; but P., VIII, 46.3, and later writers wrongly say by Xerxes; see E. Meyer, _Gesch. d. Altertums_,^2 1912, III, p. 309), was restored from Ekbatana in Media in 306 B. C. by Seleukos Nikator (P., _l. c._, and _cf._ I, 16.3). It is also mentioned by P., II, 10.5. The genuineness of the Piombino statuette has been assailed, but Overbeck has proved it genuinely archaic: _Griech. Kunstmyth._, III, _Apollon_, 1889, pp. 22 f.; _cf._ _Gesch. d. gr. Pl._, I, pp. 234 f.

[927] _H. N._, XXXIV, 75; _cf._ Jex-Blake _ad loc._, p. 60. Pausanias mentions a cedar replica of the _Apollo_ at Thebes: II, 10.5 and IX, 10.2. See p. 336, n. 1.

[928] P. Gardner, _The Types of Greek Coins_, 1883, Pl. XV, nos. 15-16; Collignon, I, p. 312, figs. 153-155; _cf._ B. Head, _Historia Nummorum_^2, 1911, p. 586; Overbeck, _Apollon_, pp. 23 f., and Muenztafel I, nos. 22 f. Also on gems: see M. W., I, Pl. XV, no. 61; _B. M. Gems_, no. 720; etc.

[929] _L. c._

[930] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 209 and Pl. I (middle); _Specimens_, Pl. 12; _Annali_, VI, 1834, Pl. D, fig. 4; Overbeck, I, p. 144, fig. 24, and _Apollon_, p. 24, fig. 5; Murray, I, p. 193, fig. 49; Rayet et Thomas, _Milet et le golfe Latmique_, Pl. 28, 2; Collignon, I, p. 313, fig. 156; Dar.-Sagl., I, p. 318, fig. 375; von Mach, 17 a; Springer-Michaelis, p. 183, fig. 350; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 475, fig. 242; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 80, 9; Fowler and Wheeler, _Hbk. of Greek Archæology_, 1909, p. 331, fig. 251; Furtwaengler, in Roscher, _Lex._, I, 1, p. 451; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45, Bulle, 28 (middle). A modern copy is in the Antiquarium, Munich: F. W., 51. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle).

[931] _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 90 f. (Studniczka) and Pls. IV, IV a, V; Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; Overbeck, I, p. 239, fig. 62; Michaelis in _A. Z._, XXI, 1863, pp. 122 f. (Anzeiger). It is 1.11 meters in height.

[932] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 36, fig. 8; Fraenkel, in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84-91, and Pl. 7.

[933] The small bronze also found there, 0.155 meter high, belongs to the same series: _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 190 f., and Pl. IX. It greatly resembles the statuette from Naxos. For a list of replicas of the statue of Kanachos, see Rayet, _Études d’archéologie et d’art_, p. 164; etc.

[934] On the style of Kanachos and the _Apollo_, see also Kekulé, _Sitzb. d. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1904, I, pp. 786-801; O. Mueller, _Kleine Schriften_, II, p. 537; F. W., to no. 51; Brunn, pp. 74 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 310 f.; etc.

[935] P., VI, 1.3 and 8.5; Hyde, 1, 2, 3, and 78; Foerster, 296, 300, 299, 290 and 305; on Alypos, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1711; Brunn, p. 280; _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 287 f.; and _cf._ P., X, 9.10.

[936] P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 116; Foerster, 291; on the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 277.

[937] P., VI, 3.13; Hyde, 34; Foerster, 575; on the sculptor, see Brunn, pp. 292 and 419; _cf._ Hyde, p. 34.

[938] Timon and Aigyptos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and [101] P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17, 18; Foerster, 310, 301; Aristodemos, Ol. [98] P., VI, 3.4; Hyde, 25; Foerster, 312; Eupolemos, Ol. 96: Afr.; P., VI, 3.7; Hyde, 28; Foerster, 294. On Daidalos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, pp. 2006 f.; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 191 f.; Brunn, pp. 14 f.

[939] P., VI, 3.5; Hyde, 26; Foerster, 325. On Damokritos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2070; Brunn, p. 105.

[940] Deinolochos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 5; Foerster, 330; Hysmon: P., VI, 3.9; Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347; Kritodamos: P., VI, 8.5; Hyde, 80; Foerster, 337; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 167; _I. G. B._, no. 96; Alketos: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 86; Foerster, 320; Lykinos: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 100; Foerster, 336. On Kleon, see Brunn, pp. 285; _I. G. B._, to no. 95.

[941] Troilos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; the dates of his two victories, Ols. 102, 103, are known; Philandridas: P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 10; Foerster, 393; his victory fell either in Ol. 102 or Ol. 103; Cheilon: P., VI, 4.6-7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392; P., because of the dating of Lysippos, inferred that this victor fell either at Chæroneia (338 B. C.) or Lamia (322 B. C.), both of which dates fall within the working years of the sculptor; see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 246; Polydamas: P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; Africanus gives us the date of his victory as Ol. 93, though the statue was set up after the victor’s death; Kallikrates, of Magnesia on the Mæander: P., VI, 17.3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (for two victories). Lysippos made two honor statues for Pythes of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134 a.

[942] Kallon: P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 106; Foerster, 410; Nikandros: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 157; Foerster, 408 and 413 (two victories). On the sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2013; Brunn, p. 407.

[943] P., VI, 17.5; Hyde, 181; Foerster, 401. On Daitondas, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2015 (who dates the sculptor at the beginning of the third century B. C., because of an inscribed base found at Delphi: _I. G. B._, 97; _C. I. G. G. S._, I, 2472); _cf._ Schmidt, _A. M._, V, 1880, pp. 197-8, no. 58; _cf._ Brunn, p. 418.

[944] P., VI, 2.6 f.; Hyde, 15; Foerster, 424.

[945] _H. N._, XXXIV, 51; _cf._ XXXIV, 78 (for his image of the Eurotas river); XXXV, 141 (as painter). The _Tyche_ is mentioned by P., VI, 2.7. Many copies of this work in marble, bronze, and silver have been identified, especially a marble statuette in the Vatican: B. B., no. 154; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 362; F. W., 1396; von Mach, 256; etc. For a list of copies, see R. Foerster, _Jb._, XII, 1897, pp. 145 f.; _cf._ Amelung, _Fuehrer d. Florenz_, nos. 261-2; and P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, IX, 1888, pp. 75 f. and Pl. V (silver statuette). On the sculptor, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, VI, pp. 1532-3; Brunn, I, pp. 411 f.; II, p. 157 (painter); Overbeck, II, pp. 172 f.; Collignon II, pp. 485 f.; Murray^2, II, pp. 354 f. Robert, _l. c._, gives three other sculptors of the same name; _cf._ _I. G. B._, nos. 143 and 244-9; Homolle, _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 336 f.

[946] Kratinos: P., VI, 3.6; Hyde, 27; Foerster, 433; Alexinikos: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184; Foerster, 438. On the sculptor, see Pliny, XXXIV, 85; Brunn, p. 415.

[947] P., V, 25.12-13.

[948] P., V, 27.8 (= joint work of Onatas and Kalliteles).

[949] P., V, 25.8 f. The base has been found _in situ_ east of the temple of Zeus: _Ergebn. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., II, Pl. XVII, 12; Textbd., pp. 145 f. See Plans A and B.

[950] P., VI, 12.1. Hiero won three victories in Ols. 76, 77, 78 (= 476-468 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215. The monument was dedicated in 467 B. C. after the death of the king. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 88.

[951] P., VI, 9.4-5; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 143.

[952] Philon: P., VI, 9.9; Hyde, 91; Foerster, 167 and 179; he won in Ols. (?) 72 and 73 (= 492 and 488 B. C.); Glaukos (boy boxer): P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137; he won in Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.), but his statue was set up by his son at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Hyde, p. 42; Theagenes: P., VI, 11.2 f.; he won in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 476 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[953] For the meaning of the word σκιαμαχεῖν, see _infra_, Ch. IV, p. 243 and n. 4.

[954] Theognetos: P., VI, 9.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193, 193 N; Epikradios: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 101; Foerster, 228.

[955] P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 103 and p. 44; Foerster, 519. On the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96.

[956] P., VI, 14.2; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96.

[957] Lechat, _Au Musée_, Pl. XV; _Arch. Eph._, 1887, Pl. III and pp. 43 f.; Bulle, 226 (two views); von Mach, 442, 443 (right); S. Reinach, _Têtes_, nos. 5 and 6; Overbeck, I, p. 198, fig. 44 (two views); Collignon, I, p. 304, fig. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 526-7, figs. 271-2; E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, VIII, 1887, p. 191. While Overbeck and Lechat regard it as Attic, most scholars call it Aeginetan. The helmet is separately made and fastened on. Bulle dates it in the first decade of the fifth century B. C. It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle).

[958] Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. VII, 1, p. 260; Collignon, I, p. 303, fig. 150; _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XVIII; Kekulé, _Annali_, XLII, 1870, pp. 263 f.; von Mach, 441; F. W., 229; for its style, see Rayet, I, text to Pl. 26. Studniczka, _R. M._, II, 1887, p. 105, n. 47, believes that the closely allied colossal marble head in the Museo Torlonia (no. 501) in Rome is a copy of the colossal _Apollo_ of Onatas at Pergamon, mentioned by P., VIII, 42.7. The head of the _Zeus_ found at Olympia (_Bronz. v. Ol._, Pl. I, 1, 1 a) has been regarded as Aeginetan.

[959] Collignon, I, p. 306; fig. 152 on p. 305.

[960] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 206; etc. Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1872, pp. 529 f., referred it to the school of Kallon; _cf._ also Collignon, I, p. 302.

[961] Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 169, fig. 31; von Mach, no. 15 (right); etc.

[962] _Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia_, 1906; see Tafelbd., II, Pls. 104 (West Gable), 105 (East Gable), (the pediment groups in colors); whence Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 226, Pls. 50-51; _cf._ also Springer-Michaelis, pp. 214-15, figs. 400 (West Gable), 401 (East Gable); fig. 399 gives an older arrangement of the West Gable statues, as set up in plaster in the Strasbourg Museum. Since Furtwaengler’s death new attempts at reconstruction have been made, notably by P. Wolters, _Aeginetische Beitraege_, and D. Mackenzie, in _B. S. A._, XV, 1908-09, pp. 274 f. and PI. XIX (East Gable). For various figures, see von Mach, nos. 78-83. See Furtwaengler-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, pp. 95 f. and figs. 74 f.

[963] While Overbeck dates them about 500 B. C., Furtwaengler, Bulle, Gardner, and others date them about 480 B. C.

[964] Hdt., VIII, 93.

[965] P., X, 13. 10.

[966] Furtw., _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 95, no. 82, and Textbd., pp. 248-9, and fig. 178 on p. 23; B. B., no 26; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 229, fig. 52; it is from the north half of the gable.

[967] Furtw., fig. 204, p. 248.

[968] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glyptothek_,^2 no. 78; Furtw., _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 96, no. 32, and Textbd., pp. 223-4; the figure on our plate to the right = Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr._, no. 77 and Furtw., _op. cit._, Pl. 96, no. 29, Textbd., p. 221. No. 78 should stand, however, in front of 77 as arranged by Furtwaengler, _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 104, and both should be placed in the south half of the West Pediment and not in the north. For the two figures in Fig. 21, see also von Mach, 78 (middle and right). For another figure (armed with helmet, shield, and spear) from the East Gable, see Bulle, 86 = Furtw.-Wolters, no. 86 (formerly no. 56).

[969] Recently these sculptures, and especially the limestone (λίθος πώρινος) fragments, have been dated from 490 B. C., rather than from [480] see Svoronos, I, p. 92. The Akropolis was destroyed by Xerxes in 480 B. C., but it is problematical if with the completeness recorded by Hdt., VIII, 53; see Doerpfeld in _A. M._, XXVII, 1902, pp. 379 f.; Dickins, pp. 5 f. The next year Mardonios destroyed the city by fire: Hdt., IX, 13.

[970] See von Mach, 25 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 635 f.; for details, Lechat, _Au Musée_, and Schrader, _Die archaischen Marmorskulpturen im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen_, 1909. See also Dickins, _op. cit._; Perrot-Chipiez, pp. 574 f. and p. 577, fig. 289 (= _Au Musée_, fig. 26), and p. 578, fig. 290 (= _Au Musée_, fig. 8); etc.

[971] _Mon. gr._, VII, 1878 (publ. in vol. I, 1882), Pl. I and pp. 1-14 (A. Dumont); _Mon. Piot_, VII, Pl. XIV, and pp. 146-7 (Lechat); Rayet, I, Pl. 18; Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182; Reinach, _Têtes_, 3, 4; Bulle, 225; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 641, fig. 328.

[972] So Richardson, p. 83, and others.

[973] So Bulle; he dates it in the first half of the sixth century B. C., doubtless a little too early.

[974] It is now in the National Museum at Athens: Kabbadias, no. 38; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 17; _Arch. Eph._, 1874, p. 484 and Pl. 71, Γ, a (Koumanoudis); Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 2904; von Mach, 351; Overbeck, I, p. 202, fig. 46; Collignon, I, p. 385, fig. 200; F. W., 99; Conze, _Die attischen Grabreliefs_, I, 1890, Pl. IV, pp. 5-6; Kirchhoff and Curtius, _Philolog. u. histor. Abh. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1873, pp. 156 f. (and two illustrations, one of a second fragment); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342.

[975] The breadth of 14 inches at top would become 30 inches at bottom. A second fragment, apparently belonging to the first, contains a part of the leg: _Arch. Eph._, 1874, Pl. 71, Γ, b.

[976] The same motive occurs on vases: _e. g._, Gerhard, I, Pl. XXII, and IV, Pl. CCLXXII.

[977] This very low relief is the most perfect of the older Attic grave-stelæ, and dates from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: Kabbadias, no. 29; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 15 and fig. (2.40 m. high); Sybel, _op. cit._, no. 3361; Overbeck, I, p. 200, fig. 45; Conze, _Die attischen Grabreliefs_, I, Pl. II, 1, p. 4; B. B., no. 41 A; Baum., I, p. 341, fig. 358; Kekulé, _Die ant. Bildw. im Theseion_, no. 363; Springer-Michaelis, p. 195, fig. 371; F. W., no. 101. Overbeck dates it at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; Richardson, p. 91 and fig. 43, about 525 B. C. For a duplicate stele from Ikaria, see _A. J. A._, V, 1889, Pl. I and pp. 9 f. (Buck); Conze, _op. cit._, I, Pl. II, 2.

[978] Dickins, no. 692 and fig.; mentioned by Furtwaengler, _A. M._, V, 1880, pp. 25 and 32; discussed by R. Delbrueck, _ibid._, XXV, 1900, pp. 373 f., Pls. XV, XVI (bottom).

[979] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, 1896, Pls. 1, 2 (and text by Arndt); Reinach, _Têtes_, Pls. 1, 2; Rayet, _Mon. gr._, VI, 1877 (publ. in vol. I, 1882), Pl. I; _id._, _Ét. d’archéol. et d’art_, pp. 1-8 and Pl. I; Collignon, I, pp. 361, fig. 183; B. B., no. 116; Bulle, 197; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 643, fig. 329.

[980] Collignon, I, p. 376, fig. 193; Bulle, fig. 128 on p. 440.

[981] Brunn-Arndt, _Gr. und roem. Portraets_, Pls. XXIII-XXIV.

[982] _Gaz. arch._, 1887, Pl. XI.

[983] _Cf._ Arndt, _La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, text to nos. 1 and 2.

[984] _Sammlung Sabouroff_, 1883, I, Einleitung, p. 5.

[985] Found in two fragments in 1822 and 1859-60: Dickins, no. 1342, pp. 275 ff., and fig.; B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig. 47; H. Schrader, _A. M._, XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f., and Pl. XI. Other references are given _infra_, p. 269, n. 9.

[986] See Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f., who discusses the question of the sex of the figure at length.

[987] So Hauser, _l. c._; followed by Robinson, _Cat. Museum of Fine Arts in Boston_, no. 33.

[988] _E. g._, Gerhard, I, Pls. XX and XXI.

[989] See _infra_, Ch. V, pp. 269 f.

[990] While Schrader (_op. cit._, p. 313) dates it in the last quarter of the sixth century B. C., Dickins finds it earlier than the remnants of the sculptures of the Hekatompedon and, because of the delicate carving of the drapery and hair, despite its Attic features, calls it “typically Ionian in its elaboration of detail.” However, I follow Overbeck’s date at the beginning of the fifth century B. C. (_op. cit._ p. 204), and believe that it represents a time near the close of Ionic influence on Attic art.

[991] P., VI, 6.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146.

[992] Of the Spartan hoplite and chariot victor Lykinos, who won two victories in Ols. (?) 83 and 84 (= 448 and 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 N; of the pancratiast Timanthes of Kleonai, who won in Ol. 81 (= 456 B. C.): P., VI, 8.4; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 76; Foerster, 232; of the unknown Arkadian boxer, mentioned by P., VI, 8.5, who won in Ol. 80 or Ol. 84 (= 460 or 444 B. C.): Hyde, 79, and pp. 39-41; _cf._ Foerster, 222 a, Hyde, 79 a; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 174; of the Spartan runner Chionis, who won in Ols. 28, 29, 30, 31 (= 668-656 B. C.), but his statue was erected in Ol. 77 or 78 (= 472 or 468 B. C.): P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-6. On two statues of Lykinos, see _infra_, p. 187, n. 6.

[993] Of the Elean boxer Satyros, who won two victories in Ols. (?) 102, 103 (= 372, 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.5; Hyde, 39; Foerster, 342, 348; of the boy boxers Telestas and Damaretos of Messene, who won some time between Ols. 102 and 114 (= 372 and 324 B. C.): P., VI, 14.4; Hyde, 127; Foerster, 378; and P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 130; Foerster, 373. On the sculptor, see Hyde, p. 35.

[994] P., VI, 4.5; Hyde, 40; Foerster, 494.

[995] P., VI, 12.8 f.; Hyde, 109; Foerster, 529; _cf._ Robert, _Hermes_, XIX, 1884, pp. 306 f. On the artist family of Polykles, his sons Timokles and Timarchides, Polykles Minor and Timarchides Minor, see Robert, _l. c._, pp. 300 f.; Hyde, pp. 45-47 and table on p. 46.

[996] _E. g._, _H. N._, XXXIV, 73 (Boëdas); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); XXXIV, 90 (Sthennis). In XXXIV, 91, he gives a list of artists who made statues of _sacrificantes_.

[997] In the Iliad, I, 450; VIII, 347; XV, 371; Aischylos, _Prom._, 1005 (ὑπτιάσμασι χερῶν); etc. On the attitude of prayer in Greek art, see L. Gurlitt, _A. M._, VI, 1881, pp. 158 f. (who tries to show that the gestures of prayer and adoration were distinct); Sittl, _Die Gebaerden der Gr. und Roem._, pp. 305 f.; _cf._ Conze, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 1-13 (on the _Praying Boy_ of Berlin, Pl. 10.) See also Dar.-Sagl., I, pp. 80 f., _s. v._ _adoratio_.

[998] V, 25. 5.

[999] See article by P. Girard and J. Martha in _B. C. H._, II, 1878, pp. 421 f. (lists of inventories of objects consecrated there).

[1000] Scherer, p. 33, shows that the gesture in such statues was meant to invoke victory rather than to pay thanks for one that had been gained.

[1001] Scherer agrees with Philostratos, _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, IV, 28, that the gesture of the right hand of the statue was one of prayer, and argues from it that many similar statues existed there: p. 31. Rouse wrongly assumes that all such statues were votive: p. 170.

[1002] P., VI, 1.7; he won in Ol. (?) 79 (= 464 B. C.): Hyde, 8; Foerster, 233.

[1003] Ol. VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158.

[1004] Fragm. no. 264 (= _F. H. G._, II, p. 183).

[1005] Fragm. no. 7 (= _F. H. G._, IV, p. 307).

[1006] Diagoras won in Ol. 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1 f.; Hyde, 59; Foerster, 220; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 151 (renewed). For the sculptor of the statue, Kallikles, see Robert, _O. S._, pp. 194 f. On Diagoras, see van Gelder, _Gesch. d. alt. Rhodier_, p. 435. Akousilaos won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): P., _l. c._; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 60; Foerster, 252.

[1007] _Beschr. d. Skulpt._, Inv. 6306; _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 158. Rouse, p. 171, following Scherer, pp. 31 f., doubts if this statue represents the attitude of any of the Olympic victor statues.

[1008] She won two victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 (= 396, 392 B. C.): P., VI, 1.6 f.; Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160 (here the name appears in the uncontracted form Ἀπελλέας).

[1009] _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 151-2 (on no. 301 = _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160); he is followed by Foerster, _l. c._

[1010] _H. N._, XXXIV, 86.

[1011] XXXIV, 70. For the motive, see the small bronze in Kassel, representing Aphrodite: _Jb._, IX, 1894, Pl. IX (two views), and pp. 248-50 (W. Klein), though its connection with Praxiteles must not be pressed; also bronze statuette in British Museum: Bulle, 1, pp. 332 f., and fig. 81.

[1012] Described by R. von Schneider, Die Erzstatue vom Helenenberge, in _Jahrb. d. Samml. d. oesterr. Kaiserhauses_, XV, 1893; illustrated by E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronz. d. k. k. Muenz.- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, I, Pls. XXI-XXII, pp. 52 f., and _cf._ _A. M._, VI, 1881 p. 155 (Gurlitt).

[1013] _Cf._ F. W., 1562.

[1014] _C. I. L._, III, 2, 4815.

[1015] _Mp._, p. 290; _Mw._, pp. 506-7.

[1016] _Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt._, no. 2 (for history and bibliography); B. B., 283; von Mach, 273; Bulle, 64; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 459, 4; _cf._ Conze, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 1 f.; _ibid._, pp. 217 (Furtwaengler); _ibid._, pp. 219 f. (Puchstein); Springer-Michaelis, p. 341, fig. 614. A similar attitude of prayer appears on the figure of Phineus on a r.-f. Attic amphora in the British Museum: _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 143 f. and Pl. XII, 1 (Flasch). The statue is 1.28 meters high (Bulle).

[1017] Loewy, _R. M._, XVI, 1901, pp. 391 f. and Pls. XVI-XVII, by a comparison with the Vatican _Apoxyomenos_ (Pl. 29), and the Naples resting _Hermes_ (von Mach, 237; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 367, 1), has shown its Lysippan character; _cf._ also Mau, _l. c._ in next note, Bulle, and others, who refer it to the same school; Bulle assigns it possibly to Boëdas, the pupil of Lysippos, who made a praying figure: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 73; similarly Amelung, in Thieme-Becker, _Lex. d. bild. Kuenstler_, IV, p. 187, Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 452, and others.

[1018] _R. M._, XVII, 1902, pp. 101 f.

[1019] _Muenchner Allg. Ztg._, 1902, Nov. 29, Beilage, no. 297; _cf._, for his restoration of the arms, _ibid._, 1903, Beilage, no. 277, p. 445 (quoted by von Mach and Bulle, respectively).

[1020] _Jb._, I, 1886, fig. on p. 217; reproduced in _A. A._, 1904, p. 75 (Conze); also on coins, _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 286 f. and Pl. IX (Imhoof-Blumer).

[1021] _Rev. arch._, Sér. IV, II, 1903, pp. 205-10, 411-12 (Lechat), and Pl. XV; reproduced in _A. A._, _l. c._ Babelon, _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1904, p. 203, thought that the stele represented a seer in liturgic attitude as on certain coins of Sikyon; he argued, therefore, that the Berlin statue did not represent an athlete.

[1022] _E. g._, Levezow, _de juvenis adorantis Signo_, Berlin, 1808, p. 12; and Welcker, _Das akad. Mus. zu Bonn_, p. 42 (quoted by Gurlitt, _op. cit._ in the next note, p. 157); _cf._ Scherer, pp. 32-3.

[1023] _A. M._, VI, 1881, pp. 154 f. (Gurlitt), and Pl. V (from cast in Berlin): it is 2.18 meters high and 1.11 meters broad.

[1024] In the National Museum, Athens; discussed by Kekulé, _Die antiken Bildwerke im Theseion zu Athen_, 1869, no. 151; illustrated in _Exped. scientifique de Morée_, III, 1838, Pl. XLI (= from Aegina).

[1025] See O. Jahn in _Annali_, XX, 1848, pp. 213 f. and Pl. K a (= Orestes); _A. Z._, XXX, 1872, p. 60, Pl. 46 (Heydemann); Gurlitt, _op. cit._, p. 156; _cf._ Sophokles, _Aias_, 815 f., to explain the scene.

[1026] See Richter, _Gk., Etrusc., and Rom. Bronz. in the Metropolitan Museum_, 1918, no. 89 (7 inches high) and fig. on p. 59; _Cat. Class. Coll._, p. 115, fig. 73; published by Furtwaengler, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1905, II, p. 264, fig. 1 and Pl. IV (who considered it Etruscan and not Greek); Reinach, _Rép._, III, 24, 3. Richter, _op. cit._, no. 79 (11-3/4 inches high), and figs. on p. 53 (two views); _Cat. Class. Coll._, p. 91, fig. 54; _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, p. 46, no. 36, and Pl. LIII; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 370, 6.

[1027] On the custom of athletes smearing themselves with oil and dust in the palæstra before entering the wrestling match, see Lucian, _Anacharsis, sive de exercitationibus_, 28.

[1028] _H. N._, XXXV, 144.

[1029] Several cited by L. Bloch, _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 88 f.; and especially one in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, Pl. IV (red-figured krater by Euthymides from Capua, now in Berlin); Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, p. 570. _Cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, p. 259, _Mw._, p. 466.

[1030] _Cf._ Brunn, _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 201 f.

[1031] Michaelis, pp. 601-2, no. 9; Bulle, p. 109, fig. 19; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 257, fig. 107, _Mw._, p. 465, fig. 77. It is 1.68 meters high (Michaelis).

[1032] It has the same foot position as that on the base of the statue of the boxer Kyniskos, by Polykleitos: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149.

[1033] _E. g._, by F. W., 462-4.

[1034] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 302; B. B., 132 (= front view, from cast), 134 (left = back view), 135 (= head, from cast, two views); Bulle, 55; _Mon. d. I._, XI, 1879-83, Pl. VII; Brunn, _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 201 f. and Pl. ST, 1, 2; F. W., 462; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 522, 2; Clarac, V, 857, 2174; for replicas, Furtw., _Mw._, p. 466, n. 4 and _Mp._, p. 259, n. 4; Duetschke, IV, pp. 53 f. on no. 82; etc. It is 1.93 meters high with the plinth, 1.80 meters without (Furtw.-Wolters).

[1035] The right arm is wrongly restored in the Munich statue; its proper restoration is given in a cast in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 112, fig. 20. Bulle, however, says that the Munich statue may be that of a boxer and not of an oil-pourer (wrestler).

[1036] Pointed out by Kekulé, _Ueber den Kopf des Praxitelischen Hermes_, 1881, p. 8.

[1037] _H. N._, XXXIV, 72; Klein, _Praxiteles_, 1898, p. 50; _id._, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oest._, XIV, 1891, pp. 6-9. We have discussed it _supra_, p. 77.

[1038] For the _Marsyas_ in the Lateran Museum in Rome, see Bulle, no. 95, and text, pp. 183 f., and Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1179. See Brunn, _op. cit._, p. 204.

[1039] B. B., 557, text by Sieveking; described also by Furtwaengler, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 p. 313.

[1040] F. W., no. 463; _Annali_, LI, 1879, Pl. ST, 3; B. B., 133 (= front view), 134 (right = back view); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 259-60, _Mw._, pp. 467-8; for list of replicas of this torso, see _Mp._, p. 259, n. 9, _Mw._, p. 467, n. 4. Brunn, _op. cit._, p. 217, thought it a copy of the Munich statue.

[1041] One in Turin, F. W., 464; Duetschke, IV, no. 82; two statuettes in the Vatican (Braccio Nuovo), discussed by Bloch in _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 93 f.; Helbig, _Guide_, nos. 42 and 44.

[1042] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 458; Clarac, Pl. 858, 2175; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 263 f.; _Mw._, pp. 473 f. It is 1.54 meters high. A replica is in the Vatican: see Furtwaengler, _l. c._; we shall treat it later in reference to the statue of the pentathlete Pythokles; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; see _infra_, p. 144 and n. 4.

[1043] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 514, on p. 71, and Pl. XVI; _Specimens_, I, Pl. 15; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 91, 7; _Mon. gr._, II, no. 23, Pl. XV and p. 1 (ascribing it to the Argive school). It forms the basis for a mirror.

[1044] Furtwaengler, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1897, II, pp. 129 f. and Pl. 6 (influence of Kalamïs).

[1045] _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 393 f. (S. Reinach) and Pl. XII, 3 (this should be numbered XIV, 4; see text); Pottier et Reinach, _Nécrop. de Myrina_, Pl. XLI, 3, pp. 450 f. It is 0.205 meter high.

[1046] _E. g._, F. W., 1798; relief found in 1830 in Hermione, now in Athens; it is of the second or third century B. C.

[1047] _E. g._, on the stone of Gnaios: _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 315 f., no. 3; Pl. X, no. 12; Furtwaengler, _Die antiken Gemmen_, 1900, Pl. L, no. 9, and Vol. II, p. 241; also on the gem pictured by Toelken, _Erklaer. Verzeichn. d. ant. vertieft geschnittenen Steine d. preuss. Gemmensammlung_, 1835, Klasse VI, 107 (= _Die ant. Gemmen_, Pl. XLIV, no. 24, and Vol. II, pp. 213); Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 260, n. 6, and _Mw._, p. 468, n. 4, who mentions it, believes that these gems correspond more nearly with the Dresden than with the Petworth athlete type.

[1048] The strigil was a curved blade hollowed out inside with both edges sharp; the general form remained largely the same from the sixth century B. C., down into Roman days, though the curve and the handle changed. The commonest were of bronze or iron: see Dar.-Sagl., IV, 2, pp. 1532 f., _s. v._ _strigilis_ (S. Dorigny); K. Friederichs, _Kleinere Kunst und Industrie im Altertum_, 1871, pp. 88 f. Examples in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, are given by Richter, in _Gk., Etr. and Rom. Bronzes_, nos. 855 f.; others (strigils and handles) are in the British Museum: _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 320-326, 665, and 2420-2454, and figs. 74-75, p. 319; on the operation, see Kuppers, _Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos_, 1874.

[1049] _E. g._, on an amphora in Vienna: Schneider, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oest._, V, 1881, p. 139, Pl. IV; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I. p. 334, no. 25 and Pl. (right-hand fig.); on a kylix formerly in possession of Lucien Bonaparte, now in the British Museum, E 83: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXXVII, 2 (left-hand figure), and p. 50; Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, no. 58; others on which the athlete is cleansing the strigil and not the body are given by Hartwig in _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IV, 1901, p. 154 and figs. 178 (Peleus on krater from Bologna), 179 (athlete on B. M. vase mentioned above, E. 83, third figure from left, middle row), 180 (cup in Rome, Museo Gregoriano), 181 (jug, _ibid._); Hartwig, pp. 153-4, mentions an athlete on a cup in the Museo Papa Giulio, Rome. For the motive of an apoxyomenos on a vase in the Louvre, see Hartwig, _Die greich. Meisterchalen_, pp. 24 f. and fig. 2a.

[1050] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55, 62 and 76, respectively.

[1051] Pliny, XXXIV, 86 and 87, respectively.

[1052] A list is given by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 262, n. 2; _Mw._, p. 471, n. 1; a gem from the Hermitage is shown in _Mp._, p. 262, fig. 109; _Mw._, p. 471, fig. 79; = _Die antiken Gemmen_, Pl. XLIV, no. 19; _cf._ also _ibid._, no. 18; Hartwig, in the article cited in note 1 above, adds two more gems showing an athlete in a similar position, in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts: p. 155, figs. 183, 184. Here the youth, as Hartwig against the interpretation of Furtwaengler makes clear, is cleansing the strigil and not his body.

[1053] So J. Sieveking, _Die Bronzen der Samml. Loeb_, 1913, Pl. 11, pp. 27 f.; _cf._ _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, Pl. 50, B. 47, and von Duhn, _Sitzb. d. Heidelberger Akad. d. W._, Abt. 6, p. 9. It is 0.09 meter high.

[1054] Von Mach, 235; F. W., 1264; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 515, 6 and 7; _cf._ II, 2, 546, 2; etc.

[1055] _H. N._, XXXIV. 65.

[1056] _Infra_, pp. 288 f.

[1057] Amelung, _Fuehrer_, no. 25; Duetschke, III, 72 (1.93 meters high); B. B., 523-4 (text by Arndt); Bulle, p. 116, fig. 21; _cf._ Helbig, _Guide_, I, pp. 26 f., on nos. 42 and 44 (statuettes); Benndorf, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1898, Beiblatt, pp. 66 f.; Klein, _Praxiteles_, pp. 51 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 261-2; _Mw._, pp. 469-71; Bloch, _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 81 F., and fig. on p. 83 and Pl. III (head, two views). The right underarm and hand and the left underarm and part of the hand, the vase, and the basis, are all modern restorations.

[1058] _Die antiken Gemmen_, Pl. XLIV, no. 17, and text, II, p. 212; _Mp._, p. 261, fig. 108; _Mw._, p. 470, fig. 78; Hartwig, in _Berl. Phil. Wochenschr._, XVII, Jan. 2, 1897, p. 31, corrects the mistake of Furtwaengler and Amelung that the athlete on the gem is cleansing the thigh and not the strigil itself.

[1059] Arndt dates it about 400 B. C.; Furtwaengler ascribes it and the Dresden torso of the _Oil-pourer_, already discussed, to an Attic master of the end of the fifth or beginning of the fourth century B. C.

[1060] Listed by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 262, n. 1; _Mw._, p. 470, n. 5. Especially the reduced mediocre copy in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican: Helbig, _Guide_, no. 45; Clarac, 861, 2183; _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 92 f., and fig.

[1061] Bulle, no. 60 (who dates it in the middle of the fourth century B. C., and considers it a copy of an original statue); Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, V, 1902, pp. 214 f. and fig. 68; Springer-Michaelis, p. 297, fig. 530; _cf._ _A. J. A._, VII, 1902, pp. 352-3, figs. 1 and 2. It is 1.925 meters high (Bulle).

[1062] Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Biblioth. Nat._, 1895, no. 934, p. 411; it is 0.075 meter high.

[1063] Discussed by P. Hartwig, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IV, 1901, pp. 151-9, figs. 176 and 177 (four views of statuette), and Pls. V-VI (two views of the head). Without its base it is 0.679 meter high.

[1064] It is in the Hamilton Coll.; see _B. M. Cat. Engraved Gems_, 1888, no. 335; _cf. ibid._, no. 432, a cut scarab from the Blacas Coll., representing a nude athlete seated on a rock, holding a lekythos and strigil suspended from the right hand.

[1065] Bulle, no. 265; B. B., 601 (text by L. Curtius); H. Pomtow, _Beitr. z. Topogr. v. Delphi_, Pl. XII; Homolle, _Société des Antiquaires de France_, Centennaire 1804-1904, Pl. XII. The figures are life-size (Bulle).

[1066] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59: _Hic primus nervos et venas expressit_.

[1067] In the Louvre: Longpérier, _Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1868 (reprinted 1879), no. 214; de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 19, no. 183, and pp. 34 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XIII, and p. 280, fig. 119; text, pp. 279 f.; _Mw._, Pl. XXVIII, 3 (middle), and text, pp. 492 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 3. It is 0.21 meter high. For the same style and conception, _cf._ a statuette from Cyprus in the Cesnola Collection, Metropolitan Museum, New York: Richter, _Gk., Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, p. 57, fig. 87 (two views). Here the left leg is the rest leg.

[1068] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; base reproduced in _Mp._, p. 279, fig. 118; _Mw._, p. 491, fig. 85.

[1069] See list, Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 281 f.; _Mw._, p. 493; a completer one by Lippold, _Jb._, XXIII, 1908, pp. 203-8.

[1070] Amelung, _Vat._, II, pp. 414 f., no. 251, and Pl. 46; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 281, fig. 120; _Mw._, p. 494, fig. 86; Clarac, 856, 2168. As the head and torso are of different marbles, we really have parts of two copies of the same original. In reconstructing the statue, another copy in the Galleria delle Statue is better: Amelung, _Vat._, II, pp. 583 f., no. 392 and Pl. 56; it has a head of Septimius Severus upon it; the position of its feet is almost exactly that of the statue of Xenokles mentioned.

[1071] Publ. by Miss A. Walton, _A. J. A._, XXII, 1918, pp. 44 f., Pls. I, II, and figs. 1-5 in the text; Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw. in Rom_, no. 1000; von Duhn doubts whether the head belongs to the trunk. The statue was acquired by Wellesley College in 1905 from a Roman dealer.

[1072] Copies of the head-type are listed by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 282; _Mw._, pp. 494-5.

[1073] Invent., 5610; _Bronzi d’Ercolano_, I, Pls. 53-54, p. 187; Comparetti e de Petra, _Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 7, 4; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 284, figs. 121 a, b; _Mw._, pp. 496-7, figs. 87-8; B. B., 339 (left).

[1074] _Mp._, p. 283; _Mw._, p. 495.

[1075] Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 416.

[1076] In the Museo Archeologico: Amelung, _Fuehrer_, no. 268 (and bibliography); B. B., 274-77; Bulle, 52-53 and 204-5 (head); von Mach, 123 (front and back views); Collignon, I, pp. 479 f. and figs. 247 (statue), 248 (head); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 2; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 285, fig. 122 (head); _Mw._, p. 499, fig. 89; Robinson, _Cat. Boston Museum of Fine Arts_, Suppl., no. 113; Springer-Michaelis, p. 272, fig. 488. It is 1.48 meters high (Bulle).

[1077] Ueber die Bronzestatue des sog. Idolino (_49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889), p. 10. He classed it stylistically with the _Oil-pourer_ of Munich and the _Standing Diskobolos_ of the Vatican, which Brunn had called Myronic. He later, however, renounced his Myronic theory and merely called it Attic, because of its resemblance to figures on the Parthenon frieze: _Beilage zu den amtlichen Berichten aus den k. Kunstsamml._, XVIII, no. 5, Juli, 1897, p. 73 (quoted by Richardson, p. 161, n. 8).

[1078] _Festschr. f. Benndorf_, p. 175: here he assigns it not to Myron himself, but to his son.

[1079] II, p. 30; he also admits its Polykleitan features.

[1080] _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, pp. 70 f., 1902; he assigns it to an artist of the master’s circle.

[1081] _Mp._, 286; _Mw._, p. 500.

[1082] _Cronaca_, pp. 29-30, fig. 2 (= _Supplemento di Bolletino d’Arte_, Roma, XII, Fasic. V-VIII) 1918 (Lucia Mariani). _Cf._ review in _A. J. A._, XXIII, 1919, p. 319 and fig. 2; and also Mariani, _Rend. della Reale Accad. dei Lincei_, XXVI, 1918, pp. 125-138, and fig. in text.

[1083] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw._, no. 1111; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 287; _Mw._, p. 502.

[1084] See material collected by Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la commiss. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1873; _cf._ Fritze, _de Libatione veterum Graecorum_, Berl. Diss., 1893.

[1085] II, pp. 416 f.

[1086] No. 2723; Svoronos, Tafelbd., II, Pl. CXXI (CI is a poor copy of it); Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 240-242 (0.45 meter high; 0.57 meter broad). Staïs also regards it as an _ex voto_ to Herakles.

[1087] It is broken away, but its outline is clear.

[1088] Kabbadias, 248; Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 86; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Einzelaufnahmen_, 627 and 628 (head alone); noticed in _A. A._, 1889, p. 147, and _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 231 (Wolters); _ibid._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 352 f. (von Salis); _Jb._, VIII, 1893, pp. 224 f., fig. 3 (restored), and Pl. IV (Mayer). It may be one of the statues seen by Pausanias in the temenos: I, 18.6. It is 1.50 meters high without the plinth (Mayer).

[1089] Furtwaengler, _Mw._, p. 378, n. 3 (_cf._ _Mp._, p. 196, n. 1), p. 685, n. 2 and p. 737; he ascribes it to Kalamis or his school.

[1090] _H. N._, XXXIV, 81; statue also mentioned, _ibid._, XXII, 44.

[1091] In the National Museum, no. 12; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 362, 363 and fig. (0.09 meter high); three photographs, _A. M._, XXXI, Pl. XXII; a poor photograph in Carapanos, _Dodone et ses ruines_, 1878, Pl. XIV, 3, and p. 186.

[1092] In the statuette it is bent, but its original horizontal position is indicated by the position of the hand.

[1093] Two copies: Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. koenigl. Antikensamml._,^4 1881, nos. 70, 88; F. W., 1217; Furtw., _Mp._, pp., 310-11, figs. 131-2; _Mw._, pp. 534-5, figs. 97-8; Springer-Michaelis, p. 314, fig. 562; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 139, 5-6; M. W., II, 39, 459; Clarac, IV, 712, 1695.

[1094] Listed, _Mp._, p. 310, n. 2; _Mw._, p. 533, n. 3; one, formerly in the Museo Boncompagni-Ludovisi, now in the Museo delle Terme, in Rome: Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 139, 7; B. B., 376; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1308; Collignon, II, p. 265, fig. 131; von Mach, 197. The original must have been of bronze.

[1095] _H. N._, XXXIV, 69. For discussion, see F. W., note on p. 421 (to no. 1217).

[1096] In the Museo Chiaramonti, no. 297; Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 509 and II, Pl. 53; Clarac, 479, 916.

[1097] _Cf._ _Beschr. d. Skulpt. zu Berlin_, no. 44; a poor torso of the type is in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican: Amelung, _Vat._, no. 295 and Pl. 52; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 173, 2.

[1098] Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24; _Specimens_, I, Pl. 30; _Mp._, p. 163, fig. 65 (front), p. 162, fig. 64 (profile), from an old cast from the Mengs Collection in Dresden; _Mw._, Pl. XVI; other replicas, _Mp._, p. 161, n. 3.

[1099] _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 214-17, and fig. 130 on p. 215.

[1100] _H. N._, XXXIV, 76: _Ctesilaus doryphoron et Amazonem volneratam (fecit)_. Bergk long ago proposed to alter this name to Kresilas (_Zeitschr. fuer Alterthumswissensch._, 1845, p. 962), and was followed by Brunn (I, p. 261)—an emendation accepted by most recent investigators. The argument derived from the _Amazon_ of Kresilas, mentioned by Pliny, XXXIV, 53, and apparently repeated in the present passage, is strong. Jex-Blake, however, finds the name Ktesilaos a good Greek formation, though uncommon: see his note on p. 62.

[1101] _Mp._, pp. 161 f.; _Mw._, pp. 332 f.

[1102] It is plainly visible in the example from Petworth House, and in the poor one lately in the possession of the Roman dealer Abbati: B. B., 84 (from cast); _Bull. del. Inst._, 1867, p. 33 (Helbig); _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XXXVI; _Annali_, XLIII, 1871, pp. 279 f. (Conze); it is also visible in the New York copy.

[1103] As on an Attic fifth-century B. C. grave-relief from the Peiræus: Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 157 (who gives the height as 0.45 meter and the breadth as 0.32 meter); von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 171; _Annali_, XXXIV, 1862, p. 212; Conze, _Die Attischen Grabreliefs_, no. 929 and Pl. CLXXX; F. W., 1017; for similar reliefs, see _Annali_, 1862, Pl. M.

[1104] Michaelis wrongly dated the original in the fourth century B. C.; Brunn first recognized its fifth-century character: _Annali_, XLVII, 1875, p. 31 (_apud_ Leop. Julius).

[1105] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 1, 1886, Pl. IV; B. B., no. 248; Bulle, 167; Collignon, II, p. 492, fig. 256; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1350; _Guide_, 1051; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912, pp. 85-86; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 536, fig. 146; Amelung, _Museums and Ruins of Rome_, I, fig. 156; _Not. Scav._, 1885, p. 223; _Gaz. B.-A._, XXXIII, Pér. 2, I, 1886, fig. on p. 427; Springer-Michaelis, p. 401, fig. 743; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 550, 10; Reinach classes it as an athlete or Herakles. It is 1.28 meters high (Bulle).

[1106] Discussed _infra_, Ch. IV, pp. 254-5.

[1107] For this reason Helbig wrongly assigned it to about 400 B. C.

[1108] _Ueber die griech. Portraetkunst_, 1894, pp. 12 f. (and fig.).

[1109] XXVII, 9.

[1110] _Philologus_, LVII (N. F., XI), pp. 1 f. and 649 f. Kleitomachos won in Ols. 141, 142 (= 216, 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.3; Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476. _Cf._ Suidas, _s. v._ Κλειτόμαχος. His statue was set up by his father, and his victory sung by Alkaios of Messenia: _A. G._, IX, 588.

[1111] _Cf._ Petersen, _R. M._, XIII, 1898, pp. 93-5; this theory of Wunderer is also rejected by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 609.

[1112] Erected about 477 B. C.; Bulle, 84 (_Aristogeiton_) and 85 (_Harmodios_); etc.

[1113] Discussed _infra_, Ch. IV, pp. 220-1 and n. 5 on p. 220.

[1114] See Stephanos, _Lex._, _s. vv._ ταινία, ταινίδιον, ταινόω. This victor fillet is mentioned by Lucian in reference to the _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos: _Philops._, 18.

[1115] Xen., _Symp._, V, 9; Plato, _Symp._, 212 E; it appears often on statues of Dionysos: _e. g._, on one in Furtwaengler’s _Samml. Sabouroff_, Pl. XXIII; Dionysos is called Χρυσομίτρης in Soph., _Oed. Tyr._, 209. The fillet was used as a breast-band for women’s dresses: Pollux, VII, 65; etc.

[1116] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 177. In older days the athletic fillet was called μίτρα (Lat. _mitella_): Pindar, _Ol._, IX, 84; _Isthm._, V, 62 (of wool); Boeckh, _Explic. ad Pind._, p. 193. In the Iliad μίτρα was the kilt or apron worn around the waist under the cuirass (a ζωστήρ being worn outside): IV, 137; IV, 187; V, 857; etc. It was used also later as a wrestler’s girdle: _A. G._, XV, 44; and for women’s headbands: Alkm., I; _cf._ Eurip., _Bacchae_, 833. Athletes on vase-paintings representing palæstra scenes often wear the fillet: _e. g._, the wrestlers and other athletes on the Philadelphia r.-f. kylix pictured in Fig. 50, have red bands in their hair. Later the μίτρα was specially used of women; if of men, it was a sign of effeminacy: Aristoph., _Thesmophoriazusae_, 163. The home of the μίτρα appears to have been Asia, as it was commonly worn by Asiatics: see Hdt., I, 195; VII, 62 (headdress); Virgil, _Aen._, IV, 216. We learn from Alkman that it came from Lydia to Greece: fragm. 23, verses 67 f. On it, see Bekker, _Charikles_, II, pp. 393 f., and Pauly-Wissowa, VII, 2, p. 2033 (Bremer).

[1117] See F. W., on 322. It appears on the “Apollo” type of early sculpture, _e. g._, on the “Apollo” of Orchomenos (Fig. 7).

[1118] _Stud. z. Parthenon_, 1902, pp. 1 f.

[1119] VI, 2.2; Lichas won the chariot victory in Ol. 90 (= 420 B. C.): Hyde, 14; Foerster, 270.

[1120] P., V, 11.1.

[1121] Bulle, no. 207; Furtw.-Wolters, _Besch._,^2 457; B. B., 8; here it was inlaid with silver.

[1122] This may, however, be merely the remains of a wreath of gold: see Rayet, II, text to no. 67 (J. Martha).

[1123] Bulle, no. 202; Lechat, p. 482, fig. 44. It is 0.23 meter high (Bulle).

[1124] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LIV; F. W., 322; Wolters thinks this is scarcely a victor fillet.

[1125] This head, in the possession of Lord Leconfield, is a replica of the same original as the one in the Metropolitan Museum (Pl. 15); Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24. See discussion _supra_, pp. 144-5.

[1126] Noted by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 161.

[1127] P., VI, 1.7; he won in Ol. (?) 89 (= 424 B. C.): Hyde, 9; Foerster, 796.

[1128] _A. M._, XIX, 1894, pp. 137-9 (J. Ziehen); fig. in text. It is now in the Museum of the Peiræus Gymnasion.

[1129] On such representations in art, see Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la commission impériale archéologique_, St. Petersburg, 1874, pp. 214-16.

[1130] Παῖς ἀναδούμενος: VI, 4.5; _S. Q._, 757.

[1131] _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, pp. 444 f.; P., V, 11.3. Robert is followed by Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, pp. 90 f.

[1132] _Cf._ Frazer, IV, p. 11. Figures of athletes appear beneath the throne on vases: Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, Pl. I, 9 and 16; Gerhard, I, Pl. VII. Flasch has tried to show that the throne figure did not represent Pantarkes: Baum., II, p. 1099, 2; _cf._ Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 380.

[1133] VI, 10.6. Pantarkes won the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 86 (= 436 B. C.): Hyde, 98; Foerster, 254.

[1134] Amongst others it has been assumed by Loeschke, Der Tod des Pheidias (in _Histor. Untersuch. zum Schaefer-Jubilaeum_, Bonn, 1882), p. 36; Schoell, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1888, I, p. 37 (Der Prozess des Pheidias). Foerster, p. 19, n. 1, is against the identification. The παῖς ἀναδούμενος is omitted in my victor lists (_de olympionicarum Statuis_).

[1135] The παῖς ἀναδούμενος is mentioned between victors nos. 38 and 39, _i. e._, in the Zone of the _Eretrian Bull_, while Pantarkes (98) is mentioned among the statues in the Zone of the _Chariots_: see _infra_, Ch. VIII, pp. 343 and 345, and Plans A and B.

[1136] _Cf._ Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, pp. 378 f.

[1137] _Cf._ Doerpfeld, _Baudenkmaeler v. Ol._, p. 21 and n. 1; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 39-40; Frazer, _l. c._

[1138] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 501; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. VI; B. B., 271; Bulle, 49; von Mach, 117; Springer-Michaelis, p. 259, fig. 461; F. W., 509; _Annali_, L, 1878, Pl. A and pp. 20 f. (two views) (Michaelis); Clarac, V, 858 C, 2189 A; M. W., I, Pl. 31, fig. 136; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 524, 2. The palm-trunk shows that the Roman artist intended to represent a victor in his copy. It is 4 ft. 10.25 in. high (Smith); 1.48 meters (Bulle).

[1139] Brunn, following older writers such as Winckelmann, had pronounced it Polykleitan: _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 218 f.; _cf._ Murray, I, pp. 313 f. and Pl. IX. Kekulé called it Myronian: _49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889, p. 12; Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 128, finds it unrelated to Polykleitos and defends its Attic origin. Everything about it—except the mode of tying the fillet—differs from the copies of Polykleitos’ statue, and especially the pose. Against Brunn’s view, see Michaelis, _Annali_, LV, 1883, pp. 154 f.

[1140] So Bulle, Arndt (text to B. B., 271), Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 244-5; _Mw._, pp. 444-5), Zimmerman (in Knackfuss-Zimmermann, _Kunstgesch. des Altertums und des Mittelalters_, I, p. 152), and many others.

[1141] _Cf._ especially the resemblance of the statue to the youth on the West frieze: Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, Pl. V, no. 9.

[1142] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55, praises it equally with the _Doryphoros_, and says that 100 talents were paid for it; in another passage he says that a like sum was paid by King Attalos for a picture of Dionysos by the Theban painter Aristeides: _ibid._, VII, 126; _cf._ XXXV, 24 and 100. A painting by Timomachos of Byzantium brought 80 talents: _ibid._, XXXV, 136.

[1143] _H. N._, XXXIV, 56; here he quotes Varro, who was drawing probably from Xenokrates of Sikyon: see Jex-Blake, pp. xvi f.

[1144] Listed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 239 f.; the torsos, by Petersen, _B. com. Rom._, 1890, pp. 185 f.

[1145] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 500; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. IV; B. B., 272; von Mach, 114; F. W., 508; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLIX (3 views); Rayet, I, Pl. 30; Collignon I, p. 479, fig. 253; Murray, I, Pl. X; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 5. Michaelis, by a comparison with the _Doryphoros_, first showed that it was a copy of the _Diadoumenos_: _Annali_, L, 1878, pp. 10 f. It is 6 ft. 1 in. tall (Smith).

[1146] Kabbadias, no. 1826; Bulle, 50; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 35; von Mach, 115; _Mon. Piot_, III, 1896, pp. 137 f. (Couve), and Pls. XIV and XV; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 84-85 and fig.; _B. C. H._, XIX, 1895, pp. 460 f. (account of the Delian excavations by L. Couve) and Pl. VIII (the statue in its surroundings at the excavations); Springer-Michaelis, p. 277, fig. 498; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 9. It is 1.86 meters high without the base (Couve).

[1147] Discussed _supra_, on pp. 92-3.

[1148] _Mon. Piot_, IV, Pls. VIII-IX; von Mach, no. 116 a; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 241, fig. 98; _Mw._, p. 439, fig. 68 (who called it the most beautiful of all the copies); Reinach, _Rép._, I, 475, 6. The right arm is wrongly restored.

[1149] Listed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 240-2; _cf._ Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 125 f.

[1150] Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. Antikensamml. zu Dresden_, pp. 80 and 86; _Annali_, XLIII, 1871, Pl. V, pp. 281 f. (Conze); Furtw., _Mp._, Pls. X and XI; _Mw._, Pl. XXV; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 36 (two views); F. W., 511.

[1151] B. B., no. 340; Conze, _Beitraege zur Geschichte d. griech. Pl._^2, 1869, pp. 3 f., Pl. 2 (two views); F. W., 510.

[1152] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 2729 (Addenda); _Mon. Piot_, III, p. 145 (Couve); _ibid._, IV, p. 73 (Paris); Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 37.

[1153] _J. H. S._, VI, 1885, pp. 243 f. (Murray), and Pl. LXI.

[1154] _J. H. S._, XXXIX, 1919, pp. 69 f., and Pl. 1 (two views), and p. 232 (with illustration of the palmette head-band).

[1155] _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99 (with original head); _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69.

[1156] Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, V, 851, 2180 A (headless); it is 1.49 meters high (Michaelis). He believes that it originally was an oil-pourer.

[1157] _Mp._, p. 246; _Mw._, p. 448. It is 12 centimeters high (Furtwaengler).

[1158] κοτίνου στέφανος, P., VIII, 48.2; _cf._ _A. G._, IX, 357; Aristoph., _Plut._, 586; Theophr., _Hist. Plant._, IV, 13.2. The custom of using the olive crown is probably very ancient, despite Phlegon’s statement that it was introduced in Ol. 7 (= 752 B. C.): frag. 1 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 604). Pindar says that it was introduced from the land of the Hyperboreans by Herakles: _Ol._, III, 14 f; Bacchylides calls it Aetolian: VII, 50 (γλαυκὸν Αἰτωλίδος ἄνδημ’ ἐλαίας). It probably goes back to some form of popular magic.

[1159] B. B., no. 324; here small leaves are still remaining over the forehead.

[1160] _Bronz. v. Ol._, II, 2 and 2 a. Here the leaves have disappeared. See pp. 254-5.

[1161] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, Pl. III, text, pp. 65 f. (Pottier). Here is listed a number of funerary reliefs representing athletes, which list could easily be enlarged.

[1162] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1241; _Guide_, 977. On the motive, see _Archaeol. Studien H. Brunn dargebr._, 1893, pp. 62 f.

[1163] The λημνίσκος (Lat. _lemniscus_) was merely the woolen fillet by which chaplets were fastened on; Hesychios says it is a Syracusan word; in any case it is used only by Roman writers and Greek writers of the Roman age; _A. G._, XII, 123; Plut., _Sulla_, 27; Polyb., XVIII, 46 (where στέφανοι and λημνίσκοι are differentiated, though they are usually interchangeable); _C. I. G._, III, 5361; _C. I. A._, III, 74. Pliny says that it was of Etruscan origin, _H. N._, XXI, 4, and that it was at first made of wool or linden-bark and later of gold; _cf._ XVI, 25. It was used at Rome at feasts, as a sign of special honor to guests: Plaut., _Pseudolus_, (line 1265); Livy, XXXIII, 33.2; Suet., _Nero_, 25. For the Roman use of the _lemniscus_ for athletic victors and poets, _cf._ Cicero, _Or. pro Sext. Roscio Amerino_, 35, 100; Ausonius, _Epist._, XX, 6; etc. On the _lemniscus_, see Dar.-Sagl., III, 2, pp. 1099-1100.

[1164] _R. M._, VI, 1891, p. 304, no. 3.

[1165] _Mon. Piot_, XVII, 1909, Pls. II, III and pp. 29 f. (Merlin and Poinssot).

[1166] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1754; B. B., 46; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. XXII; Collignon, I, fig. 255, on p. 500; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 252, fig. 105; _Mw._, p. 457, fig. 75 (back view); Springer-Michaelis, p. 275, fig. 495; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 9. It is 4 ft. 11 in. high (Smith), _i. e._, 1.48 meters.

[1167] Helbig, _Cat. Coll. Barracco_, no. 99, Pls. 38 and 38 a; _id._, _Fuehrer_, I, 1083; sketches of the Westmacott and Barracco copies in Kekulé, _49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889, Pl. IV.

[1168] No. 254; _Arch. Eph._, 1890, pp. 207 f. (Philios) and Pls. X and XI. Bulle, 51, gives the Westmacott and Barracco examples side by side; in _J. H. S._, XXXI, 1911, Pl. II, we have the Westmacott, Barracco, and Eleusis copies together. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 250 f., _Mw._, pp. 453 f., Helbig, _Cat. Coll. Barracco_, p. 36, and Petersen, _R. M._, VIII, 1893, pp. 101 f., have added many more torsos and heads as copies or variants of the original.

[1169] See Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 1083. Its soft expression and forms led Furtwaengler to derive it from the Praxitelean circle, from the period when Praxiteles was influenced by Polykleitos, and to believe that it represented a divinity, perhaps Triptolemos: _Mp._, p. 255 and n. 2.

[1170] _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Catalogue Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, no. 45, Pl. XXXIII; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 251, fig. 103; _Mw._, p. 454, fig. 73. It was formerly in the van Branteghem collection.

[1171] For the Dresden head, see _A. A._, 1900, p. 107, figs. 1 a and 1 b.

[1172] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 252, fig. 104; _Mw._, p. 455, fig. 74.

[1173] First published by F. H. Marshall, _J. H. S._, XXIX, 1909, pp. 151-2 and figs. 1 a, b; more fully by E. A. Gardner, _ibid._, XXXI, 1911, pp. 21 f. and Pl. I and fig. 1.

[1174] Nelson head: _J. H. S._, XVIII, 1898, pp. 141 f., and Pl. XI; B. B., 544; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XXXIX; Capitoline _Amazon_: _Mp._, p. 132, fig. 53 (restored); _Mw._, p. 292, fig. 39. A head of the Capitoline type has been wrongly placed on the Pheidian Mattei torso in the Vatican: _Mp._, p. 133, fig. 54 (head); _Mw._, Pl. XI; B. B., 350; von Mach, 121; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 483, 1.

[1175] B. B., 128 (original and cast).

[1176] As, _e. g._, in the bronze head of a victor in Naples, already discussed (Fig. 25); B. B., 339.

[1177] _E. g._, Furtwaengler and Collignon; the latter, I, pp. 499-500.

[1178] _Hypnos_, pp. 30 f.; accepted by Wolters (_apud_ Lepsius, _Griech. Marmorstudien_, p. 83, no. 164), Treu (_A. A._, 1889, p. 57), Collignon, Petersen, _l. c._, Kekulé (_Idolino_, p. 13), Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 252-3, _Mw._, pp. 458-9 and 747), and others; see Philios, _op. cit._

[1179] _E. g._, by Philios (_op. cit._), Amelung (_Bert. Phil. Wochenschr._, XXII, 1902, p. 273). This scraping motive is seen in the bronze statuette in the Bibliothèque Nationale, no. 934.

[1180] This is inconsistent with the position of the hand in the Barracco copy, which is too far from the head. This was an older view of Helbig, _Rendiconti della Reale Accad. dei Lincei_, 1892, pp. 790 f.; refuted by Furtwaengler, Petersen, Helbig himself later (in the _Fuehrer_), and others.

[1181] Quoted by E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXXI, pp. 25-6, as the theory of E. N. Gardiner.

[1182] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55; for this theory, see Mahler, _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, p. 50.

[1183] Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, Block 131 (from the North frieze).

[1184] F. W., 1665; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 256, fig. 106; _Mw._, p. 463, fig. 76; M. W., Pl. 70, 879; etc.

[1185] For list, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 254, n. 2. For a restoration of the original statue, see _ibid._, p. 250, fig. 102; _Mw._, p. 453, fig. 72.

[1186] VI, 4.11; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149; _I. G. B._, 50.

[1187] Those of the Elean pentathlete Pythokles: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; _I. G. B._, 91; and the Epidaurian boxer Aristion: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 92. The feet of the Aristion were both flat upon the ground.

[1188] That of the boy wrestler Xenokles of Mainalos: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; _I. G. B._, 90.

[1189] In one of the Olympia _Zanes_: _I. G. B._, 95.

[1190] On the Kyniskos basis there are no traces, as on that of Pythokles, to show that the original had been removed from the Altis and replaced by a copy long before Pausanias visited Olympia.

[1191] _O. S._, p. 186, on the basis of the _Oxy. Pap._; followed by Hyde, 45. Foerster’s date, Ol. (?) 86 (= 436 B. C.), follows the earlier dating of Polykleitos by Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p. 107, _i. e._, before the discovery of the Oxyrhynchus Papyrus; see Foerster, 255. Robert later dated the birth of the sculptor about Ol. 75.4 (= 477 B. C.). Thus, even if the _Kyniskos_ were his earliest statue, it must have been erected some time after the victory. Furtwaengler dates the original of the _Westmacott Athlete_ about 440 B. C.: _Mp._, p. 252.

[1192] Bulle, Furtwaengler, E. A. Gardner, and others find the assumption of identity not completely convincing. Thus Furtwaengler looks upon the identification as “no far-fetched theory,” but says: “Unfortunately, however, absolute certainty can scarcely be attained” (_Mp._, pp. 249-50).

[1193] VIII, 48.2; _cf._ Vitruv., _de Arch._, IX, 1 (p. 212).

[1194] Homer mentions the palm: _e. g._, Od., VI, 163; the various kinds of palm are given by Theophr., _Hist. Plant._, II, 6.6 and 8.4. Its fronds (σπάθαι, _cf._ Hdt., VII, 69) were formed into victory crowns: Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4, p. 723.

[1195] _H. N._, XXXV, 75.

[1196] _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargehracht_, 1893, pp. 62 f.

[1197] _Mp._, p. 256 and n. 1; _Mw._, p. 462 and n. 2.

[1198] _Cf._ Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 187, n. 1.

[1199] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, PI. III. See _supra_, p. 155.

[1200] So Waldstein, _l. c._, p. 186.

[1201] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic vase: _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. 48, e, g.

[1202] Mentioned by Helbig, _Guide_, 977; discussed by Arndt in _La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, text to Pls. XXI-IV. Arndt believes that the right arm with the palm in the hand is modern, like the head and left arm; they are of a different marble from the torso. The torso is a replica of a statue in the Villa Albani, Rome: _op. cit._, fig. 13; _cf._ Furtwaengler, _Mw._, p. 738 (= god type). On representing athletes in the act of placing wreaths on their heads with the right hand and holding palm-branches in the left, see Milchhoefer, and others, in the work already cited, _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebracht_, pp. 62 f.

[1203] VI, 10.4. The scholiast on Pindar, _Pyth._, IX, 1, Boeckh, p. 401, says that the hoplites ran with bronze shields.

[1204] See _supra_, pp. 105, n. 3, and 116.

[1205] P., VI, 13.7. He won in Ol. 81 (= 456 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184.

[1206] Schol. on Pindar, _Pyth._, IX, Inscript. a. Boeckh, p. 401.

[1207] Head A: _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 29 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4; _Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, 1881, pp. 12 f., Pls. XVIII (front), XIX (side); F. W., 316; Overbeck, I, pp. 198-9 and _cf._ p. 178. Head B: _Bildw._, pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 9-10; _Ausgrab._, p. 13; Overbeck, p. 178; F. W., 315.

[1208] _Bildw._, Pl. VI, 5-6; fig. 30, on p. 30 in Textbd.; _Ausgrab._, V, Pl. XIX, 4 and p. 12; F. W., 317.

[1209] _Bildw._, Textbd., fig. 31, on p. 30.

[1210] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., fig. 32, on p. 31.

[1211] _Ibid._, pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 7-8; _Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, Pl. XIX, 5 and p. 12; F. W., 319. Both the foot and arm are of Parian marble, like the head.

[1212] Hyde, pp. 42-4; _cf_. Foerster, 151, 155; he also won the stade-race at Delphi: Pindar, _Pyth._, X, 12-16. Robert accepts my ascription: Pauly-Wissowa, VI, p. 1493. Liddell and Scott, _Lexicon_, _s. v._ Φρικίας (= “Bristle”), believe this to be the name not of the victor but of his horse, so called because of his long outstanding mane; _cf_. Herrmann, _Opuscula_, VII, 166 n. This is also the interpretation of Sandys, _Odes of Pindar_, Loeb Library, 1915, p. 291, n. 1.

[1213] P., VI, 10.4-5; R. Foerster, _Das Portraet in d. gr. Plastik_, 1882, p. 22, n. 5.

[1214] Treu, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 48 f.; _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 34 and n. 2. He explained the shield device of the ram and Phrixos by the fact that Eperastos traced his descent from that hero. _Cf._ Overbeck, I, p. 198.

[1215] VI, 17.5; Hyde, 183 and p. 62; Foerster, 765 (undated).

[1216] _Preus. Jb._, LI, p. 382; _cf._ _Sammlung Sabouroff_, Einleitung zu den Skulpturen, p. 5, n. 4; followed by Flasch, Baum., II, p. 1104 U f.

[1217] V, 27.7.

[1218] Textbd., pp. 31-2.

[1219] Hyde, _l. c._ For the date, see Afr; Foerster, 144-6; he was the first Olympic τριαστής, _i. e._, he gained victories in three events on the same day (stade-, double stade- and hoplite-races).

[1220] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw._, no. 1097; here it is called a diskobolos; Clarac, 830, 2085; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 204; _Mw._, p. 392.

[1221] Hauser, _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 101, n. 24, points out its resemblance to the Tuebingen bronze, but because of the tree-trunk does not regard it as a representation of a hoplitodrome. Furtwaengler, _l. c._, regards the helmet as belonging to the head, while others believe it alien thereto.

[1222] No. 795; _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XI and pp. 58-71; Gardiner, p. 105, fig. 17; _cf._ another in Copenhagen: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXXXI.

[1223] P., VI, 3.10; he won the pentathlon some time between Ols. 94 and 103 (= 404 and 368 B. C.): Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347.

[1224] P., V, 26.3.

[1225] V, 27.12.

[1226] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2 and pp. 227-8 (Milchhoefer).

[1227] _Inventar_, no. 6306; mentioned by L. Gurlitt in _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 158.

[1228] Duetschke, II, no. 22; a very similar statue, no. 25, has no _halteres_; both are poor Roman copies.

[1229] _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 217; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3.

[1230] So schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158. He won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 7.1 f.; Hyde, 60; Foerster, 252.

[1231] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw. in Rom_, no. 1096; _J. H. S._, II, 1881, p. 342, fig. 3. Thongs appear on both forearms of the Polykleitan statue, copies of which are in Kassel (Furtw., _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99; _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69), and on a headless one in Lansdowne House (Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, 851, 2180 A); similarly on the Lysippan boxer by Koblanos found at Sorrento, and now in Naples (Fig. 57; Kalkmann, Die Proport, des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst = _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, Pl. III); on the bronze statue of a boxer from Herculaneum in Naples; and on the delle Terme _Seated Boxer_ (Pl. 16); etc.

[1232] So interpreted, and rightly, by Waldstein (_J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 186), and others; Juethner, pp. 68-9, thinks that the object here represented is a victor fillet, being too short for thongs.

[1233] P. 26 and n. 2; against him, Reisch, p. 43; Hitz-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 577; etc. Oil-flasks of various kinds—_lekythoi_, _aryballoi_, _alabastra_, _olpai_—are mentioned repeatedly by Greek writers; _e. g._, λήκυθος, by Homer, Od., VI, 79; Aristoph., _Plutus_, 810; ἀρύβαλλος, Aristoph., _Equites_, 1094; Pollux, VII, 166 and X, 63; ἀλάβαστρον, Theokr., XV. 114; ὄλπη (of leather), Theokr., II, 156; etc.

[1234] VI, 14.6.

[1235] VI, 9.1. Theognetos won in the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 76 (= 746 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193 and 193 N.

[1236] We have already in the present chapter mentioned this “Apollo” in connection with the statuette from Piombino (Fig. 19); Studniczka, _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 99-100, believed that it represented a victor. See _supra_, p. 119.

[1237] _E. g._, on the bronze statuette from Naxos, now in Berlin: see _supra_, p. 119 and n. 5.

[1238] Boy wrestlers especially wore caps in the palæstræ, but not at the games; we see them on the wrestler group in the palæstra scene on the r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 795) already mentioned.

[1239] Stuart Jones, _Cat._, pp. 65-6, no. 8; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 769; _Guide_, 418; B. B., 527 (and fig. 6 in text, by Arndt); Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, _Mw._, p. 392. Helbig finds it Myronian, while Furtwaengler considers it Attic, but non-Myronic; for a copy in Stockholm, see B. B., figs. 7, 8, 9, in the text to no. 527.

[1240] I, 17.2. Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, n. 6, shows that the Athens head bears no resemblance to the Capitoline. Furthermore, heads on coins of Juba differ from both and show no trace of the complicated head-dress. A marble head from Shershel (= Cæsarea) seems to be an authentic portrait of Juba II: see _Annali_, XXIX, 1857, Pl. E, no. 2, and p. 194; and Waille, _de Caesareae Monumentis_, 1891, title page (vignette) and p. 92 (quoted by Helbig, _Guide_, _l. c._).

[1241] See B. B., text to no. 527, figs. 1, 2, 3.

[1242] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 972; _Guide_, 595; _B. Com. Rom._, XII, 1884, Pl. XXIII, pp. 245-253. The meaning is explained by a similar archaistic Parian marble relief in Wilton House, Wiltshire, England, where the youth stands before a statue of Zeus, washing his hands preparatory to making a thank-offering to the god who gave him victory: see Michaelis, p. 680, no. 48 and wood-cut on p. 681; Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, text, fig. 33; F. W., 239; its inscription is not genuine. The same archaistic traits are seen on a votive relief to Zeus Xenios in the Museo delle Terme: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1405; Arndt, _op. cit._, fig. 34; this is to be dated in the first century B. C., or A. D., because of its inscription: _I. G. Sic. et Ital._, no. 990.

[1243] See Fabretti, _de Columna Trajani_, p. 267; Gardiner, p. 433, fig. 149; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXIV, no. 8. _Cf._ Krause, I, pp. 517 f.

[1244] _Cf._ Reisch, pp. 42-3.

[1245] _Cf._ Philostr., _Heroicus_, XII b (p. 315); τὰ δὲ ὦτα κατεαγὼς ἦν οὐχ ὑπὸ πάλης.

[1246] Thus Furtwaengler calls the Ince-Blundell head that of a boxer statue: _Mp._, p. 173, and fig. 71 on p. 172; _Mw._, p. 348, and fig. 44 on p. 347.

[1247] _Cf._ discussion by Gardiner, pp. 425-6.

[1248] _Gorgias_, 515 E; _Protag._, 342 B. In the latter passage he says: καὶ οἱ μὲν ὦτά τε κατάγνυνται μιμούμενοι αὐτούς, καὶ ἱμάντας περιειλίττονται καὶ φιλογυμναστοῦσι καὶ βραχείας ἀναβολὰς φοροῦσιν, κ. τ. λ. The boxer’s swollen ears are mentioned by Theokritos, XXII, 45. The word ὠτοκάταξις seems to have meant a boxer whose ears were battered by the gloves: Aristoph., _Fragm._, 72; Pollux, II, 83 (whence Dindorf corrects the form ὠτοκαταξίας in Poll., IV, 144). For references, see Krause, I, pp. 516-17; and _cf._ _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 13.

[1249] _E. g._, on a fragment of a red-figured kylix in Berlin: _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 8, fig. 2; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Textbd., p. 90, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 438, fig. 153. Here one of the contestants in the pankration is bleeding at the nose.

[1250] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 455; _cf._, p. 457, where he speaks of _le detail réaliste de l’oreille tuméfiée par les coups_. For the statue of Agias mentioned, see _infra_, Ch. VI, pp. 286 f., and Pl. 28 and fig. 68. _Cf._ on this subject also Neugebauer, Studien ueber Skopas (in _Beitraege zur Kunstgesch._, XXXIX, 1913, p. 35, n. 172).

[1251] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., IV, Pl. II, 2, 2 a; F. W., 323; etc.

[1252] See _infra_, Ch. VI., pp. 293 f.

[1253] _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, Pls. LXIII-LXIV.

[1254] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 1, 1886, Pl. IV.

[1255] Duetschke, III, no. 72.

[1256] _Gaz. arch._, VIII, Pl. I, and p. 85 (Rayet); F. W., 461.

[1257] B. B., no. 8.

[1258] Bulle, no. 105 (right); and fig. 46 on p. 205.

[1259] _A. M._, XVI, 1891, Pls. IV, V (two views).

[1260] F. W., 505; Collignon, I, p. 495, fig. 252. As the swollen ears do not occur on other copies, they are here doubtless a modification by a late artist.

[1261] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. XXXVI (= copy of fifth century B. C.); XCIV (Herakles or athlete, from the Tyszkiewicz coll., Skopasian in character; = Reinach, _Têtes_, Pls. CL, CLI); XCV (similar to preceding, though later in style: _Têtes_, Pls. CLVI, CLVII); CXX (copy of head of athlete of the fourth century B. C.).

[1262] _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 228 f.; fig. 141 on p. 231. Miss Richter points out its affinity to the _Hermes_ and assigns it to the immediate influence of Praxiteles. This fragment of a statue appears to have been trimmed into its present shape in modern times. Miss Richter’s statement (p. 230) that swollen ears are a characteristic which applies in representations of heroes to Herakles alone is contradicted by what we shall say below about heads of Diomedes.

[1263] Rayet, II, Pls. 64, 65 (head); B. B., 75; von Mach, 286; F. W., 1425; M. W., I, Pl. 48, 216; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 154, 1-4. Rayet calls the statue that of a hoplitodromos.

[1264] Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, pp. 651 f.; Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, no. 304; B. B., 128 (left = original; right = cast); Furtw., _Mp._, p. 147, fig. 60 (from a cast with modern restorations omitted), and p. 150, fig. 61 (head, two views); text, pp. 146 ff.; _Mw._, Pls. XII, XIII; text, pp. 311 f.; Clarac, 871, 2219 and 633, 1438 A.; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XVII (cast). Its Kresilæan origin has been shown by Brunn (_l. c._, pp. 660 and 673), Flasch (_Vortraege an der 41sten Philologenversamml._, 1891, p. 9, quoted by Furtwaengler), Loeschke and Studniczka (quoted by Furtwaengler) and Furtwaengler. It also shows Myronic traces. It stands 1.86 meters (without the base).

[1265] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 151, fig. 62; _Mw._, Pl. XIV and p. 313. This and a head in private possession in England, B. B., 543 (three views), are the best and truest copies of the lost original.

[1266] Froehner, _Notice_, 128; Bouillon, _Musée des antiques_ (statues), Pls. II and III; Clarac, 314, 1438.

[1267] Duetschke, II, no. 163; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 210; B. B., 361; F. W., 458. It will be discussed further on in Ch. IV, pp. 180 f. The Berlin replica is given in _Mp._, p. 167, fig. 67; _cf._ text, p. 165, n. 2.

[1268] Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2163, fig.; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 155, n. 2.

[1269] _R. M._, IV, 1889, P. 197, no. 12 (B. Graef).

[1270] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 1731, and Pl. V, fig. 2; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. XXI; _Museum Marbles_, II, Pl. XLVI; _Specimens_, I, Pl. LX; Collignon, II, p. 240, fig. 120; Wolters, _Jb._, I, 1886, Pl. V, fig. 2 and p. 54. Two other copies of the same original are the one in the Capitoline Museum, Rome, and one found in 1876 on the Quirinal and now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori there. B. Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, p. 189 f, and Pls. VIII (Capitoline bust) and IX (Quirinal bust), attributes the type to Skopas; he is followed by Collignon, II, p. 240, n. 1; _cf._ S. Reinach, _Gaz. d. B-A._, 3d Per., III, 1890, pp. 338 and 340. Wolters tried to show that it was Praxitelian. But the similarity between these heads and that of the _Lansdowne Herakles_ (Pl. 30 and fig. 71), which we ascribe to Lysippos in Ch. VI, pp. 298, 311, is easily apparent.

[1271] Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 738, no. 636 and II, Pl. 79; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 108; _Guide_, 113; B. B., 609; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 341, fig. 146; p. 342, fig. 147 (head, two views); _Mw._, p. 575, fig. 109 and p. 577, fig. 110.

[1272] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr., d. Glypt._,^2 no. 245 (the so-called Lenbach head); Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. und roem. Portraets_, Pls. 335-6. See Furtw.-Wolters, for replicas in the Louvre, etc.

[1273] B. B., 338; Helbig, _Guide_, 69 (= boxer).

[1274] Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 234 f. and fig. 95; _Mw._, pp. 428 f. and fig. 65. Both Furtwaengler (_l. c._) and B. Graef (_R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 215 and 202) have shown the Polykleitan origin of the type. The former believes that it may have been copied from a statue of Herakles by the master, which is mentioned by Pliny (_H. N._, XXXIV, 56) as at Rome. For other replicas of the type, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 234, n. 1; _Mw._, p. 429, n. 1.

[1275] _A. A._, 1889, pp. 57-8 (Treu, who referred it to Polykleitos); Furtw., _Mp._, p. 92 and fig. 40; _Mw._, p. 124 and Pl. VI (he called it Pheidian).

[1276] _Museo Torlonia_, Pl. 26, no. 104.

[1277] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 272; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 832 and 833 (text by Flasch).

[1278] _Chabrias_, 3: _Ex quo factum est ut postea athletae ceterique artifices his statibus in statuis ponendis uterentur, in quibus victoriam essent adepti_; _cf._ Diod., XV, 33, 4 (who speaks of “statues”). This statue was erected in Athens after his campaign to aid Thebes against Agesilaos in 378 B. C.: Xen., _Hell._, V, 4.38 f. (though here Chabrias is not mentioned by name); Diod., XV, 32-33; Demosth., _Contra Lept._, 75-76 (p. 479); _cf._ Aristotle, _Rhet._, III, 10.7. Chabrias seems to have been the first to order his troops to assume a kneeling posture when receiving the charge of the enemy. These tactics when used against Agesilaos were so favorably regarded by the Athenians that his statues were represented in the attitude of kneeling.

[1279] _E. g._, Reisch, p. 43.

[1280] See Joubin, p. 46. It probably took place under the restored democracy of Kleisthenes. The assassination of Hipparchos took place in 514 B. C. Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 17, says that the group was set up in the year in which the kings were expelled from Rome (= 509 B. C.).

[1281] P., I, 8.5; _cf._ _Marmor Parium_, l. 70 (= _C. I. G._, II, 2374; _F. H. G._, I, pp. 533 f., etc.), and Lucian, _Philopseudes_, 18.

[1282] Arrian, _Anab._, III, 16.18 (he says it was of bronze); Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 70; restored by Seleukos: Val. Max., II, 10, Extr. 1; by Antiochos: P., I, 8.5.

[1283] B. B., nos. 326 (_Aristogeiton_), 327 (_Harmodios_), and 328 (head of _Harmodios_, two views); Bulle, 84, 85; von Mach, 58 (both statues) and 59 (_Aristogeiton_); Collignon, I, pp. 367 f. and figs. 189 (group) and 190 (head of _Harmodios_); relief from Athens showing the group, _ibid._, p. 369, fig. 88; Overbeck, I, p. 155, fig. 27; Baum., I. p. 340, fig. 357; Lechat, pp. 444-5, figs. 36, 37 (restored by Michaelis); _R. M._, XXI, 1906, Pl. XI; F. W., 121-4; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 530, 3 (_Harmodios_), and 5 (_Aristogeiton_); _cf._ II, 2, 541, 5 (group); Clarac V, 869, 2202 and 870, 2203 A; head of _Harmodios_, _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. G. The height is about 2 meters (Bulle).

[1284] _A. M._, XV, 1890, pp. 1 f.; followed by Overbeck, I, pp. 152 f.; Frazer, II, p. 98. The difference is not only noticeable in the head structure and treatment of the hair, but in the whole character of the work. While Antenor’s work is stiff and lifeless, the Naples group is full of vigor. For the statue of Antenor (in the Akropolis Museum), see _Ant. Denkm._, I, 5, 1890, Pl. 53, and pp. 42 f. (Wolters); Overbeck, I, Pl. 25, opp. p. 152; _Les Musées d’Athènes_, I, Pl. VI; _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 135 f. (Studniczka), and Pl. X, 1 (head); von Mach, 28; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. II.

[1285] However, some archæologists still favor Antenor for this group: _e. g._, Wachsmuth, _Die Stadt Athen_, I, pp. 170 f.; II, 393-8; Collignon; Lechat, _op. cit._, and _cf._ _B. C. H._, XVI, 1892, pp. 485-9.

[1286] _Rhet. praecept._, 9: ἀπεσφιγμένα καὶ νευρώδη καὶ σκληρά, καὶ ἀκριβῶς ἀποτεταμένα ταῖς γραμμαῖς. See Brunn, pp. 101-5; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 49.

[1287] The best restoration is that of Meier in bronzed plaster in the Ducal Museum in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 172, figs. 38, a, b, c; here Aristogeiton has received a bearded head. For another restoration, in the Museum of Strasbourg, see Springer-Michaelis, p. 216, fig. 402, a, b.

[1288] _Bulletin of Museum of Fine Arts_, III, 27; _R. M._, XIX, 1904, p. 163, Pl. VI (Hauser).

[1289] A vase by Douris shows a warrior similar to _Aristogeiton_, but his onset is fiercer: Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, Pl. XXI, and Textbd., pp. 206 f. For other representations in art of the _Tyrannicides_, see Frazer, II, pp. 94 f.

[1290] _Darstellung des Menschen in der aelt. griech. Kunst_, 1899, p. xi; _cf._ Richardson, p. 120, n. 2.

[1291] _Cf._ Dickins, p. 265 (quoting the view of Furtwaengler).

[1292] Furtwaengler, _Sammlung Somzée_, 1897, Pl. III. He ascribes it to Mikon and identifies it with the statue of the pancratiast Kallias at Olympia whose base has been found: _Bildw. v. Ol._ 146; Hyde, 50; see _infra_, in the section on _Pancratiasts_, p. 251. For the _Pelops_, see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2, and XI, 1 (head).

[1293] I, 23.9. The inscribed base has been found: _C. I. A._, I, 376; _I. G. B._, 39.

[1294] P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137.

[1295] Ols. 72 to 76 (= 492 to 476 B. C.); Hyde, p. 42.

[1296] _Cf._ Bulle, p. 493, on no. 225.

[1297] On the origin and early development of motion figures in Greek art, see Bulle, pp. 157 f., and the works cited on p. 674 (notes to p. 158); especially, J. Langbehn, _Fluegelgestalten der aeltesten griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1881; F. Studniczka, _Die Siegesgoettin, Gesch. einer antiken Idealgestalt_, 1898; E. Curtius, _Die knieenden Figuren d. alt. griech. Kunst_ (_29stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1869); Eadweard Muybridge, _Human Figure in Motion_, 1907; _cf._ also J. Lange, _op. cit._

[1298] In the Museo Archeologico, Florence: Bulle, no. 10.

[1299] _Cf._ the realistic scenes of wrestling, boxing, and running, in relief on the archaic Attic tripod vase from Tanagra now in Berlin, dating from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 30 f. (Loeschke) and Pls. 3 and 4. _Cf._ also scenes from the pentathlon on a Panathenaic amphora of the sixth century B. C. in Leyden: _ibid._, Pl. 9; etc.

[1300] _B. C. H._, III, 1879, pp. 393 f. and Pls. VI-VII (Homolle), and V, 1881, pp. 272 f. (Homolle, on the artist and his father Mikkiades); von Mach, no. 32 (restored in the text opp. p. 26, fig. 1); Richardson, p. 51, fig. 15; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 300-1, figs. 122-3 and Treu’s restoration, p. 303, fig. 125; restored in Springer-Michaelis, p. 187, fig. 358; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 389, 5. Though first called an _Artemis_ by Homolle (because of its resemblance to the so-called Oriental winged _Artemis_ on a bronze relief from Olympia, von Mach, text, opp. p. 36, fig. 5), it has generally been called a _Nike_ since its first ascription by Furtwaengler (_A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 324 f.), and brought into connection with a base in two parts found near the statue on Delos in 1880 and 1881, inscribed with the names of Archermos and his father Mikkiades. If the connection with the base were certain, the statue should be referred to the beginning of the sixth century B. C.; B. Sauer (_A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 182 f.), and others, have disputed the connection.

[1301] Now in the National Museum, Athens: Kabbadias, no. 1; von Mach, 20; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 340; Richardson, p. 43, fig. 11; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 645, 1. Its inscription should date it about 600 B. C. It is over 6 feet in height (including the base: von Mach).

[1302] Bulle, pp. 157-8, fig. 33; de Ridder, no. 808. It is 0.123 meter high (Bulle). _Cf._ similar bronzes _ibid._, nos. 799-814, and also a flying harpy on a sixth-century B. C. Ionic vase in the University Museum in Wuerzburg: Bulle, pp. 159-160, fig. 34; Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, I, pp. 209 f. and Pl. 41; _cf._ also the very similar pose on the small bronze statuette in the British Museum of a winged _Nike_ represented in violent motion: von Mach, 33; the marble torso of another in Athens: _id._, text, opp. p. 26, fig. 2; and the bronze winged _Gorgon_ from Olympia (0.12 meter high): _Bronz. v. Ol._, Pl. VIII, no. 78, text, p. 25 (and for the type, _cf._ Roscher, _Lex._, art. Gorgonen in der Kunst, I, 2, p. 1710, ll. 67 f.).

[1303] _Nike of Archermos_, 1891.

[1304] Salzmann, _Nécropole de Camiros_, Pl. LIII; Bulle, pp. 161-2, fig. 35; _cf._ Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgeschichte_, I, p. 142. Its diameter is 0.385 meter (Bulle).

[1305] See R. Kekulé and H. Winnefeld, _Bronzen aus Dodona in den koenigl. Museen zu Berlin_, Pl. II and pp. 13 f.; _A. Z._, XL, 1882, Pl. I and pp. 23-27 (Engelmann); Rayet, I, Pl. 17 (S. Reinach); Bulle, 83 (right). As the figure is only 0.143 meter tall, it seems to have decorated the rim of a bronze bowl. It may be later than the Tuebingen bronze (Fig. 42) and is certainly of a different school. The presence of a breastplate proves that it is meant for a warrior and not for a hoplitodrome.

[1306] For a full discussion of this sculptor, see Lechat, _Pythagoras de Rhegion_, 1905; _cf._ _S. Q._, §§ 489-507.

[1307] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[1308] VI, 4.3; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203.

[1309] VI, 6.1; Hyde, 48; Foerster, 200.

[1310] VI, 6.4 f.; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[1311] VI, 7.10; Hyde, 69; Foerster, 183, 189.

[1312] VI, 13.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59; Hyde, 110; Foerster, 176-7; 181-2; 187-8; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 145.

[1313] VI, 13.7; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184.

[1314] VI, 18.1; Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193a.

[1315] Reisch, p. 43, n. 4, wrongly assumed this to be one of the oldest statues of Pythagoras, since the same sculptor made the statue of the son Kratisthenes; but the son’s victory was probably only two Olympiads later than that of the father, as we have seen.

[1316] VIII, 47; _S. Q._, 507. Diogenes repeats the tradition that there were two sculptors of the name, one from Rhegion, the other from Samos; also Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59-60.

[1317] _J. H. S._, II, 1881, pp. 332 f.; _cf._ his _Essays on the Art of Pheidias_, 1885, p. 323. The recovered base of Euthymos’ statue has no footmarks: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144. Waldstein is followed in his ascription of the statues to Euthymos by Urlichs, _Arch. Analekt._, 1885, p. 9.

[1318] B. B., no. 542 (two views); Furtw. _Mp._, p. 171, fig. 70; _A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 313 f. and Pls. IV, and V (two views), (P. Hermann).

[1319] _Mp._, pp. 171-2; _Mw._, pp. 345-6.

[1320] _Mon. d. I_., X, 1874-78, Pl. II (head); _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. L. Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, p. 62, doubts if the head belongs to the torso.

[1321] Duetschke, II, no. 77 (= one of two statues); _Mon. d. I._, VIII, 1864-68, Pl. XLVI, 6-8, and _Annali_, XXXIX, 1867, pp. 304 f. (Benndorf); Arndt-Amelung, nos. 96-98; _cf._ _A. Z._, XXVII, 1869, pp. 106 f. and Pl. 24, 2 (Benndorf, _Tyrannicides_ on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, etc.), and XXXII, 1875, pp. 163 f. (Duetschke, group of two statues); Reinach, _Rép._ II, 2, 541, 6. Both Duetschke (_A. Z._, _l. c._) and Furtwaengler (_Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, VIII, 1888, p. 1448) have shown that it represents an athlete.

[1322] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 36; Clarac, V, 856, 2180. Furtwaengler believes the statue later in style than the Louvre boxer.

[1323] _E. g._, P. Hermann, _op. cit._, pp. 332-3; Arndt, text to B. B., no. 542.

[1324] B. B., no. 361; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 210; Duetschke, II, 163; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 165 f. and fig. 66 (two views); _Mw._, pp. 339 f. and Pl. XVII (from a cast); F. W., 458. For three replicas of the Riccardi type, see Arndt, text to B. B., 542. Furtwaengler believed this head a prototype of the _Diomedes_ of Kresilas known to us from copies in Munich (Pl. XXI); _Mw._, pp. 311 f. and Pls. XII, XIII; _Mp._, pp. 146 f. and figs. 60 (body), and 61 (head, two views); B. B., 128; Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, pp. 651 f.; in Paris: Froehner, _Notice_, no. 128; Clarac, 314, 1438; and elsewhere. See _supra_ p. 169.

[1325] Michaelis, p. 367, no. 152; _Mp._, p. 172, fig. 71; _Mw._, p. 347, fig. 44; A. Z., XXXI, 1874, Pl. III; F. W., 459. Kekulé was the first to class it as Myronian: _Ueber d. Kopf des Praxitel. Hermes_, p. 12, 1 (quoted by F. W., _l. c._). Graef curiously found it Pheidian: _Aus d. Anomia_, p. 69, 63.

[1326] _H. N._, XXXIV, 58; _cf._ _Mp._, p. 173.

[1327] _La Glypt._ _Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. XXXVI and p. 60; the other, unpublished, is mentioned _ibid._ He also adds the cast of a lost original statue of a boxer in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, whose head belongs stylistically to the same series: _ibid._, pp. 60-61, and figs. 30 (head), 31-32 (body). If the head and body belong together it is the only statuary type of the group.

[1328] Kieseritzky, _Kat. d. Ermitage_, 1901, p. 27, no. 68; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 177, fig. 74; _Mw._, p. 353 fig. 46 (two views).

[1329] _Mp._, p. 176, fig. 73; _Mw._, Pl. XX (two views).

[1330] Text to B. B., no. 542; _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, text to Pl. XXXVI, p. 60.

[1331] _B. M. Sculpt._, 1603, Pl. V, fig. 1; B. B., 224; F. W., 460.

[1332] _A. M._, XXXVI, 1911, pp. 193 f., and Pl. VII (Athleten Kopf in Athen).

[1333] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[1334] Brunn, pp. 133-4, connected _Libyn_ and _puerum_, and believed that only one statue was meant by Pliny’s sentence, identical with Pausanias’ statue of Mnaseas. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt._, 1895, p. 57, makes two alterations in Pliny’s text, inserting _et_ between _Libyn_ and _puerum_, and replacing _tabellam_ of the MSS. with _flagellum_. The boy holding the whip, then, is Mnaseas’ son Kratisthenes, the chariot victor mentioned by P., VI, 18.1. Stuart Jones follows Furtwaengler (_Jahrbuecher fuer Class. Philol._, 1876, p. 509) in having Pliny translate παῖδα of his Greek authority by _puerum_ instead of _filium_.

[1335] P. 44.

[1336] Cat. no. 51; Benndorf, _Griech. und Sicilische Vasenbilder_, I, pp. 13 f. and Pl. IX.

[1337] In his _Chrestomathia Pliniana_, 1857, p. 320.

[1338] _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, pp. 264 f.

[1339] Antigonos of Karystos, _apud_ Zen., V, 82 (passage given by Jex-Blake, p. xxxix and n. 2).

[1340] Ancient writers differed as to the authorship of the statue. Thus P. (I, 33.3), Mela (_de Situ orbis_, II, 3.6), Tzetzes (S. Q., 838-9), and Zenobios (_l. c._), say that it was Pheidias, while Pliny (_H. N._, XXXVI, 17) and Strabo (IX, I. 17, C. 396) say Agorakritos. A fragment of the colossal head of the statue came to the British Museum in 1820: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 460; also fragments of the figure on the base, described by P., I, 33.7, were found in 1890 and are now in the National Museum in Athens: Kabbadias, 203-14; Frazer, II, p. 457, fig. 40.

[1341] See his Ueber einige Werke des Kuenstlers Pythagoras, in _Verhandl. d. 40sten Versamml. deutscher Philologen u. Schulmaenner in Goerlitz_, Leipsic, 1890 (pp. 329-336), p. 334.

[1342] _Archaeolog. Analekten_, 1885, p. 9. Lucian, _Anachar._, 9, says that apples formed a part of the Delphic prize; Dromeus is also known to us as a Pythian victor. In _Chrest. Plin._, p. 320, L. von Urlichs had identified the _nudus_ as Meilanion or Hippomenes with the apples with which he had beaten Atalanta; see _S. Q._, § 499, note a.

[1343] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59: _Syracusis autem claudicantem, cuius ulceris dolorem sentire etiam spectantes videntur_. Gronovius, following Lessing, _Laokoön_, Ch. 2, identified it with a wounded Philoktetes: see Bluemner, _Comm. zu Lessing’s Laokoön_, pp. 508 f.; the words _cuius ... videntur_ seem to have been derived from _A. Pl._, IV, 112, 1.4 (which refers to a bronze statue of Philoktetes): _cf._ Brunn, p. 134 and Jex-Blake, _ad loc._

[1344] _Cf._ Benndorf, _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, p. 92; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, p. 139.

[1345] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; Kallias won Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1346] In the Plinian passage Leontiskos figures rather as an artist, probably through Pliny’s misunderstanding of some Greek sentence in his authority; see L. von Urlichs, _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, p. 261.

[1347] P. 44.

[1348] L. von Sybel, _Athena und Marsyas, Bronzemuenze des Berliner Museums_, 1879.

[1349] This characteristic is expressed by the word αὐτάρκεια; _cf._ Plato, _Phil._, 67 A; Aristotle, _Eth. Nicom._, 1, 7.5-6 (= 1097 b); etc.

[1350] Marble copy of the _Marsyas_ was found in 1823 on the Esquiline and is now in the Lateran Museum, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1179; Rayet, I, Pl. 33; B. B., 208; Bulle, 95; von Mach, 65a; Baum., II, p. 1002, fig. 1210; Collignon, I, pp. 467 f. and fig. 234; F. W., 454; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 15, 6. It is 1.95 meters high (Bulle). It is wrongly restored and only the head can be considered approximately faithful to the original. _Cf._ another copy of the head of Parian marble in the Museo Barracco, Rome: Helbig, I, 1104; Reinach, _Têtes_, pp. 53 f. and Pls. LXVI-LXVII; F. W., 455. A fourth-century B. C. bronze statuette from Patras, now in the British Museum, appears also to give the motive of the original group in Athens mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 57, and P., I, 24. 1: _B. M. Bronzes_, 269; _Gaz. Arch._, 1879, Pls. XXXIV-V and pp. 241 f.; _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, Pl. VIII (two views), pp. 91 f.; Rayet, I, Pl. 34; von Mach, 656; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 51, nos. 5 and 7. It is 0.75 meter high. For other representations, see G. Hirschfeld, Athena und Marsyas, _32stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1872, Pls. I and II. For a copy of the head of Athena in Dresden, see B. B., 591 (three views).

[1351] Walter Pater, in his _Greek Studies_ (in the essay on The Age of Athletic Prizemen), ed. 1895, pp. 309 f., calls the _Diskobolos_ a work of _genre_. However, the _Diskobolos_ can hardly be called a decorative statue, _i. e._, “a work merely imitative of the detail of actual life.” On p. 313 he rightly classes the _Doryphoros_ as an “academic” work.

[1352] It was formerly in the Palazzo Massimi alla Colonna, and hence is often called the Massimi _Diskobolos_: B. B., no. 567, _cf._ 256 (head from cast); von Mach, 63; Collignon, I, Pl. XI, opp. p. 472; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXX; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XIII (head from cast); Overbeck, I, fig. 74, opp. p. 274; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 527, 1; for description, see M. D., 1098.

[1353] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 168 f., _Mw._, pp. 341 f., lists three other copies of the head: one in Basel (_cf._ Kalkmann, Proport. des. Gesichts., _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, pp. 73-74); one at Catajo (_Mp._, fig. 68; _Mw._, fig. 43; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 54-55); and one in Berlin (_Mp._, fig. 69).

[1354] H. N., XXXIV, 58: _(Myron) videtur ... capillum quoque et pubem non emendatius fecisse quam rudis antiquitas instituisset._

[1355] B. B., nos. 631, 632 (restored from bronzed cast; text by Rizzo); Bulle, 98; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1363; _Boll. d’Arte_, I, 1907, pp. 1 f. and Pls. I-III; _cf._ _Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst_, 1907, pp. 185 f. It is pieced together from fourteen fragments; the fragment of the right lower leg was found in 1910. Height to right shoulder, 1.53 meters (Bulle).

[1356] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 326; _Guide_, 333; von Mach, 62; Collignon, I, p. 473, n. 1; F. W., 451; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 5.

[1357] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 250; von Mach. 61; _Specimens_, I, Pl. XXIX; _Museum Marbles_, XI, Pl. XLIV; _Marbles and Bronzes of the British Museum_, Pl. XLVII; F. W., 452; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 525, 5; Clarac, V, 860, 2194 B. It is 5 feet 5 inches tall (Smith).

[1358] H. Stuart Jones, _Museo Capitolino Cat._, 1912, no. 50, p. 123, and Pl. 21; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 788; _Guide_, 446; Clarac, V, 858 A, 2212. It is 1.48 meters high from lower edge of base to the right hand (Jones).

[1359] B. B., no. 566; von Mach, 64; Gardner, _Sculpt._, PI. XI; Gardiner, p. 96, fig. 13 (from a copy of the Munich cast in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford).

[1360] Pl. no. 97; _cf._ Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XII, and Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler_, Pl. XXXIII.

[1361] _Philopseudes_, 18; _S. Q._, §544; translation of H. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Ancient Writers Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture_, p. 69.

[1362] For the late Roman one in the Munich Antiquarium, see B. B., text to Pl. 567, fig. 1; F. W., 453; for the one in Arolsen, see F. W., 1786.

[1363] _B. M. Gems_, no. 742, Pl. G; also given in _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 91, fig. 5.

[1364] _Inst. orat._, II, 13.10: _Quid tam distortum et elaboratum quam est ille discobolos Myronis? si quis tamen, ut parum rectum, improbet opus, nonne ab intellectu artis abfuerit, in qua vel praecipue laudabilis est ipsa illa novitas ac difficultas?_

[1365] Translation by G. F. Hill, in his _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture from the Sixth Century B. C. to the Time of Michelangelo_, 1909, p. 10.

[1366] Enumerated above in Ch. III (Attic Sculptors), p. 129, n. 7. The Spartan Lykinos had two statues: P., VI, 2.1. As he won in both the hoplite-race and chariot-race, Foerster, 211 a, assumed that the two statues represented victor and charioteer, and that they stood upon the quadriga, which Pausanias does not mention. I follow Robert, _O. S._, p. 172, however, in assuming that the two statues represented the victor in the two events.

[1367] _H. N._, XXXIV, 57.

[1368] VI, 8.5; Hyde, 79 (Arkadian) and 79a (Philippos), and commentary on pp. 39 f.

[1369] The interpretation of Murray, _Class. Rev._, I, 1887, pp. 3-4.

[1370] The emendation of Loeschke, _Dorpaterprogr._, 1880, p. 9; accepted by Reisch, p. 44, n. 3, Richardson, p. 151, and others.

[1371] _Der Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans_, 1876, p. 89, n. 30.

[1372] Quoted by Jex-Blake, Add. to p. 46, 1.

[1373] _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt._, p. 66.

[1374] Mayer, in _A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 246 f., showed that on vase-paintings of Myron’s time and on coins of Elaia, Aeolis, a woman is often represented as standing in the chest, while two men, Perseus and the carpenter, stand beside it.

[1375] _E. g._, the statue of the boy boxer Athenaios of Ephesos was represented in motion, _i. e._, in the act of sparring, as we see from the footprints on the recovered base: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 168; he won some time between Ols. (?) 93 and 103 (= 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.

[1376] See Grenfell and Hunt, _Oxyrhynchus Papyrus_, II, 1899, pp. 222 f.; Robert, _O. S._, Beilage, opp. p. 192; Diels, _Hermes_, XXXVI, 1901, pp. 72 f.; Koerte, _ibid._, XXXIX, 1904, pp. 224 f.; Weniger, _Klio_ (_Beitraege zur alten Gesch._), IV, pp. 125 f.; V, pp. 1 f. and 184 f.

[1377] Late inscriptions mention “Pythian” and “Isthmian boys”: see F. M. Mie, _Quaestiones agonisticae ad Olympia pertinentes_, Diss. inaug., 1888, p. 48; Dittenberger, _Sylloge_,^2 II, nos. 677-8; the ἀγένειοι and ἄνδρες at Nemea are mentioned by Pindar, _Ol._, VIII, 54. The boys in these contests were probably aged 12-16, the ἀγένειοι, 16-20 (_cf._ Roberts-Gardner, _Greek Epigraphy_, II, p. 166), and the men over 20 years old.

[1378] For Olympia, see P., VI, 2.10; 6.1; 14.1-2; etc.

[1379] _C. I. G._, I, 1590.

[1380] Dittenberger, _op. cit._, II, no. 524: ἐφήβων νεωτέρων, μέσων, πρεσβυτέρων.

[1381] _I. G._, II, 444. For the _Panathenaia_, see Suidas, _s. v._ Παναθήναια; Mommsen, _Heortologie_, 1864, p. 141; etc.

[1382] P., V, 16.2.

[1383] _De Leg._, VIII, 833 C, D.

[1384] _C. I. G._, inscriptions relating to ephebes, _e. g._, I, 232; 1590; Dittenberger, _de Ephebis atticis_, 1863, p. 24; Dumont, _Essai sur l’Ephébie attique_, 1876, pp. 215-16. This classification is followed by E. Pottier, _B. C. H._, V, 1881, p. 69.

[1385] Bussemaker, in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 1, _s. v._ _athleta_, p. 517 (also quoted by Pottier), proposed the division into παῖδες, 12-16 years old, ἀγένειοι, 16-20, and ἄνδρες, from 20 on. Pollux, VIII, 105, and Harpokration, _s. v._ ἐπιδιετές, give the ephebe age as 18-20; Xen., _Cyr._, 1, 2.8, puts the age at 16 or 17 for the Persians.

[1386] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 56. On the whole subject, see Krause, pp. 262 f., especially p. 263, n. 3; Gardiner, pp. 271-2.

[1387] VI, 1.3 to VI, 18.7. We also know of 61 other victors with 63 monuments from inscribed base fragments recovered at Olympia; these will be treated _infra_ in Ch. VIII, pp. 353 f.

[1388] See Ch. VIII, _infra_, p. 339 and notes 3-4.

[1389] On _Ol._, IX, 150, Boeckh, p. 228; _cf._ _Etym. magn._, _s. v._ στάδιον, p. 743, 25.

[1390] Thus Apollo beat Hermes in running at Olympia, P., V, 7.10; the Idæan Herakles instituted a race among his brothers, P., V, 7.7; and Endymion set his sons to run, and so instituted the boys’ running race there, P., V, 1.4. The running race appears in the Boread legend, Ph.,3; pseudo-Dio Chrysost., XXXVII, p. 296 (Dindorf); it was represented on the Kypselos chest: P., V, 17.10, and appears on many archaic vases. On the age of the event, see Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, 1864, p. 310 and III, 1881, p. 199. The Cretans and the Lacedæmonians sacrificed to Apollo δρομαῖος: Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4.4.

[1391] See Ph., 3, for the four running races; _cf._, Plato, _de Leg._, 833 A, B.

[1392] Iliad, XXIII, 740 f.; Od., VIII, 120 f. (in l. 121 it is called δρόμος). In some historic games, the stade-race remained the only event; _e. g._, at the _Hermaia_ on Salamis: _C. I. G._, I, 108. For the stade-race, see P., I, 44.1; III, 14.3; IV, 4.5, etc. On its origin, see Ph., 5.

[1393] Schol. on Aristoph., _Aves_, 292 (ed. J. W. White, 1914); P., V, 8.6. On its origin, see Ph., 6 and _cf._ Krause, pp. 345 f.

[1394] Ch. 4.

[1395] Suidas, _s. v._ δόλιχος; schol. on Aristophanes, _Aves_, 292 (= seven stadia); Boeckh, _C. I. G._, I, no. 1515, p. 703 (= ordinarily seven stadia); schol. on Soph., _Electra_, 691. See Krause, I, p. 348, n. 13; Grasberger, _op. cit._, I, pp. 312 f.

[1396] Poll., III, 151; schol. on Aristoph., _Acharn._, 214; etc.

[1397] P., _passim_; _Oxy. Pap._; etc.

[1398] Ph., 7. For two theories of its origin, see _ibid._

[1399] P., X, 7.5; Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien_, pp. 136 f.

[1400] _Cf._ Plato, _de Leg._, I, p. 625 E. Thus the Cretans Ergoteles and Sotades won the distance race twice each; Ergoteles in Ols. 77 and 79 (= 472 and 464 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 46; Foerster, 206, 213; Sotades in Ols. 99, 100 (= 384, 380 B. C.): P., VI, 18.6; Hyde, 186; Foerster, 317, 323. The Cretan Philonides, courier of Alexander the Great, had an honor statue at Olympia: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 154a. At the games at Trapezous over sixty Cretans entered: Xen., _Anab._, IV, 8, 27; _cf._ Krause, pp. 352 f.

[1401] _De Leg._, VIII, 833 C.

[1402] V, 16.3.

[1403] V, 8.6; _cf._ IV, 4.5; VIII, 26.4. His statement about the antiquity of the event is corroborated by Plutarch, _Quaest. conviv._, V, 2.12, Ph. (= only event until Ol. 14), and Eusebios, _Chronika_, I, p. 193 (ed. Schoene). Gardiner, p. 52, believes that if the Olympic games developed from a single event, it was probably not from the stade-race, but from either the fight in armor or the chariot-race.

[1404] P., V, 8.6, etc.; Foerster, 1.

[1405] Discussed by Gardiner, pp. 52 and 272-3.

[1406] III, 8 (= Dorieus of Rhodes, who won his second victory in Ol. 88 (= 428 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 260); V, 49 (= Androsthenes of Mainalos, who won his first victory in Ol. 90, = 420 B. C.: P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 51; Foerster, 267).

[1407] Dittenberger, _Sylloge_^2, I, no. 256 (= Agesidamos of Messenia, who won in Ol. 140, = 220 B. C.).

[1408] V, 8.6; confirmed by Ph., 12, and Eusebios, _Chron._, I, p. 193 (ed. Schoene).

[1409] _L. c._; corroborated by Ph., 12.

[1410] P., V, 8.9; Eusebios agrees with Pausanias, but Philostratos says Ol. 46 (= 596 B. C.), _l. c._

[1411] P., V, 8.10; _cf._ III, 14.3. It was introduced at Delphi in 498 B. C.: see Gardiner, p. 70.

[1412] On running races, see Krause, I, pp. 337 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIII, pp. 270 f.; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, pp. 1643 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 312 f.; etc.

[1413] Fig. 37 left = _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 6b; _cf. ibid._, 4b, and X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, f, and Panathenaic amphora in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1643, fig. 2229. Fig. 36A = Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIX, 1. Also _cf._ a sixth-century B. C. amphora in Munich, no. 498: _Mon. d. I._, X, Pl. XLVIII, m; Gardiner, p. 281, fig. 52; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (right); a fourth-century Panathenaic amphora: Gardiner, p. 283, fig. 53, from Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1876, Atlas, Pl. I.

[1414] Ph., 32: οἷον πτερούμενοι ὑπο τῶν χειρῶν.

[1415] The first = _B. M. Vases_, B 609; Gardiner, p. 280, fig. 51; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e, 4; G. F. Hill, _Illustrations of School Classics_, 1903, fig. 390; the second (Fig. 37, right) = _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 7b; Gardiner, p. 279, fig. 50; Dar.-Sagl., p. 1644, fig. 2230. _Cf._ another in _Mon. d. I._, X, Pl. XLVIII, f, 6.

[1416] National Museum, no. 761.

[1417] _Cf._ Reisch, p. 46.

[1418] On this mode of representing runners, see Schmidt in _Muenchener archaeol. Studien zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler dargebracht_, 1909, pp. 249 f. (especially p. 257).

[1419] See Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 56 f, and fig. 4, p. 56 (= Gerhard, IV, 256; Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, V, 18) two runners; the interior of the same vase also represents such a runner: p. 61, fig. 7. _Cf._ also p. 58, fig. 5 (= Murray, X, 37; _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1844-48, Pl. XXXIII), representing Hermes on a r.-f. vase of the severe style; also p. 59, fig. 6; etc. Also _cf._ Juethner, p. 41, fig. 36a (a later r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 803 A), showing a pentathlete running with an _akontion_. The following b.-f. vases, which show representations of such archaic runners, are taken from Perrot-Chipiez, X, 1914: the proto-Attic amphora of Nettos, p. 71, fig. 63 (= _Ant. Denkm._, I, Text, p. 46); cup from Aegina, p. 77, fig. 68 (= _A. Z._, XL, 1882, Pl. IX); Corinthian amphora, p. 103, fig. 74 (= Pottier, _Vases antiques_, Pl. LIX, E 855); the Gorgon on the François Vase, p. 165, fig. 108 (from Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pls. I-III); on neck of an amphora by Pamphaios in the Louvre, p. 388, fig. 233 (= Pottier, _op. cit._, Pl. LXXXVIII).

[1420] Discussed (wrongly, I think, as Etruscan) by G. H. Chase: _A. J. A._, XII, 1908, pp. 287 f., Pls. VIII-XVIII (especially XII-XVIII); Pl. XV = Richardson, p. 69, fig. 27.

[1421] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 46, fig. on p. 30; _Museum Bull._, 1911 (April), pp. 92 f., and fig. 5 (Richter); it is 4-5/8 inches tall.

[1422] No. 1959. It will be discussed in our treatment of hoplitodromes _infra_, p. 209 and n. 2.

[1423] Richter, no. 16, fig. on p. 10; _Mus. Bull._, 1909 (May), p. 78 (Robinson); it is 2-7/8 inches tall.

[1424] Richter, no. 62, fig. on p. 43; Mus. Bull., 1913 (Dec.), pp. 268 f. and fig. 7 (Richter); it is 3-1/16 inches tall.

[1425] _Op. cit._, pp. 65 and 74.

[1426] _Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia_, Pl. XCVI, nos. 32 and 3; in the Glyptothek these are nos. 78 and 82; see von Mach, Pl. 78 (middle).

[1427] The Lapith G and the boy P: Treu, _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 117 f., Pl. V (= Q and F in the new arrangement on Pl. VI); Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 75.

[1428] Bulle, 180; it is 0.79 meter high.

[1429] _Ant. Denkm._, I, Pt. 5, 1890, Pl. LVI (text, pp. 45-46, by Winter); B. B., no. 249; Bulle, 92 (two views) and 93; von Mach, 226; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1353; _Guide_, 1063; Collignon, II, p. 361, fig. 184; Gardiner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXIII; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 419, 7. It is 1 meter high (Bulle).

[1430] _E. g._, Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 46 f., Pl. I and fig. I in text; he defends this view, _ibid._, XI, 1896, pp. 197 f.

[1431] To the fifth by Kalkmann, Bulle, Furtwaengler (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, Pt. II, pp. 219-220, = Hadrianic copy), and others; to the fourth by Winter, Collignon, and von Mach; Collignon, II, pp. 359 f., connects it stylistically with the so-called _Ilioneus_ of the Glyptothek, represented in a similar pose (= Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr._,^2 270; B. B., 432; F. W., 1263), and with the _Hypnos_ in the Prado, Madrid (= Huebner, _Die ant. Bildw. in Madrid_, no. 39; Furtw., _Mw._, pp. 648 f.; Collignon, II, p. 357, fig. 181; F. W., 1287; for small replicas in bronze, see Winnefeld, _Hypnos_, p. 8, n. 2), and assigns all three to the fourth century B. C. and to Skopaic art. Amelung assigns the Subiaco youth to Hellenistic times: _Mus. and Ruins of Rome_, I, fig. 60.

[1432] For a list of ten such interpretations, see de Ridder, _Rev. arch._, XXXI, Sér. 3, 1897, p. 265, n. 5; and B. Sauer, Der Knabe von Subiaco, _Festgabe H. Bluemner ueberreicht_, 1914, pp. 143 f., and note 1 on p. 143.

[1433] _E. g._, by Bulle; Brizio, _Ausonia_, I, 1906, p. 21; _cf._ Winter, _l. c._; etc. If a Niobid, he was probably wounded in the neck (_cf._ the one in Milan) and formed part of a group.

[1434] By Lucas, _Neue Jahrbuecher f. kl. Altertum_, V, 1902, pp. 427 f; _cf._ _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IX, 1906, pp. 273 f.

[1435] Formerly by G. Koerte, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 11 f.; _cf._ the Pompeian wall-painting, _ibid._, p. 15, fig. 2; he has since given up this view: see Sauer, _l. c._

[1436] De Ridder, _op. cit._, the hands seem to have been placed wrong for this interpretation, though Helbig and Amelung find it possible.

[1437] Petersen, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 202 f.; such a motive was unknown to antiquity and is based on the wrong assumption that a marble hand holding a rope-like object, which was found in the same excavations, belongs to the statue: see Helbig, _l. c._

[1438] Sauer, in the publication mentioned, believes the riddle best solved by assuming that the figure formerly was part of a gable group; see the reconstruction (by Luebke), p. 145, fig. 4. He dates it in the second half of the fifth century B. C., contemporary with the _Idolino_.

[1439] The fleetness of Ladas was often extolled, especially by late Greek and Roman writers: P, III, 21.1; Plut., _Praecip. ger. reip._, 10; Catullus, LV, 25; Juvenal, XIII, 97; Martial, II, LXXXVI, 8, and XC, 5; Seneca, _Ep._, LXXXV, 4; Solinus, 7; etc.

[1440] _A. Pl._, IV, no. 53; here line 3 was added by Jacobs, and line 4 by Benndorf, from two parodies of the epigram in _A. G._, XI, 86 and 119; in the first parody ἄλλος stands for Λάδας and Περικλῆς for κάμνων. See Benndorf, _de anthologiae Graecae Epigrammatis quae ad artes spectant_, Diss. inaug., 1862, pp. 13 f., and Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 76-77 and notes. Studniczka (see next note) reads line 4: Λάδας, οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι δάκτυλον οὐ προέβαν.

[1441] _A. Pl._, IV, 54. Benndorf corrects the Mss. reading of the last half of l. 2 as νεῦρα ταθεὶς ὄνυχι; others read the whole line: θυνὸν [= δρόμον] ἐπ’ ἀκροτάτῳ σκάμματι θεὶς ὄνυχα. On the two epigrams, see Studniczka, Myron’s Ladas, _Ber. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., Philolog.-histor. Cl._, 52, 1900, pp. 329 f. (especially pp. 333 f.).

[1442] Reading φυσῶν ... θυμόν for φεύγων ... Θῦμον, “flying from wind-footed Thymos,” of Jacobs. On possible readings, see Studniczka, _l. c._, pp. 337 f.

[1443] _Sculpt._, p. 69.

[1444] See Kalkmann, _op. cit._, pp. 77-8; Reisch, p. 44; _cf._ Gercke, _Jb._, VIII, 1893, p. 115, on the meaning of the words πνεῦμα and ἆσθμα.

[1445] _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, p. 17; von Mach, no. 289; B. B., 354.

[1446] No. 249, 249 a; he fixes his victory in Ol. (?) 85 (= 440 B. C.), because of the late dating of Myron by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 49 (_floruit_ Ol. 90 = 420 B. C.: _cf._ Brunn, I, 142 f.); Furtwaengler dated his activity within the first half of the fifth century B. C.: _Mp._, p. 182; Robert provisionally dates the victory of Ladas in Ol. (?) 76 (= 476 B. C.), though he finds that Ols. 80 and 81 (= 460 and 456 B. C.) are possible: see _O. S._, p. 184; here he dates the sculptor (?) 476-444 B. C.

[1447] _Cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 365, n. 1.

[1448] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, nos. 913, 914; _Guide_, 573, 574; _B. Com. Rom._, IV, 1876, Pls. IX-X, pp. 68 f.; B. B., 353 (right and left); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 540, 4, and for the torso, see II, 2, 541, 3 (= _B. Com. Rom._, Pl. XI).

[1449] Helbig, 914.

[1450] Helbig, 913.

[1451] So Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 128, n. 1, _Mw._, p. 285, n. 3, and Helbig (3d ed.); on the other hand, Reisch (p. 46), B. B., and formerly Helbig (in the first edition of his _Guide_), have regarded them as wrestlers.

[1452] The statuette and relief are pictured in _Mon. ant._, XI, 1901, Pl. XXVI, 2, and pp. 402 f. The statuette also in Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, no. 552, and Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 540, 6.

[1453] _Mp._, pp. 126 f., and fig. 51; _Mw._, pp. 284 f., fig. 38; here the restored parts have been removed and his own restoration is given in an outline drawing. See also B. B., no. 129; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 322; Clarac, 837, 2099.

[1454] Mentioned by P., I, 28.2 and I, 25.1; the inscribed base has been found (see Lolling, Ἀρχαιολογικὸν Δελτίον, 1889, p. 35, n. 2). The _Perikles_ is exemplified by two inscribed copies: a terminal bust in London: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 549 and fig. 23 on p. 289; _Ancient Marbles in the British Museum_, 1815, Pl. XXXII; _A. Z._, XXVI, 1868, Pl. II, fig. 1 and pp. 1 f. (Conze); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 117 f., Pl. VII and fig. 46 (profile); _Mw._, Pl. IX and pp. 270 f.; F. W., 481; a terminal bust in the Vatican: Visconti, _Iconogr. gr._, 1824-26, I, Pl. XV and p. 178; B. B., no. 156; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 276; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, 413, 414: Bernouilli, _Griech. Ikonogr._, I, Pl. XI, p. 108; etc.

[1455] _H. N._, XXXIV, 74; in this passage Pliny also mentions an _Olympius Pericles_. The Naples statue has been wrongly restored as a gladiator; it is pictured, minus the restorations, in _Mp._, p. 125, fig. 50; _Mw._, p. 282, fig. 37; _cf._ Clarac, 870, 2210 and 872, 2210. Furtwaengler connects this statue with the bronze one of a certain Diitrephes pierced with arrows, which Pausanias saw on the Akropolis, I, 23.3; a basis found there, inscribed with the name Kresilas, supported a votive offering of Hermolykos, the son of Diitrephes, to Athena: _I. G. B._, 46; _C. I. A._, I, 402 (Kirchhoff, who opposes the connection); _cf._ p. 373. The base shows that a figure stood upon it in the pose of another figure, which appears on a white-faced Attic lekythos in the Cab. des Médailles in Paris (_Mp._, p. 124, fig. 48), which Furtwaengler believes a free rendering of the Kresilæan statue.

[1456] In Ols. 83, 84, 85 (= 448-440 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 239, 245, 248. Krison is mentioned by Plato, _Protag._, 335 E, and _de Leg._, VIII, 840 A; Aristophanes of Byzantion (_apud_ Zonaras, I, p. 451, and _apud_ Hesych., _s. v._ Γρίσων); Plut., _de adul. et amici Discr._, 16; and _de Tranqu. anim._, 12; etc.

[1457] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 157. He won Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): P. VI, 8.1; Hyde, 71; Foerster, 280.

[1458] B. B., no. 321; Bulle, 164, and fig. 93 on pp. 361-2 (cast on round base in Erlangen); von Mach 72; Collignon, I, p. 417, fig. 215; Rayet, I, Pl. 35; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 956; _Guide_, 617; Zielinski, _Rhein. Mus._, XXXIX, 1884, pp. 116 f. (who refers the original possibly to Strongylion); F. W., 215. For replicas, see _Gaz. Arch._, 1881, p. 130; Rayet, text to Pl. 35; and Furtwaengler, _Der Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans_, 1876, pp. 7 f; Reinach, _Rép._, 1, 344, 6. It was called a runner first by Visconti, _Opere varie_, 1827-31, IV, Pl. XXIII, pp. 163 f., who has been followed by Collignon, Zielinski, Rayet, Reisch (p. 46), Richardson (p. 144), and others. It is 0.80 meter high (Bulle).

[1459] _E. g._, Overbeck, II, pp. 182-185, and notes 10-24 on p. 186. On p. 183, fig. 186, he gives illustrations of the three principal copies—the marble one in the British Museum (a), the bronze statuette in Baron Rothschild’s collection in Paris (b), and the Capitoline bronze in Rome (c). He brings it into relation with the sculptor Boëthos, who is known to have made seated _genre_ figures of boys, _e. g._, one in the Heraion at Olympia, P., V., 17. 4 (= S. Q., 1596).

[1460] Von Mach, no. 86; _cf._ Kekulé, _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, p. 244, and F. W., 215.

[1461] See _B. M. Sculpt._, III, pp. 109-110.

[1462] See K. Woelke, Dornauszieher-Maedchen, _Jb._, XXIX, 1914, pp. 17-25, figs. 1, 2, etc.

[1463] _E. g._, bronze statuettes, formerly in the Dreyfus collection in Paris, dating from the second half of the fifteenth century: Bulle, p. 364, fig. 94; _Mon. Piot_, XVI, 1909, Pl. XII, 3 (nos. 2, 3 = Italian bronzes of the same subject in the Louvre and in the collection of Charles Haviland; see text, by G. Migeon, pp. 95 f.).

[1464] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1755 and Pl. VIII; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XXX; _Annali_, XLVIII, 1876, Pl. N (and pp. 124 f); _A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, p. 127, and XXXVII, 1879, p. 19, Pls. II, III; Rayet, Pl. 36; von Mach, 284; Bulle, p. 365, fig. 95; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 144, 2. It is 0.63 meter high (Bulle).

[1465] _Gaz. arch._, 1881, Pls. IX-XI; Collignon, I, p. 420, fig. 216; Rayet, text to no. 36; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 143, 7. It is 9.5 inches tall.

[1466] See Lange, _Das Motif des aufgestuetzten Fusses_, 1879, pp. 9 f.; Reisch, p. 46, n. 5; B. B., no. 67 (Paris copy); von Mach, 238a (Munich copy), 238b (Louvre copy). See _supra_, pp. 86-87.

[1467] See E. N. Gardiner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 281; on the race, see Gardiner, pp. 285-91, and _J. H. S._, _l. c._, pp. 280 f.; Krause, I, pp. 353-359; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1644; etc.

[1468] At Olympia, P., III, 14.3; Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, II, 5; Artemidoros, _Oneirokritika_, I, 63; Heliod., _Aethiop._, IV., _init._; _Oxy. Pap._; at Delphi, Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien_, 1841, p. 26, no. 4; at the _Panathenaia_, Mommsen, _Feste d. Stadt Athen_, 1898, p. 70. On its origin, see Ph., 7.

[1469] P., II, 11.8; X, 34.5. In the first passage Pausanias speaks of a victor who won the _diaulos_ twice—once γυμνός, the second time σὺν τῇ ἀσπίδι. De Ridder, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 211 f., discusses Hauser’s futile argument (_Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95 f.) that the hoplite-runner covered the stadion four times, the first and fourth with helmet and shield, the second and third without the shield, and conclusively shows that the race was a _diaulos_. For Athens, see Aristoph., _Aves_, 291 f., and scholion. The race was four stades long at Nemea: _cf._ Ph., 7, and Juethner’s note (p. 196).

[1470] Ph., 8; _cf._ also 24.

[1471] VI, 10.4. In V, 12.8 he says that 25 shields for this race were officially kept in the nave of the temple of Zeus.

[1472] We see shield, helmet, and greaves on the vase pictured in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; Baum., III, p. 2110, fig. 2360; on the b.-f. vases in Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLVII, CCLVIII, and CCLXIII; on the b.-f. vases pictured in Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, figs. 3 (sixth century B. C., = Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLVIII) and 5 (= amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, II, B 608); we see no greaves on the r.-f. kylix in Berlin (Fig. 41); _cf._ Krause, pp. 354 f.

[1473] _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95 f.; X, 1895, pp. 199 f.

[1474] P., VI, 10.4.

[1475] P., X, 34.5. Mnesiboulos won stade- and hoplite-races at Olympia in Ol. 235 (= 161 A. D.): Afr.; Foerster, 712-713; _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 582. He was also περιοδονίκης in both events.

[1476] _E. g._, by Ph., 7.

[1477] A bronze helmet found at Olympia, recently in the possession of the Bishop of Lincoln, is pictured in _J. H. S._, II, 1881, Pl. XI, 1.

[1478] _E. g._, on the vase in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; on the Panathenaic vase in the British Museum, already mentioned, dating from the second half of the fourth century B. C.: _B. M. Vases_, II, B. 608; = Gardiner, p. 290, fig. 58; = _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e, 3; = Baum, III, p. 2110, fig. 2361; here the runners are running with the feet flat on the ground.

[1479] In the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale, no. 523; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, pp. 132-142, Pls. XV, 2 and XVI; Gardiner, p. 286, fig. 54, and _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 278, fig. 7; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 427, no. 58.

[1480] No. 2307; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXI; _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 277, fig. 6; Gardiner, p. 288, fig. 56; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2232; _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 105; _cf._ similar runners on a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum, E 22: Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, no. 18; Hoppin, _Hbk._, I, p. 372, no. 21.

[1481] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 278, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 287, fig. 55. It was formerly in Berlin.

[1482] E 818; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 285, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 289, fig. 57; noted by Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 373, no. 8; Hoppin, _Hbk._, I, p. 134, no. 69.

[1483] For a reconstruction of the various phases of the armed-race from vase-paintings, see _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 279, fig. 9.

[1484] See Gardiner, p. 291 and _J. H. S._, _l. c._, pp. 284 f. Perhaps this is the explanation of a kylix in Berlin (no. 4039), reproduced by Furtwaengler in _Samml. Sabouroff_, I, Pl. LIII.

[1485] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 1240); _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 284, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 292, fig. 59. This painting represents a palæstra scene, as is shown by the sponges on the wall.

[1486] 291.

[1487] _H. N._, XXXV, 71.

[1488] I, 23.9. In 1838 the inscribed base of this statue was found, the inscription being: Ἐπι[χ]αρῖνος [ἀνέ]θηκεν ὁ ... Κριτίος καὶ Νησ[ι]ώτης ἐπο[ιησ]άτην: _C. I. A._, I, 376; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 39. This shows that Pausanias got his information about the pose from the statue itself and not from the inscription. It also gives us the right spelling of the artist’s name.

[1489] First published, long after it had passed from the possession of Herr Tux to the University Collection, by Gruneisen in Schorn’s _Kunstblatt_, 1835, pp. 21 f., and separately the same year. See also Hauser in _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95-107; L. Schwabe, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 163 f., Pl. IX (= three views); de Ridder, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 211 f. (reviewed in _A. J. A._, II, 1898, pp. 268 f.); Collignon, I, p. 305, fig. 152; Bulle, no. 89 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403a; Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, 1893, II, p. 249 f.; F. W., 90; Rouse, p. 174, n. 1; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 5.

[1490] Bulle, no. 86.

[1491] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, V, 1902, pp. 165-70 and Pl. IV (three views). It was probably made in Campania. It is 0.07 meter high.

[1492] M. D., 1097; Clarac, 830, 2085.

[1493] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, and n. 4; _Mw._, p. 392, and n. 4. He believes that the helmet is not alien to the statue as some think, but points out that the head, which is much restored and is akin to the _Perseus_, is wrongly attached to the body. Hauser, _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 101, n. 24, because of the tree-trunk, does not believe that the statue represents a hoplite-runner; but Furtwaengler shows that the tree-trunk offers no objection to restoring a shield to the statue.

[1494] Rayet, II, Pls. 64, 65 (head); B. B., no. 75; Bulle, 88; von Mach, 286; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 154 1-4; M. W., I, Pl. 48, 216; F. W., 1425; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, Pl. XLIX; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 513, fig. 136; J. Six, _De Beteekenis van het Leelijke in de Grieksche Kunst_, p. 29; his theory has been contested by Kalkman, _Jb._, X, 1895, p. 64 and n. 50. The statue is 1.55 meters high (Bulle).

[1495] Bulle, and also Klein (III, pp. 265 f.), believe that Agasias was no mere copyist, while Amelung (Becker-Thieme, _Lex. d. bild. Kuenstler_, I, 113) classes him as one. The inscription on the base of the statue dates it about 100 B. C.

[1496] No. 1959; _Arch. Eph._, 1904, pp. 43-56 (Philios) and Pl. I; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 648-51 and fig. 333; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, Pl. on p. 20; Svoronos, I, pp. 89-96, and Tafelbd., I, Pl. XXVI (upper left corner); Bulle, 263; E. Schmidt, _Muenchner archaeol. Stud. zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler_, p. 254 and fig. 351; Lechat, p. 206, fig. 25. Its dimensions are 1.01 meters high and 0.72 meter broad. See p. 194.

[1497] Bulle dates it loosely after the middle of the sixth century B. C.

[1498] He shows that a similar type appears on Athenian dekadrachmai, which were struck soon after the date of the battle of Marathon, in any case before 480 B. C.; _cf._ Babelon, _Journ. Int. d’arch. Num._, 1905.

[1499] _A. Pl._, I, 3, v. 2, and _P. l. G._, III, no. 153, p. 500. _Cf._ also the epigram quoted by Eustathius, in the scholion on the Iliad, XXIII, 621, p. 1320, and one by Lucilius, _A. G._, XI, no. 84. The five events are repeatedly mentioned by Greek writers: Ph., 3, 11, etc.; Artemidoros, _Oneir._, I, 55; many scholiasts, _e. g._, on Pindar, _Isthm._, 1, 35, Boeckh, p. 519, and Soph., _Electra_, 691. On the event, see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, I, pp. 210 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XVII, pp. 359 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 54 f. (The Method of Deciding the Pentathlon); E. Myers, _J. H. S._, II, 1881, pp. 217 f.; F. Fedde, _Der Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1888, and _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1889; Heinrich, _Ueber das Pentathlon d. Griechen_, 1892; Pinder, _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1867; Krause, I, pp. 476-497, and 921 f.; Bluemner, in Baum., I, pp. 512 f; Legrand, in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, pp. 804 f., _s. v._ _Quinquertium_. On the order of events and method of deciding the victory, see Gardiner, pp. 362 f.

[1500] _Isthm._, I, 26-27.

[1501] Od., VIII, 103. In line 129 he mentions the diskos. Boxing was never a part of the later pentathlon.

[1502] P., V, 8.7; Philostratos, 12; in Ch. 3 he says that it was introduced by Jason.

[1503] P., V, 9.1.

[1504] Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIX. See _supra_, p. 192.

[1505] It represents jumping, javelin-throwing, and diskos-throwing; it is a Panathenaic vase of the sixth century B. C. in the British Museum: B 134; _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, Pl. XVIII; Gardiner, p. 360, fig. 107; _cf._ these three events pictured on another amphora of similar date in Leyden: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX; Gardiner, p. 361, fig. 108. A gymnasium scene (_i. e._, figures of a jumper, diskobolos, and apparently an akontistes) appears on a r.-f. vase-painting by Douris: see Pottier, _Douris et les Peintres de Vases grecs_, 1904 (engl. ed. 1909), fig. 6; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 549, fig. 315.

[1506] In addition to those cited we may add the vase in the British Museum, B 142 (= diskos-throwing and javelin-throwing); one in Munich, no. 656 (= javelin-throwing and jumping); two others in the British Museum, B 136 and 602 (= diskos-throwing); another there, B 605 (= javelin-throwing); etc.

[1507] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162, 163; _I. G. B._, 91; upper surface outlined in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 263, fig. 110; _Mw._, p. 472, fig. 80. For the discussion of Pythokles, see _Mp._, pp. 262 f.

[1508] Furtwaengler believed in the first century B. C.; Dittenberger and Purgold, in the first century A. D.: _cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 284.

[1509] Gatti, _B. Com. Rom._, XIX, 1891, pp. 280 f., Pl. X, 1; _cf._ Petersen, _R. M._, VI, 1891, pp. 304 f.

[1510] Statuette in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 32; _Guide_, 43; Amelung, _Vat._, I, no. 101 on p. 116, and Pls. XVI, XVII; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 264, fig. 111; _Mw._, p. 474, fig. 81; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 549, 2; Clarac, 861, 2184; a black marble statue found at Porto d’ Anzio in 1758, now in the Glyptothek: Furtwaengler-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 458; Clarac, 858, 2175; it is 1.54 meters high.

[1511] _Wiener Studien_, XXIV, 1902, pp. 398 f.; he is, therefore, against the Pythokles ascription; see also Studniczka in _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1906, p. 131.

[1512] _Cf._ also Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 570 f.

[1513] Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. kgl. Antikensamml. zu Dresden_, no. 90 (= a doryphoros); Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XII (whence our plate) and fig. 112 (head from cast, two views), on p. 267; discussion, pp. 265 f; _Mw._, Pls. XXVI, XXVII (the head from a cast and the restored left forearm omitted) and text, pp. 475 f.; Clarac, 948, 2437. Furtwaengler mentions three other copies of the statue and three of the head.

[1514] On a fourth-century B. C. Panathenaic prize vase we see an athlete in a similar pose holding a diskos in his left hand: _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, g, 10 (quoted by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 266, n. 6).

[1515] Formerly in the Coll. Pourtalès, and then in the Coll. Gréau: W. Froehner, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Collection Gréau_, 1885, Pl. XXXII, p. 204, no. 964; de Ridder, _Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 19, no. 184, and p. 34; Mahler, _Polyklet und seine Schule_, pp. 57 f. and fig. 13; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 278, _Mw._, p. 490; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 3. It is 0.218 meter high. Froehner had interpreted the statuette as that of an oil-pourer, though the position of the hands is against it.

[1516] P., VI, 14.13; Hyde, 139 and pp. 54-55; Foerster, 451, 456; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 176.

[1517] Od., VIII, 103 and 128. On jumping, see Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f.; etc.

[1518] IV, 465 f.

[1519] _Cf._ Stesichoros, _apud_ Athenaeum, IV, 72 (pp. 172 f.).

[1520] _De Incessu animalium_, Ch. 3 (p. 705 a).

[1521] As, _e. g._, on the statues at Olympia of the Elean pentathlete Anauchidas (P., V, 27.12) and Hysmon (P., VI, 3.10). See _supra_, p. 164.

[1522] Juethner, _Antike Turngeraete_, pp. 3-13; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f. and _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 179 f., (especially pp. 181 f.). The following section is taken chiefly from these two sources. _Cf._ also _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 180-1; Pinder, _A. A._, 1864, pp. 230 f.

[1523] National Museum, no. 9075; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, fig. on p. 190; Juethner, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 298, fig. 60. The inscription = _C. I. A._, IV, 422^4. This weight is 4.5 inches long with concave sides and weighs 4 lbs. 2 oz.

[1524] _E. g._, one of lead, in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 182; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 c. It weighs 2 lbs. 5 oz.

[1525] V, 26.3; the group dates from the second half of the fifth century B. C.: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 267-9.

[1526] _Arch. Eph._, 1883, fig. on p. 104; Juethner, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 300, fig. 62; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, fig. 10. It is 10 inches long. (The illustrations show one weight seen from three sides.)

[1527] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 180, fig. 1101; Juethner, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61a (from cast in the British Museum). It is probably of diorite and is 11.5 inches long, and weighs over 10 pounds.

[1528] Ch. 55; _cf._ Lucian, _Anach._, 27 (καὶ μολυβδίνας χειροπληθεῖς ἐν ταῖν χεροῖν ἔχοντες, _i. e._, cylindrical); _Etym. magn._, p. 71, 20.

[1529] Such is the limestone _halter_ from Kameiros, Rhodes, in the British Museum; _B. M. Guide to Gk. and Rom. Life_, 1908, fig. 41; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 b. It is 7.5 inches long.

[1530] Juethner, fig. 11.

[1531] Duetschke, II, 22.

[1532] _Mon. d. I._, VI, VII, 1857-63, Pl. LXXXII; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1533] See Caelius Aurelianus, _de Morb. acut. et chron._, V, 2.38 (= of the early ? fifth century A. D.). The imperial physicians recommended them: see Galen and Antyllos, _apud_ Oribasium, _Coll. Medicin._, ed. Bussemaker et Daremberg, 1851, VI, 14 and 34, respectively; see Krause, I, pp. 395 f., and Juethner, p. 16.

[1534] Ch. 55.

[1535] _De Incessu anim._, Ch. 3 (p. 705a).

[1536] Made by E. O. Gourdin, in Cambridge, U. S. A., July 23, 1921.

[1537] See _J. H. S._, II, 1881, p. 218, n. 1; the jump took place at Chester in 1854; here is also recorded a standing jump of 13 ft. 7 in. with 23-lb. weights, at Manchester in 1875.

[1538] Mentioned by Pinder, _Ueber d. Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_ (quoted by Juethner, p. 16).

[1539] So Fedde, p. 22. A record of 49 ft. 3 in. (hop, skip, and jump) was made at Harwich in 1861: _J. H. S._, II, p. 281, n. 1.

[1540] _A. Pl._, 297; _cf._ schol. on Aristophanes, _Acharn._, 213, and other evidence gathered by Gardiner, in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 70 f.

[1541] Rutgers, p. 11.

[1542] On the controversy about these jumps, see Gardiner, Fedde, _ll. cc._, and _A. A._, 1900, pp. 104-6 (Kueppers, Diels, and Stengel). On Greek jumping, see also Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Pinder, pp. 108 f.; Fedde, pp. 14 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 303 f.; Girard, _L’éducation athénienne_, 1889, pp. 200 f.; etc.

[1543] See Gardiner’s summary in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 189.

[1544] _E. g._, on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 427; _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 185, fig. 6; etc.

[1545] _E. g._, on a r.-f. krater in Copenhagen (?): _Annali_, XVIII, 1846, Pl. M; Gardiner, p. 303, fig. 64; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 185, fig. 7 (left-hand figure).

[1546] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Bologna: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 186, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 304, fig. 65; Juethner, fig. 16; on interior of an early r.-f. vase, signed by Chelis, in the Louvre, G 15: Pottier, _Vases antiques_, Pl. 89; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 366, fig. 211.

[1547] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix from Orvieto, formerly in the Bourguignon Coll. in Naples, but now in Boston: _A. Z._, XLII, 1884, p. 243 (Meier), Pl. XVI, 2b; Reinach, _Rép. vases peints_, I, p. 454, 1, 5, 6; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 183, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 305, fig. 66 (interior showing diskobolos, _ibid._, p. 326, fig. 80 = _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 20, fig. 9); Juethner, p. 15, fig. 14; Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 201, 207, figs. 22 and 27; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 423, no. 44; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 5, fig. 3691, IV, 2, p. 1055, fig. 6083.

[1548] _E. g._, on a b.-f. imitation Corinthian amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 48; middle figure is given in _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 183, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 306, fig. 67; Juethner, fig. 15 (three figures).

[1549] Inghirami, _Mus. Chius._, Pl. CXXV (quoted by Gardiner).

[1550] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in Leyden: _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907 p. 260; on a later r.-f. kylix of Euphronios: Klein, _Euphronios_^2, 1887, p. 306; _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 188, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 307, fig. 68.

[1551] _B. M. Bronzes_, 248, p. 26, fig. 10 (right); _Gaz. arch._, 1875, Pl. XXXV, p. 131; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, no. 15; Murray, _Hbk. Gk. Archæology_, 1892, p. 123, fig. 53. The diskos is 8.25 inches in diameter and is to be dated about 500 B. C. On the other side is represented a jumper, with measuring cord in his hands, measuring his leap. A similar figure appears on a metrological relief at Oxford: _J. H. S._, IV, 1883, Pl. XXXV, p. 335.

[1552] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 81, fig. on p. 54 (three views); _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, p. 46, no. 37; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 345, 9.

[1553] Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 7 (quoted by Miss Richter).

[1554] _E. g._, the jumper with _halteres_ on the British Museum pelike already mentioned, E 427; see p. 216, n. 10; a still closer resemblance is found in a jumper without _halteres_ on a r.-f. pelike discussed in _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 272; Gardiner, p. 309, fig. 69.

[1555] Krause, I, pp. 439 f. _E. g._, Apollo unintentionally slays Hyakinthos while contending with him in diskos-throwing: Euripides, _Helena_, 1469 f.; etc.

[1556] Iliad, XXIII, 826 f. Later imitators of Homer use the word also: _e. g._, Apoll. Rhod., III, 1366.

[1557] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 717; _I. G. A._, 370; Juethner, pp. 22-23. A larger block of volcanic rock weighing 480 kilograms has been found at Santorin with an inscription dating from about 500 B. C. stating that one Eumastas lifted it from the ground: _I. G._, XIII, no. 449. See _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 2. Such a scene is depicted on the interior of a r.-f. kylix in the Louvre, G 96; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, fig. 1.

[1558] Od., IV, 626 and VIII, 186 f. The diskos-throw was well known as a measure: _e. g._, Il., XXIII, 431. Scholiasts tried to show the difference between the _solos_ and the diskos: see Juethner, pp. 19 f.

[1559] _Ol._, X, 72; _Isthm._, I, 25.

[1560] _E. g._, on a b.-f. amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 271; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. I; Gardiner, p. 314, fig. 71; _cf._ the Panathenaic amphora, B 134 (= Fig. 44); _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XVIII.

[1561] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 3207; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73; _Rev. arch._, XVIII, 1891, Pl. XVIII, p. 45. It is 6.5 inches in diameter. The inscription is written retrograde.

[1562] See list of fifteen in _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 6; Gardiner, p. 316; eight of these are from Olympia.

[1563] I, 35.5.

[1564] Furtwaengler shows that there are numerous representations of Myron’s _Diskobolos_ on gems: _Die antiken Gemmen_, _e. g._, Pls. XLIV, nos. 26, 27, and LXVI, 8; _cf._ also a gem in the British Museum: _B. M. Gems_, 742 and Pl. 11.

[1565] _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, pp. 1 f., Pls. I-III, summary on p. 36; _Greek Athl. Sports_, Ch. XV, pp. 313 f. _Cf._ also E. Pernice, _Jb._, XXIII, 1908, Zum Diskoswurf, pp. 94 f., who corrects and augments the evidence furnished by Gardiner’s article in the _J. H. S._ On the diskos and mode of casting, see also Juethner, pp. 18-36; Krause, I, pp. 442 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 321 f.; _Gaz. arch._, 1888, pp. 291 f. (J. Six); Dar.-Sagl., II, 1, pp. 277 f.; Fedde, _Der Fuenfkampf der Hellenen_, pp. 37 f.; Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 201 f.; Kietz, _Der Diskoswurf bei den Griechen_, 1892, pp. 15 f.

[1566] _E. g._, on a lekythos from Eretria: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 23, fig. 12.

[1567] _E. g._, on a b.-f. Attic lekythos in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 576; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, Pl. II; Gardiner, p. 328, fig. 82; on a r.-f. kylix: _J. H. S._, p. 26, fig. 15; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXCIV, no. 6.

[1568] _E. g._, on the reverse of a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum signed by Pheidippos: _B. M. Vases_, III, Pl. I, E 6; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 13, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 323, fig. 76; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 368, fig. 214; on a b.-f. kelebe in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 361; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 77; on an Attic b.-f. panel-amphora in the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia: _Museum Journal_, VI, No. 4 (Dec., 1915), fig. 90, p. 170; _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 440, fig. 4; (the obverse of this vase, representing a boxing scene, is given in our Fig. 56); on a b.-f. amphora pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLX., and Pernice, _l. c._, fig. on p. 98. The left foot is generally forward in this position: _e. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 795; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 26, fig. 14; the right is forward on two b.-f. vases: Gerhard, Pls. CCLIX, 2 (= our Pl. 36 B), and CCLX. On a r.-f. amphora in Naples (Pernice, fig. on p. 96), a youth is represented holding the diskos with the right hand on the shoulder, against which his face is silhouetted as in the famous archaic relief from the Dipylon gate discussed _supra_, Ch. III, p. 127.

[1569] _E. g._, on the amphora pictured by Pernice, p. 99.

[1570] The left is forward on a r.-f. krater of Amasis from Corneto: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 16, fig. 5; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 416, fig. 56a; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 78; the right is forward on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 395; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, Pl. III; Gardiner, p. 325, fig. 79. The left is drawn back in a fifth-century B. C. bronze: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 18, fig. 7; _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, Pl. L. Another example is found on a r.-f. kylix in Paris: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 27, fig. 17; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Pl. LXIII, 2; Gardiner, p. 331, fig. 85.

[1571] For variations, see early fifth-century B. C. coins of Kos in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 30, fig. 19; Gardiner, p. 332, fig. 86.

[1572] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in Naples: _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 32, fig. 20; Juethner, fig. 31; Gardiner, p. 333, fig. 87; on a b.-f. hydria in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 164; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 32, fig. 21; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88.

[1573] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Boulogne: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 34, fig. 23; Gardiner, p. 335, fig. 89; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 370, no. 11; _cf._ Beazley, _Attic r.-f. Vases in Amer. Mus._, 1918, no. 19 (= ascribed to Euergides).

[1574] _E. g._, on the kylix just mentioned (the figure to the right).

[1575] _E. g._, the archaic Pourtalès bronze: Panofka, _Cabinet Pourtalès_, Pl. XIII, 3; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 3; _cf._ also another in the Antiquarium in Berlin: _Inventar_, no. 8570; _A. A._, 1904, p. 36, n. 7 and fig. on p. 35. The latter is 0.10 meter high.

[1576] _Mus. Bull._, III, Feb., 1908, pp. 31-36; Richter, _Greek, Roman, and Etruscan Bronzes_, no. 78, p. 49 (three views); _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 89-90, figs. 52 and 53 (side views); Gardiner, p. 329, fig. 83. It is 9.25 inches tall.

[1577] _E. g._, on a r.-f. krater in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, no. 561; on another in Munich: _cf._ J. D. Beazley, _J. H. S._, XXXI, 1911, Pl. VIII, 2; both quoted by Miss Richter, _l. c._

[1578] In the National Museum, no. 7412; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 321 and fig. on p. 270. It was found in the sanctuary of the Kabeiroi in Bœotia and is 0.19 meter high. _Cf._ a similar position on a r.-f. amphora in Munich painted by Euthymides: no. 374; published by Hoppin, _Euthymides and his Fellows_, 1917, Pl. II; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pl. LXXXI.

[1579] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 675; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 22, fig. 11; Murray^2, 1, p. 274, fig. 59; Gardiner, p. 330, fig. 84; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 544, 10. It is 6.5 inches tall.

[1580] _Cf._ also two very rude bronzes in the British Museum representing diskoboloi: _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 502 (diskos held up in right hand), 504 (diskos in right hand), the first 3.37 inches tall, the other 4.87 inches; the latter has a fillet in the hair and so represents a victor.

[1581] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 559; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 17, fig. 6. As the whole lebes is only 18.5 inches tall, this lid figure is very small.

[1582] _A. A._, 1904, p. 36, fig. 8. _Inventar_, no. 8569. It is 0.115 meter high.

[1583] Published by H. G. E. White in _J. H. S._, XXXVI, 1916, pp. 16 f., Pls. I, II and 3 figs, in text. Pl. I is the more archaic: Museum no. 6615; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, p. 86; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 267; de Ridder, pp. 281-2, no. 757, and fig. 265. Pl. II is the less archaic: Museum no. 6614; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, p. 46; _J. H. S._, X, 1889, pp. 268-9 (E. A. Gardiner); Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 267; de Ridder, pp. 275-7, no. 750, and fig. 257.

[1584] Pliny, _H. N._, VII, 201, traces its origin to Aetolus, son of Mars. Phrastor won a victory in such a contest at Olympia: Pindar, _Ol._, X, 71. See Krause, pp. 465 f.; Juethner, pp. 36 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XVI, pp. 338 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, pp. 258 f.; Dar-Sagl., I, 1, pp. 226 f.; Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 1183 f. (Reisch); Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 203 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 327 f., and III, pp. 168 f.; etc. In the following account we are chiefly indebted to Juethner and Gardiner.

[1585] See Stassoff _apud_ Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archaéol._, St. Petersburg, 1872, p. 302. _Cf._ Juethner, _Ph._, p. 64.

[1586] Iliad, XXIII, 884 f.; _cf._ 637.

[1587] The athletic style appears on many vases, especially on r.-f. ones; see _infra_, pp. 223-4 and notes.

[1588] The javelin is held horizontally by the warrior on the interior of a b.-f. kylix in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 380; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 252, fig. 2; Gardiner, p. 342, fig. 93. It was commonly held slopingly over the shoulder level with the head in representations of the athletic style; _e. g._, the second athlete from the left in the sixth-century B. C. b.-f. Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum (Fig. 44): _B. M. Vases_, B 134; _cf._ also a similar figure on the sixth-century B. C. amphora in Leyden: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX; Gardiner, p. 361, fig. 108.

[1589] At Athens as early as the fifth century B. C. there were practical javelin contests from horseback with a target, and such contests kept up in Thessaly to the time of Hadrian: Gardiner, pp. 356-8. Throwing the javelin at a target from horseback is seen on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 357, fig. 106; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XX. Pindar mentions javelin-throwing three times, and in each case the throw was for distance: _Nem._, VII, 70-1; _Isthm._, II, 35; _Pyth._, I, 44. Lucian, in a passage referring to the pentathlon at Olympia, says that athletes competed for distance: _Anacharsis_, 27. On this question, see Juethner, pp. 54 f.

[1590] Hesychios calls it ἀποτομάς, _s. v._; see also Pollux, X, 64.

[1591] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2, and _cf._ p. 228 (Milchhoefer).

[1592] See Juethner, figs. 34, 35, 36 on pp. 40-41 (representing akontistai holding the javelin in one hand and the _amentum_ in the other). Fastening the thong is commonly depicted on vases: _e. g._, a youth seated on the ground attaching the _amentum_ is pictured on a r.-f. hydria in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 164; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 32, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88; _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, p. 164, fig. 3; on a r.-f. kylix in Wuerzburg (no. 432), a youth is seen winding the _amentum_ around the akontion, drawing one end of the thong tight by means of his left foot: Juethner, p. 42, fig. 37; Gardiner, p. 340, fig. 91; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 599, fig. 4116; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 93, no. 7. On a r.-f. amphora from Vulci attributed to Euthymides, and now in the British Museum, we see an akontistes holding the spear pointed to the ground and drawing the _amentum_ tight preparatory to the throw: _B. M. Vases_, E 256; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XIX; Gardiner, p. 348, fig. 99; Hoppin, _Euthymides and his Fellows_, p. 49, Pls. IX, XI; _id._, _Hbk._, I, pp. 442-3, no. 19. For the various methods of attaching the _amentum_, see collection of drawings from vases in Gardiner, p. 341, fig. 92 = _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 250, fig. 1.

[1593] See _J. H. S._, XXVII, pp. 262 f.; Gardiner, pp. 350 f.

[1594] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Rome: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 266, fig. 14; Gardiner, p. 354, fig. 104; Juethner, p. 48, fig. 43.

[1595] Downwards in the r.-f. amphora in the British Museum, mentioned above, E 256.

[1596] No. 2667 (Jahn, no. 562 A); _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 262, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 349, fig. 100; Juethner, p. 47, fig. 41; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 198, no. 8.

[1597] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in the Torlonia collection: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 264, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 351, fig. 102; Juethner, p. 58, fig. 49.

[1598] _E. g._, badly done on the Munich kylix mentioned, no. 2667; also on a r.-f. kylix of Panaitios from Vulci in Munich, no. 2637 (Jahn, no. 795): _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 66, Pl. XI (= Reinach, _Rép. vases peints_, I, p. 422, 2); _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 264, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 105, fig. 17; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXI, 3; Baum., I, p. 613, fig. 672; Hoppin, _Hbk._, p. 426, no. 54; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, p. 1452, fig. 3478; IV, 2, p. 1056, fig. 6086; on a r.-f. amphora in Munich (Jahn, no. 408): _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 265, fig. 13; Gardiner, p. 353, fig. 103; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pl. XLV.

[1599] P. 48.

[1600] See _23stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._

[1601] B. B., no. 273; Bulle, 47, and pp. 97-102 and fig. 18; von Mach, 113; Collignon, I, pp. 488 f. and Pl. XII; Rayet, I, Pl. 29; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XXXIV; Springer-Michaelis, p. 276, fig. 496; F. W., 503.

[1602] _Polyklet u. s. Schule_, 1902. For the Apollonios bust, see B. B., no. 336; F. W., 505. An almost identical bust—except for a wide fillet around the locks and shoulders—was found in the _tablinum_ of the same villa (_Invent._, no. 6164). Many of these heads doubtless come from busts or statues which decorated gymnasia and palæstræ.

[1603] Duetschke, III, no. 535 (0.81 meter high).

[1604] F. W., 507; _cf._ Rayet, I, text to Pl. 29.

[1605] No. 293; Amelung, _Museums and Ruins of Rome_, I, pp. 7 f.; _id._, _Vat._, I, no. 126 on p. 151 and Pl. 19; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 45; _Guide_, I, 58; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 10. It is 2.11 meters high (Amelung). _Cf._ Loewy, _Lysipp und Seine Stellung in der gr. Plastik_, pp. 5-7 and 23-4; Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 104-14. For other replicas, see Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 228 f.; _Mw._, pp. 421 f.

[1606] Mahler, _op. cit._, p. 29.

[1607] As we see from the careful copy on a Berlin gem: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, p. 31, fig. 3; _Guide_, I, p. 35, fig. 4; and on a funerary relief in Argos: _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII (Furtwaengler); B. B., 279A; Collignon, I, p. 491, fig. 250; F. W., 504; _cf._ _Annali_, LI, 1879, p. 219 (Brunn); Mitchell, _Hist. Anc. Sculpt._, 1883, p. 386 and fig. 176.

[1608] The _uno crure insistere_ of Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 56. Here Pliny quotes Varro to the effect that Polykleitos’ statues were almost exactly after the same type (_paene ad unum exemplum_).

[1609] See _Mp._, pp. 212 f. and figs. 90 and 91 (head, two views); _Mw._, pp. 403 f., and Pls. XXIV, XXV. For the statue, see also Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, no. 295 (= god or athlete); Kekulé, _Jb._, III, 1888, p. 37 and Pl. 1 (= Polykleitan and Zeus); B. B., 122.

[1610] _De instit. Orat._, V, 12.21.

[1611] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18.

[1612] _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 292, n. 2.

[1613] _Mp._, pp. 163 and 228; _Mw._, p. 420.

[1614] _E. g._, that of Ktesilaos (= Kresilas; see below) in _H. N._, XXXIV, 76; of Polykleitos, _ibid._, 55, and of Aristodemos, _ibid._, 86.

[1615] This torso is of Pentelic marble, like many of the later victor statues at Olympia, and is fleshier than the Naples and Vatican copies: _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., p. 250 and fig. 284 (back view); Tafelbd., Pl. LXII, I; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 228, _Mw._, p. 420. It is in the Museum at Olympia.

[1616] The Naples copy is 1.99 meters high; see Kalkmann, Die Proport. des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, p. 53; the Olympia torso is 1.10 meters high for the preserved part (Treu).

[1617] _Pro Imag._, 11.

[1618] _E. g._, the statue of Polydamas, P., VI, 5.1; the base of the statue of Kallias, _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 146; of Eukles, _ibid._, no. 159; etc.

[1619] Collignon, I, p. 490; he believed that the original statue by Polykleitos stood in a Gymnasion at Argos.

[1620] _Cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 342 and n. 2.

[1621] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, nos. 87 (pp. 56 f., and fig., showing front and back, on p. 57; _cf._ _Cat. Class. Coll._, p. 114, fig. 72; it is from Cyprus), and 88 (fig. on p. 58; _Mus. Bull._, Dec., 1913, p. 270, Richter). No. 87 is 6.25 inches tall; 88 is 5.56 inches.

[1622] _Mp._, pp. 279 f. Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos.

[1623] See the fine drawings of these and other groups from tomb no. 17 (of Khety) in Champollion, _Monuments de l’Égypte et de la Nubie_, 1845, IV, Pls. CCCLXXII-CCCLXXVIII; Pl. CCCLXXIII, 3 = Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 793, fig. 521; CCCLXXIV, 4 = _ibid._, p. 792, fig. 520. Another scene from the tomb of Nevothph is pictured in Champollion, Pl. CCCLXIV, I. See also _Arch. Survey of Egypt, Beni Hasan_, Pt. II, 1894, Pl. XV; _cf._ a poor reproduction of several scenes in Springer-Michaelis, p. 27, fig. 68.

[1624] _De Leg._, VII, 796 A, B, C.

[1625] Philostr., _Imag._, II, 32 (p. 857), ascribes its origin to Hermes’ daughter Palaistra; Apollodoros, II, 4.9, says that the same god’s son Autolykos was the teacher of Herakles. Pausanias, I, 39.3, says that the systematic instruction in the art began with Theseus. Eustathius, schol. on _Il._, XXIII, p. 1327, says that Kerkyon discovered it. In a scholion on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 49, Boeckh, p. 465, Pherekydes and Polemon are quoted as saying that Theseus’ charioteer Phorbas invented the art, and Istros is quoted as saying that Athena taught Theseus. At Olympia Herakles was a victor in wrestling: P., V, 8.4.

[1626] Ajax (Telamon) and Odysseus contended in a wrestling bout which ended in a draw: Il., XXIII, 710-734; in line 701, and in Od., VIII, 126, it is called παλαισμοσύνη ἀλεγεινή; it appears among the Phaiakians in Od., VIII, 103, 246. It was pictured along with boxing on the shield of Herakles by Hesiod: _Scut._, 302 (= ἑλκηδόν).

[1627] P., V, 8.7; Ph., 12.

[1628] P., V, 8.9.

[1629] On rules and representations of wrestling in literature and art, see especially E. N. Gardiner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 14-31; pp. 263-293, and Pls. XI and XII; _id._, _Greek Athl. Sports_, Ch. XVIII, pp. 372-401; _cf._ Krause, I, pp. 400 f; Grasberger, _Erziehung u. Unterricht_, I, pp. 345 f. An excellent account of a wrestling match is found in the oldest Greek prose romance, the _Aethiopica_ of Heliodoros, X, 31 f.; _cf._ also the fine account of a bout between Diomedes and Aias in Quintus Smyrnæus: IV, 215 f.; etc.

[1630] Grenfell and Hunt, _Oxy. Pap._, III, 466; discussed by Juethner, with part of the text and translation, in his edition of the _de Arte gymn._ of Philostratos, p. 26. On the method of selecting antagonists at Olympia, the number engaged, byes, etc., see Gardiner, pp. 374-5.

[1631] For coins in the British Museum, see Gardiner, p. 373, fig. 109, a, b, c (from Aspendos, of the fifth and fourth centuries B. C.), d (from Herakleia in Lucania, of the fourth), e, f (from Syracuse, of about 400 B. C.), g (from Alexandria of the time of Antoninus Pius); see also _id._, _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 271, fig. 9.

[1632] See especially, Gardiner, _ll. cc._

[1633] Described by Lucian, _Anach._, 24.

[1634] Described by Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 215 f. and Nonnos, XXXVII, 553 f.; discussed in _J. H. S._, XXV, pp. 25 f.

[1635] No. 2159; _A. J. A._, XI, 1896, p. 11, fig. 9; _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 270, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 386, fig. 116; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Die griech. Vasenmalerei_, III, pp. 73 f., and Pl. CXXXIII; Gerhard, _Trinkschalen und Gefaesse des k. Museums zu Berlin und anderer Sammlungen_, 1848-50, Pls. XIX, XX; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 400, n. 1 and Pl. XXIV, 2; W. Klein, _Die griech. Vasen mit Meistersignaturen_^2, 1886, no. 4; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 32, Pl. on p. 33.

[1636] No. 2444; _Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus._, II, 1906-1907, Pl. XXXV, a, and pp. 140 f. (W. N. Bates); J. D. Beazley, _Attic r.-f. Vases in Amer. Museums_, 1918, p. 111 (Lysis, Laches, and Lykos group); Gardiner, p. 392, fig. 122.

[1637] _Invent._, 5626-5627; B. B., 354; Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. XV, 2 and 3; Bulle, 91; Gardiner, p. 378, fig. 110 (= one statue); von Mach, 289; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 541 (= one statue); etc. They appear to be boys of about sixteen, and consequently may represent contestants in the πάλη παίδων. The statues are 1.18 meters high (Bulle). The advanced foot in no. 5626 is wrongly restored.

[1638] Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, p. 64, n. 49 (dolichodromoi).

[1639] _Cf._ Gardiner, p. 382.

[1640] _Jb._, IV, 1889, pp. 116, n. 8; _cf._ Benndorf, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IV, 1901, pp. 172-3 and n. 12. Mahler wrongly thought that the heads were different: _Polyklet u. s. Schule_, p. 18; he assigned one to the fifth century B. C., the other to the influence of Praxiteles. Benndorf believed the two figures to be copies of one statue, later used to make a group.

[1641] Bulle, no, 90; in the Landesmuseum of Darmstadt: see Adamy, _Archaeol. Samml. des grossherz. Hess. Museums_, 1897, p. 21, no. 19. The figures are only 0.075 meter high.

[1642] Bulle, p. 179, fig. 40; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 318, 2; for other similar ones, _cf. ibid._, II, 2, 539, 2 (cover of a cista from Praeneste), 5 (in the Louvre), 6 (in Vienna = E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronz. d. k. k. Muenz-und Ant.-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pl. XLV, 7), and III, 155, 3 (in Forman Collection, London).

[1643] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 124 and fig. on p. 79; it is 4.5 inches high.

[1644] _E. g._, Walters, _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 639; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1877, Pl. XLV, 1 a.; Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Bibl. Nationale_, 1895, no. 935.

[1645] Παναθήναια, II, Plates.

[1646] Gardiner, p. 395, fig. 126; _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 286, fig. 23; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 328, fig. 81.

[1647] Gardiner, p. 396, fig. 127; Clarac, 802, 2014.

[1648] J. Sieveking, _Die Bronzen der Samml. Loeb_, 1913, pp. 52-4 and Pl. XXI; it is 0.165 meter high. Others there listed include one in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, Pl. XI, b (front and back), and text on p. 288; Gardiner p. 398, fig. 129; another from Vienne in Bonn; two in Paris, in the de Clercq and Warrocqué collections respectively; and a fifth, whose location is unknown. All are of rough Roman workmanship, either of the second or first centuries B. C.

[1649] See Petersen in _R. M._, XV, 1900, pp. 158 f.; Klein, III, pp. 309 f.; Sieveking, _op. cit._, p. 53, n. 1. The copies are in Florence (_Galleria di Firenze_, III, Pl. 123, 2; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 538, 5); in St. Petersburg (_Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1867, Pl. I, pp. 5 f., text by Stephani; _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 290, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 399, fig. 130; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 538, 1 and 3); in Constantinople, from Antioch (_Jb._, XIII, 1898, Pl. XI and pp. 177 f., Foerster; _Rev. arch._, XXXV, 1899, Pl. XVIII, pp. 207 f., Joubin; _J. H. S._, 1905, p. 291, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 400, fig. 131); in the Louvre, from Egypt (no. 361; _Jb._, XVI, 1901, fig. on p. 51; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 234, 2); and in the British Museum (_B. M. Bronzes_, 853 and Pl. XXVII, middle one below). In the St. Petersburg copy the arms of the victor are changed around.

[1650] Duetschke, III, 547; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 523, 1.

[1651] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1382 (= Attic); _Jb._, XXV, 1910, Pl. VII, and pp. 171 f. (Bieber = Euphranor); _cf._ _R. M._, VI, 1891, p. 304, n. 2 (Petersen = Skopaic); Furtw., _Mw._, p. 515, n. 4 (= Skopaic).

[1652] _H. N._, XXXIV, 80.

[1653] _H. N._, XXXV, 71; so Reisch, p. 45, n. 5. See _supra_, p. 206.

[1654] _H. N._, XXXV, 130. It was probably votive in character.

[1655] Ol. 141 (= 216 B. C.): P., VI, 16.9; Hyde, 167; Foerster, 471; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 179.

[1656] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; drawing of the base also in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 279, fig. 118; _Mw._, p. 491, fig. 85. The inscription dates from the end of the fifth or beginning of the fourth century B. C., which shows that the statue was the work of the younger Polykleitos. Xenokles won sometime between Ols. (?) 94 and 100 (= 404 and 380 B. C.): P., VI,9.2; Hyde, 85 and p. 41; Foerster, 308.

[1657] Pp. 45-6; he won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 9.3; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285.

[1658] _Cf._ Lucretius, V, 1282: _arma antiqua manus ungues dentesque fuerunt_; Hor., _Sat._, I, 3.101; etc.

[1659] Between Epeios and Euryalos, Il., XXIII, 653 f.; Odysseus and Iros, Od., XVIII, 1 f.; _cf._ the match between Entellus and Dares in Virgil, _Aen._, V, 362 f.; Polydeukes and Amykos in Theokr., XXII, 80 f.; and in Apollon. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 67 f. For the Homeric and Virgilian matches, see _Fencing, Boxing, and Wrestling_, 1889 (Badminton Library), pp. 125 f.

[1660] Il., XXIII, 653; he uses the same epithet of wrestling, _ibid._, 701, and Od., VIII, 126. Eustath. _ad_ Il., XXIII, p. 1322, speaks of the πύκτης τλησίπονος.

[1661] πυκτοσύνη ἀλγινόεσσα: frag. 19, l. 4 (= _Philos. Fragm._, ed. Didot, I, p. 104 = Athen., X, 6, p. 414a). Apollon. Rhod. calls it ἀπηνέα πυγμαχίην, II, 76-7. The parts injured were especially the nose, ears, cheeks, chin, and teeth; _cf._ Krause, p. 516 and n. 18.

[1662] See Orsi, _Museo Ital. di antich. class._, II, Pl. V, p. 808; _cf._ Juethner, pp. 65-6, and Frothingham, _A. J. A._, IV, 1888, P. 444.

[1663] See Krause, pp. 497 f. Ph., 9, says that it was an invention of the Spartans and was first used among the Bebrykes.

[1664] P., V, 7.10; _cf._ Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4.4 (which speaks of victories of Apollo in boxing).

[1665] P., V, 8.4.

[1666] XXIII, 660.

[1667] Plut., _l. c._

[1668] The schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465, says that Theseus instituted the art of boxing.

[1669] P., V, 8. 7; Afr., _s. v._ Onomastos; Ph., 12; _Homeric Hymn to Apollo_, 149; _cf._ Foerster, 28. The date is also given by Ph., _l. c._

[1670] P., V. 8. 9; Ph., 13.

[1671] See K. T. Frost, _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 213f; Gardiner, Ch. XIX, pp. 402 f.; Krause, pp. 497 f.

[1672] See Krause, I, pp. 502 f.; Juethner, pp. 65 f.; Gardiner, pp. 403 f.

[1673] Mosso, _The Palaces of Crete_, 1907, p. 339, and fig. 160 on p. 341. Orsi, _l. c._, believes the object over the fists in the bronze shield fragment from Mount Ida to be part of a glove, though Juethner rejects this view, interpreting it merely as an ornament.

[1674] Schol. on Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 796 A; Clem. Alexandr., Strom., I, 16.76.

[1675] ἱμάντας ἐϋτμήτους βοὸς ἀγραύλοιο: Il., XXIII, 684. In the Odyssey Iros and Odysseus fight with bare fists.

[1676] _E. g._, P., VI, 23.4 and VIII, 40. 3; Apoll. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 52-53; _cf._ Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 830 B.

[1677] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 63, and Pl. III; Juethner, p. 68, fig. 54; Gardiner, p. 403, fig. 132; it represents boxers with bundles of thongs in their hands standing before an official.

[1678] _B. M. Vases_, E 39; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. XII; Gardiner, p. 404, fig. 133; Juethner, p. 66, fig. 53; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 237, Pl. On the interior of another a youth is seen, thongs in hand, standing before an altar: Murray, _Designs from Gk. Vases in the British Museum_, Pl. VI, 24.

[1679] Museum no. 2444; _Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus._, II, 1906-1907, Pl. XXXV, b. and p. 142 (text by W. N. Bates).

[1680] IX, 116. A similar game is mentioned by Plato, _Theaet._, XXVII (= 181 A). On both games, see Krause, pp. 323 f.

[1681] Juethner, pp. 69 f., rightly explains such objects as boxing thongs.

[1682] Ch. 10; _cf._ P., VIII, 40.3.

[1683] _E. g._, on the kylix just mentioned, E 39; on a r.-f. amphora in Munich (Jahn, no. 411B): Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 410. fig. 55; on the interior of a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 1156: Juethner, p. 70, fig. 56; and on the interior of the r.-f. kylix in the British Museum to be discussed, E 78 (= Fig. 55): Murray, _Designs from Gr. Vases in the B. M._, Pl. XIV, 55; Juethner, p. 72, fig. 58; Gardiner, p. 406, fig. 134; on a r.-f. amphora in the Hofmuseum in Vienna by Epiktetos we see (figure at the left) a boxer who is just finishing tying the thongs on his left hand and wrist: Dar-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 755, fig. 5854; Schneider, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oesterr._, V, 1881, pp. 139 f., and Pl. IV; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 334, no. 25, and Pl. on p. 335.

[1684] Tafelbd., Pl. V, no. 4; Textbd., p. 35.

[1685] P., VIII, 40.5; _cf._ II, 20. 1.

[1686] VIII, 40.3. _Cf._ the statues of Damoxenos and Kreugas by Canova in the Gabinetto di Canova of the Vatican, to see in how exaggerated a way a modern sculptor has interpreted the boxing bout of these famous athletes: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, nos. 136, 137; _Guide_, 139, 140; Pistolesi, _Il Vaticano Descritto_, IV, 91.

[1687] _De Leg._, VIII, 830 B; Plut., _de Profectibus in virtute_, IX (80 B); Pollux, III, 150; Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, 1814-1821, I, P. 62, l. 25.

[1688] _E. g._, on an amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 607; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e 2; Gardiner, p. 407, fig. 135; Juethner, p. 83, fig. 67; on the Ficoroni Cista in the Museo Kircheriano, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1752; _Guide_, 437; Juethner, p. 82, fig. 66, a, c. On this cista, see F. Behn, Die ficoronische Cista, _Arch. Studie_, 1907; O. Jahn, _Die ficoronische Cista_, 1852; etc.

[1689] Late writers generally use the terms σφαῖραι and ἱμάντες ὀξεῖς interchangeably.

[1690] _E. g._, ἐπίσφαιρα in Plut., _Praecept. ger. resp._, 32 (= 825 e).

[1691] Juethner, p. 78, fig. 63; Gardiner, p. 409, fig. 137. For this and the delle Terme glove, see Huelsen, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 175 f.

[1692] Juethner, p. 79, fig. 54.; _Antichi di Ercolano_, Bronzi, II, pp. 411 f.

[1693] In the Museo Civico there; mentioned by Juethner, p. 78.

[1694] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1145; _Guide_, 625; Baum., I, p. 524, fig. 566; Juethner, p. 85, fig. 68.

[1695] The word μύρμηκες, _A. G._, XI, 78, may be merely a comic name for the gloves—certain protuberances (“metal studs” or “nails” = Liddell and Scott, _s. v._ looking like warts (μυρμηκίαι); _cf._ Pollux, III, 150.

[1696] _Aen._, V, 404-5; 468-71.

[1697] _B. M. Vases_, E 39; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XII.

[1698] _B. M. Vases_, E 78; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. XIII; Gardiner, p. 436, fig. 151.

[1699] _Mus. Journ._, VI, no. 4 (Dec., 1915), p. 169, fig. 89; text by Dr. S. B. Luce, who believes this class of vases to be a prototype of the “Nolan” vases; another “Nolan” amphora is given, _ibid._, fig. 90 (also published in _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 440, fig. 4), which shows a diskobolos, who is holding a diskos in a way similar to that on a r.-f. kelebe in the British Museum (_B. M. Vases_, B 361; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 77). On the division of Attic b.-f. amphoræ into “panel-amphoræ” and “red-bodied amphoræ,” see H. B. Walters, _Hist. Anc. Pottery, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman_, 1905, I, pp. 160-62.

[1700] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149.

[1701] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 155 (renewed); the date of the victory is given by P., VI, 7.8; Hyde, 65; Foerster, 263.

[1702] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147, 148. The statue stood equally on both feet, the left being slightly advanced. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237.

[1703] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); base drawn in outline in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 288, fig. 123; _Mw._, p. 503, fig. 90. He won in Ol. 82 (= 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376. Here the body weight rested upon the left foot, the right being flat on the ground and turned to one side, _i. e._, in the old scheme of Hagelaïdas and his school.

[1704] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 159 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 86. This statue was in the same attitude as that of Aristion and was slightly over life-size. He won some time between Ols. (?) 90 and 93 (= 420 and 408 B. C.): P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297.

[1705] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac V, 946, 2436 A (wrongly = Antinous). See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 288 f. (and fig. 124); _Mw._, pp. 503 f. (and fig. 91). Height 1.75 meters (Michaelis).

[1706] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99; _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69; a headless copy in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, p. 438, 3; Clarac, V, 851, 2180 A. Here the present head is of different marble from the torso and does not belong to it; the body forms recall those of the _Doryphoros_. It is 1.49 meters high.

[1707] _Not. Scav._, 1888, pp. 289 f. (Barracco); _Atti dell’ Accad. di Napoli_, 1889, pp. 35 f. (Sogliano); _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 179 f. (Huelsen); Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, Pl. III (profile and front views), and fig. on p. 68 (head); B. B., no. 614 (statue), 615 (head, two views); Juethner, p. 84; etc.

[1708] Furtwaengler (_Statuenkopien im Altertum_) and Sogliano (_l. c._) date the statue in the period of Augustus.

[1709] B. B., no. 613; Kalkmann, Die Prop. des Gesichts, Pls. I (statue) and II (head, two views).

[1710] B. B., nos. 132, 134-5; F. W., 462.

[1711] Pl., _H. N._, XXXIV, 50 and 79. For this view, see text to B. B., no. 614. Furtwaengler had suggested Lykios as the sculptor of the _Oil-pourer_: _Mp._, p. 259.

[1712] Though winning in Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.), his statue was set up later by his son: P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93 and p. 42; Foerster, 137. The word σκιαμαχεῖν (lit. “to fight in the shade,” and hence to practice in the gymnasium) is used synonymously with χειρονομεῖν in the sense “to spar:” Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 830 C; P., VI, 10.3; Pollux, III, 150; etc. _Cf._ Paul’s phrase in _I Corinthians_, 9, 26. A derived meaning is “to fight with a shadow”: _e. g._, Plato, _Apol._, 18 D; etc. Dio Chrysostom, _Or._, XXXII (367 M), speaks of χειρονομοῦντες as gymnasium practisers. See Krause, pp. 510 f.

[1713] The κώρυκος was such a bag used by athletes: _cf._ the proverb, πρὸς κώρυκον γυμνάζεσθαι, “to labor in vain”: Diog., 7, 54. The Ficoroni cista has been mentioned _supra_, p. 237, n. 4. The description and use of the bag are given by Ph., 57.

[1714] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 704; _Guide_, II, 207.

[1715] Amelung, _Vat._, I, 372 B, pp. 554-5 and Pl. LVIII; Clarac, 883, 2256. It is 0.535 meter high.

[1716] _Beschr._, no. 469; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmyth._, III, _Apollon_, pp. 218 f. and fig. 14 (restored), interpreted the torso as that of an Apollo; but the Phrygian coin there pictured (Muenztafel, IV, 31), of the time of Lucius Verus, may merely show that the motive later was transferred to the god.

[1717] _Bronzen v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 21-2; Tafelbd., Pl. VIII, no. 57. It is only 0.112 meter high.

[1718] _E. g._, _Bronzen v. Ol._, Pl. VIII, nos. 51-54 (statuettes); Pl. VI, nos. 59 and 63 (arm and right lower leg respectively); _cf._ Reisch, p. 39.

[1719] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 199. See B. B., no. 51; F. W., 89; etc. Theagenes won in Ols. 75, 76 (= 480, 476 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 11.2 f.; Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[1720] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 168. He won some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 103 (= 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.

[1721] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 158; _I. G. B._, 98; he won some time between Ols. (?) 95 and 100 (= 400 and 380 B. C.): P., VI, 6.3; Hyde, 54; Foerster, 319.

[1722] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 186; _I. G. B._, 176. He won two victories in boxing some time between Ols. (?) 144 and 147 (= 204 and 192, B. C.): P., VI, 15.6; Hyde, 147; Foerster, 510, 512 (who dates the artist toward the middle of the second century B. C.; but I have followed the earlier dating of Hiller von Gaertringen, _Woch. f. kl. Philol._, X, 1893, p. 856, which date has been accepted by Dittenberger).

[1723] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 174.

[1724] VI., 8.5.

[1725] See Hyde, _de olymp. Stat._, pp. 39-41. There Ol. 80 or 84 (= 460 or 444 B. C.) has been suggested for the original victory.

[1726] Philippos won some time between Ols. (?) 119 and 125 (= 304 and 280 B. C.): Hyde, 79 a.

[1727] Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 575, in discussing my solution of the difficulty, call it “_sinnreich, aber doch ungemein kompliziert_,” and the assumption that a victor would use an older statue of a fellow countryman to celebrate his own victory “_sehr bedenklich_.”

[1728] _Cf._ Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 296.

[1729] _Op. cit._, p. 41. See also _supra_, p. 188.

[1730] _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. II (head, two views); _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. L and pp. 51 f. (Brizio); Photo. Giraudon, no. 1207.

[1731] Furtwaengler sees in this statue a work by Pythagoras: _Mp._, p. 171 f.; _Mw._, pp. 345 f.; Brizio, _l. c._, ascribes it to Hagelaïdas.

[1732] _Supra_, pp. 180-1.

[1733] On the pankration, see Gardiner, Ch. XX, pp. 435 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 4 f. and Pls. III-V; Krause, I, pp. 534 f.; etc.

[1734] For the etymology, see Plato, _Euthydem._, 271 C, D; definition, Pollux III, 150; Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, II, 4 (containing also fanciful etymologies of πάλη); _cf._ Philostr., _Imag._, II, 6 (containing a full account of the contest in the description of the death of Arrhachion); _cf._ schol. on Plato, _de Rep._, I, 338 C, D.

[1735] _Vita Demonactis_, 49 (against biting).

[1736] _L. c._ (against biting and gouging).

[1737] _Aves_, 442-3; _Pax_, 898-9.

[1738] E 78; another example is seen on a r.-f. kylix in Baltimore: Gardiner, p. 437, fig. 152; _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 9, fig. 3; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Pl. LXIV; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 629, fig. 350.

[1739] _Nem._, II, III, V; _Isthm._, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

[1740] Frag. 19, l. 5 (_ap._ Athenæum, X, 6 = 414 a).

[1741] _E. g._, Mahaffy, in his _Old Greek Life_, 1886, p. 56; see Gardiner, pp. 435-7, in refutation of such an exaggerated view.

[1742] _De Leg._, VIII, 832 E; 834 A.

[1743] Older writers, _e. g._, Faber, _Agonisticon_ (published in 1592), I, 9, p. 1828, thought that the glove was used, an opinion long ago refuted by Krause, I, p. 539, n. 2. Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 185, wrongly says that the pancratiast sometimes wore gloves. Pausanias does not mention them, nor do we see them on any of the vase-paintings.

[1744] VI, 6.5.

[1745] VI, 15.5. _Cf._ also V, 17.10, where, in describing the boxing match between Admetos and Mopsos represented on the chest of Kypselos, he says οἱ δὲ ἀποτετολμηκότες πυκτεύειν—a hint of the dangerous character of boxing.

[1746] _Oneir._, 1, 62. This, at best, seems to be an exaggeration.

[1747] Philostr., _l. c._

[1748] VIII, 40.3-5.

[1749] To Theseus: schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465; _cf._ schol. on _Nem._, III, 27, Boeckh, p. 442; to Herakles: P., V, 8.4.

[1750] P., V, 8.8; Ph., 12; and Afr.

[1751] P., V, 8.11; Ph., 13.

[1752] _E. g._, at Nemea; Pindar composed _Nem._, V, in honor of the boy Pytheas of Aegina, who won in (?) 485 B. C.; it was introduced at Delphi in the 61st Pythiad: P., X, 7.8; at the Isthmus in mythical times: P., V, 2.4.

[1753] Collected by Gardiner, _op. cit._

[1754] Described by Lucian, _Anachar._, I.

[1755] This throw is depicted on the walls of the tombs of Beni-Hasan on the Nile and is practised to-day by the Japanese; it is described by Dio Cassius, LXXI, 7.

[1756] Κλιμακισμός: described by Soph., _Trachiniae_, 520 f., and the schol.; see also Ovid, _Met._, IX, 51. _Cf._ _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 15-16.

[1757] _E. g._, on four Græco-Roman gems in the British Museum pictured in _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 10, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 447, fig. 162.

[1758] _B. M. Vases_, B 604; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. III; Gardiner, p. 442, fig. 157.

[1759] E 78.

[1760] Mentioned by Plato, _Alcibiades_, I, 107 E; Ph., 50; Pollux, III, 150; Suidas, _s. v._ ἀκροχειρίζεσθαι and _s. v._ Σώστρατος; Lucian, _Lexiphanes_, 5; _de Saltatione_, 10; Reisch, _ap._ Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1197; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 548; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 349-50; Krause, I, pp. 421 f., 510 f.; _J. H. S._, XXVI, pp. 13-15, where Gardiner discusses the word in ancient writers and concludes that it had nothing to do with wrestling, but only with boxing (both the separate event and part of the pankration), and meant “to spar lightly with an opponent for practice.”

[1761] He won three victories in Ols. (?) 104, (?) 105, and 106 (= 364-356 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359. This explanation of Pausanias has been accepted by Krause and most modern authorities, but is found untenable by Gardiner, who bases his interpretation, not on Pausanias, but on the accurate definition of Suidas.

[1762] _B. C. H._, VI, 1882, pp. 446 f.

[1763] He won in Ols. 81 and 82 (= 456 and 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 4.3; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59. He was probably merely represented in the preliminary tactics of getting a grip.

[1764] See Reisch, p. 46; _I. G. B._, 120.

[1765] _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, pp. 86 f. (Benndorf); Reisch, _l. c._

[1766] A. de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 63, no. 1067, and p. 131 (= pancratiast); _Rev. arch._, 1869, II, p. 292; Bulle, no. 96 (right); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 4. It is 0.275 meter high.

[1767] See _supra_, p. 167.

[1768] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 116 f. His reasoning is accepted by Bulle.

[1769] _Ges. Stud. zur Kunstgesch._, Festschr. fuer A. Springer, 1885, pp. 260.

[1770] See _S. Q._, 1463-67.

[1771] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 4-5; Textbd., pp. 212 f., and fig. 239; F. W., no. 336; _cf._ Immerwahr, _Kulte und Mythen Arkadiens_, I, 1891, p. 288.

[1772] _Archiv fuer lateinische Lexikographie u. Grammatik_, IX, 1894, 1, pp. 109 f.

[1773] _Mp._, p. 249, n. 2; _Mw._, pp. 451-2; he adduced two passages from Ovid’s _Met._, XIV, 402 (_saevisque parant incessere telis_), and XIII, 566-7 (_telorum lapidumque incessere iactu coepit_).

[1774] This explanation has been followed by Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, _l. c._; Sittl, _Parerga zur alten Kunstgesch._, p. 24; Klein, II, pp. 362 f.; Jex-Blake, p. 235; and others.

[1775] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; _I. G. B._, 41. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1776] _Collection Somzée_, 1897, Pls. 3-5; see Hyde, to no. 50, on p. 8. Its quiet and reserved pose recalls that of the _Pelops_ of the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia (_Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2; Textbd., pp. 46 f.). Because of its archaic grace, though it shows no trace of archaic stiffness, it might even be referred to the school of Kritios and Nesiotes.

[1777] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 153; _I. G. B._, 29. He won the pankration in Ols. 87, 88, 89 (= 432-424 B. C.); P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 258, 260, 262.

[1778] VI, 2.1; to be discussed _infra_, Ch. VI, pp. 293 f.

[1779] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f. Agias was not only a victor at Delphi three times, at Nemea five times, and at the Isthmus five times, but was also an Olympic victor in the pankration, Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): see inscription, _B. C. H._, _l. c._, p. 593, and for the date of the Olympic victory, K. K. Smith, in _Class. Philol._, V, 1910, pp. 169 f.; _cf._ _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f.

[1780] Duetschke, III, no. 547; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 66; B. B., 431; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 523, I; Clarac, V, 858 A, 2176; M. W., I, XXXVI, 149; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, p. 19; Gardiner, p. 449, fig. 163. The group is 0.98 meter high and 0.71 meter broad (Duetschke).

[1781] Bulle dates it at the beginning of the third century B. C.; both he and Amelung believe it to be the work of a follower of Lysippos; see also B. Graef, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 119 f., who believes that the original heads of the group are preserved, the one still on the under pancratiast, the other on the statue of a Niobid in the Uffizi (Duetschke, III, no. 253), the head now on the upper pancratiast being a modern copy of it. See Amelung’s reply in _A. A._, 1894, pp. 192 f.

[1782] _E. g._, von Mach, Pls. 265 f.

[1783] _H. N._, XXXVI, 24; see note _ad loc._ by Jex-Blake.

[1784] _Aeth._, X, 31, 32; quoted in full by Krause, II, pp. 912 f.

[1785] Duetschke, Wolters, von Mach, and Lucas (the latter in _Jb._, XIX, 1904, pp. 127 f. and figs.) thought that the wrestling groups on the Roman mosaic of the Imperial period found in Tusculum in 1862 were influenced by the Florence group: _Mon. d. I._, VI, VII, 1857-63, Pl. LXXXII; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXIII, 10; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1786] _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 30.

[1787] He won in Ol. 142 (= 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.10; _cf._ V., 21.10; Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475.

[1788] _E. g._, by Gardiner, p. 146.

[1789] Bulle, no. 72; B. B., 285; von Mach, 236; Collignon, II, p. 427, fig. 222; Overbeck, II, p. 448, fig. 221; F. W., 1265; M. W., 1, Pl. XXXVIII, 152; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 465, 1, 2, 3; Clarac, V, 789, 1978; Gardiner, p. 147, fig. 21; etc. It is 3.17 meters high (Bulle).

[1790] An excellent one is in the Uffizi: Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 40; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 474, 1; a colossal replica was found in the sea off Antikythera: _Arch. Eph._, 1902, Suppl., Pl. B, 7; one in the Pitti Gallery will be mentioned immediately.

[1791] _I. G. B._, 345.

[1792] Duetschke, II, no. 36; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, p. 134; B. B., 284; M. W., XXXVIII, 151; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 210, 5. For the inscription, see _I. G. B._, 506; it has been needlessly attacked as a forgery—an ancient one by Winckelmann, _Mon. Inediti_, pp. LXXVI f., and a modern one by Maffei, _Ars critica_, III, 1, p. 76 (both quoted by Duetschke), and more recently by Stephani, _Der ausruhende Herakles_, pp. 164 f. The inscription is at least as old as the sixteenth century, as it is mentioned by Flaminius Vacca (see Duetschke).

[1793] _Numism. Chron._, Sér. 3, III, 1883, Pl. I, 5, p. 9.

[1794] Mentioned by Strabo, VI, 3.1 (= C. 278), and described by the late writer Niketas, _Chron. de signis Constant._, 5 (who wrongly calls Lysippos Lysimachos).

[1795] _Gesch. d. bild. Kuenste_, II^2, PP. 245 f.

[1796] P. 234.

[1797] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2a and 2; Textbd., pp. 10-11; F. W., 323.

[1798] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.

[1799] On the “_finsterer Blick_” of this class of victor monuments, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 173; _Mw._, p. 348; and _Bronz. v. Ol._, Text, pp. 10-11.

[1800] Thus Furtwaengler assigns it to the statue of the Akarnanian pancratiast (Philandridas) mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.1; see _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 11. I have assigned an earlier marble head to Philandridas, _infra_, pp. 293 f.

[1801] So Overbeck, II, p. 168; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534; F. W., _l. c._; etc.

[1802] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; Textbd., pp. 11-12; F. W., no. 324.

[1803] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.

[1804] _Cf._ P., VI, 20, 13: ἐπίδειξις ἐπιστήμης τε ἡνιόχων καὶ ἵππων ὠκύτητος; Pindar, _Ol._, III, 36 f.: θαητὸν ἀγῶνα ... ἀνδρῶν τ’ ἀρετᾶς πέρι καὶ ῥιμφαρμάτου διφρηλασίας.

[1805] On the hippodrome and its events at Olympia and elsewhere, see A. Martin, in Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, 1900, pp. 193 f. (art. _Hippodromos_); on the chariot, Saglio, _ibid._, I, 2, pp. 1633 f. (art. _Currus_); K. Schneider, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1735 f.; Julius, in Baum., I, pp. 692 f.; Pollack, _Hippodromica_, Diss. inaug., 1890; Gardiner, Ch. XXI, pp. 451 f.; Krause, I, pp. 557 f.; etc.

[1806] See Isokrates, XVI (_de Bigis_), 33 (p. 353 c); Xenophon, _de Re equestr._, II, 1; Aristotle, _Politics_, VI, 3.2 (= 1289 b 35), VIII, 7.1 (= 1321 a 11); Plut., _de Adul. et Amic._, Chs. 7 and 16 (latter quoting Karneades). On the expense of horse-breeding (ἱπποτροφία), see also Xen., _Ages._, I, 23; _id._, _Oecon._, II, 6; Plut., _Ages._, XX, 1; Pindar, _Isthm._, II, 38; IV, 29; etc.

[1807] The first, second, and fourth, according to Thukyd., VI, 16; the first, second and third, according to Eurip., _fragm._ 3 (= _P. l. G._, II, p. 266), and Isokr., _de Bigis_, 34 (p. 353 d). See Foerster, 275.

[1808] See _Oxy. Pap._, II, p. 222.

[1809] Besides 24 victories of both in various running races. The older part of the inscription (with a chariot-group in relief) was discovered by Leake: see _Travels in the Morea_, 1830, II, p. 521, and Pl. 71 (at the end of III); better reproduction by Dressler and Milchhoefer, _A. M._, II, 1877, pp. 318 f.; _I. G. A._, 79; Tod, _Sparta Museum Cat._, no. 440. The newer portion is discussed in _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-07, pp. 174 f.

[1810] See Hill, _Coins of Sicily_, pp. 43 f.

[1811] VIII, 38.5; see _Exped. scientif. en Morée_, 1831-1838, II, p. 37, and Pls. XXXIII, XXXIV. It was 240 by 105 meters in extent, though the actual course was probably only a stade long.

[1812] See list in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1743-4.

[1813] Described by P., V, 15.5 f., and VI, 20.10 f. For its position, see Doerpfeld, _Ergebn. v. Ol._, I, p. 78; Curtius u. Adler, _Olympia und Umgegend_, 1882, p. 30; Boetticher, _Olympia: Das Fest u. seine Staette_^2, 1886, p. 119; G. Herrmann, _de Hippodromo olympiaco_, 1839 (= _Opusc._, VII, pp. 388). Five attempts at reconstruction are given by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 643 f., and Pl. VI: those of Visconti (1796); A. Hirt (_Gesch. d. Baukunst bei d. Alten_, 1827, III, pp. 148 f., and Pl. XX, 8; reproduced in Baum., I, p. 693, fig. 750; Smith, _Dict. Antiq._^3, 1890, I, p. 963; Frazer, IV, p. 83, fig. 6); Lehndorff (_Hippodromos_, 1876); Pollack (_op cit._, p. 52); Wernicke (_Jb._, IX, 1894, p. 199). To these should be added those of A. Martin (_op. cit._, p. 198, fig. 3844); Weniger (_Klio_, IX, 1909, p. 303, the _aphesis_ transcribed by Gardiner, p. 453, fig. 164). See also Guhl u. Koner, _Das Leben d. Gr. u. Roem._^6, 1893, pp. 233 f. and Fig. 271 (= restoration of Pollack), and _cf._ Krause, I, p. 150, n. 9.

[1814] See Blass, in _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, p. 222 (n. 1); R. Schoene, _A. A._, 1897, pp. 77-8; _id._, _Jb._, XII, 1897, pp. 150 f. (Neue Angaben ueber den Hippodrom zu Olympia); Gaspar, in article on _Olympia_ in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 177 and n. 5; Frazer, V, p. 617; etc.

[1815] VI, 20.8.

[1816] Il., XXIII, 262-650. The four-horse chariot-race fills more than one and one-half times as many verses as the seven other contests combined (vv. 651-897). Homer’s description was often imitated by later poets, especially by Sophokles, _Electra_, 698-763 (race at Delphi); Nonnos, _Dionys._, XXXVII, 103-484; Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 500-595; Statius, _Theb._, VI, 274-527; etc. Hesiod describes a race as wrought on Herakles’ shield: _Scut._, 305 f.

[1817] P., V, 10.6-7; VI, 21.6-7; VIII, 14.10-11; etc.; Pindar, _Ol._, I, 67 f.

[1818] Diod., IV, 73.3.

[1819] VIII, 4.5.

[1820] _E. g._, Nestor won at the games of Amarynkeus, Iliad, XXIII, 630 f. On such myths, see Krause, I, pp. 558 f.

[1821] _E. g._, the race between Pelops and Oinomaos was represented on the chest of Kypselos, P., V, 17.7, and in the sculptures on the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, P., V, 10.6-7. It appears also on many early vases: _e. g._, on the François vase in Florence and the Amphiaraos vase in Berlin. For the latter, see _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pls. IV-V; _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, pp. 82 f. (Robert); Gardiner, p. 29, fig. 3.

[1822] V, 8.7.

[1823] See Plato, _de Rep._, III, 19 (= 412 B); Isokr., _de Bigis_, 33 (p. 353 c); Dio Cassius, LII, 30; Hdt., I, 167; Andok., 4, 26 (_Contra Alcib._); Soph., _Electra_, 698; etc.

[1824] VI, 2.2; he won in the hoplite-race and chariot-race in Ols. (?) 83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 A.

[1825] Foerster thinks that the story arose from the small size of one of the horses in the monument of Lykidas.

[1826] These and the following figures are given in the Constantinople MS. The length of the four-horse chariot-race there given agrees with passages in Pindar (_Ol._, II, 50; III, 33; VI, 75; _cf._ _Pyth._, V, 33, for Delphi) and the scholiasts (on _Ol._, III, 59, Boeckh, p. 102, and _Pyth._, V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380). See also Pollack, _Hippodromica_, pp. 103 f., and Gardiner, p. 457.

[1827] P., V, 8.10.

[1828] Length stated by the MS. and by a scholiast on Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380.

[1829] Those of Troilos of Elis, who won in Ol. 103 (= 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 345; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; and of Akestorides of Alexandria in the Troad, who won between Ols. 142 and 144 (= 212 and 204 B. C.): P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 119 and pp. 49-50; Foerster, 501; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 184.

[1830] For the date, see P., V, 8.10; Xen., _Hell._, I, 2.1; for the event, Krause, I, pp. 567 f.

[1831] Troilos, already mentioned, who won in Ol. 102 (= 372 B. C.) and had a statue by Lysippos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338.

[1832] Euryleonis: P., III, 17.6; Foerster, 344.

[1833] The συνωρίς was introduced at Delphi in 398 B. C., while the ἅρμα τέλειον was introduced there in 582 B. C.: see Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 202, for these and other dates of equestrian events at the Pythian games.

[1834] _B. M. Vases_, B 130.

[1835] The date is given in the Armenian version of Afr.; _cf._ also P., V, 8.11.

[1836] P., V, 8.8.

[1837] P., V, 8.11.

[1838] XV, 679-84; Hesiod, _Scut._, 285 f. On myths relating to it, see Krause, I, p. 582, n. 1. We read of _equi desultorii_ at the games inaugurated by Cæsar in Rome: Sueton., _Julius_, 39. See _supra_, p. 3.

[1839] VI, 13.9.

[1840] P., V, 9.1. Polemon, frag. 21 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 122), _apud_ schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, V, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 117), says that the κάλπη ceased in Ol. 84 (= 444 B. C.), if we accept Boeckh’s correction πδʹ for οδʹ. A scholiast on Pindar, _Ol._, V, lines 6 and 19 (Boeckh, pp. 119 and 122) says Ol. 85 (= 440 B. C.); another on _Ol._, VI, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 129), says Ol. 85 or Ol. 86. But Ol. 85 may be reconciled with Pausanias’ and Polemon’s date by assuming that the proclamation of abolition fell in Ol. 84, but that the event was first omitted in Ol. 85; see Bentley, _Diss. upon the Epistles of Phalaris_, p. 200 (ed. W. Wagner).

[1841] VI, 9.2; Hyde, 84.

[1842] V, 9.1; he won Ol. 70 (= 500 B. C.); Foerster, 157.

[1843] Anaxilas of Rhegion, whose victory fell sometime between Ols. (?) 70 and 76 (= 500 and 476 B. C.), and was celebrated by Simonides, frag. 7 (= _P. l. G._, III, p. 390); Agesias of Syracuse, whose victory fell Ol. (?) 77 (= 472 B. C.), and was celebrated by Pindar, _Ol._, VI; and Psaumis of Kamarina, whose victory, falling Ol. (?) 81 (= 456 B. C.), was sung by the pseudo-Pindar, _Ol._, V (= _P. l. G._, I, pp. 109 f.); he also won in the chariot-race in Ol. (?) 82 (= 452 B. C.), a victory sung by Pindar in _Ol._, IV. See Foerster, nos. 173, 210, 234, and 238.

[1844] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 220, 221; Foerster, 601.

[1845] The corrupt text of Africanus is here corrected by Gelzer, _S. Jul. Afr. und die byzant. Chronographie_, 1880, I, pp. 168 f. Gardiner, p. 165, n. 3, wrongly gives the victory of Germanicus as Ol. 194, thus confusing it with that of Tiberius.

[1846] Foerster, 642-647.

[1847] Ol. 208 (= 53 A. D.); Foerster, 634.

[1848] Most of the gems representing such contests, however, refer to the Roman circus.

[1849] For illustrations of the two, see Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 1636 f., figs. 2203 f., and _cf._ Gardiner, pp. 458 f.; an excellent illustration of a four-horse chariot and driver is seen on an Attic-Corinthian goblet (dinos) in the Louvre: Perrot-Chipiez, X, Pl. II, opp. p. 116; also several at rest and racing on the _François Vase_: Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 141, fig. 93, p. 154, fig. 101 (= Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, 1904-1912, Pls. III, 10, and XI-XII.).

[1850] Von Mach, no. 5.

[1851] See, _e. g._, P. Gardner, _Sculptured Tombs of Hellas_, 1896, figs. 18-20.

[1852] C. Smith, _B. S. A._, III, 1896-7, pp. 183 f., dates these prize amphoræ from the middle of the sixth to the close of the fourth centuries B. C., as the last of the series is dated 313 B. C. In this article he publishes a mosaic found on Delos (Pl. XVI, a) and dating from the early second century B. C., which reproduces a Panathenaic amphora with an illustration of a chariot-race—the latest date at which either a prize-amphora (or picture of one) can be proved to have been used. He believes (p. 187) that it is the representation of an amphora won long before by the ancestor of the owner of the mosaic, carefully preserved in his family.

[1853] _B. M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200.

[1854] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, dating from the sixth century B. C.: _B. M. Vases_, B 132; Gardiner, p. 458, fig. 166; _cf._ also a silver tetradrachm from Rhegion in the British Museum, from the early fifth century B. C.: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168.

[1855] Philip won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._, 3 and 4; _cf._ Justin, XII, 16, 6; ἅρματι twice at unknown dates: Foerster, 360, 364, 370. As we have no record of a victory by him υνωρίδι], the two-horse chariot appearing on his coins (_e. g._, a gold stater in the British Museum, Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167, right) may refer to unrecorded victories, or else may be interpreted (with Gardiner) as a pun on his name.

[1856] _E. g._, on a silver tetradrachm of Rhegion in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168. This and other coins commemorate the victory in this event of the Rhegion prince Anaxilas, already mentioned: Aristotle, frag. 228a, _ap._ Pollux, V, 73 (= _F. H. G._, II, p. 173); Foerster, 173.

[1857] _E. g._, a decadrachm of Akragas (dating from the end of the fifth century B. C.) and another of Syracuse (from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.) in the British Museum; reproduced by Gardiner, p. 465, fig. 172.

[1858] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, Pl. V; Gardner, p. 456, fig. 165.

[1859] Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCXLIX and CCL; Dar.-Sagl., _l. c._, fig. 2219. It was formerly in Lucien Bonaparte’s collection.

[1860] _A. V._, Pls. CCLI-CCLIV.

[1861] B. B., 586-7 and figs. 1-14 (text by Furtwaengler); Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum_, 1915, pp. 17 f., no. 40, and figs.; P. Ducati, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 74 f.; J. Offord, _R. Arch._, Sér. IV, III, 1904, pp. 305-7 and Pls. VII-IX, etc. Closely allied in style to its decorative designs are fragments of another chariot found at Perugia and now distributed among the Perugia, Munich, and British Museums: Petersen, _A. M._, X, 1894, pp. 253 f.; B. B., 588-589. _Cf._ also fragments of similar technique from Capua: Froehner, _Cat. de la Collection Dutuit_, 1897-1901, II, p. 199, no. 250, and Pls. 190-195.

[1862] _A. J. A._, XII, 1908, pp. 312 f., with plates and figures.

[1863] _H. N._, XXXVI, 31.

[1864] Vitruv., _de Arch._, VII (Praef.), §§ 12-13.

[1865] See _B. M. Sculpt._, II, nos. 1000-1005 and Pl. XVI; for discussion of the group, _J. H. S._, XXX, 1910, pp. 133-162 (J. B. K. Preedy).

[1866] _E. g._, XXXIV, 71 (_Calamis et alias quadrigas bigasque fecit se impari, equis sine aemulo expressis_); XXXV, 99 (_Aristides ... pinxit et currentes quadrigas_); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); 64 (_Lysippus ... fecit et quadrigas multorum generum_); 66 (Euthykrates); 80 (Pyromachos); 88 (Menogenes); 86 (Aristodemos).

[1867] P., VI, 12.1; to be mentioned _infra_, p. 279.

[1868] P., VI, 9.4-5.

[1869] P., V, 27.2.

[1870] P., VI, 14.12.

[1871] P., VI, 10.8 and 19.6, and _cf._ 10.8; Hdt., VI, 36; Hyde, 99a and p. 44; Foerster, 105. Pausanias here confuses this elder Miltiades with the son of Kimon, as does also the pseudo-Andok., IV, 33.

[1872] P., VI, 10.8; _cf._ Hdt., VI, 103; Hyde, 99b and p. 44; Foerster, 77-79.

[1873] Some time between Ols. (?) 68 and 70 (= 508 and 500 B. C.): P., VI, 16.6; Hyde, 160 and pp. 58-9; Foerster, 797 (undated).

[1874] Kalliteles won some time between Ols. (?) 66 and 68 (= 516 and 508 B. C.): _Inschr. v. Ol._, 632; Hyde, 161; Foerster, 774 (undated).

[1875] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 34 f.; date given by schol. on _Pyth._, IV, Argum., Boeckh, p. 342. Pindar’s _Pyth._, IV and V celebrate this victory. The same scholiast also records a chariot-victory of Arkesilas at Olympia in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.); Foerster, 229.

[1876] P., V, 12.5; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 634; _I. G. B._, 100. Kyniska won two chariot-victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 (= 396, 392 B. C.), and for them also had an equestrian group set up in the Altis, the work of the Megarian artist Apellas, which we shall discuss later: P., VI, 1.6 f.; Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; see _infra_, p. 267.

[1877] P., VI, 12.7; Hyde, 108; Foerster, 801 (undated).

[1878] He won some time between Ols. (?) 128 and 137 (= 268 and 232 B. C.): P., VI, 1.9; Hyde, 169; Foerster, 446; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 178.

[1879] P., VI, 17.5; _cf._ 10.6-8. In the latter passage (§8) Pausanias says that Kleosthenes, who won in Ol. 66, was the first to dedicate his statue together with a chariot and horses and the statue of a charioteer. Foerster, 38, following Westermann, believes that Archidamas is the name which has fallen out of Phlegon, fragm. 4 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 605), that of a victor from Dyspontion in Elis, and therefore wrongly gives the date of the victory as Ol. 27 (= 672 B. C.); for a refutation of this view and an indeterminate date, see Hyde, 182 and p. 62.

[1880] He won Ol. (?) 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 8; Foerster, 233.

[1881] He won in two events, the hoplite-race and charioteering, in Ols. (?) 83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1-2; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211A. Perhaps one of his two statues by Myron represented his charioteer (so Foerster), though more probably the two statues represented the victor for his two victories.

[1882] He won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 (= 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17; Foerster, 310; his statue stood beside that of his son Aigyptos on horseback; the latter won κέλητι about the date of his father’s victory: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde 18; Foerster, 301. The two monuments were by the Sikyonian Daidalos.

[1883] He won συνωρίδι καὶ τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 102, 103 (= 372, 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338, 345.

[1884] He won some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 177.

[1885] Polykles won in Ol. (?) 89 (= 424 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 9; Foerster, 796 (undated). For this athletic _genre_ group, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534. On children’s hoops (τρόχοι) see L. Becq de Fouquières, _Les Jeux des Anciens_^2, 1873, Ch. VIII, pp. 159 f.

[1886] 1, 96 (quoting Ephoros, fragm. 106 = _F. H. G._, 1, pp. 262-3). Periandros won a chariot victory at Olympia at the end of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century B. C.: Foerster, 80, who assumes that it was a statue of Zeus, and not of Periandros.

[1887] Gelo won in Ol. 73 (= 488 B. C.): P., VI, 9.4; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 143. This inscription on the recovered base and another from the base of the monument of Pantarkes, who won apparently in the chariot-race at the end of the sixth century B. C. (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 142; Foerster, 149), are the two oldest inscriptions known of chariot victors at Olympia.

[1888] He won Ol. 66 (= 516 B. C.): P., VI, 10.6-7; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143.

[1889] P., VI, 10.7.

[1890] We have mentioned the inscribed relief _supra_, pp. 257 and 258, and n. 1 on p. 258.

[1891] Line 15.

[1892] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 26. For the above examples, see also Gardiner, p. 463.

[1893] P., VI, 2.8; he was represented on horseback.

[1894] P., III, 8.1; _cf._ VI, 1.6.

[1895] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 99; see _A. G._, XIII, 16.

[1896] _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 151.

[1897] Noted in _A. J. A._, XV, 1911, p. 60.

[1898] _H. N._, XXXIV, 86: _et adornantes se feminas_. For the five larger bronze figures, see Inv., 5604-5, 5619-21; for the smaller sixth figure, usually known as the _Praying Child_, see Inv., 5603. All six are pictured in E. R. Barker’s _Buried Herculaneum_, 1908, Figs. 18-19.

[1899] P., VI, 12.1; _cf._ VIII, 42.9-10; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, and 215. Pindar celebrates the victory of 476 B. C. in his first _Olympian ode_.

[1900] P., V, 27.2. See _supra_, pp. 28, 62, and 163.

[1901] P., VI, 14.12.

[1902] _H. N._, XXXIV, 71. On the basis of this and other references, Reisch built up a theory that there was also a fourth-century B. C. Kalamis, the contemporary of the younger Praxiteles: _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IX, 1906, pp. 199 f. He was followed by Amelung (_R. M._, XXI, 1906, pp. 285 and 287) and Studniczka (_Abh. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., philolog.-histor. Klasse_, XXV, no. IV, 1907, pp. 5 f.). Furtwaengler has shown the weakness of such an argument and has rightly referred the monument mentioned by Pliny to the great Kalamis and his younger contemporary, the elder Praxiteles: _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, pp. 160 f.

[1903] P., VI, 18.1. Kratisthenes won Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193 A.

[1904] P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 105d. The same Timon is mentioned again: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17. This monument may have been set up for a second victory or even for the victory mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.8; however, I have classed it as an honor dedication, assuming two monuments: Hyde, p. 45.

[1905] Lampos won some time after Ol. (?) 105 (= 360 B. C.): P., VI, 4.10; Hyde, 44; Foerster, 420. Philippi, the native city of Lampos, was founded in Ol. 105 by Philip, father of Alexander, on the site of an older town, Krenides.

[1906] _H. N._, XXXIV, 89; it was by the statuary Piston.

[1907] Reisch, p. 49, believes that she represented a _Nike apteros_; Rouse, p. 164, also believes that such figures were Victories.

[1908] _H. N._, XXXV, 108.

[1909] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XLIV.

[1910] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 814; _Museum Marbles_, IX, Pl. XXXVIII, fig. 2. A. H. Smith (_op. cit._, no. 814; _cf._ _Guide to Græco-Roman Sculpt._, I, no. 176) also mentions another similar votive tablet in the British Museum. It is mounted on a pilaster and represents the visit of Dionysos to Ikarios. Such tablets seem to have been commonly dedicated by agonistic victors.

[1911] Schoene, _Griech. Reliefs_, 1872, Pl. XVIII, fig. 80; F. W., 1142; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 7014. Here only the arms and wings of Nike are left.

[1912] E. Huebner, _Die antiken Bildw. in Madrid_, 1862, 241, 559; _Annali_, XXXIV, 1862, Pl. G., and p. 103; Reisch, p. 51.

[1913] _Arch. Eph._, 1893, pp. 128 f. (Kabbadias) and Pl. IX; Rouse, p. 177.

[1914] _Cf._ Reisch, pp. 49-50; Rouse, p. 176.

[1915] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1752; _Guide_, I, 437.

[1916] P., V, 17.8.

[1917] Frazer, III, p. 609, fig. 77; etc. See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1918] We have already discussed the style and date of this relief in Ch. III, pp. 128-9. For the relief, see Dickins, no. 1342 and illustration on p. 275; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, no. 5039; Baum., I, p. 342, fig. 359; Studniczka, _Jb._, XI, 1896, p. 265, fig. 7; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342; B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; Collignon, I, pp. 378 f. and fig. 194; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig. 47; Le Bas, _Voyage archeol._ (Reinach’s ed.), pp. 50-51 and Pl. I; F. W., 97; cast in British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 155. A small piece of the adjacent slab to the right (found on the eastern slope of the Akropolis in 1859-1860), fitting the main block exactly, shows two horses’ tails and one hind leg and proves that the chariot was represented at rest.

[1919] This fragment contains a head whose pointed beard and petasos have been thought to indicate the god: Dickins, no. 1343; Collignon, I, p. 378, fig. 195; von Mach, fig. 11, opp. p. 58; Conze, _Nuove Memorie dell’ Instituto_, II, pp. 408 f. and Pl. XIII A; F. W., 96.

[1920] So O. Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f.; he is followed by Robinson, _Cat. of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston_, no. 33. J. Braun, _Gesch. d. Kunst_, 1858, II, pp. 188 and 549 (quoted by F. W.), Conze, _op. cit._, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, p. 123, Helbig, _Das homerische Epos_^2, 1887, p. 179 and n. 11, Springer-Michaelis, pp. 207-8 (and fig. 389), Dickins, and many others, also interpret the figure as male.

[1921] This coiffure, however, appears on several female heads: _e. g._, on the Harpy monument, F. W., 127 f. Knapp (_Nike in d. Vasenmalerei_, p. 10), Brunn (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1870, II, pp. 213 f.), W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, 1890, p. 44), Collignon, Overbeck, Friedrichs-Wolters, Reisch (p. 49), and many others call the figure of the charioteer female.

[1922] _E. g._, the headless draped statue, resembling the _Korai_, in the Akropolis Museum: B. B., 551.

[1923] _A. M._, XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f. (especially 321) and Pls. XI, XII (the rebuilding of the temple referred to the time of Peisistratos). He also (p. 320) favors the well-known view of Doerpfeld (_A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 25-61, 190-211; XV, 1890, pp. 420-439) that the Hekatompedon or Old Temple of Athena, rebuilt by the Athenians shortly after the Persian wars, existed not only down to 406 B. C., when Xenophon says that it was burnt (_Hell._, I, 6), but down at least to the time of Pausanias. This view is held by J. Harrison, _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens_, 1890, pp. 505 f., Dickins, _l. c._, and many archæologists. It has been rejected by many others, _e. g._, Petersen (_A. M._, XII, pp. 62-72), Wernicke (_ibid._, pp. 184-189), and _in extenso_ Frazer (_J. H. S._, XIII, 1892-1893, pp. 153-187; reprinted in his edition of Pausanias, II, pp. 553-82). Murray, I, p. 143 and fig. 35, referred the relief to one of the metopes of the Old Temple of Athena.

[1924] _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1906, II, pp. 147 f.; _cf._ also _ibid._, 1905, pp. 433 f.

[1925] Springer-Michaelis (_l. c._) think that it may represent a chariot victor; similarly Purgold (_Arch. Eph._, 1885, p. 251). Boetticher (_Die Akropolis_, 1888, pp. 85-6) believes that it represents a Panathenaic victor.

[1926] In the British Museum: _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 951 and Pl. XIII; Sir Charles Fellows, _An Account of Discoveries in Lycia_, 1841, p. 166. The Chimæra may be introduced as a heraldic device of the owner of the tomb (Smith). Bellerophon appears on Pegasos on a relief from a rock tomb of Pinara: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 760. We should also compare with these the reliefs found by Fellows at Xanthos and now in the British Museum. They show a two-horse chariot with a seated charioteer (F. W., 131; Murray, I, Pl. IV), a two-horse chariot with a charioteer and a seated man (F. W., 133; Murray, Pl. III), and a young rider (F. W., 134). See Fellows, pp. 172, 176; Murray, I, pp. 124 f.

[1927] Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, slabs XI-XXIII; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 325. The charioteers on slabs XII and XIV have long, close-fitting tunics.

[1928] Michaelis, _op. cit._, slabs XXIV-XXXIV; _B. M. Sculpt._, no. 327.

[1929] Theophrastos, _ap._ Harpokr., _s. v._ ἀποβάτης), says that it was peculiar to Athens and Bœotia, but there is evidence of its existence elsewhere, _e. g._, at Aphrodisias in Karia (_C. I. G._, II, no. 2758, G. col. IV, line 3, p. 507, and C. col. IV, l. 3), Naples (_ibid._, no. 5807, l. 4), Rome (_C. I. L._, VI, 2, 10047, b, line 8 = _pedibus ad quadrigam_), etc. On the race at the _Panathenaia_, see Michaelis, _op. cit._, pp. 324 f.; Mommsen, _Heortologie_, 1864, pp. 153 f., and _Die Feste d. Stadt Athen im Altertum_, 1898, pp. 89 f.; and for the race in general, Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 2814 f.

[1930] For a description of the race, see Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, I, pp. 425-6 and _Dionys. Halikarn._, VII, 73, 2-3; the former account says that the _apobates_ mounted the chariot in full course by setting his foot on the wheel and dismounted again; the latter only that he dismounted in the last lap; the two are apparently describing different moments of the same race.

[1931] National Museum, no. 1391; Svoronos, II, pp. 340-1, Tafelbd., Pl. LVI (right); noted in _A. M._, XII, 1887, p. 146, no. 1; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 237 and fig.; _Arch. Eph._, 1910, pp. 251 f.; Reisch, p. 51. Staïs gives the measurements as 0.60 meter high and 0.36 meter broad.

[1932] _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 410-14, no. 193 (Koerte); _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1844-48, Pl. 5; _Annali_, Pl. XVI, 1844, pp. 166 f. (F. J. Welcker), and Pl. E.

[1933] A third relief from Oropos, showing the same subject, is in Berlin (no. 725): see Furtwaengler, _Samml. Sabouroff_, I, Pl. XXVI (and text, on the subject of the race).

[1934] _B. C. H._, VII, 1883, Pl. XVII and pp. 458 f. (Collignon); Gardiner, p. 238, fig. 34; F. W., 1836.

[1935] Its antiquity has been questioned by Kekulé, who is quoted by F. W.; see on no. 1838.

[1936] _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 1037, Pl. XVIII; von Mach, 231; _Ant. Denkm._, II, 2, 1893-4, Pl. XVIII, 0; Collignon, II, p. 327, fig. 165; Newton, _Travels and Discoveries in the Levant_, 1865, II, p. 133, Pl. XVI; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 430, fig. 111. It is 2 feet 1.5 inches high.

[1937] For the sarcophagus, see the work of Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, 1892; Text, pp. 272 f., and Pls. XXIII-XXVIII, XXX-XXXI, XXXIV-XXXVII; also Studniczka, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 211 f. (who assigned it to Lysippos’ pupil, Eutychides); Judeich, _ibid._, X, 1895, pp. 165 f. and figs. 1-6; _J. H. S._, XIX, 1899, pp. 273 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 466 f. and fig. 124 (= Hamdy-Bey et Reinach, Pl. XXIX); von Mach, 379-83; Richardson, p. 242, fig. 116; Springer-Michaelis, p. 348, fig. 627; etc.

[1938] We see it, _e. g._, on the cuirass of the statue of _Augustus_ in the Vatican: von Mach, no. 418.

[1939] Von Mach, no. 232; Robinson, _Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts_, 1897, pp. 18-19; Klein, _Praxitelische Studien_ (= Suppl. to his _Praxiteles_), 1899, p. 1; in n. 1 Klein says that the statue was found in the Tiber.

[1940] _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, pp. 149 f.

[1941] Noted by Klein, _op. cit._, figs. 5 and 7.

[1942] _E. g._, on the vase in the British Museum, discussed in _Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200. Here the driver stands clothed in the regular chiton like that on the _Charioteer_ from Delphi. (Fig. 66.) We see similarly clothed charioteers on various r.-f. vases: _e. g._, on those pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLI-CCLIII; on those enumerated by Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, p. 60 (including some r.-f. ones, _e. g._, the fifth-century B. C. one from Corneto by Euxithoos and Oltos = Baum., III, Pl. XCIII, 2 and p. 2141). Hauser also adds the draped charioteer in the _Helios_ group from the Great Pergamene Altar relief (pictured in Baum., II, Pl. XXXIX, and pp. 1255-6). The general statement of W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, Goettingen, 1880, p. 44), _nam aurigae semper fere longa tunica sola vestiti sunt_, is, of course, correct.

[1943] _E. g._, the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservatori to be mentioned _infra_, p. 276; also other examples in Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 6 (in Rome: _B. Com. Rom._, I, 1888, Pl. XV) and 7 (in Athens: _Jb._, I, 1886, p. 173; Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 221). We see nude charioteers entering two four-horse chariots on a r.-f. lebes, formerly in the collection of Lucien Bonaparte, now in Munich: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIV (below).

[1944] Von Mach, no. 274; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 488, 7: _A. Z._, XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f. (Friedrichs) and Pls. CXXXIII, CXXXIV; _Bonner Jb._, XXVI, Pl. IV. It is 4 ft. 7 in. tall and represents a boy of about 14.

[1945] Friedrichs, though at first, because of the crown on the hair, interpreting it as a _Bonus Eventus_ (_A. Z._, XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f.), later (_Beschr. d. Skulpt._, no. 4, pp. 5-6) called it a charioteer.

[1946] _B. Com. Rom._, XVI, 1888, Pls. XV, XVI, 1, 2 (pp. 335 f.); Joubin, pp. 134 f., and fig. 40; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 973 (restored on p. 557, fig. 29); _Guide_, 597 (restored on p. 442, fig. 28); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 81-82; _Mw._, pp. 115-116; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 6. Mentioned _supra_, p. 275, n. 7.

[1947] Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, Pl. XXII, 2.

[1948] Including the _Hestia Giustiniani_ in the Museo Torlonia, Rome: B. B., 491; von Mach, 75; the so-called _Aspasia_ head, with copies in Paris (Photo Giraudon, no. 1219) and Berlin (_A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, Pl. VIII, two views), and the _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_ in Athens (Pl. 7B); he assigns the later related _Athena_ in the Villa Albani to Praxias, the pupil of Kalamis and contemporary of Pheidias: F. W., 524; _Mp._, p. 78, figs. 29 and 30 (head); _Mw._, pp. 112-113, figs. 19 and 20 (head). However, as Richardson points out, pp. 137 and 207, the _Hestia_ bears a strong resemblance to the East gable figures at Olympia, especially to those of _Sterope_ and _Hippodameia_, and to several female statues in Copenhagen: Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pls. VII (= Joubin, p. 161, fig. 53), XXXVIII, and fig. 3 on p. 13.

[1949] _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1896, pp. 178, 186, 362, 388, and Pls. I, II; _A. A._, 1896, pp. 173 f. (with fig.); Homolle, in _Mon. Piot_, IV, 1897, Pls. XV, XVI, pp. 169 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 579, 581-3; _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. XLIX, L (4 views); Bulle, 199 and fig. 134 on p. 460; von Mach, 60; H. B. Walters, _Art of the Anc. Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXVIII; Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 49 f. and Pls. VIII, IX; G. F. Hill, _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909, pp. 7-8 and Pl. V; Springer-Michaelis, p. 225, fig. 482; Robinson, _Cat. Mus. Fine Arts in Boston_, Suppl., pp. 1 f., no. 85; cast in British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 2688; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 1. It is 5 feet 10.75 inches high (A. H. Smith) or 1.80 meters (Bulle).

[1950] See Svoronos, p. 131, n. 3.

[1951] O. M. Washburn, _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XXV, 1905, cols. 1358 f.; _A. J. A._, X, 1906, pp. 151-3; XII, 1908, pp. 198-208.

[1952] P., X, 15.6.

[1953] _L. c._, and _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, 1905, col. 1549.

[1954] Lechat, _Rev. Arch._, XI, 1908, pp. 126 f., Furtw., _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, II, pp. 157 f., Studniczka, _Jb._, XXII, 1907, pp. 133 f., and others, support Washburn’s view.

[1955] P., X, 9.7-8; _cf._ VI, 3.5, where Amphion is called the pupil of Ptolichos, the pupil of Kritios.

[1956] So von Duhn, _A. M._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 421 f.; a conclusion also reached independently by E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 51.

[1957] So von Duhn, Gardner, and Mahler; the latter in _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, III, 1900, pp. 142 f. Furtwaengler, _l. c._, found von Duhn’s view that the _Charioteer_ is an original work of Pythagoras untenable. He also combated his interpretation of πολύζαλος as a proper name, preferring the suggestion of Washburn that it might be an adjective. However, in a former article (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1897, pp. 129 f.) he had emphasized the similarity between the statue and a bronze statuette in London (_B. M. Bronzes_, 515 and Pl. XVI; _Sitzb._, _l. c._, Pl. V, two views) which he believed was almost certainly a product of Magna Græcia. He found the style of the _Charioteer_ Ionic-Attic without Peloponnesian affiliations, and referred it to Amphion or to some unknown artist of the circle of Kritios and Nesiotes. For a similar view, see Homolle, _Mon. Piot_, IV, 1897, p. 207. Pottier (_ap._ Homolle, _l. c._) assigned it to Kalamis. _Cf._ also Lechat, _Pythagoras de Rhegion_, 1905, p. 100.

[1958] A. D. Keramopoullos, _A. M._, XXXIV, 1909, pp. 33 f. Homolle, _op. cit._, pp. 176 f., and O. Schroeder, _A. A._, 1902, pp. 12 f., had also referred it to Gelo’s dedication.

[1959] P. 152.

[1960] See G. F. Hill, _l. c._

[1961] Besides the Olympic victories already recorded, Hiero also won the chariot-race at Delphi in Pythiad 29 (= 470 B. C.), and the horse-race there twice in Pythiads 26 and 27 (= 482 and 478 B. C.); he also won a chariot-race probably at the Theban _Iolaia_ in (?) 475 B. C.; Pindar celebrates the four victories in _Pyth._, I-III; Bergk, _P. l. G._,^5 I, pp. 175 f.

[1962] P., VI, 14.4; he won either before Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.) or in Ols. 69 or 70 (= 504 or 500 B. C.): Hyde, 126 and p. 52; Foerster, 778 (undated).

[1963] He won κέλητι in Ols. 66 or 67 (= 516 or 512 B. C.): P., VI, 13.9; Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129, 149a (two victories).

[1964] They won in Ol. 68 (= 508 B. C.): P., VI, 13.10; Hyde, 121; Foerster, 152.

[1965] So Hyde, pp. 50-1.

[1966] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 598.

[1967] P., VI, 12.1.

[1968] P., VI, 2.8.

[1969] Xenombrotos won in Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 133 (following Robert, _O. S._, pp. 180-181); Foerster, 327; Xenodikos in Ol. (?) 84 (= 444 B. C.): Hyde, 134; Foerster, 332.

[1970] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 154; _I. G. A._, 552a; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 179-81. However, Kirchhoff referred this base to the statue of a runner: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 84; and Dittenberger to the victor D[amasi]ppos, who won in some running race at an unknown date: Foerster, 812. Robert read the mutilated inscription ἐλάσιππος (“horse-driving”) instead of the proper name Δαμάσιππος.

[1971] _H. N._, XXXIV, 75 and 78 (_celetizontes pueri_).

[1972] Pliny, XXXIV, 71.

[1973] _B. M. Vases_, B 133; Gardiner, p. 461, fig. 169; see also a Panathenaic amphora pictured in Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (left).

[1974] Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167 (left). He won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._, 3; Foerster, 360. _Cf._ a similar jockey on horseback on a coin of Tarentum: Head, _Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins ... in the British Museum_, Pl. XXIV, 7.

[1975] _B. M. Vases_, B 144; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII (lower half); Gardiner, p. 243, fig. 37.

[1976] See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1977] Mentioned in _J. H. S._, XIV, 1894, p. 66 (H. Stuart Jones).

[1978] III, i, p. 200, fig. 3846 (from Dubois-Maisonneuve, _Introd. à l’Étude des vases_, Pl. XLIII); others are there mentioned, _e. g._, _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 3b and II, 1834-38, Pl. XXXII (bottom).

[1979] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, pp. 436 f., with figure (Collignon). This and the following three reliefs are mentioned by Rouse, p. 176.

[1980] F. W., 1206, formerly interpreted as Alexander and Boukephalos.

[1981] Von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 307.

[1982] Von Duhn, in _A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, pp. 167, no. 89 (_cf._ no. 88).

[1983] On the North frieze, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, Tafelbd., slabs XXIV-XLII; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 325, pp. 175 f.; West frieze, Michaelis, slabs II, IV, VI-VII, IX-XI; _B. M. Sculpt._, 326, pp. 179-80; South frieze, Michaelis, slabs I, III, X-XVI, XXII-XXIII; _B. M. Sculpt._, 327, pp. 181-85.

[1984] _C. I. A._, IV, 2, 373, line 99; _cf._ Studniczka, _Arch. Eph._, 1887, p. 146.

[1985] _Vit. X Orat._, 42 (p. 839b); he says that it stood in the ball-court of the maidens known as _arrephoroi_. Pausanias, I, 18.8, also mentions a statuette of Isokrates on a column near the Olympieion.

[1986] Carapanos, _Dodone et ses ruines_, 1877, p. 183 and Pl. XIII, 1; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 527, 1.

[1987] Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, no. 242.

[1988] Dickins, nos. 700, found in 1887 (height 1.12 meters, length of fragment 0.76 meter) and 697 (height 1.13 meters); Winter, Archaische Reiterbilder von der Akropolis, _Jb._, VIII, 1893, pp. 135-156, figs. 13a and b, 14a and b; Collignon, I, pp. 358-9, figs. 180 and 181; Schrader, _Arch. Marmor-Skulpt. im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen_, 1909, p. 81, figs. 72-3 (assuming a Chian sculptor for no. 700); B. B., 459; no. 700 = Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 639, fig. 327; 697 = _ibid._, p. 637, fig. 326. Winter, in the article cited, gives fourteen cuts of such archaic horse monuments.

[1989] See preliminary account by Th. Reinach in _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1919, (Jan.-Feb.), pp. 56-59 and fig. on p. 58. It is 49 centimeters high.

[1990] J. Sieveking, _Die Bronz. d. Samml. Loeb_, 1913, p. 70, Pl. 29; it is 0.12 meter high. An exact copy is in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris; Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes ant. de la Bibliothèque Nationale_, 1893, no. 893. For further examples of horsemen in bronze and marble, see Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 527-533.

[1991] The race is described by P., V, 9.2; _cf._ Plutarch, _Quaest. conviv._, V, 2 (675 C.) For possible examples in sculpture, see Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 532-3.

[1992] _E. g._, on a silver stater of the early third century B. C. from Tarentum in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 462, fig. 170 (right).

[1993] _Les_ ἱππεῖς _athéniens_, 1902 (_Extrait des Mémoires de l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres_, Vol. XXXVII). _Cf._ Gardiner, pp. 71-2.

[1994] _Heralds_ (κήρυκες), trumpeters (σαλπισταί), flutists (αὐληταί), cithara-players (κιθαρισταί), and those who sang with them (κιθαρῳδοί), are mentioned as victors in many inscriptions: _e. g._, at Oropos, _C. I. G. G. S._, I, nos. 419-20; at Tanagra, _ibid._, 540; at Plataiai, _ibid._, 1667; at Thespiai, _ibid._, 1760 and 1773; on Mt. Helikon, _ibid._, 1776; at Akraiphia, _ibid._, 2727; at Koroneia, _ibid._, 2871; etc. _Cf._ Frazer, III, p. 628. Also on Samos: see inscription discussed in _J. H. S._, VII, 1886, p. 150.

[1995] Afr.; Foerster, nos. 302 (Timaios) and 303 (Krates); they are not mentioned by Pausanias in his account of the introduction of various contests at Olympia, V, 8.6 f. Lucian mentions the contests of heralds at Olympia: _de morte Peregrini_, 32.

[1996] V, 22.1.

[1997] Nestor (_F. H. G._, II, p. 485^*, quoted by Athenæus, X, 7, p. 415a) says that he was _periodonikes_ ten times, while Pollux (IV, 89) says seven times. For the dates of the victories, which fell some time between Ols. (?) 113 and 122 (= 328 and 292 B. C.), see Foerster, nos. 395, 399, 402, 404, 406, 411, 415, 422, 425, and 428.

[1998] Athen., X, 7 (p. 414e).

[1999] Amarantos of Alexandria, _apud_ Athen., _l. c._, says that he was 3.5 ells in height; Pollux, _l. c._, four ells. Athenæus relates examples of his voracity.

[2000] For the inscribed basis of his statue at Olympia, see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 232; _cf._ Foerster, 815-19 (undated). The inscription appears to belong to the first century A. D.

[2001] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, pp. 146-7 (Dickins) and fig. 3; _cf._ _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, p. 83 and fig. 6. It is 0.131 meter high.

[2002] _B. M. Bronzes_, 223 (quoted by Dickins, _l. c._).

[2003] See P., X, 9.2.

[2004] Fragm. 65 (= _F. H. G._, I, 207, quoted by Strabo, VI, 1.9, C. 260). For the story about his victory, see Timaios, Strabo, _l. c._, Clemens Alexandr., _Protrept._, I, p. 2, and poetically in _A. G._, VI, 54 (Paulus Silentiarius), and IX, 584.

[2005] _Cf._ Reisch, p. 52.

[2006] IX, 30. 2 f.

[2007] In another passage, X, 7. 2, Pausanias says that Thamyris won a prize for singing at the Pythian games; he also mentions a painting of him by Polygnotos: X, 30. 8. On Thamyris, _cf._ also P., IV, 33. 3 and 7.

[2008] For the story of the poet Arion and the dolphin, see P. III, 25. 7.

[2009] In X, 7. 4, Pausanias says that Sakadas won in flute-playing at Delphi three times, the first in the third year of Ol. 48 (= 585 B. C.). In another passage, II, 22.8, he says that Sakadas was the first to play the “Pythian tune” on the flute. For a description of this tune, see Pollux, IV, 84, and Strabo, IX, 3.10 (C. 421).

[2010] XIV, 24 (p. 629a).

[2011] _C. I. A._, I, 357.

[2012] Froehner, _Notice_, no. 16; Clarac, 122, 342; M. W., I, Pl. 13, 46; etc.

[2013] _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 378 f. (Wolters) and Pl. XII.

[2014] V, 7.10; _cf._ Plutarch, _de Musica_, 26. Athenæus, IV, 39 (p. 154a), quotes from the first book of the catalogue of Olympic victors by Eratosthenes to the effect that the Etruscans used to box to the music of the flute.

[2015] P., V, 17. 10.

[2016] Ph., 55.

[2017] Plut., _l. c._

[2018] See Pinder, _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1867, pp. 97 f.

[2019] He won sometime between Ols. (?) 58 and 62 (= 548 and 532 B. C.): P., VI, 14.9-10; Hyde, 128b and p. 52. He also won six victories at Delphi and fluted at the pentathlon: _cf._ P., _l. c._ and Ph., 55.

[2020] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 604. An example, on the other hand, of a very small man erecting a large statue is that of the poet Lucius Accius, whose statue was set up in the temple of the Camenae in Rome: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 19; _cf._ Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, I, p. 289.

[2021] _E. g._, to Aristotle of Stagira: P., VI, 4.8; Hyde, 41b; to Gorgias of Leontini: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184a; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 293; etc.

[2022] The first part of the present chapter appeared under the caption, Lysippus as a Worker in Marble, in _A. J. A._, 2d Series, XI, 1907, pp. 396-416, and figs. 1-6; the second part, entitled, The Head of a Youthful Heracles from Sparta, appeared _ibid._, XVIII, 1914, pp. 462-478, and fig. 1. Both parts have been rewritten. The author is indebted to the former editor-in-chief, Dr. James M. Paton, for permission to use the original papers in writing the present chapter.

[2023] First noted by Homolle, _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, III Sér., pp. 452 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f.; _id._, _ibid._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 421 f.; _id._, _Rev. Arch._, 1900, p. 383; P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f. (The Apoxyomenos of Lysippos). For a good summary and a new identification of the figures of the group (without discussing the style), see Miss E. M. Gardner and K. K. Smith, _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f. (Pl. XIV and 21 text-cuts).

[2024] The group was composed of nine statues: three of athletes, those of the brothers Agias, a pancratiast, Telemachos, a wrestler, and Agelaos, a boy runner; four statesmen, and the son of the dedicator, and one unknown: _B. C. H._, XXI, pp. 592 f.; _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 45-46.

[2025] _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, p. 452: “_un des meilleures exemples de la manière de Lysippe_.”

[2026] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598.

[2027] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 470-1: “_L’auteur de la statue d’Agias ... ne peut être cherché que dans l’école de Lysippe ou dans sa dépendance immédiate...._” On p. 472 he says that in the _Agias_ we have a statue “_qui approche aussi près que possible d’un original de Lysippe_.”

[2028] _Ein delphisches Weihgeschenck_, 1900; for the inscription referring to the statue of Agias, see _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592-593. Preuner’s ingenious theory was based on a combination of the inscriptions on the bases of the group.

[2029] _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. LXIII (full length), LXIV (head); statue of Sisyphos I, Pl. LXV; Sisyphos II, LXVIII (= _B. C. H._, XXIII, Pl. IX); Agelaos (= _B. C. H._, XXIII, Pl. IX). For the _Agias_, see also _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, Pls. X (head, two views) and XI (statue); von Mach, 234; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 596; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 549, 11 (before the discovery of the lower legs). The name is to be spelled either Agias or Hagias; the former has now become usual.

[2030] Baron Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (1760-1836) visited Pharsalos in September 1811.

[2031] In the Braccio Nuovo: Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 86, no. 67 and Pl. XI; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 23; _Guide_, I, no. 31; B. B., 281 (head = 487); Bulle, 62 (head = 213); and reconstruction in a bronzed cast on a high pedestal in the Museum of the University of Erlangen, _ibid._, pp. 117-18, fig. 22, a, b, c (_cf._ _Muenchner Jb. f. bild. Kunst._, 1906, p. 36); von Mach, 235; Baum., II, p. 843, fig. 925; _Mon. d. I._, V, 1849-53, Pl. XIII; Rayet, II, Pl. 47 (text by Collignon); Overbeck, II, p. 157, fig. 182; Collignon, II, p. 415, fig. 218; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. XXXIV and pp. 107-10; Springer-Michaelis, p. 337, fig. 603; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 2; Clarac, V, 848B, 2168A; F. W., 1264; etc.

[2032] _Cf._ F. W., p. 449, paragraph 2 of the notes. E. Braun (_Annali_, L, 1850, pp. 223 f.) first identified the statue with Lysippos’ _Apoxyomenos_; _cf._ also Brunn (_Bulletino d. Inst._, 1851, p. 91).

[2033] _Cf._ Becker, _Gallus_,^3 III, p. 108; and especially J. Kueppers, Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos, in _Progr. des Bonner Gymnas._, 1869.

[2034] _H. N._, XXXIV, 62.

[2035] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 65.

[2036] Especially its surface modeling was supposed to confirm Pliny’s criticism of the master: _op. cit._, XXXIV, 65.

[2037] _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909, p. 39.

[2038] Unless we except the Athenian torso to be mentioned _infra_, p. 290, n. 4.

[2039] _Cf._ Tarbell, _Congress of Arts and Sciences_, St. Louis, 1904, III, p. 614.

[2040] _De Alex. Magn. fort. aut virt._, _Orat._ II, 2 (p. 335, b, c); _S. Q._, no. 1479.

[2041] _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 130, n. 28; it is also quoted by Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 220-1.

[2042] See Ada Maviglia, _L’attività artistica di Lisippo ricostruita su nuova base_, 1914. For the Uffizi statue, see _supra_, pp. 136-137.

[2043] In his discussion of the Athenian torso, which he believed was another copy of the original of the Vatican statue: _A. M._, II, 1877, pp. 57-8, Pl. IV; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 819, 1. This torso had the left leg free, while the Vatican one had the right one free; it is also dry and hard in its technique.

[2044] That of Emil Braun, in _Annali_, L, 1850, p. 249.

[2045] _E. g._, Loewy, _R. M._, XVI, 1901, p. 392. Furtwaengler, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1904, II, p. 379, n. 1, says that the _Agias_ “_dem Lysipp gaenzlich ferne steht_,” and assigns it to an Athenian artist.

[2046] Especially the Gardner brothers: P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 130-131 (where he identifies the _Apoxyomenos_ with the _Perixyomenos_ of Daïppos, the son or pupil of Lysippos, a work mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 87); _ibid._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f., especially p. 236 (on pp. 255 f. he dates the _Apoxyomenos_ just after 300 B. C., though ultimately deriving it from the school of Lysippos); _id._, _Class. Rev._, 1913, p. 56; E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 222; _Hbk._, p. 443. T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 292, makes the _Agias_ the centre of his treatment of Lysippos. Still others who think that the two statues can not be by the same sculptor are cited by Wolters, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, p. 44, n. 3. See also F. Paulson, _Delphi_, 1920, pp. 288-289.

[2047] _E. g._, Collignon, _Lysippe_, p. 31; Amelung, _R. M._, XX, 1905, pp. 144 f.; _id._, _Vat._, I, p. 87 (where he says that the _Agias_ offers the closest analogies in style to the _Apoxyomenos_); Michaelis, _Die archaeol. Entdeckungen des 19ten Jahrh._, 1906, p. 276; _A Century of Archæological Discoveries_ (transl. of preceding, by Bettina Kahnweiler, 1908), p. 323; _id._, Springer-Michaelis, p. 335; for others, _cf._ Wolters, _l. c._, n. 2.

[2048] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 61 (= S. Q. no. 1444), quotes Douris as saying that Lysippos was the pupil of no artist. He tells how the painter Eupompos advised the sculptor as a boy _naturam ipsam imitandam, esse non artificem_. Such a judgment, of course, can not be literally true, as every artist is to a large extent a child of his age and circumstances. _Cf._ Jex-Blake, pp. xlviii f., for the anecdotal character of Pliny’s statement. That the statement comes, perhaps, from Eupompos is the view of Kalkmann, _Quellen der Kunstgeschichte des Plinius_, 1898, p. 165.

[2049] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598; _id._, XXIII, 1899, p. 471; _cf._ T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, _l. c._ On the relation of Skopas to Lysippos, see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 126 f., and E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 198. The influence of Skopas is especially observable in Lysippos’ treatment of forehead and eyes and in the consequent intensity of expression.

[2050] _Jb._, XXV, 1910, pp. 172-3.

[2051] See Wolters, _l. c._, pp. 45 f. Most scholars have followed the contention of Preuner that the statue at Pharsalos was the older: _e. g._, Kern, _I. G._, IX, 2, 249.

[2052] _Cf._ Hill, _op. cit._, p. 39.

[2053] _Mp._, p. 364 and n. 2; _Mw._, p. 597 and n. 3; for the Berlin athlete, see _Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt._, no. 471; for a copy of the Berlin head in the Museo delle Terme, Rome, see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1380 _bis_; _Jb._, XXVI, 1911, p. 278, n. 1; and _cf._ _R. M._, XX, 1905, pp. 147 f., figs. 5-7; for the Dresden statues, see Hettner, _Bildw. d. kgl. Antiken-samml._, nos. 245-6; one of these has a beardless head, which is analogous to a more beautiful head in Copenhagen: _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 1072. Of this head, which is earlier than that of the _Apoxyomenos_, Furtwaengler says that it is “one of the finest and most purely Lysippan works in existence.” In _Mp._, p. 338, he mentions a bronze statuette of Hermes from Athens now in Berlin (Invent. 6305) “in the swinging posture of the _Apoxyomenos_,” and says that it is of the purest Lysippan style.

[2054] _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 239-40 and Pl. XVI; Duetschke, IV, 151.

[2055] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 240; Mahler ascribes this work to Lysippos: _Polykl. u. s. Sch._, 1902, p. 153, n. 1.

[2056] _B. M. Sculpt._, 1747, p. 102; _Mp._, p. 298 and fig. 126; _Mw._, pp. 515 and 517 and fig. 93; _cf._ Mrs. Strong, in _Strena Helbigiana_, 1900, p. 297. It is 6 ft. 8 in. high without the plinth (Smith).

[2057] A better copy is the torso in the Louvre, _Photo Giraudon_, no. 1289; a head is in the Lateran, no. 891.

[2058] _De olymp. Stat._, Halle, 1902, and enlarged, 1903, pp. 27 f.

[2059] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LIV, 3-4, and Textbd., p. 209, fig. 237; _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, 1881, Pl. XX.

[2060] VI, 2.1.

[2061] The head is still exhibited at Olympia in the same room as the _Hermes_.

[2062] _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114; _cf._, _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, pp. 13-14.

[2063] _Olympia_^2, 1886, pp. 343 f. and Pl. XVI (right).

[2064] _Restauration d’Olympie_, 1889, p. 137.

[2065] In Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, _s. v._ Herakles, p. 2166.

[2066] _E. g._, Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189-226, especially p. 217; von Sybel, in _Luetzow’s Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst_, N. F., II, pp. 253 f.

[2067] _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 209 and n. 1.

[2068] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 456-7.

[2069] _Polyklet u. seine Schule_, p. 149.

[2070] Preuner (_op. cit._, p. 12) dates the dedication 339-331 B. C.; Homolle (B. C. H., XVIII, 1899, p. 440) more closely, 338-334 B. C. Preuner dates Agias’ victory about 450 B. C.

[2071] Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 208, gives these measurements: height with neck, 0.270 meter; height of head alone, 0.215 meter; breadth of face, 0.127 meter; height of face, 0.155 meter.

[2072] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[2073] The hair, however, of the _Apoxyomenos_ is an exception, for, even if worked out with some care, it is devoid of expression.

[2074] The use of the drill is seen in the Praxitelian _Hermes_, but is not seen in the Tegea heads, nor is it common in the first half of the fourth century B. C.: _cf._ Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 309.

[2075] So Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 208 (though formerly in _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114, he called it a pancratiast with Herakles features); Reisch, p. 43, n. 1; Flasch, in Baum., p. 1104 00; Furtwaengler, in Roscher’s _Lex._, _s. v._ Herakles, I, 2, p. 2166; etc.

[2076] See pp. 75 and 94.

[2077] _E. g._, Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 208 f.

[2078] _Supra_, pp. 167 f.

[2079] Michaelis, pp. 451 f., no. 61; _Specimens_, I, Pl. XL; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 297, fig. 125, _Mw._, p. 516, fig. 92; Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189 f., and Pls. VIII-IX; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 600; Clarac, V, 788, 1973; etc. It was found in 1790 in the ruins of Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli.

[2080] VI, 1.4.

[2081] VI, 2.1.

[2082] VI, 5.1.

[2083] VI, 4.6.

[2084] VI, 17.3.

[2085] East of the temple of Zeus; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 342, n. 4.

[2086] See list in Hyde, pp. 3 f. Here nos. 91 and 136 refer to the same victor.

[2087] VI, 1.3.

[2088] _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 209. See Plans A and B.

[2089] P., VI, 1.4.

[2090] P., VI, 1.6.

[2091] P., VI, 3.2.

[2092] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 166 (Troilos), 160 (Kyniska), 172 (Sophios). See Plans A and B.

[2093] This fact, together with its place of finding not far from the Great Gymnasion, led Treu to believe that the statue once adorned the interior of the exercise-place of the athletes: _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 209.

[2094] The Praxitelian _Hermes_ similarly shows an unfinished treatment of the back hair; in fact the entire back of the statue is carelessly done (_Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 203, fig. 233), though chisel-rasps show a subsequent attempt to better it. This condition led Treu at first (_Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, p. 10; followed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 308, n. 7; _Mw._, p. 531, n. 3) to believe that the statue was made at Olympia with regard to its position in the Heraion. Later (_Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 204-5) Treu believed that this merely indicated that the statue was intended to stand against a wall; and since the present base is not the original one (see Bulle, _apud_ Purgold, _Ergebnisse v. Ol._, II, pp. 157 f.), that the statue was not originally meant for the temple, but was moved thither, perhaps in Nero’s day; _cf._ also Wernicke, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 108 f. For the _Hermes_, mentioned by P., V, 17.3, and found in the cella of the Heraion on May 8, 1877, see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XLIX-LIII; Textbd., pp. 194 f. and figs. 225-234.

[2095] However, Lysippos made the statue of Polydamas of Skotoussa, who won the pankration in Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.), many years after the victory: see P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; H. L. von Urlichs, _Ueber Griech. Kunstschriftsteller_, Diss. inaug., 1887, p. 26.

[2096] P. 27.

[2097] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; _cf._ P., VI, 1. 4 (both victories wrongly in Ol. 102); Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345.

[2098] Date given by P., VI, 4.2. See Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359.

[2099] For the earlier dating of Lysippos, see Winter, _Jb._, VII, 1892, p. 169 (who begins the artist’s activity with the seventies), Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 211, and Milchhoefer, _Arch. Stud. fuer H. Brunn_, p. 66, n. 2; see also Hyde, pp. 26-7, (who gives the sculptor’s artistic activity as Ols. 103-115 = 368-320 B. C.); E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 216-217, who dates his activity 366-316 B. C.; P. Gardner, _infra_, next note.

[2100] _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 243-249; on p. 245 he says: “There is some evidence for work by Lysippos at a later date than B. C. 320. And if he were born, as seems probable, about B. C. 390, he may well have accepted commissions, to be executed mainly by his pupils, for several years after 320.”

[2101] P., VI, 4, 6-7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392, who, on the basis of _I. G. B._, p. 75, to no. 93b, dates the victories Ols. (?) 112 and 113 (= 332 and 328 B. C.).

[2102] _L. c._, p. 246.

[2103] P., VI, 17, 3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (= Ols. ? 113 and 114, = 328 and 324 B. C. on the basis of _I. G. B._, p. 75).

[2104] _E. g._, Furtwaengler, who gives 350-300 B. C. as the period of his artistic activity: _Mw._, p. 523, n. 3.

[2105] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598 (and copied in XXIII, 1899, p. 422). The _Agias_ is but slightly later than the _Hermes_, if we accept Furtwaengler’s dating for the latter, about 343 B. C.: _Mp._, pp. 307-308; _Mw._, pp. 529-531. Brunn had regarded the _Hermes_ as a youthful work of Praxiteles: _Deutsche Rundschau_, VIII, 1882, pp. 188 f. Purgold, _Aufsaetze E. Curtius gewidmet_, pp. 233 f., and S. Reinach, _Gaz. Arch._, 1887, p. 282, n. 9, had assigned it to the year 363 B. C.

[2106] _H. N._, XXXIV, 37.

[2107] _Ibid._, 61 f.

[2108] The two are contrasted in XXXV, 156: _[Varro] laudat et Pasitelen qui plasticen matrem caela turae et statuariae scalpturaeque (= sculpturae) dixit_, etc. _Cf. infra_, Ch. VII, p. 324, n. 4. They are also contrasted in XXXVI, 15. _Sculptura_ is the modern title of Bk. XXXVI.

[2109] II, p. 150. See also Bulle, p. 137. Amongst recent writers who oppose this view are Koepp, _Ueber d. Bildnisse Alex. d. Gr._, p. 29, and Preuner, _op. cit._, pp. 46-7.

[2110] Thus the Sikyonian Kanachos worked in marble, bronze, gold and ivory, and cedar-wood: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 50 and 75; XXXVI, 41; P., II, 10.5; IX, 10.2; etc.

[2111] F. Spiro, _Woch. f. kl. Philologie_, XXI, 1904, col. 792 (in his review of my _de olymp. Stat. a Paus. commem._).

[2112] See _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 1-3; Textbd., pp. 209 f.

[2113] This is substantially Preuner’s view: _op. cit._, pp. 39-40 and 46-47; the later view of P. Wolters that the Delphi group was older than the statue at Pharsalos has already been mentioned _supra_, p. 292; see _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 44-45.

[2114] In _A. J. A._, XI, 1907, pp. 414-16, I argued that the statue of Agias was an original and not a copy; in the present work this view is somewhat modified.

[2115] So Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 445 and 459; S. Reinach, _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1900, pp. 8 f.; H. Lechat, _Rev. des Études anciennes_, II, 1900, pp. 195 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 441; P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 127; _cf._ Preuner, _op. cit._, p. 38; etc. Homolle, _l. c._, p. 471, says that if the _Agias_ is a copy, “_c’est celui d’une copie authentique immédiate, contemporaine du modèle_.” The view that the Delphi group was not original is well expressed by P. Wolters, _l. c._, p. 50, who says that “_niemand die delphischen Statuen fuer Originale des Lysippos erklaeren wird_.”

[2116] _Hbk._, p. 441, n. 2; only two small marble props, reaching to the calves, support the ankles.

[2117] This treatment gives the impression of texture and profusion; see Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 309.

[2118] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 69-71 (list of bronze works).

[2119] Mechanically exact copies were unknown in the fourth century B. C. Furtwaengler has shown that such copies began to be made in the second century B. C., or possibly at the end of the third, and became common only in the first: _Ueber Statuencopien im Altertum_, 1896.

[2120] It is mentioned by Pausanias, IX, 35.3, and the Surname “_Oulios_” by Strabo, XIV, 1.6 (C. 635); it is described by Plutarch, _de Musica_, 14 (= 1136 A), and Macrobius, _Sat._, I, 1713.

[2121] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, XIV, 16, Boeckh, p. 293.

[2122] Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, p. 299, 8-9; _cf._ Athen., X, 24 (p. 424 f.). It appears on Athenian coins also: see Frazer, V, p. 174, figs. 8-9.

[2123] P., VIII, 46.3; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75. _Cf._ Brunn, I, pp. 74 f.

[2124] P., IX, 10.2.

[2125] _Op. cit._ The transference to the minor arts—reliefs, coins, gems and vase-paintings—was, of course, especially common at all times. See also F. Hauser, _Die neu-attischen Reliefs_, 1889, and Flasch, _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 119.

[2126] P., VI, 8.5 and VII, 27.5. He won the pankration in Ol. 94 (= 404 B. C.): Hyde, 81; Foerster, 286.

[2127] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 616-20 (Homolle).

[2128] See Amelung, _R. M._, IX, 1894, pp. 162 f. and Pl. VII. _Cf._, Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 190-191, and fig. 222 B, on pp. 188-189.

[2129] _J. H. S._, XXIX, 1909, pp. 151-2, fig. 1 a and b (F. H. Marshall).

[2130] XIII, 1909, pp. 151-7, with Pl. IV and figs. 1-3 (A head of Heracles in the style of Scopas.)

[2131] _Ibid._, pp. 156 and 157.

[2132] _Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin_, VIII, no. 46 (Aug., 1910), p. 26.

[2133] II, 10.1.

[2134] F. Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner, p. 30 (reprinted from articles which appeared in the _J. H. S._, VI-VIII, 1885-1887).

[2135] Discussed by Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189-226. For the coin, see _ibid._, pp. 212-14.

[2136] For the two heads of heroes, see Kabbadias, pp. 154 f., nos. 179, 180; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 33; B. B., no. 44; Collignon, II, pp. 239, figs. 118 and 119; _Ant. Denkm._, I, 3, 1888, Pl. XXXV, 2-3, 4-5 (from casts); Milchhoefer, _A. M._, IV, 1879, pp. 133-4, nos. 24-25; G. Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 98 f.; Luetzow, _Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst_, XVII, 1882, pp. 322 f.; Baum., III, pp. 1667 f. and figs. 1733 and 1734; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, pp. 255 f.; Springer-Michaelis, p. 306, figs. 544, a, b; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 412, fig. 105; von Mach, 469.

[2137] VIII, 45.6-7; see Mendel, _B. C. H._, XXV, 1901, pp. 257 f., and Pls. IV, V (= head of Atalanta?), VI (= torso of Atalanta?), VII, VIII (= heads of Herakles); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 416, fig. 106, has reconstructed the _Atalanta_ from Pls. IV and VI just mentioned.

[2138] _L. c._, p. 259. The head has been restored by a German sculptor, and the chin appears to have been made too retreating: see _Encyl. Brit._, 11th ed., vol. XII, _s. v._ “Greek Art,” Pl. III, fig. 63.

[2139] From his Atalanta of Tegea, in _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 172-3, quoted in part by Dr. Bates, _l. c._, pp. 155-6.

[2140] It was chiefly the preponderance of the lower part of the face over the upper, in consequence of the large chin and strongly marked cheek-bones, that led Treu to predicate Peloponnesian rather than Attic influence in the Tegea heads: _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 408. He found them Polykleitan in character, as did also Graef, _l. c._, p. 210, Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 523, and Collignon, II, p. 238. L. R. Farnell, however, long ago combated the theory of Peloponnesian influence, and found analogies in fifth-century Attic works of the time of Pheidias, as well as in works from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.: see _J. H. S._, VII, 1886, pp. 114 f.

[2141] _Descriptiones stat._, B (in _Philostrati opera_, ed. Kayser, p. 891). He also says (_ibid._) that Skopas ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος ἐπιπνοίας κινηθεὶς εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἀγάλματος δημιουργίαν τὴν θεοφορίαν ἐφῆκε. The words with which Diodoros (Fragm. 1, Bk. XXVI) characterized Praxiteles, as ὁ καταμίξας ἄκρως τοῖς λιθίνοις ἔργοις τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς πάθη, apply much better to Skopas, for Praxiteles’ “emotions of the soul” are mood and temperament rather than emotion and passion.

[2142] _B. C. H._, XXV, 1901, Pls. IV-V.

[2143] The same overhanging masses of flesh, which we see in the male heads, are, however, visible in several other female heads attributed to Skopas: _e. g._, in the colossal one called _Artemisia_ from the Eastern pediment of the Mausoleion: Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LIX; in the head of an _Aphrodite_ found in the sea off Laurion: _J. H. S._, XV, 1895, pp. 194f. and fig. (Aphrodite?); in the head of a goddess found south of the Akropolis (and in the copy of it in Berlin): Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 457, fig. 119; and in the Dresden statuette of a _Mænad_: Treu, _Mélanges Perrot_, Pl. V; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LII; etc.; they are also plainly visible in the _Demeter of Knidos_: Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LIII; etc. These heads are discussed by Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 190f., and are ascribed by him to Skopas.

[2144] _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, p. 174. Gardner (_ibid._) does not explain this contrast in expression between the _Atalanta_ and the surrounding heroes on the analogy of the contrast in the calmness of _Apollo_ among the struggling _Lapiths_ from the Olympia pediment, since the action in the torso of _Atalanta_ shows that she was no mere spectator. He finds the explanation rather in the sex and youth of the heroine; for this reason he thinks that the sculptor did not represent her as sharing equally with the others the passion of the combat. He finds a truer analogy in the contrast between calm and passion in the _Lapiths_ and _Centaurs_ of the Parthenon metopes, where the human and bestial are thus distinguished; just so the heroine-goddess is here distinguished from her human companions. He also supposes that Skopas was not ready thus early in his career (just after 395 B. C., when the temple of Athena Alea was destroyed by fire) to apply his new extreme of expression to female heads. However, it must not be overlooked that these male heads—because of their marked individuality—presuppose a more mature genius, and so can just as well be assigned to the period of the Arkadian revival of 370 B. C. It has recently been seriously disputed whether the _Atalanta_ should be assigned at all to the Eastern pediment, where the French excavators placed it; thus Cultrera has looked upon it as an akroterion figure, while Thiersch and Neugebauer have identified it with a single figure representing _Nike_. See Cultrera, _Atti dell’ Accad. dei Lincei_, 1910, pp. 22f.; H. Thiersch, Zum Problem des Tegeatempels, _Jb._, XXVIII, 1913, p. 270; Neugebauer, _Studien ueber Skopas_, Leipsic, 1913; the latter has argued that the head and torso do not belong together, while Dugas has maintained the older view, that the turn and position of the neck fit the torso: _Rev. de l’art anc. et mod._, 1911, pp. 9f.

[2145] The effect in the Tegea heads is heightened by the abrupt transition from the brow to the socket—the outer end of the upper lid being almost hidden.

[2146] Kabbadias, I, p. 416, no. 869; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 168 f. and fig.; Conze, _Griech. Grabreliefs_, IX, 1897, no. 1055 and Pl. CCXI; B. B., 469; Bulle, 267; von Mach, 369; P. Gardner, _Sculptured Tombs of Hellas_, 1896, Pl. XIV and p. 152; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXV and p. 208; Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 199 f.; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, fig. 204; _id._, _Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst_, N. F., II, p. 293; _cf._ Wolters, _A. M._, XVIII, 1893, p. 6. It is 1.68 meters in height and 1.07 in breadth (Staïs). The likeness of the head of the athlete in this relief to that of the _Agias_ is striking.

[2147] It was formerly in the Sala di Meleagro, but was later removed to the Sala degli animali; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 128, and Nachtrag; _Guide_, I, p. 78, no. 133; Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 33, no. 10, and Pls. II and XII; B. B., 386; von Mach, 216; _id._, _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, 1903, pp. 279 f.; Bulle, p. 484, fig. 145; _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 1a, 1b (head); Graef, _R. M._, IV, pp. 218 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, 1, 479, 2; Clarac, 805, 2021. It is 2.10 meters high (Amelung).

[2148] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 28.

[2149] _Mp._, 296 f.; _cf._ Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, p. 450, n. 2. Furtwaengler thought that the head was Attic and believed that it was the direct successor of the Munich _Oil-pourer_ (Pl. 11), the _Standing Diskobolos_ of the Vatican (Pl. 6), the Florence _Apoxyomenos_ (Pl. 12), and analogous to the Ilissos relief (Fig. 74), two bronze heads from Herculaneum (a = F. W., 1302, and Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercol._, Pl. VII, 3; b = _ibid._, Pl. X, 2), and other works; Graef, _op. cit._, p. 199, and Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 198-9, regard it as Skopasian; Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 60, n. 3, believes that it shows Polykleitan influence.

[2150] _Ancient Marbles in Great Britain_, p. 451.

[2151] P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 128 (_cf._ XXV, 1895, p. 240), has called it “definitely a Lysippic work”; similarly Cultrera, Una Statua di Ercole, _Mem. della R. Accad. dei Lincei_, p. 188; recently, T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, pp. 297-298.

[2152] _Op. cit._, pp. 219 f.

[2153] Von Mach, 214; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 484, 1; another in Copenhagen: Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. XXXII (opp. p. 98); a head is also in the Ny-Carlsberg collection there: _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 362 and Pl. 100.

[2154] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 2a, 2b, p. 29 (Petersen); Collignon, II, p. 250, fig. 127; Bulle, 212 and fig. 144, on p. 481; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XV. For the _Apollo_ torso, see M. D., I, no. 215.

[2155] Mentioned in _Not. Scav._, 1895, p. 196, and figs. 1-2, and in _R. M._, X, p. 92 (Petersen); briefly described by R. Norton, _Harvard Graduates’ Magazine_, VIII, 1900 (June), pp. 485 f.; von Mach, 215; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 555, 6. _Cf._ _A. J. A._, IV, 1900, p. 275 and V, 1901, pp. 29 f. (latter = abstract of paper by von Mach). The Cambridge copy was found about 300 feet from the spot where the Berlin copy was discovered.

[2156] _H. N._, XXXIV, 66; in the text, _et Alexandrum Thespiis venatorem_, it is best to understand _venatorem_ as an appositive, therefore indicating a statue of Alexander as hunter. As the boar (in the bronze original no support was necessary) is a Roman accessory like the chlamys, it is best to call the work under discussion not _Meleager_, but merely hunter and dog (so Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, _l. c._). It was probably dedicated by a successful hunter to Artemis, or else it was a grave-monument, as such figures are common on sarcophagi: see Robert, _Ant. Sarcoph. Reliefs_, IV, Pls. XLVII, 154, and XLIX, 155, pp. 188 f.; and also on Attic grave-reliefs: _e. g._, on the Ilissos relief mentioned above (Fig. 74).

[2157] Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 304-5; Furtw.-Urlichs, Amelung, Helbig, von Mach, Arndt, E. Sellers-Strong (see introduction to Furtw., _Mp._, p. XIII), etc.

[2158] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 128-129.

[2159] _Sculpt._, p. 219.

[2160] _Cf._ P. Gardner, _Types of Greek Coins_, 1883, Pl. XII, 16.

[2161] Pl. LXIX in _Six Greek Sculptors_. E. A. Gardner (p. 226) is doubtless right in believing that this form of brow was a personal peculiarity of Alexander, as it recurs so often in his portraits. It is seen in the head of Alexander on the sarcophagus from Sidon (either by a pupil of Lysippos or by some sculptor under his influence), the reliefs from which portray the same subject as the bronze group by Lysippos in Delphi mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 64, dedicated by Krateros on the occasion narrated by Plutarch, _Vita Alex. Magni_, 40, who states that the group was executed conjointly with Leochares: see Hamdy Bey et Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, 1892, Pl. XXXIII, no. 6 (reproduced by Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXI). So far as I know, it occurs in Lysippan work to a prominent degree only in likenesses of Alexander. We know that Lysippos created the Alexander-type of head, as he alone could reproduce his manly and leonine air (_cf._ Plut., _de Alex. M. fortuna aut virtute_, _oratio_ II, 2, = p. 335). It is, to a less extent, present in the Azara head in the Louvre, which, owing to its likeness to the head of the _Apoxyomenos_, used to be taken as the nearest copy of the original by Lysippos.

[2162] It should be observed that the axis of the right eye in the head from Sparta droops slightly, which causes the eyeball to turn in. This seems to me to be merely the result of imperfect skill in modeling. It has a tendency to give to the face a look of greater intensity.

[2163] See _supra_, pp. 295-6.

[2164] _B. C. H._ XXIII, 1899, p. 455. Furtwaengler, _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 10 f., has shown that it was a favorite device to represent boxers and pancratiasts with a sombre look (“_der finstere Blick_”).

[2165] 1102: κοὐδεὶς τροπαῖ’ ἔστησε τῶν ἐμῶν χερῶν.

[2166] In the passage already cited from _de Alex. Magn. fort. aut virtute_, Orat. II, 2, (= p. 385c); ... καὶ τῶν ὀμμάτων τὴν διάχυσιν καὶ ὑγρότητα, κ. τ. λ.; _cf._ also his _Vita Alex. Magni_, IV (= p. 666), ... τὴν ὑγρότητα τῶν ὀμμάτων.

[2167] The hair of the head from Sparta, like that of the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_, has not the expression displayed in some Lysippan heads (notably in portraits of Alexander), nor the detail which we should expect from Pliny’s statement that Lysippos excelled in his treatment of hair (_H. N._, XXXIV, 65; see next note). But the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_ represent pancratiasts, and here we should not expect such expression. In the _Agias_, the hair, even if lacking in detail, is treated carefully and with variety.

[2168] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65: _propriae huius videntur esse argutiae operum custoditae in minimis quoque rebus_. Here the word _argutiae_ means “subtlety,” rather than “animation,” as given in Harper’s Latin Dictionary.

[2169] I need hardly add that such an idealizing tendency should be carefully distinguished from the deification of mortals which came into prominence after the time of Alexander, but existed in Greece from the early fifth century B. C., at least. The case of heroizing the Thasian Theagenes, who won at Olympia in boxing and the pankration in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 475 B. C.), has been discussed with similar ones in Ch. I, p. 35. But the fact that a victor wanted his statue to be more or less assimilated to the ideal type of the hero, whom he regarded as his athletic prototype and ideal, does not mean that he had any idea of looking upon himself as a god.

[2170] This would explain the simple, even sketchy, treatment of the closely cropped hair, just as in the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_. The similarly parted lips of the Sparta head are certainly more appropriate to an athlete represented as weary with his toil than to a youthful Herakles. The slightly fierce expression of the face, augmented by the already noted imperfection in the modeling of the right eyeball, recalls the γοργόν look characteristic of boxers and pancratiasts; _cf. supra_, p. 317, n. 2. On the threatening eyes of contestants in general, see Xenophon, _Mem._, III, 10, 6-8, and _supra_, p. 59.

The head appears to me to be that of a boy of about sixteen years; its style is too early for a victor in the boys’ pankration, as this event was not introduced at Olympia until the 145th Olympiad (= 200 B. C.): see Paus., V, 8.11 and Ph., 13. The wrestling match for boys was introduced in 01. 37 (= 632 B. C.): see Paus., V, 8.9, and Afr. Boys were first allowed to box in Ol. 41 (= 616 B. C.): see Paus., _ibid._ (though Philostratos, 13, gives two traditions, Ols. 41 and 60).

[2171] We have record of only one statue of a victor set up in Sparta, that of the wrestler Hetoimokles, who won at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: see Paus., III, 13.9, and _cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 362, no. 4.

[2172] In the present