chapter I

have partly rewritten two articles which have appeared in the _A. J. A._; the first, entitled, Were Olympic Victor Statues Exclusively of Bronze?, in vol. XIX, 2d Ser., 1915, pp. 57-62; the second, The Oldest Dated Victor Statue, in vol. XVIII, 2d Ser., 1914, pp. 156-164 and Fig. I. I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Paton, former editor-in-chief, for permission to use them in the present work.

[2173] On p. 16 he says: _id unum dubitari non potest quin Olympionicarum statuae posteriorum temporum omnes ad unam aeneae fuerint_; on p. 17 he again says: _fieri non potest quin existimemus illas statuas omnes ex aere factas fuisse_.

[2174] _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235.

[2175] II, 2, p. 530 (note on P., VI, 1.1).

[2176] F. W., under no. 213, p. 101.

[2177] _Denkm._^3, p. 101; Engl. ed., p. 117.

[2178] VI, 1.1-18.7.

[2179] Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f.; and _cf._ Brunn, I, p. 72. See _supra_, Ch. III, School of Argos, pp. 109-110.

[2180] Brunn, I, p. 34; etc.

[2181] The inscription gives a fragmentary enumeration of various victories: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 234, p. 346; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 360 and n. 3.

[2182] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 235, pp. 346-347; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 360 and n. 4.

[2183] Ch. IV, pp. 254-5; _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 10-11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2, 2a; F. W., 322; etc.

[2184] _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 11-12; Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; F. W., 324. See _supra_, p. 255.

[2185] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 12; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, 5, 5a. Furtwaengler assigned it to a statue “_freien Stiles_.” _Cf._ F. W., 325.

[2186] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 22; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, no. 63. Even the veins are here indicated.

[2187] _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 12-13; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, etc., and see text on p. 16. In this connection we have omitted bronze fragments in modern museums known to have once stood in the Altis, _e. g._, the head from Beneventum (Fig. 3) in the Louvre: B. B., 324; von Mach, 481. These have been already discussed in Ch. II, pp. 62 f.

[2188] E. Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, 1851-2, I, p. 85; II, pp. 16 and 96, n. 14; F. Dahn, Die Germanen in Griechenland, in _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 128 f. Of course, long before the barbarians entered Greece many of the best of these statues had been removed to Italy by Roman generals and emperors, especially Nero, and others were destroyed in various ways.

[2189] He won in Ol. 59 (= 544 B. C.): P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187; Foerster, 113.

[2190] He won in Ol. 61 (= 536 B. C.): P., _l. c._; Hyde, 188; Foerster, 120.

[2191] That of Rhexibios was of fig-wood and that of Praxidamas of cypress, and consequently less decayed than the other. We know that cypress-wood was largely used for the early ξόανα because of its hardness and durability: _e. g._, the gilded statue in Ephesos, mentioned by Xenophon, _Anab._, V, 3.12. Theophrastos speaks of the durability of this wood: _de Plant. hist._, V, 4.2 (χρονιώτατα δοκεῖ τὰ κυπαρίττινα εἶναι). _Cf._ Hehn, _Kulturpflanzen und Haustiere_^6, 1894, pp. 276 f.; H. Bluemner, _Technologie und Terminologie d. Gewerbe und Kuenste bei Griechen und Roemern_, 1879, II, pp. 257 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 625.

[2192] VII, 27.5. Scherer also, p. 18, n. 4, adduces a passage from the work of the second-century A. D. rhetorician Aristeides, κατὰ τῶν ἐξορχ., II, p. 544 (ed. Dindorf), which he thinks points to the exclusive use of metal for victor statues: τοὺς ἐπὶ στεφανιτῶν ἀγώνων σκεψώμεθα, οἷον τὸν Δωριέα ... καὶ πάντας, ὧν εἰκόνες χαλκαί; he also refers to a passage in Dio Chrysost., _Orat._, XXVIII, A, p. 531 R (289 M).

[2193] F. W., no. 213, p. 101; Scherer, p. 18, n. 3; Vischer, _Aesthetik_, III, §607, p. 377; and _cf._ S. Reinach, _R. Ét. Gr._, XX, p. 413.

[2194] See Koehler, _Gesam. Schriften_ (ed. Stephani), VI, p. 345.

[2195] VI, 1.2.

[2196] See Hyde, _op. cit._, Catalogue, pp. 3-24. There 188 victors are listed, Philon of Corcyra appearing twice, nos. 91 and 136.

[2197] _H. N._, XXXIV, 16.

[2198] P., VI, 1.1, says that not all victors set up statues. This has been discussed in Ch. I, p. 27.

[2199] Pliny differentiates carefully between _ars sculptura_ (_i. e._, sculpture in stone) and _ars statuaria_ (_i. e._, in bronze): thus Bk. XXXIV of the _H. N._ is concerned with the latter, Bk. XXXVI with the former. In XXXVI, 15, he says that _sculptura_ is the older, and that both bronze statuary and painting began with Pheidias in Ol. 83 (= 448-445 B. C.), a statement which is inconsistent with XXXIV, 83, where he speaks of Theodoros (of the middle or second half of the sixth century B. C.) as casting a likeness of himself in bronze. But it is well known that Pliny in his long work quotes from a variety of sources, without any attempt to reconcile them.

[2200] Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 414, says, less correctly, one-sixth. Forty inscribed bases may be referred to victor statues mentioned by Pausanias, while 63 others have been referred to victor statues not mentioned by him: see _infra_, Ch. VIII, pp. 340 f., 353 f.

[2201] Taken from Treu’s account in _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 29-34 and 216-218.

[2202]