Chapter II

, p. 22.]

=1850, Sept. 18.= "_An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the Act entitled 'An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the Service of their Masters,' approved February twelfth, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three._

"_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the persons who have been, or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in virtue of any act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and who, in consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the powers that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the United States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime or offence against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the same under and by virtue of the thirty-third section of the act of the twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled 'An Act to establish the judicial courts of the United States,' shall be, and are hereby, authorized and required to exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this act.

"SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That the Superior Court of each organized Territory of the United States shall have the same power to appoint commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and to take depositions of witnesses in civil causes, which is now possessed by the Circuit Court of the United States; and all commissioners who shall hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the Superior Court of any organized Territory of the United States, shall possess all the powers, and exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the commissioners appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United States for similar purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this act.

"SEC. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That the Circuit Courts of the United States, and the Superior Courts of each organized Territory of the United States, shall from time to time enlarge the number of commissioners, with a view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed by this act.

"SEC. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That the commissioners above named shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the judges of the Circuit and District Courts of the United States, in their respective circuits and districts within the several States, and the judges of the Superior Courts of the Territories, severally and collectively, in term-time and vacation; and shall grant certificates to such claimants, upon satisfactory proof being made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State or Territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.

"SEC. 5. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be the duty of all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants and precepts issued under the provisions of this act, when to them directed; and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant, or other process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the motion of such claimant by the Circuit or District Court for the district of such marshal; and after arrest of such fugitive, by such marshal or his deputy, or whilst at any time in his custody under the provisions of this act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on his official bond, to be prosecuted for the benefit of such claimant, for the full value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the State, Territory, or District whence he escaped: and the better to enable the said commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute their duties faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements of the Constitution of the United States and of this act, they are hereby authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to appoint, in writing under their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may be issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties; with authority to such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their aid the bystanders, or _posse comitatus_ of the proper county, when necessary to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the Constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of this act; and all good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist in the prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their services may be required, as aforesaid, for that purpose; and said warrants shall run, and be executed by said officers, anywhere in the State within which they are issued.

"SEC. 6. _And be it further enacted_, That when a person held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the United States, has heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United States, the person or persons to whom such service or labor may be due, or his, her, or their agent or attorney, duly authorized, by power of attorney, in writing, acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal officer or court of the State or Territory in which the same may be executed, may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or commissioners aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district, or county, for the apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing and arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without process, and by taking, or causing such person to be taken, forthwith before such court, judge, or commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and determine the case of such claimant in a summary manner; and upon satisfactory proof being made, by deposition or affidavit, in writing, to be taken and certified by such court, judge, or commissioner, or by other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and certified by some court, magistrate, justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to administer an oath and take depositions under the laws of the State or Territory from which such person owing service or labor may have escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy or other authority, as aforesaid, with the seal of the proper court or officer thereto attached, which seal shall be sufficient to establish the competency of the proof, and with proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose service or labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested does in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons claiming him or her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out and deliver to such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or labor due from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape from the State or Territory in which such service or labor was due, to the State or Territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority to such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary, under the circumstances of the case, to take and remove such fugitive person back to the State or Territory whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted in evidence; and the certificates in this and the first [fourth] section mentioned, shall be conclusive of the right of the person or persons in whose favor granted, to remove such fugitive to the State or Territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all molestation of such person or persons by any process issued by any court, judge, magistrate, or other person whomsoever.

"SEC. 7. _And be it further enacted_, That any person who shall knowingly and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her, or them, from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, either with or without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, such fugitive from service or labor, from the custody of such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so arrested, pursuant to the authority herein given and declared; or shall aid, abet, or assist such person so owing service or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or persons legally authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive, so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after notice or knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment and conviction before the District Court of the United States for the district in which such offence may have been committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized Territories of the United States; and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages to the party injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one thousand dollars, for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered by action of debt, in any of the District or Territorial Courts aforesaid, within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been committed.

"SEC. 8. _And be it further enacted_, That the marshals, their deputies, and the clerks of the said District and Territorial Courts, shall be paid, for their services, the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar services in other cases; and where such services are rendered exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive may be discharged out of custody for the want of sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees are to be paid in the whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney; and in all cases where the proceedings are before a commissioner, he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in each case, upon the delivery of the said certificate to the claimant, his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in cases where the proof shall not, in the opinion of such commissioner, warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services incident to such arrest and examination, to be paid, in either case, by the claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized to execute the process to be issued by such commissioners for the arrest and detention of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid, shall also be entitled to a fee of five dollars each for each person he or they may arrest and take before any such commissioner as aforesaid, at the instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may be deemed reasonable by such commissioner for such other additional services as may be necessarily performed by him or them; such as attending at the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and providing him with food and lodging during his detention, and until the final determination of such commissioner; and, in general, for performing such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his or her attorney or agent, or commissioner in the premises, such fees to be made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers of the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as near as may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their agents or attorneys, whether such supposed fugitives from service or labor be ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final determination of such commissioners or not.

"SEC. 9. _And be it further enacted_, That, upon affidavit made by the claimant of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such certificate has been issued, that he has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will be rescued by force from his or their possession before he can be taken beyond the limits of the State in which the arrest is made, it shall be the duty of the officer making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his custody, and to remove him to the State whence he fled, and there to deliver him to said claimant, his agent, or attorney. And to this end, the officer aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to employ so many persons as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, and to retain them in his service so long as circumstances may require. The said officer and his assistants, while so employed, to receive the same compensation, and to be allowed the same expenses, as are now allowed by law for transportation of criminals, to be certified by the judge of the district within which the arrest is made, and paid out of the treasury of the United States.

"SEC. 10. _And be it further enacted_, That when any person held to service or labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of Columbia, shall escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or labor shall be due, his, her, or their agent or attorney, may apply to any court of record therein, or judge thereof in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to such court, or judge in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the person escaping owed service or labor to such party. Whereupon the court shall cause a record to be made of the matters so proved, and also a general description of the person so escaping, with such convenient certainty as may be; and a transcript of such record, authenticated by the attestation of the clerk and of the seal of the said court, being produced in any other State, Territory, or district in which the person so escaping may be found, and being exhibited to any judge, commissioner, or other officer authorized by the law of the United States to cause persons escaping from service or labor to be delivered up, shall be held and taken to be full and conclusive evidence of the fact of escape, and that the service or labor of the person escaping is due to the party in such record mentioned. And upon the production by the said party of other and further evidence if necessary, either oral or by affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said record of the identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to the claimant. And the said court, commissioner, judge, or other person authorized by this act to grant certificates to claimants of fugitives, shall, upon the production of the record and other evidences aforesaid, grant to such claimant a certificate of his right to take any such person identified and proved to be owing service or labor as aforesaid, which certificate shall authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport such person to the State or Territory from which he escaped: _Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid. But in its absence the claim shall be heard and determined upon other satisfactory proofs, competent in law.

"Approved, September 18, 1850."--_Statutes at Large_, IX, 462-465.

APPENDIX B

LIST OF IMPORTANT FUGITIVE SLAVE CASES

The following list is not intended to be exhaustive: it by no means includes all the cases illustrative of the work of the Underground Road, but it represents fairly well the various phases of that work, and does not intentionally omit any of the famous cases. Less than one half of the list here given will be found in Mrs. McDougall's _Fugitive Slaves_, Appendix D, pp. 124-128.

1. Early escape to Canada.

1748. Negro servant escapes from the English to Canada: _New York Colonial Manuscripts_, X, 209.

2. Case of ship _Friendship_.

1770. Harbored a slave: Moore, _Slavery in Massachusetts_, 117.

3. Somersett case.

1772. England refuses to return a fugitive slave: Moore, _Slavery in Massachusetts_, 117; Cobb, _Historical Sketch of Slavery_, 163; Goodell, _Slavery and Anti-Slavery_, 44-52; Hurd, _Law of Freedom and Bondage_, I, 189-193; Broom, _Constitutional Law_, 6-119; Howells, _State Trials_, XX, 1; Taswell-Langmead, _English Constitutional History_, 300, n.

4. Dalby's fugitive.

1786. Aided by Quakers in Philadelphia: Sparks, _Washington_, IX, 158; Applegarth, _Quakers of Pennsylvania_, 463.

5. Slave escaped from Drayton.

1786. Difficult to apprehend because, as Washington declared, there were "numbers who would rather facilitate the escape of slaves than apprehend them when runaways." Lund, _Origin of the Late War_, I, 20.

6. First recorded case of rescue. (Quincy's case.)

1793. Alleged fugitive rescued from the court-room in Boston: Edw. C. Learned, _Speech on the New Fugitive Slave Law_, Chicago, Oct. 25, 1850; Whittier, _Prose Works_, II, 129, "A Chapter of History"; Goodell, _Slavery and Anti-Slavery_, 232; _Boston Atlas_, Oct. 15, 1850; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 35.

7. Washington's fugitive.

1796, October. Public sentiment in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, prevents the return of a fugitive slave to President Washington: _Magazine of American History_, December, 1877, p. 759; Charles Sumner, _Works_, III, 177; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 35.

8. Columbia case.

1804. General Boude defends a runaway: Smedley, _Underground Railroad_, 26.

9. Case of Wright _vs._ Deacon.

1819. Trial before Supreme Court of Pennsylvania to determine status of an alleged runaway: 5 Sergeant and Rawle's _Reports_, 63.

10. Case of Hill _vs._ Low.

1822. Action brought in Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania for penalty under the law of 1793 for obstructing arrest of a fugitive: 4 Washington's _Circuit Court Reports_, 327.

11. Case of Commonwealth _vs._ Griffith.

1823. Prosecution in Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts of a slave-catcher for seizing without a warrant a runaway in New Bedford: 2 Pickering's _Reports_, 15.

12. Escape of Tice Davids.

1831. Mysterious disappearance of a slave at Ripley, Ohio, leads to the naming of the Underground Railroad: Rush R. Sloane, _Firelands Pioneer_, July, 1888, p. 35.

13. Dayton (Ohio) case.

1832, January. Rendition of the fugitive, Thomas Mitchell, at Dayton, Ohio, followed by the suicide of the negro, at Cincinnati, when on his way back to slavery: Howe, _Historical Collections of Ohio_, II, 554, 555.

14. Case of Johnson _vs._ Tompkins.

1833. Prosecution of a claimant for seizure and removal of his escaped slave from Pennsylvania to New Jersey; followed by counter prosecution of the abolitionists before Circuit Court of the United States: 1 Baldwin's _Circuit Court Reports_, 571; 13 _Federal Cases_, 840.

15. Case of Jack _vs._ Martin.

1835. Action under New York law for recovery of a fugitive from New Orleans: 12 Wendell's _Reports_, 311.

16. Basil Dorsey case.

1836. Trial and rescue of Dorsey in Bucks County, Pennsylvania: Smedley, _Underground Railroad_, 356-361; E. H. Magill, "When Men were Sold. The Underground Railroad in Bucks County," in _The Bucks County Intelligencer_, Feb. 3, 1898.

17. Matilda case.

1837. March. Rescue of a slave at Cincinnati, Ohio, on her way from Virginia to Missouri with her master. Later she was found in the employ of James G. Birney, who was tried for harboring the fugitive, while Matilda was remanded to her master: Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 41-44; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 282-284; _8 Ohio Reports_.

18. Schooner _Boston_ case. (Georgia and Maine controversy.)

1837. Controversy between Georgia and Maine over a stowaway on the schooner _Boston_, who escaped through Maine to Canada: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 473; Niles's _Register_, LIII, 71, 72, LV, 356; _Senate Journal_, 1839-40, pp. 235-237; _Senate Doc._, 26 Cong., 1 Sess., Vol. V, Doc. 273; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 41.

19. Case of Peter, _alias_ Lewis Martin.

1837. Fugitive adjudged to his claimant by Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York: 2 Paine's _Reports_, 350; _16 Federal Cases_, 881.

20. Philadelphia case.

1838. Attempted rescue of a captured fugitive by a crowd of colored people: _Liberator_, March 16, 1838.

21. Marion (Ohio) case.

1838. Rescue of a fugitive at Marion, Ohio, from the hands of his claimant, who sought to detain him after the decision of the court in the slave's favor: Aaron Benedict, _The Sentinel_, Mt. Gilead, Ohio, July 13, 1893.

22. Escape of Douglass.

1838. Escape of Frederick Douglass from Baltimore to New York: _Life and Times of Douglass_; Williams, _Negro Race in America_, II, 59, 422; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 501, 502.

23. Isaac Gansey case. (Virginia and New York controversy.)

1839. Controversy between Virginia and New York over extradition of three negroes demanded by Virginia for aiding a slave to escape: _U. S. Gazette_, "Case of Isaac," Judge Hopkinson's Speech; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 474; Seward, _Works_, II, 449-518; Von Holst, _Constitutional History_, II, 538-540: _Senate Documents_, 27 Cong., 2 Sess., Vol. II, Doc. 96; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 41.

24. Granville (Ohio) rescue case.

1841. Discharge of fugitive, John, after a hearing obtained through a writ of habeas corpus; followed by the departure of the negro over an underground route: Bushnell, _History of Granville_, Licking County, Ohio, 307, 308.

25. Burr, Work and Thompson case.

1841. Prosecution for aiding fugitive slaves in western Illinois: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 71; Goodell, _Slavery and Anti-Slavery_, 440; Thompson, _Prison Life and Reflections_; Asbury, _History of Quincy, Illinois_, 74.

26. Van Zandt case. (Jones _vs._ Van Zandt.)

1842-1847. Prosecution for aiding runaways in southwestern Ohio; 5 Howard's _Reports_, 215; Letter of N. L. Van Sandt, Clarinda, Iowa; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 475, 476; Cobb, _Historical Sketches of Slavery_, 207; 2 McLean's _Reports_, 612; Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 53-66; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 296.

27. Prigg case. (Prigg _vs._ the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.)

1842. Prosecution for causing arrest and removal of a runaway contrary to provisions of a state law. Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States frees state officers from taking part in fugitive slave cases: 16 Peters' _Reports_, 539; _Report of Case of Edward Prigg_, Supreme Court, Pennsylvania; Cobb, _Historical Sketch of Slavery_; Bledsoe, _Liberty and Slavery_, 355; Clarke, _Anti-Slavery Days_, 69; Hurd, _Law of Freedom and Bondage_, II, 456-492; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 472, 473; Von Holst, _Constitutional History_, III, 310-312.

28. Latimer case.

1842. Famous fugitive slave case in Boston. Fugitive released by purchase: _Liberator_, Oct. 25, Nov. 11, Nov. 25, 1842, Feb. 3, 7, 17, 1843, and Aug. 16, 1844; _Law Reporter_, Latimer Case, March, 1843; _Eleventh Annual Report of Mass. Anti-Slavery Society_; _Mass. House Journal_, 1843, pp. 72, 158; _Mass. Senate Journal_, 1843, p. 232; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, I, 477; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 39, 40.

29. Milton Clark rescue case.

1842. September. Release of the fugitive, captured in Lake County, Ohio, by writ of habeas corpus in Ashtabula County, Ohio, followed by his disappearance by way of the Underground Railroad: _Geneva_ (Ohio) _Times_, Sept. 14, 1892.

30. Eells case.

1842-1852. Prosecution for harboring a slave in Adams County, Illinois: _5 Illinois Reports_, 498; 14 Howard's _Reports_, 13.

31. Case of Charles T. Torrey.

1843. Prosecution for attempt to abduct slaves from Virginia: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 80.

32. Case of Delia A. Webster.

1844. Prosecution for attempt to abduct slaves from Kentucky: _Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times_; _Chicago Tribune_, Jan. 29, 1893.

33. Case of Calvin Fairbank.

1844. Prosecution for attempt to abduct slaves from Kentucky: _Rev. Calvin Fairbank During Slavery Times_; _Chicago Tribune_, Jan. 29, 1893.

34. Marysville (Ohio) rendition case.

1844, September 10. Rendition of two fugitives captured on the Scioto River, near Marysville, Union County, Ohio: _Marysville Tribune_, May 17, 1893; Letter of Mahlon Pickrell, Zanesfield, Ohio, March 25, 1893.

35. Walker case.

1844. Prosecution for attempt to abduct slaves from Florida: Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker, _Liberator_, Aug. 16, 31, Sept. 6, 13, Oct. 18, 25 and Dec. 27, 1844, Aug. 8, 15, and July 18, 1845; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, 83; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 42.

36. Case of State _vs._ Hoppess. (Watson case.)

1845. Action before the Supreme Court of Ohio on the circuit to secure the liberation of a recaptured slave: _2 Western Law Journal_, 279; Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 74-77; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 309.

37. Case of Vaughan _vs._ Williams.

1845. Prosecution before the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Indiana for rescuing fugitive slaves: _3 Western Law Journal_, 65; _8 Law Reporter_, 375; _28 Federal Cases_, 1115; 3 McLean's _Reports_, 530.

38. Parish case. (Jane Garrison case.)

1845-1849. Prosecution of F. D. Parish for aiding fugitives at Sandusky, Ohio: _Firelands Pioneer_, July, 1888; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 310; A. E. Lee, _History of Columbus, Ohio_, I, 598.

39. Toledo (Ohio) rescue case.

1847, February. Rescue of a fugitive from custody while his captor was being tried on a charge of assault and battery before a justice of the peace: Conversation with James M. Ashley, Toledo, Ohio, July, 1895, and with Mavor Brigham, Toledo, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1895.

40. Crosswhite rescue case. (Case of Giltner _vs._ Gorham.)

1847. Prosecution for obstructing arrest of fugitives at Marshall, Michigan: Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," by E. G. Loring, and others, pp. 5, 6; 4 McLean's _Reports_, 402.

41. Kauffman case.

1848. Prosecution of Daniel Kauffman, of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, for aiding fugitives: E. G. Loring and others, Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," pp. 5, 6.

42. Garrett case.

1848. Prosecution of Thomas Garrett, of Wilmington, Delaware, for aiding fugitive slaves: Still, _Underground Railroad Records_, 623-641; Smedley, _Underground Railroad_, 237-245; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 60; Wyman, _New England Magazine_, March, 1896.

43. Case of Drayton and Sayres. (Case of the schooner _Pearl_.)

1848, April 18. Prosecution for attempting abduction of slaves from Washington, D.C.: _Personal Memoir of Daniel Drayton_; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 104; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 42.

44. Ohio and Kentucky controversy.

1848. Controversy on account of extradition of fifteen persons, charged with aiding fugitives, demanded by Kentucky: _Liberator_, July 14, 1848.

45. Craft escape.

1848. Escape of William and Ellen Craft: _Liberator_, Nov. 1, 1850; Still, _Underground Railroad_, 368; Clarke, _Anti-Slavery Days_, 83; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 325; _New England Magazine_, January, 1890; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 59.

46. Case of Richard Dillingham.

1848, December. Prosecution for attempting to abduct slaves from Nashville, Tennessee: Benedict, _Memoir of Richard Dillingham_; Stowe, _Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 58, 59; _Reminiscences of Levi Coffin_, 713-718; Howe, _Historical Collections of Ohio_, II, 590.

47. Clarksburgh (Indiana) case. (Case of Ray _vs._ Donnell and Hamilton.)

1849, May. Prosecution for aiding fugitive slave: 4 McLean's _Reports_, 504.

48. Case of Norris _vs._ Newton and others.

1849, September. Fugitives captured in Cass County, Michigan, discharged on trial at South Bend, Indiana, prosecution of those who interfered following: 5 McLean's _Reports_, 92.

49. First case under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. (Hamlet "kidnapping" case.)

1850, September 26. Rendition of James Hamlet, a free negro, living in New York City: _Fugitive Slave Bill, its History and Unconstitutionality, with an Account of the Seizure of James Hamlet_, 3; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 304; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 43, 44.

50. Chaplin case.

1850. Prosecution of William L. Chaplin for attempting to abduct slaves of Robert Toombs and Alexander H. Stephens from Washington, D.C.: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 80-82; _Case of William R. Chaplin_, etc. (Boston, 1851), p. 54.

51. Sims case.

1851. Rendition in Boston: _Liberator_, April 17 and 18; _Daily Morning Chronicle_, April 26, 1851; _Twentieth Annual Report of Mass. Anti-Slavery Society_, 1855, p. 19; _Trial of Sims, Arguments by R. Rantoul, Jr., and C. G. Loring_; C. F. Adams, _Life of Richard Henry Dana_, I, 185-301; 7 Cushing's _Reports_, 287; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 333; _New England Magazine_, June, 1890; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 44.

52. Shadrach case.

1851, February. Rescue in Boston: _Liberator_, Feb. 21, May 30, 1851; _Boston Traveller_, Feb. 15, 1851; _Boston Courier_, Feb. 17, 1851; _Washington National Era_, Feb. 27, 1851; _Cong. Globe_, 31 Cong., 2 Sess., Appendix, 238, 295, 510; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 10; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 329; Von Holst, III, 21; _Statesman's Manual_, III, 1919; _New England Magazine_, May, 1890; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 47, 48; Rhodes, _History of the United States_, I, 209, 210, 290.

53. Christiana case.

1851, September. Riot in Christiana, Pennsylvania, caused by attempt to arrest and remove fugitives, followed by trial on the charge of treason of the persons alleged to have prevented the arrest: 2 Wallace Jr.'s _Reports_, 159; _9 Legal Intelligencer_, 22; _4 American Law Journal_, n. s., 458; _9 Western Law Journal_, 103; _26 Federal Cases_, 105; Still, _Underground Railroad_, 348-368; "Parker's account," "The Freedman's Story," T. W. Higginson, _Atlantic Monthly_, Feb. and March, 1866; _U. S. vs. Hanway, Treason_, 247; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 14; _History of the Trial of Castner Hanway and others for Treason_; _N. Y. Tribune_, Sept. 12, 1851, and Nov. 26 to Dec. 12; _Boston Daily Traveller_, Sept. 12, 1851; _National Anti-Slavery Standard_, Sept. 18, 1851; _Lowell Journal_, Sept. 19, 1851; Smedley, _Underground Railroad_, 107-130; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 328, 329; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 50, 51; Rhodes, _History of the United States_, I, 222-224.

54. Jerry rescue.

1851, October. Rescue of Jerry McHenry in Syracuse, New York: _Liberator_, Oct. 10-17, 1851; S. J. May, _Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict_, 349-364; _Life of Gerrit Smith_, 117; _Trial of H. W. Allen_, 3; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 305, 306; E. W. Seward, _Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State_, I, 169, 170; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 44, 47-51.

55. Parker rescue.

1851, December 31. Rescue by Mr. Miller: Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 324; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 15; _Liberator_, 1853, Feb. 4; _Lunsford Lane_, 113.

56. Brig Florence rescue.

1853. Rescue of a slave on board by Capt. Austin Bearse: Bearse, _Reminiscences of Fugitive Slave-Law Days in Boston_, 34.

57. Case of Oliver _vs._ Weakley and others.

1853. Prosecution before the United States Circuit Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania in October term for harboring fugitives: 2 Wallace Jr.'s _Reports_, 324.

58. Louis case.

1853, October. Escape of the fugitive, Louis, from the court-room while on trial in Cincinnati: _Liberator_, Oct. 28, 1853; _Reminiscences of Levi Coffin_, 548-554.

59. Bellefontaine (Ohio) rescue case.

1852, November. Discharge of the Piatt slaves from custody by the probate judge of Logan County, followed by their escape over the Underground Railroad: _Logan County Gazette_, November, 1852; Letter of the Hon. Robert T. Kennedy, Bellefontaine, Jan. 22, 1893; Conversation with Judge Wm. H. West, Bellefontaine, Aug. 11, 1894; Letter of R. H. Johnston, Belle Centre, Ohio, Sept. 22, 1894.

60. Case of Miller _vs._ McQuerry.

1853, August. Rendition of a fugitive, for several years a resident near Troy, Ohio, by the Circuit Court of the United States at Cincinnati, Ohio: 5 McLean's _Reports_, 481; 10 _Western Law Journal_, 528; 17 _Federal Cases_, 335; May, The _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 28; _History of Darke County, Ohio_, 324, 325.

61. Mitchell's case.

1853. Prosecution of Mitchell, an abolitionist of Indiana, Pennsylvania, for harboring slaves: 2 Wallace Jr.'s _Reports_, 313; _Pittsburgh Dispatch_, Feb. 13, 1898.

62. Glover rescue case. (Case of Ableman _vs._ Booth.)

1854, March 10. Rescue of Joshua Glover by a mob at Milwaukee; followed by the prosecution of Sherman M. Booth, one of the rescuers, and a conflict between the Supreme Court of Wisconsin and the Supreme Court of the United States: _Liberator_, April 7, 24, 1854; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 444; Mason, _The Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin with Reference to Nullification Sentiment_, 1895; C. C. Olin, _A Complete Record of the John Olin Family_, 1893; Byron Paine and A. D. Smith, _Unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act_. _Argument of A. D. Smith_, Milwaukee, 1854. Wisconsin Supreme Court, _Unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act, Decision in case of Booth and Rycraft_.

63. Burns case.

1854, May 24. Rendition of Anthony Burns in Boston: _Liberator_, May, June, 1854, Aug. 22, 1861; _Kidnapping of Burns_, Scrapbook collected by Theodore Parker; Personal Statement of Mr. Elbridge Sprague, N. Abington; Accounts in _Boston Journal_, May 27, 29, 1854; _Daily Advertiser_, May 26, 29, June 7, 8, July 17; _Traveller_, May 27, 29, June 2, 3, 6, 10, July 15, 18, Oct. 3, Nov. 29, Dec. 5, 7, 1854, April 3, 4, 10, 11, 1855; _Evening Gazette_, May 27, 1854; _Worcester Spy_, May 31; Argument of Mr. R. H. Dana; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 256; Stevens, _History of Anthony Burns_; _New York Tribune_, May 26, 1854; Clarke, _Anti-Slavery Days_, 87; Greeley, _American Conflict_, I, 218; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 435; Von Holst, VI, 62; Garrisons' _Garrison_, II, 201, III, 409; C. F. Adams, _Dana_, I, 262-330; Rhodes, _History of the United States_, I, 500-506; T. W. Higginson, _Atlantic Monthly_, March, 1897, 349-354; McDougall, _Fugitive Slaves_, 45; Lillie B. C. Wyman, _New England Magazine_, July, 1890.

64. Sloane case.

1854. Prosecution of Rush R. Sloane before the District Court of the United States at Columbus, Ohio, for dismissing fugitives from the custody of their captors at Sandusky, Ohio: 5 McLean's _United States Reports_, 64; Rush R. Sloane and H. F. Paden, _Firelands Pioneer_, 47-49, 21-22.

65. Rosetta case.

1855, March. Release of the slave girl, Rosetta, by writ of habeas corpus from the possession of her master, who brought her voluntarily to Columbus, Ohio; followed some time later by the seizure and removal of the girl, and the pursuit of her captors to Cincinnati, where they were compelled by legal process to give her up: Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 344, 345; A. E. Lee, _History of Columbus, Ohio_, I, 602, 603.

66. Erican case.

1855, May 28. Unsuccessful attempt at Columbus, Ohio, to persuade two slave girls to leave their master, P. Erican, a Frenchman from New Orleans, _en route_ with his family to Europe: Lee, _History of Columbus, Ohio_, 603.

67. Margaret Garner case.

1856, January. Rendition of Margaret Garner at Cincinnati, Ohio, after she had killed one of her children to prevent its return to bondage: _Liberator_, Feb. 8, 22, 29, 1856; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 37; _Lunsford Lane_, 119; Greeley, _American Conflict_, I, 219; Lalor's _Cyclopaedia_, I, 207; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 446, 447; James Monroe, _Oberlin Thursday Lectures, Addresses and Essays_, 116; Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 171-176; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 346-350.

68. Williamson case.

1856, January. Prosecution for aiding fugitives: _Narrative of the Facts in the Case of Passmore Williamson_, Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society; _Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery Society_, New York, May 7, 1856, p. 24; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 9, 34; Wilson, _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, II, 448.

69. Johnson rescue case.

1856, July 16. Rescue of slave on ship from Mobile: _Liberator_, July 18, 1856.

70. Gatchell case.

1857, January. Rendition of Philip Young: Chambers, _Slavery and Color_; _Fugitive Slave Law_, Appendix, 197.

71. Addison White case.

1857, May 15. Prosecution of Udney Hyde and others for aiding the fugitive, Addison White, at Mechanicsburg, Champaign County, Ohio: Beer, _History of Clark County, Ohio_; Howe, _Historical Collections of Ohio_, I, 384-386; Schuckers, _Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 177-182; Warden, _Private Life and Public Services of S. P. Chase_, 350, 351.

72. Oberlin-Wellington rescue case.

1858, September 13. Rescue of the boy, John, at Wellington, Ohio, followed by the prosecution of two rescuers, and the indictment of four of the slave-catchers: Shipherd, _History of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue_; _Liberator_, Jan. 28, April 29, May 6, June 3, 10, 1859; Cleveland (Ohio) _Plain Dealer_, July 6, 1859; _Lunsford Lane_, 179; _Anglo-African Magazine_ (Oberlin-Wellington Rescue), 209; May, _Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims_, 108; _New Englander_, XVII, 686.

73. Nuckolls case.

1858, December. Prosecution of Nuckolls of Nebraska City, Nebraska, for injuring a person who remonstrated against his search for fugitives: Rev. John Todd, Tabor (Iowa) _Beacon_, 1890-91,