Chapter XXI
, of series of articles on "The Early Settlement and Growth of Western Iowa."
78. Anderson case.
1860. Extradition case between United States and Canada: _Pamphlets on Anderson Case_, Boston Public Library; _Life of Gerrit Smith_, 15; _Liberator_, Dec. 3, 1860, Jan. 22, 1861; _British Documents_, Parliament of Great Britain, "Correspondence Respecting Case of Fugitive Slave, Anderson," London, 1861.
79. Cleveland (Ohio) rendition case.
1861. Rendition of the fugitive slave, Lucy, in Cleveland, Ohio, to her master, Wm. S. Goshorn, of Wheeling, West Virginia: _Cleveland Herald_, date unknown.
80. Iberia (Ohio) whipping case.
1861, November. Prosecution of the Rev. George Gordon, Principal of Iberia College, for "resisting process" in the hands of a United States deputy marshal, who was endeavoring to capture a fugitive slave on the night of Sept. 20, 1860. The deputy and his assistants were caught, disarmed, taken to the woods and whipped. Principal Gordon witnessed without protest the last ten or fifteen lashes, and for so doing was sentenced to six months' confinement in the county jail, to pay a fine of $300, and the costs of prosecution--$1000 or $1500 more: Rev. George Gordon in the _Principia_, Nov. 29, 1861.
81. John Dean case.
1862, June. Prosecution of John Dean, a prominent lawyer of Washington, D.C., for protecting his client, an alleged fugitive just released, from a second arrest: Noah Brooks, _Washington in Lincoln's Time_, 197, 198.
APPENDIX C
FIGURES FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS REPORTS RELATING TO FUGITIVE SLAVES
TABLE A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | CENSUS OF 1850 |CENSUS OF 1860 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | |Ratio | Per | | |Ratio | Per | Slaves | Fugi-|of Fugi-| Cent | Slaves |Fugi-|of Fugi-|Cent | | tives|tives to| of | |tives|tives to| of | | |Slaves | Loss | | |Slaves |Loss ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Alabama | 342,844| 29| 11,822 | .0084| 435,080| 36 |12,086 |.0082 Arkansas | 47,100| 21| 2,242 | .0445| 111,115| 28 | 3,968 |.0252 Delaware | 2,290| 26| 88 |1.1352| 1,798| 12 | 150 |.6674 Florida | 39,310| 18| 2,184 | .0457| 61,745| 11 | 5,613 |.0177 Georgia | 381,682| 89| 4,288 | .0233| 462,198| 23 | 20,096 |.0049 Kentucky | 210,981| 96| 2,198 | .0455| 225,483| 119 | 1,895 |.0527 Louisiana | 244,809| 90| 2,720 | .0366| 331,726| 46 | 7,211 |.0138 Maryland | 90,368| 279| 324 | .3088| 87,189| 115 | 758 |.1318 Mississippi | 309,878| 40| 7,558 | .0132| 436,631| 68 | 6,422 |.0155 Missouri | 87,422| 60| 1,457 | .0686| 114,931| 99 | 1,161 |.0860 North Carolina| 288,548| 64| 4,508 | .0222| 331,059| 61 | 5,262 |.0184 South Carolina| 384,984| 16| 24,061 | .0041| 402,406| 23 | 17,501 |.0057 Tennessee | 239,459| 70| 3,421 | .0292| 275,719| 29 | 9,509 |.0105 Texas | 58,161| 29| 2,005 | .0498| 182,566| 16 | 11,410 |.0087 Virginia | 472,528| 82| 5,693 | .0175| 490,865| 117 | 4,194 |.0238 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |3,200,364| 1,011| 3,165 | .0315|3,950,511| 803 | 4,919 |.0203 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE B
SHOWING THAT THE PERCENTAGE OF DECLINE OF THE SLAVE POPULATION FROM 1850-1860 WAS GREATER IN THE NORTHERNMOST COUNTIES OF THE BORDER SLAVE STATES THAN IN THESE STATES AS A WHOLE
----------------------------------------------------------------------- | Counties | 1850 | 1860 | 1850 | 1860 | | | State | Bordering on | A | A | B | B | C | D | | the states | | | | | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Kentucky | Ill., O., Ind. | .20 | .11 | .27 | .24 | 45 | 11 | Virginia | Pa., O. | .018 | .0089| .53 | .47 | 55 | 11 | Missouri | Ia., Ill. | .11 | .081 | .15 | .108 | 25 | 28 | Maryland | Pa. | .058 | .032 | .201 | .16 | 33 | 20.4 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Average | 39.5 | 17.6 | -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Table B legend:
A = Ratio between White and Slave Population in the Counties bordering on the Free States B = Ratio between White and Slave Population in Whole State C = Per Cent of Decline of Slave Population in Counties in 10 Years D = Per Cent of Decline of Slave Population in States in 10 Years
TABLE C
SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF DECLINE OF THE SLAVE POPULATION IN THE "PAN HANDLE" COUNTIES OF VIRGINIA FROM 1850-1860
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | 1850 | 1850 | 1860 | 1860 | 1850 | 1860 | | | "Pan | | | | | | | | State | Handle" | White | Slave | White | Slave | | | | | Bordering | Popu- | Popu- | Popu- | Popu- | A | A | B | | Pa. and O.| lation | lation| lation | lation| | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Virginia| Hancock | 4,040 | 3 | 4,442 | 2 |.00074 |.00045 | 39 | " | Brooke | 4,923 | 100 | 5,425 | 18 |.0203 |.0033 | 83 | " | Ohio |17,612 | 164 | 22,196 | 100 |.0093 |.0045 | 51 | " | Marshall |10,050 | 49 | 12,911 | 29 |.0048 |.0022 | 54 | " | Wetzel | 3,319 | 32 | 6,691 | 10 |.0096 |.0015 | 84 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For all the Counties |39,944 | 348 | 51,665 | 159 |.0089 |.0030 | 56 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table C legend:
A = Ratio between White and Slave Population B = Per Cent of Decline of Slave Population in 10 Years
APPENDIX D
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. UNPUBLISHED REMINISCENCES
The materials upon which in large measure this book is based are reminiscences gathered by correspondence and conversation with more than a thousand persons, many of whom were old-time abolitionists, while the remainder included the families and intimate friends of abolitionists, and a number of fugitive slaves. It was discovered by the author after only a short search for published sources that little was to be gleaned in the libraries and that information sufficient in amount for an extended study could be obtained only by what geologists and botanists call field-work. The collection of materials went on as time could be spared for this purpose until a great mass of letters and notes had been brought together, and then the work of sorting, arranging and classifying began. The reminiscences were grouped by states and counties, so as to bring out as far as possible the coincident and confirmatory character of evidence relating to the same neighborhood or district; and the value of the materials appeared in the tracings of underground lines the author was able to make, county by county and state by state, throughout the region of the free states from Iowa to Maine. For the purpose of showing the extent and importance of the underground movement these unpublished reminiscences have proved to be invaluable.
2. PRINTED COLLECTIONS OF UNDERGROUND RAILROAD INCIDENTS
There are a few volumes that supply us with numerous illustrations of the Underground Railroad in operation. These books are not general treatises on the underground system, but give us an insight into the clandestine work of several limited localities; they are important because they exhibit the methods and devices of operators, show the sacrifices made by them in behalf of the midnight seekers after liberty, and supplement with valuable matter the unpublished reminiscences. In addition to the well-known books of Still, Smedley and Coffin, the author has found the three smaller, and hitherto unquoted books by W. M. Mitchell, E. M. Pettit and H. U. Johnson, to be useful.
3. PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS
A few of those who were active in aiding slaves to escape to Canada have published volumes of personal recollections, in which, among other things, they tell more or less about their connection with the humane but illegitimate work of the abolitionists, and give vivid sketches of some of their associates, as well as of some of their dark-skinned protégés. Such books are the Rev. James Freeman Clarke's _Anti-Slavery Days_, the Rev. Samuel J. May's _Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict_, J. B. Grinnell's _Men and Events of Forty Years_, Mrs. Laura S. Haviland's _A Woman's Life Work_ and Mrs. E. B. Chace's _Anti-Slavery Reminiscences_.
A small class of books, of which the _Personal Memoirs_ of Daniel Drayton, and the books by Dr. A. M. Ross and the Rev. Calvin Fairbank are representatives, are indispensable as sources of information relating to the abduction of slaves from the South. The little book entitled _Harriet, the Moses of her People_, in which that remarkable guide of fugitives, Harriet Tubman, relates her exploits through the pen of her friend, Mrs. S. H. Bradford, properly belongs to this group.
4. LETTERS, DIARIES AND SCRAP-BOOKS
The liability of Underground Railroad operators to severe penalties for harboring runaways explains the dearth of evidence in the form of letters, diaries and scrap-books they have left behind; such evidence would have been incriminating. It is known that a few abolitionists kept diaries and scrap-books and even wrote letters in regard to the business of the Road, but most of these records appear to have been destroyed before the beginning of the Civil War. The author has been able to secure only two or three letters and the single leaf of a diary in centres where much work was done. Three scrap-books in the Boston Public Library, containing memoranda, clippings, handbills, etc., that refer in particular to the experiences of Theodore Parker, shed much light on the work of the Vigilance Committee of Boston, and supply important information in regard to the famous case of Anthony Burns.
5. BIOGRAPHIES AND MEMOIRS
Biographies and memoirs of anti-slavery men not infrequently contain references to aid rendered to fugitives, explain the motives of the philanthropists, and give their versions of the fugitive slave cases that came within their immediate knowledge; such books are often indices of the public sentiment of the localities in which their subjects lived, and when read in conjunction with the biographies of pro-slavery advocates help us to realize the conflicting interests that expressed themselves in the slavery controversy. Lydia Maria Child's _Life of Isaac T. Hopper_ has preserved to us the record of one of the pioneers of the underground movement, while the biographies of _Gerrit Smith_ and _James and Lucretia Mott_, show these persons to have been worthy successors of the benign and shrewd Hopper. In the biographies of John Brown by Redpath, Hinton and Sanborn, and in the _Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe_, by her son, Charles E. Stowe, we have proofs of the deep and enduring impression made by underground experiences upon strong characters capable of assimilating and transforming these into forces of historical moment. Chase, Seward and Sumner were among our public men who acted as counsel for fugitive slaves; it is not surprising therefore that their biographers have given considerable space to the consideration of cases with which these men were connected. The prominence of the statesmen just named and others of their class as party leaders makes their biographies indispensable in tracing the political history of the ante-bellum period. Claiborne's _Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman_ may properly be named as an excellent and valuable example of the class of biographies of prominent men of the South.
A few obituary pamphlets have been gathered, which have proved to be of some service: such are A. L. Benedict's _Memoir of Richard Dillingham_, and pamphlets relating to Mr. John Hossack, of Ottawa, Illinois, and Mr. James M. Westwater, of Columbus, Ohio.
6. SLAVE BIOGRAPHIES AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES
A recital of the life and sufferings of many colored refugees in books written by themselves or by sympathetic friends, and published in various free states during the two or three decades preceding 1860, tended to increase the Northern feeling against slavery and doubtless also to carry to many minds convictions that found a partial expression in underground efforts. These books contain descriptions of slave life on the plantation and tell with the omission of particulars, which it would have been imprudent at the time to relate, the story of the escape to liberty. The omission of these particulars renders these sources of little use in tracing the secret routes to Canada followed by the refugees, or in confirming, in part or in whole, the routes of others. In the case of Frederick Douglass, the gaps and omissions appearing in the first autobiography are filled with much valuable information in the second, written after slavery was abolished. The books by Josiah Henson, the Rev. J. W. Loguen and Austin Steward are interesting as the narratives of negroes of superior ability who spent a part at least of their time after self-emancipation in Canada, and could therefore write intelligently on the condition of their people there.
7. MATERIALS RELATING TO SLAVERY AND FUGITIVE SLAVES IN CANADA
There is but little material in regard to slavery and fugitive slaves in Canada. The question of slavery in the provinces is clearly presented in a few pages of Vol. XXV of the _Magazine of American History_, while the life of the colored refugees in Canada during the period of immigration and settlement can only be seen in anything like a sufficient light in Benjamin Drew's _North-Side View of Slavery_, and Dr. S. G. Howe's _Refugees from Slavery in Canada West_.
8. STATE, COUNTY AND LOCAL HISTORIES
Many contributions on the Underground Railroad appear in the collections of historical, biographical and other materials that make up a large number of our state, county and local histories so-called. Accounts, which when taken by themselves are fragmentary and therefore of little importance, have been brought to light by searching through these histories; and not unnaturally, perhaps, the largest number have been found in the county histories of Ohio. Six or seven of these histories afford articles relating to the Underground Railroad; and characteristic items and incidents have been printed in both state and local histories besides. Illinois comes next in the number of contributions preserved in its local histories. The utmost diligence of the student in the library alcoves devoted to Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, will result in the finding of from one to three contributions only, as the case may be; while from the shelves given to Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire and New Jersey, he is not likely to secure anything to his purpose.
9. REPORTS OF SOCIETIES
The reports of anti-slavery societies, especially those of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, are rich in comments upon the prosecutions in the South of abductors of slaves, and do not fail to show the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 upon the activity of Underground Railroad lines. They also tell something of the missionary work done among the refugees in Canada. In the last-named respect they are secondary to the _Reports of the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada_, _the Refugees' Home Society_, and the _Canada Mission_.
Within the past ten years various societies of the historical type have been instrumental, directly or indirectly, in the publication of addresses bearing upon the violation of the Fugitive Slave laws. A series of lectures before the Political Science Association of the University of Michigan, several of which involve this theme, were published in 1889 under the general title, _Constitutional History of the United States as seen in the Development of American Law_. A collection of letters and addresses commemorative of the anti-slavery movement and some of its leaders was printed in 1893 in a book, called _Old Anti-Slavery Days_, by the Danvers (Mass.) Historical Society. An address on "The Underground Railroad" by ex-President James H. Fairchild, of Oberlin College, forms _Tract No. 87_ in Vol. IV. of the publications of the Western Reserve Historical Society. The best account of the Glover rescue case will be found in a pamphlet by Mr. Vroman Mason on the _Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin, with Reference to Nullification Sentiment_, issued in 1895 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
10. RECORDS OF TRIALS
The reader who acquaints himself even superficially with John Codman Hurd's two volumes, entitled the _Law of Freedom and Bondage in the United States_, can not fail to be impressed with the value of legal reports for the study of the great contention over slavery. Hurd's pages are full of descriptions and discussions of cases in their judicial bearing, and his foot-notes are largely made up of references to the published reports of trials.
In the series of these records of trials, one may trace the history of legal opposition to the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave laws, note the decision in the Prigg case, by which the efficiency of the law of 1793 was destroyed, and the Southern demand for a new law made imperative, mark the clash of state and federal jurisdictions, and see the growth of the spirit of nullification in the North. For these purposes, one should consult not only the records of the Supreme Court and the lower courts, such as _Federal Cases_, Howard's _Reports_, McLean's _Reports_, _Ohio State Reports_, _Wisconsin Reports_, etc., but also the various law periodicals, for example, the _American Law Register_, the _Legal Intelligencer_, and the _Western Law Journal_. Some important cases have been published in pamphlet form, while two at least are more minutely set forth in books; a volume is devoted to the Oberlin-Wellington rescue case, and several relate to the trial of Anthony Burns.
11. PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS
In marked contrast with the legal reports and law periodicals, little can be gleaned from the popular magazines of fugitive slave days. The ethics of resistance to the laws for the recovery of runaways is discussed in the _North American Review_ for July, 1850, and in the _Democratic Review_, Vol. V, 1851, and incidents typical of the experience of the underground operator and his confederates are recited in _Once a Week_ for June, 1862. Careful and extended search has revealed nothing in the better known periodicals published during the War and the two decades following. Recently, however, abolitionists have become retrospective and reminiscent, and the tales of their midnight adventures in contravention of those laws of their country which they deemed subversive of the "higher law" begin to appear in periodicals and newspapers. For example, the first of a series of stories, which are founded upon facts, was printed in the _Lake Shore and Home Magazine_ for July, 1887, an article on the Underground Railroad appeared in the _Magazine of Western History_ for March, 1887, and a "symposium" of reminiscences was published in the _Firelands Pioneer_ for July, 1888. Articles of a miscellaneous nature, in which points of interest are brought out, have been appearing in some of the monthly magazines within more recent years, for instance, in the _Atlantic Monthly_, the _Century Magazine_, and the _New England Magazine_.
Only vague and rare references to the Underground Railroad and its workings are made in the newspapers of ante-bellum days, and these are of little value. The _Liberator_ was fierce in its opposition to the Fugitive Slave Laws, and contains many stories of fugitives, but in this, as in less radical newspapers, the editor observed a discreet silence concerning the secret efforts of his colaborers in emancipating the bondman. It is necessary, therefore, to rely upon the long delayed accounts contributed by operators now advanced in years to the columns of the press. In 1885, interesting articles were printed in the _Western Star_, of Indiana, and the _New Lexington_ (Ohio) _Tribune_, and since then, especially since 1890, many others have been published. These have been patiently gathered, and form a part of the author's collections.
12. HISTORIES OF RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES
Materials relative to the attitude of various religious denominations towards slavery are to be found in the histories of the different church organizations, such as William Hodgson's _The Society of Friends in the Nineteenth Century_, Dr. H. N. McTyeire's _History of Methodism_, and Dr. R. E. Thompson's _History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United States_.
Other works, for example A. C. Applegarth's _Quakers in Pennsylvania_ and S. B. Weeks' _Southern Quakers and Slavery_, which, while dealing with a single denomination, are not to be regarded as denominational histories in any strict sense, contain points of interest and value.
13. MATERIALS BEARING ON LEGISLATION
The study of our colonial legislation supplies ample proof that the harboring of the hunted slave early became a source of annoyance to slave-owners. Laws against this misdemeanor, with curious penalties attached, are included in the collections of statutes of various colonies, for example, in the _Laws and Ordinances of New Netherlands_, the _Maryland Archives_ (Assembly Proceedings), the _Acts of the Province of New York_, the _Province Laws of Pennsylvania_, the _Laws of Virginia_, etc. These statutes have been made accessible through their publication in series of volumes, a good collection of which may be found in the State Library in Boston. Among the most important editions are Leaming and Spicer's collection for New Jersey, Hening's series of Virginia Statutes at Large, Bacon's collection for Maryland, and Iredell's edition of South Carolina Statutes.
The history of our national legislation respecting fugitive slaves may be traced in outline in the _Journals of the Senate and House_. For the voicing of the need of this legislation, which one would naturally expect to find in the speeches of members from the Southern states, one must turn to the _Annals of Congress_, covering the period from 1789 to 1824, the _Congressional Debates_, for the period from 1824 to 1837, and the _Congressional Globe_ from 1833 to 1864. The provisions of the Fugitive Slave laws one may find, of course, in the _Statutes at Large_, and some of the effects of the law of 1850 may be studied in a pamphlet entitled _The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims_, compiled by Samuel May, Jr., and first published in 1856. An enlarged edition of this pamphlet was issued in 1861.
14. CONTEMPORANEOUS AND MODERN BOOKS ON SLAVERY
Under this heading are brought for convenience several different classes of books on slavery. The first of these classes comprises the three small volumes, published during the interval from 1816 to 1826, in which immediate emancipation was advocated by the Rev. George Bourne, the Rev. James Duncan, and the Rev. John Rankin. Our interest here in the teaching of these men arises primarily from the circumstance that two of them, at least, are known to have done what they could to advance the work of the Underground Railroad, while all of them lived, at the time of the appearance of their books, on or near the border line over which came the trembling fugitive in search of freedom.
Another class is made up of volumes descriptive of slavery. Such are Mrs. Frances A. Kemble's _Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1836-1839_, Frederick Law Olmsted's _Cotton Kingdom_, G. M. Weston's _Progress of Slavery in the United States_, and a book that has but recently come from the press, Edward Ingle's _Southern Sidelights_.
In a third class must be grouped such recent monographs as Mrs. Marion G. McDougall's _Fugitive Slaves_, and Miss Mary Tremaine's _Slavery in the District of Columbia_. The former has been found to be especially serviceable, not only because of its subject matter, but also because of its numerous and accurate references and its long list of notable fugitive slave cases.
15. SECONDARY WORKS
One will seek in vain in the secondary works for an adequate account of the Underground Railroad, or a proper estimate of its importance, whether one looks in the general histories of the United States, such as the works of Von Holst, Schouler, and Rhodes, the more condensed books of which we have an example in Prof. J. W. Burgess's _The Middle Period_, or the histories of slavery, like Wilson's _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America_, Greeley's _American Conflict_, Williams' _History of the Negro Race_, and Willey's _History of the Anti-Slavery Cause in State and Nation_. These works are important for their discussions from different points of view of the political forces and constitutional questions involved in the struggle for emancipation, and in general they present descriptions of the famous contested fugitive slave cases and cases of rescue, but they have failed, on account of the small amount of evidence hitherto available, to arrive at a proper view of the political significance of the underground system.
16. LIBRARIES
While the great mass of evidence that has made this volume possible was collected by field work, the author did not neglect to search libraries, both public and private, in the prosecution of his undertaking. He was able to make use of the public libraries of Cincinnati, besides the private library of Major E. C. Dawes of that city, the state library, and the library of Ohio State University at Columbus, the library of C. M. Burton, Esq., of Detroit, Michigan, and during two years' residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts, he was able to avail himself of the splendid collections of anti-slavery books and pamphlets to be found in the Boston Public Library and the library of Harvard University. The materials for the chapter on "Prosecutions of Underground Railroad Men" were gathered in the Harvard Law Library.
PRINTED COLLECTIONS OF UNDERGROUND RAILROAD INCIDENTS
LEVI COFFIN. Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the Reputed President of the Underground Railroad; being a Brief History of the Labors of a Lifetime in Behalf of the Slave, with the Stories of Numerous Fugitives, who gained their Freedom through his Instrumentality; and Many Other Incidents. Second Edition. Cincinnati, 1880.
ASCOTT R. HOPE (a _nom de plume_ for Robert Hope Moncrieff). Heroes in Homespun, 1894.
H. U. JOHNSON. From Dixie to Canada. Romances and Realities of the Underground Railroad. (Reprinted from the Lake Shore and Home Magazine.) Vol. I. Orwell, Ohio, 1894.
REV. W. M. MITCHELL. The Underground Railroad. London, 1860.
EBER M. PETTIT. Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad; comprising Many Thrilling Incidents of the Escape of Fugitives from Slavery, and the Perils of those who aided them. Fredonia, N. Y., 1879.
R. C. SMEDLEY. History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania. Lancaster, Pa., 1883.
WILLIAM STILL. Underground Railroad Records. Revised Edition. With a Life of the Author. Narrating the Hardships, Hairbreadth Escapes, and Death Struggles of the Slaves in their Efforts for Freedom. Together with Sketches of Some of the Eminent Friends of Freedom, and Most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road. Hartford, Conn., 1886.
PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS
AUSTIN BEARSE. Remembrances of Fugitive Slave Days in Boston. Boston, 1880. (Pamphlet.)
HENRY THOMAS BUTTERWORTH. Reminiscences and Memories of Henry Thomas Butterworth and Nancy Irwin Wales, His Wife, with Some Account of their Golden Wedding. Nov. 3, 1880. Lebanon, Ohio, 1886. (Pamphlet.)
ELIZABETH BUFFUM CHACE. Anti-Slavery Reminiscences. Central Falls., R.I., 1891. (Pamphlet.)
JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE. Anti-Slavery Days. A Sketch of the Struggle which ended in the Abolition of Slavery in the United States. New York, 1883.
DANIEL DRAYTON. Personal Memoirs, etc., including a Narrative of the Voyage and Capture of the Schooner _Pearl_. Published by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Boston and New York, 1855.
THE REV. CALVIN FAIRBANK. During Slavery Times. How he "Fought the Good Fight" to Prepare "the Way." Edited from his Manuscript. Chicago, 1890.
JOSIAH BUSHNELL GRINNELL. Men and Events of Forty Years. Autobiographical Reminiscences of an Active Career from 1850 to 1890. Boston, 1891.
LAURA S. HAVILAND. A Woman's Life-work: Labors and Experiences of Laura S. Haviland. Fourth Edition. Chicago, 1889.
SAMUEL J. MAY. Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict. Boston, 1869.
JOSEPH MORRIS. Reminiscences. Richland Township, Marion Co., Ohio. Date unknown.
A. G. RIDDLE. Recollections of War Times. New York, 1873.
GEORGE W. JULIAN. Political Recollections. 1840-1872. Chicago, 1884.
DR. ALEXANDER MILTON ROSS. Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist. Second Edition. Toronto, 1876.
BIOGRAPHIES AND MEMOIRS
CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. Richard Henry Dana. A Biography. 2 Vols. Vol. I. Boston, 1890.
GEORGE E. BAKER, Editor. The Life of William H. Seward, with Selections from his Works. 3 Vols. New York, 1853, 1861, 1864.
A. L. BENEDICT. Memoir of Richard Dillingham. Philadelphia, 1852. (Pamphlet.)
WILLIAM BIRNEY. James G. Birney and his Times. The Genesis of the Republican Party, with Some Account of Abolition Movements in the South before 1828. New York, 1890.
JOHN HOWARD BRYANT. Life and Poems. 1894.
LYDIA MARIA CHILD. Isaac T. Hopper: A True Life. Twelfth Thousand. Boston, 1854.
J. F. H. CLAIBORNE. Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman. 2 Vols. New York, 1860.
W. G. DESHLER and Others. Memorial on the Death of James M. Westwater. Published by the Board of Trade, Columbus, Ohio, 1894. (Pamphlet.)
O. B. FROTHINGHAM. Life of Gerrit Smith. New York, 1878.
WENDELL PHILLIPS GARRISON and FRANCIS JACKSON GARRISON. William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879: The Story of his Life, told by his Children. 4 Vols. 8vo. New York, 1885.
MRS. ANNA D. HALLOWELL. James and Lucretia Mott. Life and Letters. Boston, 1884.
REV. D. HEAGLE. The Great Anti-Slavery Agitator, Hon. Owen Lovejoy as a Gospel Minister, with a Collection of his Sayings in Congress. Princeton, Ill., 1886. (Pamphlet.)
RICHARD J. HINTON. John Brown and his Men, with Some Account of the Roads they traveled to reach Harper's Ferry. New York, 1894.
In Memoriam. John Hossack. Deceased Nov. 8, 1891. (Reprinted from the Republican Times,) Ottawa, Ill., 1892. (Pamphlet.)
OLIVER JOHNSON. William Lloyd Garrison and his Times. Boston, 1880.
GEORGE W. JULIAN. Life of Joshua R. Giddings. Chicago, 1892.
Memoir of Jervis Langdon, Elmira, N.Y. (Pamphlet.)
J. C. LEGGETT. Oration. Ceremonies attendant upon the Unveiling of a Bronze Bust and Granite Monument of Rev. John Rankin. (Ripley, Ohio), 1892. (Pamphlet.)
THOMAS J. MUMFORD, Editor. Memoir of S. J. May. Boston, 1873.
JOHN G. NICOLAY and JOHN HAY. Abraham Lincoln. A History. Vol. III. New York, 1890.
C. C. OLIN. A Complete Record of the John Olin Family. Indianapolis, 1893.
MRS. L. D. PARKER. Scrap-book containing Newspaper Clippings, etc., relating to Theodore Parker and Others. Boston Public Library.
THEODORE PARKER. Scrap-book collection, with Hand-bills and his own Manuscript relating to Anthony Burns. Boston Public Library.
E. L. PIERCE. Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner. 4 Vols. Vols. III and IV. Boston, 1877-1893.
FLORENCE and H. CORDELIA RAY. Sketch of the Life of Rev. Charles B. Ray. New York, 1887. (?)
JAMES REDPATH. The Public Life of Captain John Brown, with an Autobiography of his Childhood and Youth. Boston, 1860.
F. B. SANBORN. The Life and Letters of John Brown, Liberator of Kansas, and Martyr of Virginia. Boston, 1885.
---- ----. Dr. S. G. Howe, The Philanthropist. New York, 1891.
J. W. SCHUCKERS. The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase, United States Senator, and Governor of Ohio; Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief Justice of the United States. New York, 1874.
F. W. SEWARD. Seward at Washington, as Senator and Secretary of State. 2 Vols. New York, 1891.
C. E. STOWE. Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe: compiled from her Letters and Journals. Boston, 1889.
MISS C. C. THAYER. Two Scrap-books relating to Theodore Parker. Boston Public Library.
ROBERT B. WARDEN. An Account of the Private Life and Public Services of Samuel Portland Chase. Cincinnati, 1874.
JOHN WEISS. Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker. 2 Vols. New York, 1864.
SLAVE BIOGRAPHIES AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES
W. I. BOWDITCH. The Rendition of Anthony Burns. Boston, 1850.
SARAH H. BRADFORD. Harriet, The Moses of Her People. New York, 1886.
Boston Slave Riot and Trial of Anthony Burns. Boston, 1854.
WILLIAM W. BROWN. Narrative of William W. Brown. A Fugitive Slave. Second Edition. Boston, 1848.
FREDERICK DOUGLASS. My Bondage and My Freedom. Part I.--Life as a Slave. Part II.--Life as a Freeman. With an Introduction by Dr. James M'Cune Smith. New York and Auburn, 1855.
---- ----. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by himself. His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time. With an Introduction by Mr. George L. Ruffin, of Boston. Hartford, Conn., 1881.
JOSIAH HENSON. Life of Josiah Henson, formerly a Slave, now an Inhabitant of Canada, as narrated by himself. Preface by T. Binney. Boston, 1849.
---- ----. Story of His Own Life with an Introduction by Mrs. H. B. Stowe. Boston, 1858.
REV. J. W. LOGUEN. As a Slave and as a Freeman. Syracuse, N.Y., 1859.
MRS. K. E. R. PICKARD. The Kidnapped and Ransomed. Personal Reflections of Peter Still and his Wife Vina after Forty Years of Slavery. Syracuse, N.Y., 1856.
CHARLES STEARNS. Narrative of Henry Box Brown, who escaped from Slavery enclosed in a Box 3 feet long and 2 wide, written from a Statement of Facts made by Himself. 1849.
CHARLES EMERY STEVENS. Anthony Burns. A History. Boston. 1856.
AUSTIN STEWARD. Twenty-two Years a Slave, and Forty Years a Freeman; Embracing a Correspondence of Several Years, While President of Wilberforce Colony, London, Canada West. Rochester, N.Y., 1857.
MATERIALS RELATING TO SLAVERY AND FUGITIVE SLAVES IN CANADA
GEORGE BRYCE. Short History of the Canadian People. London, 1887.
JOHN CHARLES DENT. The Last Forty Years, Canada Since the Union of 1841. Vol. I, 1881.
BENJAMIN DREW. A North-Side View of Slavery: The Refugee, or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada related by Themselves, with an Account of the History and Conditions of the Colored Population of Upper Canada. Boston, 1856.
J. C. HAMILTON. Slavery in Canada. Magazine of American History, Vol. XXV.
SAMUEL G. HOWE. The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West. Report to Freedman's Inquiry Committee. Boston, 1864.
JOHN M. MCMULLEN. History of Canada. 2 Vols. Vol. II, 1892.
STATE, COUNTY, AND LOCAL HISTORIES
Illinois.
A. T. ANDREAS. History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Chicago, 1884.
S. J. CLARKE. History of McDonough County, Ill. Springfield, Ill., 1878.
History of Knox County, Ill.; with Record of its Volunteers in the late War, Portraits, Biographical Sketches, History of Illinois, etc. Chicago, 1878.
EDWARD G. MASON. Early Chicago and Illinois. Chicago, 1890.
GEORGE H. WOODRUFF. Forty Years Ago. A Contribution to the Early History of Joliet, and Will County, Ill. 1874.
---- ----. History of Will County, Ill. 1878.
Indiana.
History of Henry County, Ind.
History of Wayne County, Ind., from its First Settlement to the Present Time; with numerous Biographical and Family Sketches. Cincinnati, 1872.
Iowa.
L. P. ALLEN and Others. The History of Clinton County, Iowa, containing a History of the County, its Cities, Towns, etc. Chicago, 1879.
Massachusetts.
LEONARD BOLLES ELLIS. History of New Bedford and its Vicinity, 1602-1892. Syracuse, N.Y., 1892.
MASON A. GREEN. Springfield, (Mass.) 1836-1886. History of Town and City, including an Account of the Quarter-Millennial Celebration. Issued by the Authority and Direction of the City. Springfield, 1888.
JOSEPH MARSH. Article on "The Underground Railway," in the History of Florence, Mass.
Michigan.
SILAS FARMER. Article on "Slavery and the Colored Race," in the History of Detroit and Michigan. Detroit, 1884.
E. G. RUST. Calhoun County (Mich.) Business Directory. For 1869-1870. Together with a History of the County. Battle Creek, Mich., 1869.
New York.
GEORGE ROGERS HOWELL and JONATHAN TENNY, Editors, assisted by Local Writers. Bi-Centennial History of Albany, N.Y., with Portraits and Biographies and Illustrations. New York, 1886.
BENSON JOHN LOSSING. The Empire State. A Compendious History of the Commonwealth of New York. Hartford, Conn., 1888.
ANDREW W. YOUNG. History of the Town of Warsaw, New York. Buffalo, 1869.
Ohio.
History of Ashtabula County, Ohio; with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of its Pioneers and Most Prominent Men. Philadelphia, Williams Bros., 1878. Article on the Underground Railroad contributed by S. D. Peet.
ALEXANDER BLACK. The Story of Ohio. Boston, 1888.
REV. HENRY BUSHNELL. The History of Granville, Licking Co., Ohio. Columbus, 1889.
JAMES H. FAIRCHILD. Oberlin--The Colony and the College. Oberlin, Ohio, 1883.
History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio.
History of Geauga and Lake Counties, Ohio, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of its Pioneers and Most Prominent Men. Philadelphia, Williams Bros., 1878.
HENRY HOWE. Historical Collections of Ohio. 3 Vols. Columbus, 1891.
RUFUS KING. Ohio, First Fruits of the Ordinance of 1787. Boston and New York, 1888.
ALFRED E. LEE. History of the City of Columbus. New York and Chicago, 1892.