V.

=Viana.= A town of Portugal, in the province of Minho, situated on the Lima, 38 miles north from Oporto. This place surrendered to Admiral Sir Charles Napier in the civil war which deprived Don Miguel of the throne of Portugal.

ARTICLES OF WAR.

SECTION 1342. The armies of the United States shall be governed by the following rules and articles. The word officer, as used therein, shall be understood to designate commissioned officers; the word soldier shall be understood to include non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates, and other enlisted men, and the convictions mentioned therein shall be understood to be convictions by court-martial.

ARTICLE 1. Every officer now in the Army of the United States shall, within six months from the passing of this act, and every officer hereafter appointed shall, before he enters upon the duties of his office, subscribe these rules and articles.

ART. 2. These rules and articles shall be read to every enlisted man at the time of, or within six days after, his enlistment, and he shall thereupon take an oath or affirmation, in the following form: “I, A B, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States of America; that I will serve them honestly and faithfully against all their enemies whomsoever; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States, and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to the Rules and Articles of War.” This oath may be taken before any commissioned officer of the Army.

ART. 3. Every officer who knowingly enlists or musters into the military service any minor over the age of sixteen years without the written consent of his parents or guardians, or any minor under the age of sixteen years, or any insane or intoxicated persons, or any deserter from the military or naval service of the United States, or any person who has been convicted of any infamous criminal offense, shall, upon conviction, be dismissed from the service, or suffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 4. No enlisted man, duly sworn, shall be discharged from the service without a discharge in writing, signed by a field-officer of the regiment to which he belongs, or by the commanding officer, when no field-officer is present; and no discharge shall be given to any enlisted man before his term of service has expired, except by order of the President, the Secretary of War, the commanding officer of a department, or by sentence of a general court-martial.

ART. 5. Any officer who knowingly musters as a soldier a person who is not a soldier shall be deemed guilty of knowingly making a false muster, and punished accordingly.

ART. 6. Any officer who takes money, or other thing, by way of gratification, on mustering any regiment, troop, battery, or company, or on signing muster-rolls, shall be dismissed from the service, and shall thereby be disabled to hold any office or employment in the service of the United States.

ART. 7. Every officer commanding a regiment, an independent troop, battery, or company, or a garrison, shall, in the beginning of every month, transmit through the proper channels, to the Department of War, an exact return of the same, specifying the names of the officers then absent from their posts, with the reasons for and the time of their absence. And any officer who, through neglect or design, omits to send such returns, shall, on conviction thereof, be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 8. Every officer who knowingly makes a false return to the Department of War, or to any of his superior officers, authorized to call for such returns, of the state of the regiment, troop or company, or garrison under his command; or of the arms, ammunition, clothing, or other stores thereunto belonging, shall, on conviction thereof before a court-martial, be cashiered.

ART. 9. All public stores taken from the enemy shall be secured for the service of the United States; and for neglect thereof the commanding officer shall be answerable.

ART. 10. Every officer commanding a troop, battery, or company, is charged with the arms, accoutrements, ammunition, clothing, or other military stores belonging to his command, and is accountable to his colonel in case of their being lost, spoiled, or damaged otherwise than by unavoidable accident, or on actual service.

ART. 11. Every officer commanding a regiment or an independent troop, battery, or company, not in the field, may, when actually quartered with such command, grant furloughs to the enlisted men, in such numbers and for such time as he shall deem consistent with the good of the service. Every officer commanding a regiment, or an independent troop, battery, or company, in the field, may grant furloughs not exceeding thirty days at one time, to five per centum of the enlisted men, for good conduct in the line of duty, but subject to the approval of the commander of the forces of which said enlisted men form a part. Every company officer of a regiment, commanding any troop, battery, or company not in the field, or commanding in any garrison, fort, post, or barrack, may, in the absence of his field-officer, grant furloughs to the enlisted men, for a time not exceeding twenty days in six months, and not to more than two persons to be absent at the same time.

ART. 12. At every muster of a regiment, troop, battery, or company, the commanding officer thereof shall give to the mustering officer certificates, signed by himself, stating how long absent officers have been absent and the reasons of their absence. And the commanding officer of every troop, battery, or company shall give like certificates, stating how long absent non-commissioned officers and private soldiers have been absent and the reasons of their absence. Such reasons and time of absence shall be inserted in the muster-rolls opposite the names of the respective absent officers and soldiers; and the certificates, together with the muster-rolls, shall be transmitted by the mustering officer to the Department of War, as speedily as the distance of the place and muster will admit.

ART. 13. Every officer who signs a false certificate, relating to the absence or pay of an officer or soldier, shall be dismissed from the service.

ART. 14. Any officer who knowingly makes a false muster of man or horse, or who signs, or directs, or allows the signing of any muster-roll, knowing the same to contain a false muster, shall, upon proof thereof by two witnesses, before a court-martial, be dismissed from the service, and shall thereby be disabled to hold any office or employment in the service of the United States.

ART. 15. Any officer who, willfully or through neglect, suffers to be lost, spoiled, or damaged, any military stores belonging to the United States, shall make good the loss or damage, and be dismissed from the service.

ART. 16. Any enlisted man who sells, or willfully or through neglect wastes the ammunition delivered out to him, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 17. Any soldier who sells or, through neglect, loses or spoils his horse, arms, clothing, or accoutrements, shall suffer such stoppages, not exceeding one-half of his current pay, as a court-martial may deem sufficient for repairing the loss or damage, and shall be punished by confinement or such other corporal punishment as the court may direct.

ART. 18. Any officer commanding in any garrison, fort, or barracks of the United States who, for his private advantage, lays any duty or imposition upon, or is interested in, the sale of any victuals, liquors, or other necessaries of life, brought into such garrison, fort, or barracks, for the use of the soldiers, shall be dismissed from the service.

ART. 19. Any officer who uses contemptuous or disrespectful words against the President, the Vice-President, the Congress of the United States, or the chief magistrate or legislature of any of the United States in which he is quartered, shall be dismissed from the service, or otherwise punished as a court-martial may direct. Any soldier who so offends shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 20. Any officer or soldier who behaves himself with disrespect towards his commanding officer shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 21. Any officer or soldier who, on any pretense whatsoever, strikes his superior officer, or draws or lifts up any weapon, or offers any violence against him, being in the execution of his office, or disobeys any lawful command of his superior officer, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 22. Any officer or soldier who begins, excites, causes, or joins in any mutiny or sedition, in any troop, battery, company, party, post, detachment, or guard, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 23. Any officer or soldier who, being present at any mutiny or sedition, does not use his utmost endeavor to suppress the same, or having knowledge of any intended mutiny or sedition, does not, without delay, give information thereof to his commanding officer, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 24. All officers, of what condition soever, have power to part and quell all quarrels, frays, and disorders, whether among persons belonging to his own or to another corps, regiment, troop, battery, or company, and to order officers into arrest, and non-commissioned officers and soldiers into confinement, who take part in the same, until their proper superior officer is acquainted therewith. And whosoever, being so ordered, refuses to obey such officer or non-commissioned officer, or draws a weapon upon him, shall be punished us a court-martial may direct.

ART. 25. No officer or soldier shall use any reproachful or provoking speeches or gestures to another. Any officer who so offends shall be put in arrest. Any soldier who so offends shall be confined, and required to ask pardon of the party offended, in the presence of the commanding officer.

ART. 26. No officer or soldier shall send a challenge to another officer or soldier to fight a duel, or accept a challenge so sent. Any officer who so offends shall be dismissed from the service. Any soldier who so offends shall suffer such corporal punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 27. Any officer or non-commissioned officer, commanding a guard, who, knowingly and willingly, suffers any person to go forth to fight a duel, shall be punished as a challenger; and all seconds or promoters of duels, and carriers of challenges to fight duels, shall be deemed principals, and punished accordingly. It shall be the duty of any officer commanding an army, regiment, troop, battery, company, post, or detachment, who knows or has reason to believe that a challenge has been given or accepted by any officer or enlisted man under his command, immediately to arrest the offender and bring him to trial.

ART. 28. Any officer or soldier who upbraids another officer or soldier for refusing a challenge shall himself be punished as a challenger; and all officers and soldiers are hereby discharged from any disgrace or opinion of disadvantage which might arise from their having refused to accept challenges, as they will only have acted in obedience to the law, and have done their duty as good soldiers, who subject themselves to discipline.

ART. 29. Any officer who thinks himself wronged by the commanding officer of his regiment, and, upon due application to such commander, is refused redress, may complain to the general commanding in the State or Territory where such regiment is stationed. The general shall examine into said complaint and take proper measures for redressing the wrong complained of; and he shall, as soon as possible, transmit to the Department of War a true statement of such complaint, with the proceedings had thereon.

ART. 30. Any soldier who thinks himself wronged by any officer may complain to the commanding officer of his regiment, who shall summon a regimental court-martial for the doing of justice to the complainant. Either party may appeal from such regimental court-martial to a general court-martial; but if, upon such second hearing, the appeal appears to be groundless and vexatious, the party appealing shall be punished at the discretion of said general court-martial.

ART. 31. Any officer or soldier who lies out of his quarters, garrison, or camp, without leave from his superior officer, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 32. Any soldier who absents himself from his troop, battery, company, or detachment, without leave from his commanding officer, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 33. Any officer or soldier who fails, except when prevented by sickness or other necessity, to repair, at the fixed time, to the place of parade, exercise, or other rendezvous appointed by his commanding officer, or goes from the same, without leave from his commanding officer, before he is dismissed or relieved, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 34. Any soldier who is found one mile from camp, without leave in writing from his commanding officer, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 35. Any soldier who fails to retire to his quarters or tent at the beating of retreat, shall be punished according to the nature of his offense.

ART. 36. No soldier belonging to any regiment, troop, battery, or company shall hire another to do his duty for him, or be excused from duty, except in cases of sickness, disability, or leave of absence. Every such soldier found guilty of hiring his duty, and the person so hired to do another’s duty, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 37. Every non-commissioned officer who connives at such hiring of duty shall be reduced. Every officer who knows and allows such practices shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 38. Any officer who is found drunk on his guard, party, or other duty, shall be dismissed from the service. Any soldier who so offends shall suffer such punishment as a court-martial may direct. No court-martial shall sentence any soldier to be branded, marked, or tattooed.

ART. 39. Any sentinel who is found sleeping upon his post, or who leaves it before he is regularly relieved, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 40. Any officer or soldier who quits his guard, platoon, or division, without leave from his superior officer, except in a case of urgent necessity, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 41. Any officer who, by any means whatsoever, occasions false alarms in camp, garrison, or quarters, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 42. Any officer or soldier who misbehaves himself before the enemy, runs away, or shamefully abandons any fort, post, or guard, which he is commanded to defend, or speaks words inducing others to do the like, or casts away his arms or ammunition, or quits his post or colors to plunder or pillage, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 43. If any commander of any garrison, fortress, or post is compelled, by the officers and soldiers under his command, to give up to the enemy or to abandon it, the officers or soldiers so offending shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 44. Any person belonging to the armies of the United States who makes known the watch-word to any person not entitled to receive it, according to the rules and discipline of war, or presumes to give a parole or watch-word different from that which he received, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 45. Whosoever relieves the enemy with money, victuals, or ammunition, or knowingly harbors or protects an enemy, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 46. Whosoever holds correspondence with, or gives intelligence to, the enemy, either directly or indirectly, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 47. Any officer or soldier who, having received pay, or having been duly enlisted in the service of the United States, deserts the same, shall, in time of war, suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct; and in time of peace, any punishment, excepting death, which a court-martial may direct.

ART. 48. Every soldier who deserts the service of the United States shall be liable to serve for such period as shall, with the time he may have served previous to his desertion, amount to the full term of his enlistment; and such soldier shall be tried by a court-martial and punished, although the term of his enlistment may have elapsed previous to his being apprehended and tried.

ART. 49. Any officer who, having tendered his resignation, quits his post or proper duties, without leave, and with intent to remain permanently absent therefrom, prior to due notice of the acceptance of the same, shall be deemed and punished as a deserter.

ART. 50. No non-commissioned officer or soldier shall enlist himself in any other regiment, troop, or company, without a regular discharge from the regiment, troop, or company in which he last served, on a penalty of being reputed a deserter, and suffering accordingly. And in case any officer shall knowingly receive and entertain such non-commissioned officer or soldier, or shall not, after his being discovered to be a deserter, immediately confine him and give notice thereof to the corps in which he last served, the said officer shall, by a court martial, be cashiered.

ART. 51. Any officer or soldier who advises or persuades any other officer or soldier to desert the service of the United States, shall, in time of war, suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct; and in time of peace, any punishment, excepting death, which a court-martial may direct.

ART. 52. It is earnestly recommended to all officers and soldiers diligently to attend divine service. Any officer who behaves indecently or irreverently at any place of divine worship shall be brought before a general court-martial, there to be publicly and severely reprimanded by the president thereof. Any soldier who so offends shall, for his first offense, forfeit one-sixth of a dollar; for each further offense he shall forfeit a like sum, and shall be confined twenty-four hours. The money so forfeited shall be deducted from his next pay, and shall be applied, by the captain or senior officer of his troop, battery, or company, to the use of the sick soldiers of the same.

ART. 53. Any officer who uses any profane oath or execration shall, for each offense, forfeit and pay one dollar. Any soldier who so offends shall incur the penalties provided in the preceding article; and all moneys forfeited for such offense shall be applied as therein provided.

ART. 54. Every officer commanding in quarters, garrison, or on the march, shall keep good order, and, to the utmost of his power, redress all abuses or disorders which may be committed by any officer or soldier under his command; and if, upon complaint made to him of officers or soldiers beating or otherwise ill-treating any person, disturbing fairs or markets, or committing any kind of riot, to the disquieting of the citizens of the United States, he refuses or omits to see justice done to the offender, and reparation made to the party injured, so far as part of the offender’s pay shall go towards such reparation, he shall be dismissed from the service, or otherwise punished, as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 55. All officers and soldiers are to behave themselves orderly in quarters and on the march; and whoever commits any waste or spoil, either in walks or trees, parks, warrens, fish-ponds, houses, gardens, grain-fields, inclosures, or meadows, or maliciously destroys any property whatsoever belonging to inhabitants of the United States (unless by order of a general officer commanding a separate army in the field), shall, besides such penalties as he may be liable to by law, be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 56. Any officer or soldier who does violence to any person bringing provisions or other necessaries to the camp, garrison, or quarters of the forces of the United States in foreign parts, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 57. Whosoever, belonging to the armies of the United States in foreign parts, or at any place within the United States or their Territories during rebellion against the supreme authority of the United States, forces a safeguard, shall suffer death.

ART. 58. In time of war, insurrection, or rebellion, larceny, robbery, burglary, arson, mayhem, manslaughter, murder, assault and battery with an intent to kill, wounding, by shooting or stabbing, with an intent to commit murder, rape, or assault and battery with an intent to commit rape, shall be punishable by the sentence of a general court-martial, when committed by persons in the military service of the United States, and the punishment in any such case shall not be less than the punishment provided, for the like offense, by the laws of the State, Territory, or district in which such offense may have been committed.

ART. 59. When any officer or soldier is accused of a capital crime, or of any offense against the person or property of any citizen of any of the United States, which is punishable by the laws of the land, the commanding officer, and the officers of the regiment, troop, battery, company, or detachment, to which the person so accused belongs, are required, except in time of war, upon application duly made by or in behalf of the party injured to use their utmost endeavors to deliver him over to the civil magistrate, and to aid the officers of justice in apprehending and securing him, in order to bring him to trial. If upon such application, any officer refuses or willfully neglects, except in time of war, to deliver over such accused person to the civil magistrates, or to aid the officers of justice in apprehending him, he shall be dismissed from the service.

ART. 60. Any person in the military service of the United States who makes or causes to be made any claim against the United States, or any officer thereof, knowing such claim to be false or fraudulent; or

Who presents or causes to be presented to any person in the civil or military service thereof, for approval or payment, any claim against the United States or any officer thereof, knowing such claim to be false or fraudulent; or

Who enters into any agreement or conspiracy to defraud the United States by obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the allowance or payment of any false or fraudulent claim; or

Who, for the purpose of obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the approval, allowance, or payment of any claim against the United States or against any officer thereof, makes or uses, or procures or advises the making or use of, any writing, or other paper, knowing the same to contain any false or fraudulent statement; or

Who, for the purpose of obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the approval, allowance, or payment of any claim against the United States or any officer thereof, makes, or procures or advises the making of, any oath to any fact, or to any writing or other paper, knowing such oath to be false; or

Who, for the purpose of obtaining, or aiding others to obtain, the approval, allowance, or payment of any claim against the United States or any officer thereof, forges or counterfeits, or procures or advises the forging or counterfeiting of, any signature upon any writing or other paper, or uses, or procures or advises the use of, any such signature, knowing the same to be forged or counterfeited; or

Who, having charge, possession, custody, or control of any money or other property of the United States, furnished or intended for the military service thereof, knowingly delivers, or causes to be delivered, to any person having authority to receive the same, any amount thereof less than that for which he receives a certificate or receipt; or

Who, being authorized to make or deliver any paper certifying the receipt of any property of the United States, furnished or intended for the military service thereof, makes, or delivers to any person, such writing, without having full knowledge of the truth of the statements therein contained, and with intent to defraud the United States; or

Who steals, embezzles, knowingly and willfully misappropriates, applies to his own use or benefit, or wrongfully or knowingly sells or disposes of any ordnance, arms, equipments, ammunition, clothing, subsistence stores, money, or other property of the United States, furnished or intended for the military service thereof; or

Who knowingly purchases, or receives in pledge for any obligation or indebtedness, from any soldier, officer, or other person who is a part of or employed in said forces or service, any ordnance, arms, equipments, ammunition, clothing, subsistence stores, or other property of the United States, such soldier, officer, or other person not having lawful right to sell or pledge the same,

Shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by fine or imprisonment, or by such other punishment as a court-martial may adjudge. And if any person, being guilty of any of the offenses aforesaid, while in the military service of the United States, receives his discharge, or is dismissed from the service, he shall continue to be liable to be arrested and held for trial and sentence by a court-martial, in the same manner and to the same extent as if he had not received such discharge nor been dismissed.

ART. 61. Any officer who is convicted of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman shall be dismissed from the service.

ART. 62. All crimes not capital, and all disorders and neglects, which officers and soldiers may be guilty of, to the prejudice of good order and military discipline, though not mentioned in the foregoing Articles of War, are to be taken cognizance of by a general, or a regimental, garrison, or field-officers’ court-marshal,[2] according to the nature and degree of the offense, and punished at the discretion of said court.

[2] Court-martial.

ART. 63. All retainers to the camp, and all persons serving with the armies of the United States in the field, though not enlisted soldiers, are to be subject to orders, according to the rules and discipline of war.

ART. 64. The officers and soldiers of any troops, whether militia or others, mustered and in pay of the United States, shall, at all times and in all places, be governed by the Articles of War, and shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial.

ART. 65. Officers charged with crime shall be arrested and confined in their barracks, quarters, or tents, and deprived of their swords by the commanding officer. And any officer who leaves his confinement before he is set at liberty by his commanding officer shall be dismissed from the service.

ART. 66. Soldiers charged with crimes shall be confined until tried by court-martial, or released by proper authority.

ART. 67. No provost-marshal, or officer commanding a guard, shall refuse to receive or keep any prisoner committed to his charge by an officer belonging to the forces of the United States; provided the officer committing shall, at the same time, deliver an account in writing, signed by himself, of the crime charged against the prisoner.

ART. 68. Every officer to whose charge a prisoner is committed shall, within twenty-four hours after such commitment, or as soon as he is relieved from his guard, report in writing, to the commanding officer, the name of such prisoner, the crime charged against him, and the name of the officer committing him; and if he fails to make such report, he shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 69. Any officer who presumes, without proper authority, to release any prisoner committed to his charge, or suffers any prisoner so committed to escape, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

ART. 70. No officer or soldier put in arrest shall be continued in confinement more than eight days, or until such time as a court-martial can be assembled.

ART. 71. When an officer is put in arrest for the purpose of trial, except at remote military posts or stations, the officer by whose order he is arrested shall see that a copy of the charges on which he is to be tried is served upon him within eight days after his arrest, and that he is brought to trial within ten days thereafter, unless the necessities of the service prevent such trial; and then he shall be brought to trial within thirty days after the expiration of said ten days. If a copy of the charges be not served, or the arrested officer be not brought to trial, as herein required, the arrest shall cease. But officers released from arrest, under the provisions of this article, may be tried, whenever the exigencies of the service shall permit, within twelve months after such release from arrest.

ART. 72. Any general officer, commanding the army of the United States, a separate army, or a separate department, shall be competent to appoint a general court-martial, either in time of peace or in time of war. But when any such commander is the accuser or prosecutor of any officer under his command, the court shall be appointed by the President, and its proceedings and sentence shall be sent directly to the Secretary of War, by whom they shall be laid before the President, for his approval or orders in the case.

ART. 73. In time of war the commander of a division, or of a separate brigade of troops, shall be competent to appoint a general court-martial. But when such commander is the accuser or prosecutor of any person under his command, the court shall be appointed by the next higher commander.

ART. 74. Officers who may appoint a court-martial shall be competent to appoint a judge-advocate for the same.

ART. 75. General courts-martial may consist of any number of officers from five to thirteen, inclusive; but they shall not consist of less than thirteen when that number can be convened without manifest injury to the service.

ART. 76. When the requisite number of officers to form a general court-martial is not present in any post or detachment, the commanding officer shall, in cases which require the cognizance of such a court, report to the commanding officer of the department, who shall, thereupon, order a court to be assembled at the nearest post or department at which there may be such a requisite number of officers, and shall order the party accused, with necessary witnesses, to be transported to the place where the said court shall be assembled.

ART. 77. Officers of the Regular Army shall not be competent to sit on courts-martial to try the officers or soldiers of other forces, except as provided in Article 78.

ART. 78. Officers of the Marine Corps, detached for service with the Army by order of the President, may be associated with officers of the Regular Army on courts-martial for the trial of offenders belonging to the Regular Army, or to forces of the Marine Corps so detached; and in such cases the orders of the senior officer of either corps who may be present and duly authorized, shall be obeyed.

ART. 79. Officers shall be tried only by general courts-martial; and no officer shall, when it can be avoided, be tried by officers inferior to him in rank.

ART. 80. In time of war a field-officer may be detailed in every regiment, to try soldiers thereof for offenses not capital; and no soldier, serving with his regiment, shall be tried by a regimental[3] garrison court-martial when a field-officer of his regiment may be so detailed.

[3] The word _or_ omitted from the roll.

ART. 81. Every officer commanding a regiment or corps shall, subject to the provisions of article eighty, be competent to appoint, for his own regiment or corps, courts-martial, consisting of three officers, to try offenses not capital.

ART. 82. Every officer commanding a garrison, fort, or other place, where the troops consist of different corps, shall, subject to the provisions of article eighty, be competent to appoint, for such garrison or other place, courts-martial, consisting of three officers, to try offenses not capital.

ART. 83. Regimental and garrison courts-martial, and field-officers detailed to try offenders, shall not have power to try capital cases or commissioned officers, or to inflict a fine exceeding one month’s pay, or to imprison or put to hard labor any non-commissioned officer or soldier for a longer time than one month.

ART. 84. The judge-advocate shall administer to each member of the court, before they proceed upon any trial, the following oath, which shall also be taken by all members of regimental and garrison courts-martial: “You, A B, do swear that you will well and truly try and determine, according to evidence, the matter now before you, between the United States of America and the prisoner to be tried, and that you will duly administer justice, without partiality, favor, or affection, according to the provisions of the rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United States, and if any doubt should arise, not explained by said articles, then according to your conscience, the best of your understanding, and the custom of war in like cases; and you do further swear that you will not divulge the sentence of the court until it shall be published by the proper authorities; neither will you disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any particular member of the court-martial, unless required to give evidence thereof, as a witness, by a court of justice, in a due course of law. So help you God.”

ART. 85. When the oath has been administered to the members of a court-martial, the president of the court shall administer to the judge-advocate, or person officiating as such, an oath in the following form: “You, A B, do swear that you will not disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any particular member of the court-martial, unless required to give evidence thereof, as a witness, by a court of justice, in due course of law; nor divulge the sentence of the court to any but the proper authority, until it shall be duly disclosed by the same. So help you God.”

ART. 86. A court-martial may punish, at discretion, any person who uses any menacing words, signs or gestures, in its presence, or who disturbs its proceedings by any riot or disorder.

ART. 87. All members of a court-martial are to behave with decency and calmness.

ART. 88. Members of a court-martial may be challenged by a prisoner, but only for cause stated to the court. The court shall determine the relevancy and validity thereof, and shall not receive a challenge to more than one member at a time.

ART. 89. When a prisoner, arraigned before a general court-martial, from obstinacy and deliberate design, stands mute, or answers foreign to the purpose, the court may proceed to trial and judgment, as if the prisoner had pleaded not guilty.

ART. 90. The judge-advocate, or some person deputed by him, or by the general or officer commanding the army, detachment, or garrison, shall prosecute in the name of the United States, but when the prisoner has made his plea, he shall so far consider himself counsel for the prisoner as to object to any leading question to any of the witnesses, and to any question to the prisoner the answer to which might tend to criminate himself.

ART. 91. The depositions of witnesses residing beyond the limits of the State, Territory, or District in which any military court may be ordered to sit, if taken on reasonable notice to the opposite party and duly authenticated, may be read in evidence before such court in cases not capital.

ART. 92. All persons who give evidence before a court-martial shall be examined on oath, or affirmation, in the following form: “You swear (or affirm) that the evidence you shall give, in the case now in hearing, shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. So help you God.”

ART. 93. A court-martial shall, for reasonable cause, grant a continuance to either party, for such time, and as often, as may appear to be just: _Provided_, That if the prisoner be in close confinement, the trial shall not be delayed for a period longer than sixty days.

ART. 94. Proceedings of trials shall be carried on only between the hours of eight in the morning and three in the afternoon, excepting in cases which, in the opinion of the officer appointing the court, require immediate example.

ART. 95. Members of a court-martial, in giving their votes, shall begin with the youngest in commission.

ART. 96. No person shall be sentenced to suffer death, except by the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of a general court-martial, and in the cases herein expressly mentioned.

ART. 97. No person in the military service shall, under the sentence of a court-martial, be punished by confinement in a penitentiary, unless the offense of which he may be convicted would, by some statute of the United States, or by some statute of the State, Territory, or District in which such offense may be committed, or by the common law, as the same exists in such State, Territory, or District, subject such convict to such punishment.

ART. 98. No person in the military service shall be punished by flogging, or by branding, marking, or tattooing on the body.

ART. 99. No officer shall be discharged or dismissed from the service, except by order of the President, or by sentence of a general court-martial; and in time of peace no officer shall be dismissed, except in pursuance of the sentence of a court-martial, or in mitigation thereof.

ART. 100. When an officer is dismissed from the service for cowardice or fraud, the sentence shall further direct that the crime, punishment, name, and place of abode of the delinquent shall be published in the newspapers in and about the camp, and in the State from which the offender came, or where he usually resides; and after such publication it shall be scandalous for an officer to associate with him.

ART. 101. When a court-martial suspends an officer from command, it may also suspend his pay and emoluments for the same time, according to the nature of his offense.

ART. 102. No person shall be tried a second time for the same offense.

ART. 103. No person shall be liable to be tried and punished by a general court-martial for any offense which appears to have been committed more than two years before the issuing of the order for such trial, unless, by reason of having absented himself, or of some other manifest impediment, he shall not have been amenable to justice within that period.

ART. 104. No sentence of a court-martial shall be carried into execution until the whole proceedings shall have been approved by the officer ordering the court, or by the officer commanding for the time being.

ART. 105. No sentence of a court-martial, inflicting the punishment of death, shall be carried into execution until it shall have been confirmed by the President; except in the cases of persons convicted, in time of war, as spies, mutineers, deserters, or murderers, and in the cases of guerilla marauders, convicted, in time of war, of robbery, burglary, arson, rape, assault with intent to commit rape, or of violation of the laws and customs of war; and in such excepted cases the sentence of death may be carried into execution upon confirmation by the commanding general in the field, or the commander of the department, as the case may be.

ART. 106. In time of peace no sentence of a court-martial, directing the dismissal of an officer, shall be carried into execution, until it shall have been confirmed by the President.

ART. 107. No sentence of a court-martial appointed by the commander of a division or of a separate brigade of troops, directing the dismissal of an officer, shall be carried into execution until it shall have been confirmed by the general commanding the army in the field to which the division or brigade belongs.

ART. 108. No sentence of a court-martial, either in time of peace or in time of war, respecting a general officer, shall be carried into execution, until it shall have been confirmed by the President.

ART. 109. All sentences of a court-martial may be confirmed and carried into execution by the officer ordering the court, or by the officer commanding for the time being, where confirmation by the President, or by the commanding general in the field, or commander of the department, is not required by these articles.

ART. 110. No sentence of a field-officer, detailed to try soldiers of his regiment, shall be carried into execution, until the whole proceedings shall have been approved by the brigade commander, or, in case there be no brigade commander, by the commanding officer of the post.

ART. 111. Any officer who has authority to carry into execution the sentence of death, or of dismissal of an officer, may suspend the same until the pleasure of the President shall be known; and, in such case, he shall immediately transmit to the President a copy of the order of suspension, together with a copy of the proceedings of the court.

ART. 112. Every officer who is authorized to order a general court-martial shall have power to pardon or mitigate any punishment adjudged by it, except the punishment of death, or of dismissal of an officer. Every officer commanding a regiment or garrison in which a regimental or garrison court-martial may be held, shall have power to pardon or mitigate any punishment which such court may adjudge.

ART. 113. Every judge-advocate, or person acting as such, at any general court-martial, shall, with as much expedition as the opportunity of time and distance of place may admit, forward the original proceedings and sentence of such court to the Judge-Advocate General of the Army, in whose office they shall be carefully preserved.

ART. 114. Every party tried by a general court-martial shall, upon demand thereof, made by himself, or by any person in his behalf, be entitled to a copy of the proceedings and sentence of such court.

ART. 115. A court of inquiry, to examine into the nature of any transaction of, or accusation or imputation against, any officer or soldier, may be ordered by the President or by any commanding officer; but, as courts of inquiry may be perverted to dishonorable purposes, and may be employed, in the hands of weak and envious commandants, as engines for the destruction of military merit, they shall never be ordered by any commanding officer, except upon a demand by the officer or soldier whose conduct is to be inquired of.

ART. 116. A court of inquiry shall consist of one or more officers, not exceeding three, and a recorder, to reduce the proceedings and evidence to writing.

ART. 117. The recorder of a court of inquiry shall administer to the members the following oath: “You shall well and truly examine and inquire, according to the evidence, into the matter now before you, without partiality, favor, affection, prejudice, or hope of reward. So help you God.” After which the president of the court shall administer to the recorder the following oath: “You, A B, do swear that you will, according to your best abilities, accurately and impartially record the proceedings of the court and the evidence to be given in the case in hearing. So help you God.”

ART. 118. A court of inquiry, and the recorder thereof, shall have the same power to summon and examine witnesses as is given to courts-martial and the judge-advocates thereof. Such witnesses shall take the same oath which is taken by witnesses before courts-martials,[4] and the party accused shall be permitted to examine and cross-examine them, so as fully to investigate the circumstances in question.

[4] _Sic_ in the roll.

ART. 119. A court of inquiry shall not give an opinion on the merits of the case inquired of unless specially ordered to do so.

ART. 120. The proceedings of a court of inquiry must be authenticated by the signatures of the recorder and the president thereof, and delivered to the commanding officer.

ART. 121. The proceedings of a court of inquiry may be admitted as evidence by a court-martial, in cases not capital, nor extending to the dismissal of an officer: _Provided_, That the circumstances are such that oral testimony cannot be obtained.

ART. 122. If, upon marches, guards, or in quarters, different corps of the Army happen to join or do duty together, the officer highest in rank of the line of the Army, Marine Corps, or militia, by commission, there on duty or in quarters, shall command the whole, and give orders for what is needful to the service, unless otherwise specially directed by the President, according to the nature of the case.

ART. 123. In all matters relating to the rank, duties, and rights of officers, the same rules and regulations shall apply to officers of the Regular Army and to volunteers commissioned in, or mustered into said service, under the laws of the United States, for a limited period.

ART. 124. Officers of the militia of the several States, when called into the service of the United States, shall on all detachments, courts-martial, and other duty wherein they may be employed in conjunction with the regular or volunteer forces of the United States, take rank next after all officers of the like grade in said regular or volunteer forces, notwithstanding the commissions of such militia officers may be older than the commissions of the said officers of the regular or volunteer forces of the United States.

ART. 125. In case of the death of any officer, the major of his regiment, or the officer doing the major’s duty, or the second officer in command at any post or garrison, as the case may be, shall immediately secure all his effects then in camp or quarters, and shall make, and transmit to the office of the Department of War, an inventory thereof.

ART. 126. In case of the death of any soldier, the commanding officer of his troop, battery, or company shall immediately secure all his effects then in camp or quarters, and shall, in the presence of two other officers, make an inventory thereof, which he shall transmit to the office of the Department of War.

ART. 127. Officers charged with the care of the effects of deceased officers or soldiers shall account for and deliver the same, or the proceeds thereof, to the legal representatives of such deceased officers or soldiers. And no officer so charged shall be permitted to quit the regiment or post until he has deposited in the hands of the commanding officer all the effects of such deceased officers or soldiers not so accounted for and delivered.

ART. 128. The foregoing articles shall be read and published, once in every six months, to every garrison, regiment, troop, or company in the service of the United States, and shall be duly observed and obeyed by all officers and soldiers in said service.

SEC. 1343. All persons who, in time of war, or of rebellion against the supreme authority of the United States, shall be found lurking or acting as spies, in or about any of the fortifications, posts, quarters, or encampments of any of the armies of the United States, or elsewhere, shall be triable by a general court-martial, or by a military commission, and shall, on conviction thereof, suffer death.

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS

(_For description of Illustrations, see body of work._)

PLATE Abatis, 1 Acinace, 1 Aillettes, 1 Aiming kneeling, 1 Aiming, with an overhead rest, 1 Aiming, sand-bag rest, 1 Alman-rivets, 1 Amazon, 29 Ambulance, 1 American Indians, 28 Amusette, 1 Anlace, 1 Aparejo, 1 Aqueduct, 1 Arbalest, 1 Blocks and Tackles, 3 Blood-hound, 3 Blunderbuss, 1 Bombs, 3 Bomb-proof, 3 Boomerang, 3 Bourguignote, 3 Bracconière, 3 Braquemurt, 3 Brassard, 3 Breech-sight, 3 Bridge (read Bateau bridge), 3 Bridge, Trestle, 2 Bridge, Trestle, 2 Bridge, Trestle, 2 Bridge, Lashing for Trestle, 2 Bridge, Frame, 2 Bridge, Frame, 2 Bridge, Sling, 2 Bridge, Tension, 2 Bridge, Suspension, 2 Bridge, Suspension, 2 Bridges, Holdfasts for, 2 Bridle, 2 Brigantes, 26 Broadsword, 1 Bucklers, 2 Bugle, 3 Bullet-proof Gate, 2 Busby, 1 Buskin, 3 Cabasset, 5 Caligæ, 4 Caltrop, 5 Calumet, or Pipe of Peace, 19 Candjiar Turc, 5 Canister, 5 Canonnier (Louis XIV.), 26 Canteen, 5 Caparison, 29 Carabineer (Louis XIV.), France, 31 Carabineer, Italy, 28 Carbine, 17th Century, 4 Carreau, 5 Cartridge, 5 Cartridge-box, 5 Casemate, 3-4 Casque, 5 Lacedæmonian, 5 Boetian, 5 Athenian, 5 Of the Dacia, 5 Of the Dacia (Infantry), 5 Of the Dacia (Cavalry), 5 French (Cuirassier of the Guard), 5 French (Carabineer), 5 French (Dragoon of the Line), 5 Casse-tête, 4 Castellated, 5 Castle, 4 Catapult, 5 Catapulta, 5 Cat-o’-nine-tails, 5 Cavalry, 18th Century (France), 32 Bavaria, 32 United States, 31 Greek (Ancient), 31 Regular (China), 31 Roman, 29 Chain-shot, 5 Chapeau Bras, 5 Chapeau (Henry II.), 5 Chapeau (Henry III.), 5 Chapeau (François I.), 5 Chapeau (Louis XV.), 5 Chapeau (Louis XIV.), 5 Chapeau (Louis XIII.), 5 Chasseur, Bavaria, 28 Chasseur, Tyrolean (Austria), 28 Foot, 1862 (France), 27 Foot (Louis XV.), 27 Algerian, 30 Of the Guard, Mounted (France, 1802), 31 Cheval-de-frise, 4 Cimeterre, 4 Cimier, 5 Claymore, 5 Clunaculum, 4 Cnémides, 4 Coat of Mail, 5 Coat of Mail, 4 Colletin, 5 Colors, 4 Corium, 5 Cornet, Light Cavalry (Louis XIII.), 30 Corselet, 5 Cossack, 30 Crèaneaux, 4 Cross-bow, 5 Crown, Mural, 5 Crows-foot, 5 Cuirass, 5 Cuirassier (Prussia), 32 Cutlass, 5 Dagger, 4 Daggers, 4 Dagues (cut next to Device), 4 Dangerous Space, 4 Dart, 4 Decoration, 4 Device, 4 Diameter, 4 Donjon, 4 Dragoon, Sepoy, 27 Switzerland, 32 Austria, 32 Drawbridge, 4 Drum, 4 Drum-Major, French Guards (1786), 27 Of the Grenadiers of the Guard, France, 1813, 27 Eagles, Roman, 6 Echaugette, 4 Ecu, 4 Embrasures, 4 Embrasures, 6 Embrasure Lining, 6 Entanglement, Wire, 6 Epaulette, 4 Escarp, 6 Espadon, 6 Espingole, 4 Falarique, 6 Fantassin (Japan), 28 Fantassin of the Nizam, 28 Japan, 28 Fasces, 6 Fascine, 6 Fascine Blind, 6 Fascine Choker, 7 Fascine Trestle, 7 Fascine, Withe for, 7 Fire-arrow, 6 Fire-ball, 6 Fleaux d’Armes, 23 Fleches, 9 Foil, 6 Foot Artillery, Line (France), 27 Fortification--Trenches, 6 Gun Pit, 6 Military Pits, 6 Defense (Hedges), 6 Defense (Screen), 6 Defense (Walls), 6 Defense (Wall), 7 Defense (Stockades), 7 Fraises, 6 Fascine Revetment, 6 Fascine Revetment, 7 Gabion Revetment, 6 Gabion Revetment, 7 Sod Revetment, 7 Brushwood Revetment, 7 Sand-bag Revetment, 7 Fascine Stockade, 7 Log Stockade, 7 Log Loop-hole, 7 Brushwood Loop-hole, 7 Sand-bag Loop-hole, 7 Breastwork, 7 Hurdles, 7 Fascines, 7 Logs, 7 Gun or Gatling-port in Stockade, 7 Palisades, 7 Palisade, 18 Profile, 7 Lunette, 7 Shell-proof, 9 Field-works, 7 Field-works, 8 Ditch, Glacis, Parapet, and Trench, 8 Bastioned Fort, 8 Star Fort, 8 Crémaillère, 8 Lunette (Defense of Bridge), 8 Splinter-proof, 8 Traverse, 8 One gun “en barbette” on straight parapet, 8 Keep, 8 Gabionnade, 23 Gun-bank, 8 Field Casemate, 8 Earthen Retrenchment, 9 Tambour, 9 Tambour, 9 Caponniere, 9 Shoulder Caponniere, 8 Machicolation, 13 Machicolation, 23 Magazine, 8 Magazine, Plan of, 8 Magazine in a Traverse, 9 Escarp Gallery, 8 Parallels, 23 Francisques, 6 Friction Tube, 6 Fusileer, Mounted (Louis XIII.), 31 Fusils, Indien, 9 Fusils, Marocain, 9 Fuze, Bormann-, 6 Fuze, German Time-, 6 Fuze, Percussion-, 6 Fuze, Percussion- (English G. S.), 6 Fuze, Percussion- (English G. S.), 6 Fuze, Swiss Combination, 6 Fuze, Time-, 6 Fuze, Time-, 6 Gabion, 7 Gabion Knife, 7 Gabionnade, 23 Gadling, 9 Garter, Collar of, 9 Garter, Star of, 9 Gauntlet, 9 Gendarme, 1453, 29 Gendarme, Foot, 1824 (France), 27 Gladiator, 9 Gong, 9 Gorget, 9 Grape, 9 Grenade and Fuze, 9 Grenadier, 9 Grenadier, Belgium, 28 England, 1690, 26 Guide, Belgium, 32 Guillotine, 9 Guisarme, 9 Haches d’Armes, 9 Halberdier, 1534, 26 Halberds, 10 Hand Sling-cart, 23 Handspike, Manœuvring, 9 Hauberk, 9 Hausse, Pendulum, 18 Haversack, 9 Head-piece, 5 Helmet, Barred, 5 Helmet, U. S., 5 Heraldry, 10 Eagle Recursant, 10 Fanciful variations of the Shield, 10 Fleur-de-lis, 10 Inescutcheon, 10 Lion Statant, 11 Lozenge, 11 Norman Shield, 11 Pale, 10 Paly, 10 Party per Pale, 10 Passant, 10 Patee, 10 Pheon, 10 Pile, 10 Pomme, 10 Quartered Arms, 10 Raguled, 10 Rampant, 10 Rampant Gardant, 10 Rampant Regardant, 10 Regardant, 10 Respectant, 10 Roundel, 10 Sable, 10 Salient, 10 Saltire, 11 Sejant, 11 Spread eagle, 11 Supporters, 11 Surmounted, 11 Tressure, 11 Herisson, 9 Herse, 10 Heuses, 10 Highlander, Scots (England), 28 Holdfasts, 19 Homme d’Armes, Lancer (1610), 29 Hoplitai, 25 Hoqueton, 10 Horse, 10 Horse and Harness, Artillery, 10 Horse Guard (England), 32 Hulans, 1745, 31 Hurdle, 7 Hussar, Belgium, 30 France, 1796 (Chamborin’s), 32 Implements, Artillery, 11 Ladle, 11 Lifting-jack, 11 Lifting-jack, 11 Lifting-jacks, 11 Pass-box, 11 Rammer, 11 Sponge and Rammer, 11 Springhead (Sponge), 11 Worm, 11 Infantry, 1572 (Charles IX.), 25 Louis XIV., 25 Negro (Brazil), 28 Of the Line (Austria), 28 Of the Line (Russia), 28 Of the Guard (Morocco), 28 Regular (Persia), 28 Tiger (China), 28 U. S. Foot-soldier, 1870, 27 Jack-boot, 11 Jambeaux (Ancient and Modern), 28 Jambes, 11 Javelins, 11 Joan of Arc, 25 Jupon, 11 Kalmuck, 30 Kettle-drum, 12 Knapsack, 12 Knight in Full Armor, 12 Knighthood, Conferring, 12 Knots, Hitches, Splices, etc., 11 Anchor Knot, 11 Becket Knot, 11 Bight, 11 Bight, 11 Blackwall, 11 Bowline, 11 Cable-laid Rope, 11 Capstan or Prolonge Knot, 11 Carrick Bend, 11 Catspaw, 11 Fisherman’s Bend, 11 Granny, 11 Grommet, 11 Hawser-laid Rope, 11 Hitch, Clove, 11 Hitch, Timber, 11 Hitch, Marlinespike, 11 Hitches, Two Half, 11 Hitches, Two Half, and a Round Turn, 11 Mooring Knot, 11 Nipper or Rack Lashing, 11 Parceling a Rope, 11 Pointing a Rope, 11 Rolling, 11 Sheet Bend, 11 Seizing a Rope, 11 Serving a Rope, 11 Sheepshank, 11 Splice, Eye, 11 Splice, Short, 11 Splice, Long, 11 Square, 11 Strap, 11 Whipping a Rope, 11 Worming a Rope, 11 Kriss, 12 Labarum, 12 Lancer (Egypt), 32 Lances, 13 Lances, Ancient, 23 Lansquenet, 26 Lanyard, Handle, and Hook, 12 Lashing and Slinging, 12 Lashing, 12 Lashing, Shear, 12 Slinging, Barrel, 12 Legatus, 25 Litters, 12 Army Regulation Two-horse Litter, 13 British Crimean Cacolet, 12 British Army Mule-litter, 12 French Litter unfolded, 12 Litter, 13 Litter of poles and raw-hide, 12 Lord and Baine’s Horse-litter, 12 Splint of willow-twigs united by buckskin thongs, 13 Two-horse Litter of the, 16th Century, 13 Wounded Soldier on a “Travail”, 12 Wounded Soldier conveyed on a Double-mule Litter, 13 Lochaber-axe, 12 Machette, 14 Machicolations, 13, 23 Maiden, 13 Mameluke Guards, 30 Mangonneau, 13 Manipule, 13 Mantelet, Ancient, 12 Mantelet, Gun, 13 Mantelet, Rope, 13 Maréchausée (France, 1786), 30 Marine of the Guard, 1804 (France), 27 Mars, 14 Marteau d’Armes, 14 Martello Tower (U. S., 1780), 13 Marteis-de-fer, 13 Masses d’Armes, 13 Mattock, 13 Merlons, 13 Miner, 1786 (England), 26 Minié-ball, 13 Mining, 24 Shaft with Cases, 24 Shaft with Frames, 24 Shaft, Hard Soil, 24 Galleries, Hard Soil, 24 False Frames, Use of, 24 Detonator, No. 5, 24 Detonator, No. 8, 24 Detonator, No. 9, 24 Detonator, No. 10, 24 Detonator, No. 13, 24 Fuze No. 1, 24 Fuze, Instantaneous (Bickford’s), 24 Tube, No. 4, 24 Fuzes in pairs, coupling up, 24 Fuzes in Powder-bag, Insertion of, 24 Quantity Dynamo-Electric Machine, 24 Circuit, Continuous, 24 Circuit, Simple, 24 Commencement of Three Way Joint, 24 Tube, Flexible, 24 Tube, Tin, 24 Miner’s Pick, 24 Push Pick, 24 Miner’s Shovel, 24 Miner’s Truck, 24 Candle-stick, 24 Bucket, 24 Bellows, 24 Spark Measurer, 24 Miquelet, 27 Mole, 13 Morion, 13 Musculas, 14th Century, 23 National Guard (Mexico), 28 Officer of the Guard (Prussia), 28 Ordnance, 14 Armstrong Gun (8-inch), 14 Cannon, 15th Century, 14 Cannon, 16th Century, 14 Cannon, 17th Century, 14 Carronade, 13 Caisson and Body, 17 Caisson and Limber, 15 Field-gun and Carriage, German, 15 Field-gun and Carriage, Swedish, 15 Forge and Body, Traveling-, 17 Flank Casemate-carriage, 15 Gatling Gun, 14 Gatling Gun on Cavalry Cart, 14 Gin, 15 Gun-lifts, 15 Gunner’s Quadrant, 17 Howitzer, 15 Howitzer and Carriage, Siege-, 14 Howitzer, German, 15 Krupp, 12-inch Gun and Carriage, 16 Limber, 17 Mortar, 14 Mortar, Coehorn, 14 Mortar, Russian, 14 Mortar and Carriage, Austrian, 14 Mortar and Carriage, Krupp, 15 Mortar-wagon, 16 Mortars, Pointing, 23 Sea-coast Carriage, 15 Shears, 16 Siege-gun-carriage, 15 Siege-gun and Carriage, 15 Siege-carriage, Austrian, 14 Sling-cart, 15 Sling-cart, Hand, 23 Star-gauge, 17 Truck Wagon, 14 Truck, Casemate, 15 Ball, U. S. Rifle, 15 Ball Chassépot, 16 Bullet, Percussion-, 16 Cartridge, Multi-ball, 16 Fixed Round-shot, 16 Fixed Canister, 16 Projectile, Krupp Howitzer, 16 Projectile, English Howitzer, 16 Projectile, Butler, 16 Projectile, Whitworth, 16 Sabot, 16 Strapped Shell, 16 Oriflamme, 17 Pack and Draught Animals, 18 Buffalo, 18 Camel, Bactrian, 18 Dromedary, 18 Dromedary and Saddle, 18 Elephant, 18 Horse, 18 Llama, 18 Mule, 18 Mule laden with pack on cross-tree saddle, 18 Pack-saddle, 18 Paludamentum, 25 Parallels, 23 Parthian, 26 Pavisor and Pavise, 18 Petard, 18 Pilum, 19 Piquier, 25 Pistolier, 17th Century, 31 Platform, Gun, 9 Plummet Stand, 18 Plummet Stand, 19 Pointing Instruments, 18 Pointing Mortars, 23 Pole-axes, 18 Poniard, 18 Portcullis, 19 Portuguese Legion, 27 Powder, 23 Cubical, 23 Hexagonal, 23 Mammoth, 23 Prismatic (Molded), 23 For 3-inch and 3¹⁄₂-inch Field Rifle, 23 Pretorian, 25 Pretorian, 29 Quiver, 20 Quoin, 20 Range-finder, Nolan’s, 20 Ravelin, 20 Rèchaud, 20 Redoubt, 20 Ribaud, 25 Ribaudequin, 23 Rivers, Means employed in passing, 19 Ponton, 19 Ponton-bridge, 19 Raft complete, 19 Raft, Log, 19 Flying Bridges, 19 Barrel Pier, 19 Roi d’Armes, 26 Rondelle, 20 Sabretache, 20 Saddle, 21 Salade, 5 Sapper of the “Legion of the Vistula”, 27 Sceptre, 20 Scorpion, 20 Scutum, 20 Semaphores, 20 Sepoy, 26 Shabracs, 1800-1850, 23 Shakos, 5 Shield, 20 Signal Pistol fired, 20 Signal Station, 20 Signal Station at Night, 20 Slinger, 21 Small-arms, 18 Air-gun, 18 Chassépot Rifle, 17 Martini-Henry Rifle, 17 Springfield Rifle, U. S., 18 Vitterlin Rifle, 17 Werndl Rifle, 17 Werder Carbine, 17 Werndl Carbine, 17 Pistolets, 16th and 18th Centuries, 18 Pistol, 1855, 18 Pistol, Werder, 18 Pistol, 18th Century, 18 Percussion-lock, 18 Revolver, Austrian, 18 Beach’s Combination Sight, 16 Lyman’s Combination Sight, 16 Chassépot Sight, 16 Globe Sight, 16 Martini-Henry Sight, 10 Wind-gauge (Spirit Level), 16 Wind-gauge and Sight, U. S., 16 Winchester Reversible Sight, 16 Soldier of the “Legion Copthe”, 26 Soldier Foot Legion (Roman), 25 Spahis, 30 Sparum, 20 Spear, 20 Spear-heads, 20 Spurs, 20 Standard, 21 Standard, Pacha’s, 21 Stirrup, 18th Century, 21 Strappado, 20 Stylets, 20 Swiss Captain (1550), 26 Swords, 20 Tabard, 22 Tangent Scale, 21 Target, Floating, 21 Target, Laidley’s Shelter, 21 Targets, 21 Tasses, or Tasces, 21 Telegraph (Electric Field), 21 Telemeter, 22 Telemeter, for Field and Mountain Batteries, 22 Telemeters, 22 Tents, 23 “A,” or Common Tent, 22 Bell-tent, 22 Cushing’s Shelter-tent, 22 Pole (open), 22 Pole (shut), 22 Conical Tent (France), 22 Hospital Tent (Russian), 22 Roman Tents, 23 Shelter-tent, 22 Sibley Tent, 23 Sibley Wall-tent, 23 Tent-d’abri (France), 22 Wall-tent, 22 Tirailleur, Native (Algeria), 27 Toga, 21 Tollenon, 21 Tomahawks, 21 Tortue d’Hommes, 22 Tour Bélière, 22 Tower, 21 Tower, Watch-, 21 Trajectory, 22 Tribune, Military (Roman), 25 Trident, 21 Tromblon, 23 Trumpet, 22 Unicorn, 23 Velite, 25 Velite, 1807, 25 Vexilla, 29 Vexilla, 23 Vireton, 23 Vivandière, 26 Vivandière, 1809 (France), 30 Wahabees, 29 Wigwam, 22 Zagaie, 23 Zouaves (France), 27

[Illustration: PLATE 1.

Ambulance.

Abatis.

Arquebuse.

Amusette.

Anlace.

Acinace.

AIMING KNEELING.

AIMING, WITH AN OVERHEAD REST.

Arbalest.

Arch.

A SAND-BAG REST.

Aillettes.

Aparejo.

Aqueduct.

Broadsword.

Battering Ram.

Blunderbuss.

Busby.

Bascule Bridge.

Alman-rivets.

Arbalest.

Beaver.

Battlement.

Battle-ax.

Block-house.

Bagpipe.]

[Illustration: PLATE 2.

Block-house.

Block-house.

_Bill Hook, 1 lb 12 oz. 1′ 4¹⁄₂″_

Bastion. A. bastion; _a_, curtain angle; _b_, shoulder angle; _c_, salient angle; _a a_, gorge; _a b_, flank; _a d_, curtain; _b c_, face.

Gatling Blind.

Barricade.

Bucklers. 1. Targe. 2. Franc.

Bridle.

_Trestle Bridge._

Trestle Bridge.

BULLET-PROOF GATE.

Trestle Bridge.

Lashing.

Frame Bridge.

Sling Bridge.

Tension Bridge.

Frame Bridge.

Suspension Bridge.

Holdfasts.

Suspension Bridge.]

[Illustration: PLATE 3.

Baril-foudroyant.

Barbacan.

Battery-wagon.

Blood Hound.

Balloon.

Banners.

Bastinado.

Bayonets, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries

Bar-shot.

Baldrick.

Breech-sight.

Buskin.

Bugle.

Bourguignote.

Ballista.

Bridge. _a a_, _a a_, bateaux; _b b_, _b_, _b_, balks; _c_, _c_, chesses.

Braconnière.

Boomerang.

Brassard.

Bandoulière.

Bartizan.

Bombs.

Blocks and Tackles. _Whip._ _Whip upon Whip._ _Gun tackle._ _Luff._ _Screw._ _Runner._ _Burton._

Bomb proof.

Back-plate.

Braquemart.]

[Illustration: PLATE 4.

Castle. 1, moat; 2 drawbridge; 3, wicket; 4, sally-port; 5, portcullis; 6, outer walls; 7, parapet; 8, rampart; 9, loop-holes; 10, escutcheon; 11, bulwark; 12, sentinel; 13, magazine; 14, a cell; 15, donjon or keep; 16, barracks; 17, barbacan; 18, watchman; 19, turret; 20, chapel; 21, belfry; 22, state court; 23, merlons; 24, embrasures.

Casemate.

Créneaux.

Caligae.

Colors.

Carbine, 17th century.

Diameter.

Coat of Mail.

Cheval de frise.

Cnémides.

Clunaculum.

Drum.

CASSE-TÊTE.

Cimeterre.

Decoration.

Dart.

Drawbridge.

Dangerous Space. A, B, E, F, Trajectories. (Laidley)

Dagger.

Donjon.

Espingole.

Epaulette.

Embrasures.

Daggers.

Ecu.

Echaugette.

Device.

Dagues.]

[Illustration: PLATE 5.

Catapult.

Canteen.

Chapeau Bras.

Coat of Mail.

Cartridge-box.

Cartridge.

Chain shot.

Cuirass.

Carreau.

Cutlass.

Castellated.

Candjiar turc.

Casque.

Colletin.

Canister.

Caltrop.

Head-piece.

Crow’s Foot.

CASQUES GRECS. 3. Lacédémonien. 1. Béotien. 2. Athénien.

CIMIER.

CHAPEAUX MILITAIRES: Henri II. Henri III. François I^{er}. Louis XIV. Louis XV. Louis XIII.

CASQUES ROMAINS ET DACES. 3. Dace. 1. D’infanterie. 2. De cavalerie.

Corselet.

Cabasset.

Helmet, Barred.

CASQUES DE CAVALERIE. Cuirassier de la garde. Carabinier. Dragon de la ligne.

Catapulta.

Sallet, or Salade.

Claymore.

U. S. Helmet.

Cross-bow.

Corium.

Cat-o-nine-tails.

Schakos.

Mural Crown.]

[Illustration: PLATE 6.

_Rear Elevation._ _Fascine Revet^{t}._ _Gabion Revet^{t}._ _For high angles_ Embrasures.

Wire Entanglement.

Embrasure. A, A. Merlons. B, Genouillere. C C, Cheeks.

Fireball.

Embrasure lining of boiler iron, with mantelet.

Espadon.

Roman Eagles.

Foil.

_Fascine._

Fasces.

_Rear Elevation._ _Section._ FASCINE BLIND.

Francisques.

_Time fuze._

Fire-arrow.

Friction Tube.

Falarique.

Percussion Fuze. (English G. S.)

Percussion Fuze.

Time Fuze.

Bormann-fuze.

German Time Fuze.

Percussion Fuze. (English G. S.)

Swiss Combination Fuze.

TRENCHES.

Gun Pit.

Military Pits.

Defence (Hedges).

_Escarp_ Fraises.

Defence (Screen).

Defence (Walls).]

[Illustration: PLATE 7.

_Gabion Knife._

Defence (Wall).

Defence (Stockades).

Log Stockade.

LOG LOOPHOLE.

Brushwood Loophole.

Sandbag Loophole.

FASCINE STOCKADE.

Breastwork.

Breastwork.

Breastwork.

Palisades.

Gun or Gatling-port in Stockade.

_Fascine Trestle._

_Withe._

_Fascine Choker._

Hurdle.

Gabion.

Gabions. Facines. Sods. Brushwood. Sandbags. Revetments.

Profile.

Lunette.

Field-works.]

[Illustration: PLATE 8.

Ditch, Glacis, Parapet, and Trench.

Field-works.

Star Fort.

Bastioned Fort.

Field-works.

MAGAZINE.

Cremaillere.

Shoulder Caponniere.

_Plan of_ MAGAZINE

ESCARP GALLERY

Lunette (Defence of Bridge.)

GUN ‘EN BARBETTE’ ON STRAIGHT PARAPET.

_The Excavations supply Earth for the Gun Bank and Banquettes in front of them: the earth for ordinary Parapet in front of Crest comes from Ditch._

Keep.

Splinter-proof.

Gun Bank.

Keep.

Traverse.

Field Casemate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 9.

EARTHEN RETRENCHMENT.

GROUND PLATFORM.

MAGAZINE IN A TRAVERSE.

Shell-proof.

Caponniere.

Gadling.

Tambour.

Gauntlet.

Gorget.

Grape.

Grenade and Fuse.

Tambour.

Grenadier

Fusils: Marocain. Indien.

Star of Garter.

Gladiator.

Guisarme.

Collar of Garter.

Guillotine.

Haversack.

Haches d’armes.

Gong.

Flèches diverses.

Herisson.

Hauberk.

Manoeuvring Handspike.]

[Illustration: PLATE 10.

Artillery Horses and Harness. 1. Ears; 2. Nape of the neck; 3. Forelock; 4. Foretop; 5. Eye-pit; 6. Eyes; 7. Face; 8. Cheeks; 9. Nostrils; 10. Tip of nose; 11. Lips; 12. Chin; 13. Beard; 14. L’auge; 15. Nether jaw; 16. Throat; 17. L’encolure; 18. Mane; 19. Withers; 20. Chest; 21. Shoulders; 22. Arm; 23. Fore-arm; 24. Elbow; 25. Chesnut; 26. Knees; 27. Shank-bone; 28. Sinew; 29. Bullet; 30. Fetlock; 31. Pastern; 32. Coronet; 33. Hoof; 34. Fetlock of the hind leg; 35. Heel; 36. Toe; 37. Back; 38. Loins; 39. Girths; 40. Ribs; 41. Belly; 42. Flanks; 43. Sheath; 44. Croup; 45. Tail; 46. Rump; 47. Haunches; 48. Thighs; 49. Leg; 50. Stiffle; 51. Hock; 52. Point of the hock.

1, Halter; 2, Crown-piece; 3, Cheek-strap; 4, Brow-band; 5, Nose-band; 6, Chin-strap; 7, Throat-strap; 8, Throat-lash. Bridles, composed of Head-stall, Curb-bit, and Reins. 9, Near Saddle; 10, Girth; 11, Collar; 12, Hames; 13, Chin and Toggle; 14, Safes; 15, Trace-tugs; 16, Trussing-straps; 17, Hame-strap; 18, Collar-strap; 19, Traces; 20, Front-trace chains; 21, Rear-trace chains; 22, Trace-toggles; 23, Lion-strap, Crupper, including 24, Back-strap; 25, Body; 26, Dock. Breeching, including 27, Breech-strap; 28, Hip-strap; 29, Breast-strap; 30, Sliding-loops; 31, Off Saddle; 32, Hook for Reins and Valise-strap; 33, Valise, Coupling-rein, Whip, Leg-guard, and Nose-bag.

Hoqueton.

Halberds.

Herse.

Fleur-de-lis.

Heuses.

Inescutcheon.

Pale.

Passant.

Patee.

Pheon.

Pile.

Paly.

Party per Pale.

Pommé.

Quartered Arms.

Raguled.

Rampant.

Rampant gardant.

Rampant regardant.

Eagle recursant.

Regardant.

Respectant.

Roundel.

Sable.

Salient.

Fanciful Variations of the Shield.]

[Illustration: PLATE 11.

Lion statant.

Spread-eagle.

Saltier.

Sejant.

Norman Shield.

Lozenge Shield.

Supporters.

Surmounted.

Tressure.

Sponge and Rammer.

Springhead Sponge.

Rammer.

Ladle.

Worm.

Pass box.

Lifting Jacks.

Lifting-jack.

Jambes.

Jupon.

Lifting-jack.

Jack-boot.

_Capstan or Prolonge Knot._

Javelins.

EYE SPLICE.

_Mooring Knot._

GROMMET.

NIPPER OR RACK LASHING.

MARLINSPIKE HITCH.

SHEEP SHANK.

TWO HALF HITCHES.

CLOVE HITCH.

BOWLINE.

_Short Splice._

_Long Splice._

ROUND TURN AND TWO HALF HITCHES.

GRANNY.

SQUARE.

POINTING.

BLACKWALL. TIMBER HITCH.

ROLLING.

CATSPAW. FISHERMAN BEND.

HAWSER LAID ROPE.

SHEET BEND.

CABLE LAID ROPE.

STRAP.

WHIPPING.

SERVICE. WORKING. PARCELLING.

_Becket Knot._

CARRICK BEND.

_Anchor Knot._

~A~ BIGHT.

~THE~ BIGHT.]

[Illustration: PLATE 12.

_Lashing._ _Seizing._

_Shear Lashing._

_Lanyard and Handle._

_Barrel Sling._

_Wound in S^{t}. Andrew’s Cross._

_Hook._

Conferring Knighthood.

Knight in full Armor.

Knapsack.

Kettle-drum.

Lochaber Ax.

Wounded soldier on a “travail.” [From a photograph.]

Labarum.

LORD and BAINES’S horse-litter.

Kris.

French litière unfolded.

British army mule-litter attached to its pack-saddle.

British Crimean cacolet. [After WEIR.]

Litter of poles and raw-hide.]

[Illustration: PLATE 13.

Wounded soldier conveyed on a double mule-litter. [From a photograph.]

Splint of willow-twigs united by buckskin thongs.

Army regulation two-horse-litter. [From a sample in the Army Medical Museum.]

Two-horse litter of the XVI century.

_Rear Elevation_ _Section_ ROPE MANTLET.

Litter.

Gun Mantelet.

Lances.

Mantelet ancien.

Môle.

Martels-de-fer.

Mattock.

Minie-ball.

Manipule.

_m_, _m_ Merlons.

Machicolation.

Morion.

Martello Tower. (U. S. 1780.)

Maiden.

Mangonneau.

Masses d’armes.]

[Illustration: PLATE 14.

Marteau d’armes.

Machette.

Cannon. 15th Century.

Cannon. 16th Century.

Mars.

Cannon. 17th Century.

Siege Howitzer and Carriage.

Mortar.

Gatling Gun.

Coehorn Mortar.

Austrian Siege-carriage.

Armstrong gun. (_8-inch._)

Gatling Gun on Cavalry Cart.

TRUCK WAGON.

Austrian Mortar and Carriage.

Russian Mortar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 15.

Siege-gun-carriage, A, bolster.

Sea coast-carriage, for Casemate or Barbette.

Krupp Mortar and Carriage.

Caisson and Limber.

Field-gun and Carriage. (German.)

Flank Casemate-carriage.

Gun-lifts.

Gin.

Sling-Cart.

Siege-gun and Carriage. _N^{o}. 1. Ferrule._ _N^{o}. 2. Pole clasp._ _N^{o}. 3. Pole._ _N^{o}. 4. Trace hook._ _N^{o}. 5. Lashing chain._ _N^{o}. 6. Pintle._ _N^{o}. 7. Under strap._ _N^{o}. 8. Strap and buckle._ _N^{o}. 9. Splinter bar._ _N^{o}. 10. Fork._

Carronade Truck.

Carronade.

Howitzer (German.)

Field-gun and Carriage. (Swedish.)

Howitzer.]

[Illustration: PLATE 16.

Mortar Wagon. _N^{o}. 1 Middle rails (stock)._ _N^{o}. 2 Side rails._ _N^{o}. 3 Bottom planks._ _N^{o}. 4 Windlass._ _N^{o}. 5 Breech buster._ _N^{o}. 6 Stake sockets._ _N^{o}. 7 Roller hooks._ _N^{o}. 8 Fork._ _N^{o}. 9 Hounds._ _N^{o}. 10 Splinter bar._ _N^{o}. 11 Pole._ _N^{o}. 12 Sweep bar._ _N^{o}. 13 End bands._ _N^{o}. 14 Middle bands._ _N^{o}. 15 Trace hooks._ _N^{o}. 16 Front cross bar plate._ _N^{o}. 17 Rear cross bar plate._ _N^{o}. 18 Pintle bridle and nuts._

Sheers.

Krupp Howitzer Projectile.

English Howitzer Projectile.

Krupp. 12-inch Gun and Carriage.

Fixed Round Shot.

Fixed Canister.

Strapped Shell.

Sabot.

U. S. Rifle Ball.

Butler’s Projectile.

Whitworth Projectile.

Chassapot Ball.

Multiball Cartridge.

Wind-gauge (Spirit level).

Globe Sight.

Percussion-bullet.

Beach Combination Sight.

Martini-Henry Sight.

Lyman’s Combination Sight.

Winchester Reversible Sight.

U. S. Wind-gauge and Sight.

Chassapot Sight.]

[Illustration: PLATE 17.

Caisson and Body. 1, Stock; 2, Side-rails; 3, Front Foot-board; 4, Rear Foot-board; 5, Middle-chest; 6, Rear-chest. 7, Spare-wheel Axle; 8, Chain and Toggle; 9, Lock-chains; 10, Spare-pole; 11, Spare-pole Key, Plate, Chain, and Pin; 12, Carriage-hook; 13, Wheel-guard Plates; 14, Spare-pole Ring; 15, Ring-bolt; 16, Key-plate, Chain and Key; 17, Middle Assembling-bar; 18, Slot; 19, Rear Assembling-bar; 20, Slot. Axle. 21, Axle-body; 22, Staples for Tool-handles; Wheels.

Oriflamme.

Star-guage.

Chassapot.

Werder Carbine.

Werndl Carbine.

Werndl.

Gunner’s Quadrant.

Travelling-forge and Body. 1, Lunette; 2, Prop; 3, Vice; 4, Stock; 5, wheel-guard, Plates; 6, Stock-stirrup; 7, Fire-place; 8, Back of Fire-place; 9, Air-back; 10, Wind-pipe; 11, Bellows; 12. Ribs; 13, Hinges; 14, Hook; 15, Fulcrum; 16, Hook and Staple; 17, Roof of Bellows-house; 18, Bows; 19, Studs; 20, Girders; 21, End-boards; 22, Bottom-boards; 23, Side-rail; 24, Lock-chain Hook; 25, Coal-box; 26, Lid or Roof; 27, Handles; 28, Hinges; 29, Turnbuckle and Hasp.

Vitterlin.

Martini-Henry.]

[Illustration: PLATE 18.

U. S. Springfield Rifle.

Air-gun.

Austrian Revolver.

Werder Pistol.

Pistol 18th Century.

Pistolets. 2. 18th Century 1. 16th Century.

Pistol, 1855.

Pétard.

Llama.

Dromedary.

Bactrian Camel.

Elephant.

Dromedary and Saddle.

Pack-saddle.

Horse.

Buffalo.

Mule.

Poniard.

Pendulum Hause.

Mule laden with pack on cross-tree saddle.

Palisade.

Percussion-lock.

Pole-axes.

Pavisor and Pavise.

Pointing Instruments.]

[Illustration: PLATE 19.

Pilum.

Calumet or Pipe of Peace.

Portcullis.

PLUMMET STAND.

MEANS EMPLOYED IN PASSING RIVERS.

Ponton-bridge. _a._ side view of ponton; _b._ end view of ponton joists, flooring plank and timbers fastened upon flooring to keep it in place; _c._ plan of pontons; _d._ plan of flooring joists; _f._ plan of flooring boards, with timbers thereon, near side of floor, to keep it in place.

Ponton.

Ponton.

_Raft Complete._

Log Raft.

Flying Bridge.

Flying Bridge.

Holdfasts.

_Barrel Pier._

_Method of lashing Barrels to Gunnels._]

[Illustration: PLATE 20.

Quoin.

Quiver.

Rondelle.

Ravelin.

BB, ravelin: A redoubt; CC, ditch: E, passage from fortress to ravelin.

Redoubt.

Ravelin. A.A. bastions; _b b_, curtain; _c c_, tenailles; _d d_, caponniere; _e_, ravelin; F redoubt in the ravelin; _g g_, covert way; _h h_, re-entering places of arms; _i i_, redoubt in do.; _k k_, ditch; _l l_, ditch or ravelin; _m m_, _m m_, glacis; _s s_, exterior side; _s t_, capital.

Réchaud.

Nolan’s Range Finder.

Spear.

Spearheads.

Spurs.

Swords. 1, Saxon sceax; 2, English hanger, old form; 3, rapier, about 33 inch blade; 4, Eastern cimeter; 5, cut and thrust sword, 30 to 32 inch blade; 6, saber, or cavalry broadsword, 33 to 36 inch blade; 7, heavy cavalry broadsword, 40 inch blade; 8, claymore, or Scotch broadsword, with basket hilt, 40 inch blade; 9, falchion; 10, 11, navy cutlasses, 18 or 20 inch blade; 12, hari-kari, or Japanese disemboweler.

Scutum.

Sabretache.

Scorpion.

Stylets.

Strappado.

Sparum.

Signal Station at Night.

Signal Pistol fired.

Signal station.

Shield.

Scepter.

Semaphores.]

[Illustration: PLATE 21.

Telegraph (Electric Field).

Saddle. 1, Saddle-tree, including Pommel; 2, Seat; 3, Cantle; 4, Stirrups; 5, Stirrup-leathers; 6, Girth; 7, Girth-straps.

Standard.

Pasha’s Standard.

Stirrup 18th Century.

Tomahawks.

Tangent-scale.

Slinger.

Tasses or Taces.

Tower.

Watch-tower.

TARGETS.

Trident.

Floating Target.

Tollénon.

Toga.

IRON TARGET LAIDLEY’S SHELTER.]

[Illustration: PLATE 22.

Trumpet.

Tortue d’Hommes.

Tour bélière.

Tabard.

Trajectory. _Line of Fire._ _Trajectory._ _Line of Sight._

Telemeter. Field and Mountain.

“A” or Common Tent.

Wigwam.

Cushing’s Shelter Tent.

Telemeters.

Telemeter.

Pole Shut.

Pole Open.

Bell Tent.

Shelter Tent.

Wall Tent.

Conical Tent (France).

Tent-d’abri (France).

Russian Hospital Tent.]

[Illustration: PLATE 23.

Sibley Tent.

Roman Tents.

Sibley Wall Tent.

Vireton.

Zagaie.

MISCELLLANEOUS.

Machicolation.

Vexilla.

Hand Sling Cart.

Gabionnade.

Parallels.

Ancient. Modern. Jambeaux.

Fleaux d’armes.

Pointing Mortars.

Lances, ancient.

Ribaudequin.

Musculus, 14th Century.

Tromblon,

Unicorn

1800. Shabracks. 1850.

Powder, 3-in. and 3¹⁄₂-in. Field Rifle.

Cubical Powder.

Prismatic Powder.

Hexagonal Powder.

Mammoth Powder.]

[Illustration: PLATE 24.

MINING.

_Shaft with Cases._

_Shaft with Frames._

_Galleries, Hard soil._

_Shaft, Hard Soil._

_Use of False Frame._

_Section on A.B._

COMMENCEMENT OF THREE-WAY JOIN.

INSERTION OF FUZES IN POWDER BAG.

_Spark Measurer._

CASE. _For Wire Fuzes._ Quantity Dynamo-Electric Machine.

_Continuous Circuit._

_Simple Circuit._

_Push Pick, 3lbs. 6oz._

_Miner’s Shovel, 6lbs. 4oz._

_Miner’s Pick, 6 lbs._

Miner’s Truck, 50 lbs.

_Candle-stick. 3¹⁄₂ oz._ _Fig. 5._

_Bucket._

_Flexible Tube._

_Tin Tube._

COUPLING UP FUZES IN PAIRS.

_Bellows, 15 lbs._

_N^{o}. 4 Tube._

_N^{o}. 13 Detonator._

_N^{o}. 5 Detonator._

_N^{o}. 9 Detonator, Naval._

_N^{o}. 1 Fuze._

_N^{o}. 10 Naval._

_Bickford’s Instantaneous Fuze._

_N^{o}. 8 Bickford Detonator._]

[Illustration: PLATE 25.

Tribune, Military. (Roman).

Legatus.

Velite.

Velite, 1807.

Joan of Arc.

Ribaud.

Pretorian.

Hoplitai.

Arbaletrier.

Soldier Foot Legion (Roman).

Paludamentum.

Piquier.

Infantry, 1572 (Charles IX.).

Infantry (Louis XIV.)]

[Illustration: PLATE 26.

Parthian.

Roi d’armes.

Lansquenet.

Brigantes.

Swiss Captain (1550).

Halberdier (1534).

Soldier of the “Legion Cophte.”

Bersaglieri.

Miner (1786).

Vivandière.

Cannonier (Louis XIV.).

Artificer of Artillery, 1756 (France).

Grenadier, 1690 (England).

Sepoy.]

[Illustration: PLATE 27.

Marine of the Guard, 1804 (France).

Gendarme, Foot, 1824 (France).

Zouaves (France).

Chasseur, Foot, 1862 (France).

Foot Artillery Line (France).

Miquelet.

Tirailleur, Native (Algeria).

Chasseur, Foot. (Louis XV.).

Sapper of the Legion of the Vistula.

Portuguese Legion.

Drum-major of the French Guards (1786).

Drum-major of the Grenadiers of the Guard (France 1813).

Archers, 1470 (France).

Dragoon, Sepoy.

U. S. Foot Soldier (1870).]

[Illustration: PLATE 28.

Chasseur (Bavaria).

Grenadier (Belgium).

Infantry of the Line (Austria).

Chasseur, Tyrolean (Austria).

Carabineer (Italy).

National Guard. (Mexico).

Scots Highlander. (England).

Regular Infantry. (Persia).

Fantassin of the Nizam.

Infantry of the Line. (Russia).

Officer of the Guard. (Prussia).

Fantassin (Japan).

Infantry, Negro. (Brazil).

Infantry, Tiger (China).

Infantry of the Guard (Morocco).

American Indians.]

[Illustration: PLATE 29.

Argoulet.

Amazon.

Caparison.

Homme d’Armes. Lancer (1610).

Pretorian.

Gendarme (1453).

Roman Cavalry.

Wahabees.

Vexilla.]

[Illustration: PLATE 30.

Hussar (Belgium).

Chasseur, Algerian.

Marechaussee. (France, 1786).

Cornet of Light Cavalry (Louis XIII.).

Kalmuck.

Vivandière, 1809 (France).

Mameluke Guards.

Spahis.

Cossacks.]

[Illustration: PLATE 31.

Fusilier, Mounted. (Louis XIII.).

Hulans, 1745.

U. S. Cavalry.

Ban, Arriere (France).

Greek Cavalry Ancient.

Pistolier, 17th Century.

Carabineer, Louis XIV. (France.)

Chasseurs of the Guard, Mounted (France, 1862).

Regular Cavalry. (China).]

[Illustration: PLATE 32.

Dragoon. (Switzerland).

Cuirassier. (Prussia).

Cavalry, 18th Century. (France).

Guide. (Belgium).

Lancer. (Egypt).

Hussar (Chamborin’s). France, 1796.

Horse Guard. (England).

Dragoon (Austria).

BAVIÈRE. Cavalry. (Bavaria).]

ESTABLISHED 1815.

Horstmann Bros. & Co., ~_Fifth and Cherry Streets_,~ PHILADELPHIA.

MANUFACTURERS OF Military Goods and Equipments OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, FOR THE ARMY, NAVY, AND MARINE CORPS.

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Horstmann Bros. & Co., PHILADELPHIA.

NEW ENGLAND Mutual Life Insurance Company OF BOSTON.

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THE DIRECTORS’ ANNUAL REPORT, containing a detailed statement, can be obtained at the

_Office of the Company_, BENJ. F. STEVENS, President. POST-OFFICE SQUARE. JOS. M. GIBBENS, Secretary.

SEEDS FOR POST GARDENS.

Profitable Gardening depends first of all upon procuring SEEDS of VITALITY and PURITY. Such can be had from OUR ESTABLISHMENT. We ever have been the oldest and most extensive

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[Illustration: THE GEM.]

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AMERICAN LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF PHILADELPHIA, S. E. Corner of Fourth and Walnut.

_INCORPORATED 1850. CHARTER PERPETUAL._

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GEORGE W. HILL, President. JOHN S. WILSON, Secretary and Treasurer.

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Contains over 118,000 Words, 3000 Engravings; over 4600 NEW WORDS and MEANINGS.

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The Books in the Public Schools of the United States are mainly based on Webster.

The _sale of Webster’s Dictionaries_ is =20= times as great as the sale of any other series.

“_January 1, 1881._ The Dictionary used in the Government Printing Office is Webster’s Unabridged.”

Published by G. & C. MERRIAM, Springfield, Mass.

Assets, $7,250,000. Surplus, $1,500,000.

THE PENN MUTUAL Life Insurance Company OF PHILADELPHIA.

Purely Mutual. Incorporated 1847.

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STATEMENT OF POLICY NOW IN FORCE.

Policy No. 36, for $5000, on the life of Henry C. T----d, Esq., was issued July 13, 1847, at age 26, annual premium, $105.50.

To this date (1880) thirty-four premiums have been paid, aggregating $3587.00 Dividends have been allowed, in reduction of premium, amounting to 1992.69 -------- Net cost to the member $1594.31

AVERAGE DIVIDEND OVER FIFTY-FIVE PER CENT.

The actual cash paid in thirty-four years, as above $1594.31 Equal to an average annual payment, for $5000 insurance, of 46.89 Per year, for $1000 insurance $9.37

ALL “PENN” POLICIES NON-FORFEITABLE.

SAMUEL C. HUEY, President. E. M. NEEDLES, } Vice-Presidents. H. S. STEPHENS, } J. J. BARKER, Actuary. HENRY AUSTIE, Secretary. HENRY C. BROWN, Ass’t Secretary.

VALUABLE WORKS FOR MILITARY MEN

RIFLE FIRING.

A Course of Instruction in Rifle Firing. Prepared by command of Brigadier-General S. V. BENÉT, Chief of Ordnance, U.S.A. By Colonel T. S. LAIDLEY, Ordnance Department, U.S.A. With numerous Illustrations. _New and Revised Edition_, 16mo. Extra cloth. $1.50.

“Its every page bears the mark of a high degree of professional ability, earnestly directed to the development of the subject.”--_United Service Magazine._

MEADE’S NAVAL CONSTRUCTION.

A Treatise on Naval Architecture and Ship-Building; or, An Exposition of the Elementary Principles involved in the Science and Practice of Naval Construction. Compiled from various Standard Authorities. By Commander RICHARD W. MEADE, U.S.N. Fully Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Extra cloth. $10.00.

LIFE OF STONEWALL JACKSON.

Life of General Thomas J. Jackson. By S. N. RANDOLPH, author of “The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson.” With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. Extra cloth. $2.00.

LIFE OF GENERAL THOMAS.

Life and Services of Major-General George H. Thomas. By General R. W. JOHNSON, U.S.A. Illustrated with Portraits of Distinguished Officers from Steel. Crown 8vo. Extra cloth. $2.00.

THE FIELD MANUAL OF COURTS-MARTIAL.

By Captain HENRY COPPEE. _Second Edition, Revised._ 18mo. Extra cloth. $1.00.

THE COMPANY CLERK.

By Major-General AUG. V. KAUTZ. 12mo. Extra cloth. $1.25.

CUSTOMS OF SERVICE FOR ARMY OFFICERS,

As Derived from Law and Regulations, and Practiced in the United States Army. By Major-General A. V. KAUTZ. 18mo. Fine cloth. $1.25.

CUSTOMS OF SERVICE FOR NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS,

As Derived from Law and Regulations, and Practiced in the United States Army. By Major-General A. V. KAUTZ. 18mo. Cloth. $1.25.

ORDNANCE MANUAL.

The Ordnance Manual, for the use of Officers of the Army and others. _Third Edition._ Fully Illustrated with Engravings on Steel. Demi 8vo. Extra cloth. $3.00.

⁂ For sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, on receipt of the price by

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., Publishers, 715 and 717 Market St., Philadelphia.

VALUABLE MILITARY WORKS, _Published by D. VAN NOSTRAND_, 23 MURRAY & 27 WARREN STS., NEW YORK.

A Treatise on Military Law,

And the Jurisdiction, Constitution, and Proceedings of Military Courts, with a Summary of the Rules of Evidence as applicable to such Courts. By Lieut. R. A. Ives, U. S. Army. 1 vol. 8vo. Law sheep. $4.00.

Hotchkiss and Allan’s Battle of Chancellorsville.

THE BATTLE-FIELDS OF VIRGINIA. Chancellorsville, embracing the Operations of the Army of Northern Virginia, from the First Battle of Fredericksburg to the Death of Lieut.-Gen. T. J. Jackson. By JED. HOTCHKISS and WILLIAM ALLAN. Illustrated with Five Maps and Portrait of Stonewall Jackson. 8vo. Cloth. $3.50.

Stevens’s Three Years in the Sixth Corps.

THREE YEARS IN THE SIXTH CORPS. A Concise Narrative of Events in the Army of the Potomac from 1861 to the Close of the Rebellion, April, 1865. By GEO. T. STEVENS, Surgeon of the Seventy-seventh Regiment New York Volunteers. Illustrated with Seventeen Engravings and Six Steel Portraits. New and Revised Edition. 8vo. Cloth. $3.00.

Jomini’s Grand Military Operations.

TREATISE ON GRAND MILITARY OPERATIONS. Illustrated by a Critical and Military History of the Wars of Frederick the Great. With a Summary of the Most Important Principles of the Art of War. By BARON DE JOMINI. Illustrated by Maps and Plans. Translated from the French by Col. S. B. HOLABIRD, A.D.C., U. S. Army. 2 vols., 8vo, and Atlas. Cloth. $15.00. Half calf or morocco. $21.00. Half Russia. $22.50.

Send for Catalogue of Military and Naval Books. Copies of the above books sent free by mail on receipt of price.

PENNSYLVANIA Military Academy CHESTER, PENNA.

Courses of Instruction: ~Civil and Mining Engineering, Chemistry, Classics, and English.~

DEGREES CONFERRED.

COL. THEO. HYATT, President.

COMPOUND OXYGEN.

_For the Cure of Consumption, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Dyspepsia, Headache, Ozœna, Debility, and all Chronic and Nervous Disorders, by a Natural Process of Revitalization._

A REMARKABLE RESULT.

We are constantly meeting with new and singular results from the administration of Compound Oxygen. Witness the following, in the sudden penetration of the air into a collapsed lung. A gentleman in Pleasantville, Iowa, writing under date of October 10, 1880, says:

“My daughter had not been confined to her bed, but for the past twelve years had not been able to inhale much air in her left lung, in consequence of congestion, owing to overheating. She was unable to stand heat, and she was liable to sinking and smothering spells; also her heart would not beat regularly; every hour or two it would stop its pulsations, or feel as if it was going to. On the second inhalation her _lung expanded to its fullest capacity_, which, of course, caused great distress of body (as the chest had sunk in over her lung), but ever since she has had no symptoms of smothering. _The heart pulsations are regular, and she feels like a new person; is gaining rapidly in flesh._ Her lung is not yet strong, but is gaining. _We are truly grateful to you for rescuing her from an untimely grave._”

“AM SO MUCH BETTER.”

Extract from letter of a patient in Biddeford, Me.:

“It is with pleasure I tell you what your Compound Oxygen Treatment has done for me. Last April, when I commenced using it, _I was very low_; suffered from a weak, tired feeling all the time. _Had not been able to do any housework or sewing for four years, and but very little for ten years past._ My right side was very bad, a continual smarting ache extending from the throat to the hip, aggravated by using my arm. _Had not been free from a cough for four years. Now I do most of my housework; all my family sewing; walk out every pleasant day; think I could walk a mile and not be very tired; am so much happier to feel that I am some use in the world._ For all this consider myself indebted to your Compound Oxygen Treatment.”

FORCED CHEERFULNESS.

A patient writes:

“I used to seem cheerful, and people often remarked it; but my husband would look sad, and tell me he feared I did not feel it; which was true. (I did it to keep up his spirits.) But now it does me good to take a hearty laugh. Every one I meet says, ‘How well you are looking.’ I tell them it is the Compound Oxygen rebuilding me.... _I can scarcely believe myself to be the same miserable little woman I once was._”

“VICTORY!”

Under this caption, a gentleman in Iowa, who had procured the Compound Oxygen Treatment for his wife, writes:

“_I am surprised at finding her so much improved in health._ When she began using the Oxygen she could not sit up more than four hours at a time. Could not walk a quarter of a mile. Improved from the first inhalation, and now, having used the Treatment for six weeks, does considerable work around the house, and _can walk two miles and not be tired_. Raises no more bloody matter. No cough. Sleeps and eats well. All that I can say is, ‘Thank God, and Drs. Starkey & Palen.’”

BRONCHITIS.

A lady in Carmel, N. Y., after using the Oxygen Treatment for about four weeks, writes as follows in regard to the result:

“Four years ago I had an attack of _Acute Bronchitis_. It was two or three months before I got over it, _and then I had lost my voice_. I could not sing. The next winter I had two attacks, and in the spring I had chronic inflammation of the throat. I was treated for it from March till June. Then my husband took me to Brooklyn for medical treatment. I got very much better; but as soon as the weather became cold I took cold, and had to stay in the house for most of the time with an inflamed throat. When I sent for the Oxygen I had just had the worst attack from which I had ever suffered. I feared that I was going to lose my voice entirely, it hurt me so to talk. Last year, every time I had a cold it left me with a _pain in the lower part of my left lung_. This summer the doctor sounded my lung, and said all the trouble was in the larger air passage.

“The first time I inhaled the Oxygen _that pain left me in half an hour, and I have not felt it since_. For two days my lung felt real good; then the inhaling made it feel sore, and every time I coughed it seemed to come from that place where the pain had been, and what I passed had a very bad taste, but did not look bad.

“I have taken a great many different things, but never in my life took anything like the Oxygen. _I feel so strong and well, and have such a good, healthy appetite._”

ASTONISHED AT THE RESULT.

A lady writing from Louisiana, November 15, 1880, says:

“The reception of your interesting quarterly reminds me that I have been very ungrateful to you, in not reporting progress for so long. I am not yet entirely cured, but when I think of the miserable condition I was in when, on the 7th of last February, I began the Oxygen Home Treatment, _I am truly astonished at the result_. I am still thin in flesh, but I believe I am still gaining ground. My health is better than in years before, and I can eat anything I can get to eat. I have a small supply of gas yet, which I use when I feel depressed. I will order another Treatment before long, for I feel sure it will eventually effect a cure. _I cannot say how thankful I am for having been induced to send to you for the Oxygen._”

LETTER FROM AN OLD PATIENT.

We make an extract from a letter recently received from one of our patients, which shows the permanent effects of the Oxygen Treatment:

“You will, no doubt, remember me as one of your patients of more than a year ago. I am not entirely cured, nor ever expect to be, as my business is such that as long as I am able to be about I must go. I am manager of a large grain and stock farm, and my business keeps me out of doors most of the time, which is a decided benefit to me. _I have felt stronger this year than ever before, and have done ten times as much work as ever before._ I still have a part of the last Treatment, which I use once in awhile when I am not feeling good, _and it immediately revives me_. Only this morning I had a bad headache, and felt badly; _I took an inhalation of the Oxygen and felt like another man_.”

Our Treatise on Compound Oxygen _is sent free of charge_. It contains a history of the discovery, nature, and action of this new remedy, and a record of many of the remarkable results which have so far attended its use.

_Also sent free_, “_Health and Life_,” a quarterly record of cases and cures under the Compound Oxygen Treatment.

DEPOSITORY ON PACIFIC COAST.--H. E. Mathews, 606 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, California, will fill orders for the Compound Oxygen Treatment on Pacific Coast.

DRS. STARKEY & PALEN,

G. R. STARKEY. A.M., M.D. 1109 and 1111 Girard St. G. E. PALEN Ph.B., M.D. (between Chestnut & Market), Phila., Pa.

Transcriber’s Notes

Unless listed below, the text of the source document has been retained, including inconsistencies, dubious, unusual and archaic spellings, mixed languages (all including proper and geographical names), etc. (The absence of) accents and other diacriticals and other errors (in particular in non-English words and phrases) have not been corrected either. Factual errors (including dates and names), contradictions, duplications, repetitions, ambiguities and debatable calculations, formulas, definitions and descriptions have not been individually noted or corrected, but have been copied verbatim. Except in the Index of Illustrations, the occasional mistakes in the alphabetical order of the articles have not been corrected.

Plates and illustrations: the spelling and/or language of the captions may differ significantly from those in the body of the text and the Index to Illustrations. Some captions were largely illegible, and have been reconstructed based on the Index of Illustrations or on the main text where possible. Several of the individual illustrations lack a caption; only when it is clear what the caption should be (i.e., a clear, unambiguous illustration that is listed in the Index of Illustrations) has a caption been inserted, as listed below. Some illustrations have been rotated or otherwise re-arranged for better readability or visibility.

Changes made

Several obvious typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently.

Footnotes have been moved to directly under the paragraph to which they belong.

Some tables and mathematical formulas have been re-arranged or re-aligned for better readability or moved to separate lines. In some cases the italics mark-up (_) has been applied to groups of letters and symbols rather than to individual letters or symbols to improve readability.

page 374: (.3-inch changed to (3 inch)

page 375: 935,649,235 pounds changed to 935, 649, and 235 pounds; caliber 10,236 inches changed to caliber 10.236 inches