I.

=Iapydes.= A warlike and barbarous people in the north of Illyricum, between the rivers Arsia and Tedanius; were a mixed race, partly Illyrian and partly Celtic, who tattooed their bodies. They were subdued by Augustus. Their country was called Iaiydia.

=Iazyges.= A powerful Sarmatian people, who originally dwelt on the coast of the Pontus Euxinus and the Palus Mæotis; but in the reign of Claudius settled near the Quadi in Dacia, in the country bounded by the Danube, the Theiss, and the Sarmatian Mountains. The Iazyges were in close alliance with the Quadi, along with whom they frequently attacked the Roman dominions, especially Mœsia and Pannonia. In the 5th century they were conquered by the Goths.

=Ice.= In high latitudes, during the winter, rivers are frequently covered with ice of sufficient thickness to sustain the heaviest loads. This means of communication should be used with great circumspection. A change of temperature may not only suddenly destroy this natural bridge, but render the river impassable by any method for a considerable time in consequence of the floating ice.

The thickness of ice should be, to allow the passage of infantry in single file on a line of planks, and 2 yards apart, 2 inches; cavalry or light guns, with intervals, 4 inches; 12-pounder field-pieces, unlimbered and on sleds, 5 inches; 12-pounder field-pieces, limbered and drawn by horses, with intervals between pieces, 6 to 7 inches. Ice when 10 to 12 inches thick bears the heaviest loads. Two tracks of planks laid on the ice for the carriage-wheels to run on, may be employed when there is any doubt as to its strength, or the wagon may be transformed into a sort of sled by fastening two planks under the wheels.

The thickness of the ice may be increased, when the temperature is low enough, by throwing water on it.

When the river is frozen on each side, but open in the middle in consequence of the velocity of the current, a boom stretched across the open space will often check the velocity sufficiently to cause the water to freeze.

=Iceni.= A British tribe which inhabited chiefly Suffolk and Norfolk. In 61, headed by Boadicea, their queen, they marched southwards and destroyed Verulam, London, and other places, with great slaughter of the Romans, but were defeated by Suetonius near London, and their queen slain.

=Ich Dien.= _I serve_; the motto under the plume of ostrich feathers found in the helmet of the king of Bohemia after he was slain at the battle of Crécy, at which he served as a volunteer in the French army, August 26, 1346. Edward the Black Prince, in veneration of his father, Edward III., who commanded that day, though the prince won the battle, adopted this motto, which has since been borne with the feathers by the heirs to the crown of England; but not as prince of Wales, which many have erroneously maintained.

=Ichnæ=, or =Ischnæ=. A Greek city in the north of Mesopotamia, founded by the Macedonians; was the scene of the first battle between Crassus and the Parthians, in which the former gained the victory. According to Appian, the Parthians soon after defeated the Romans near the same spot.

=Ichnography.= The plan or representation of the length and breadth of a fortification, the distinct parts of which are marked out either on the ground itself, or on paper. A plan upon the correct principles of ichnography represents a work as it would appear if it were leveled to its foundations, and shows only the expanse of ground on which it had been erected. The science does not represent either the elevation or the different parts belonging to a fortification. This properly comes under the title “profile,” which does not, however, include length.

=Iconium= (now _Konieh_). A town of Asia Minor, situated on the shores of the Lake Trogitis, about 120 miles inland from the Mediterranean. In ancient times it was famous as the capital of Lycaonia, and from 1087 to 1229 it was the seat of a Seljuk sultanate. In December, 1832, a battle was fought here, in which Ibrahim Pasha completely defeated the Turkish army.

=Idaho.= A Territory of the United States, bounded on the north by the British possessions, on the east by Montana and Dakota, and on the south by Nevada and Utah. It was organized in 1863, and has frequently been the scene of Indian troubles.

=Idsted.= A village of Selswick. A battle was fought here in 1850, between the Danes and Schleswig-Holsteiners, in which the latter were defeated.

=Ignition= (Lat. _ignis_, “fire”). The act of setting fire to, or of taking fire; as opposed to combustion or burning, which is a consequence of ignition. By ignition of gunpowder is understood the setting on fire of a particular point of the charge.

=Ilerda= (now _Lerida_). A town of the Ilergetes, in Hispania Tarraconensis, situated on a height above the river Sicoris (now _Segre_). It was afterwards a Roman colony, but in the time of Ausonius had ceased to be a place of importance. It was here that Africanus and Petreius, the legates of Pompey, were defeated by Cæsar, 49 B.C.

=Illinois.= One of the Central States of the United States, in the valley of the Upper Mississippi, and one of the most fertile in the Union, having scarcely any soil which is uncultivable. It was originally settled by the French, but fell into the hands of the English in 1763, becoming the property of the United States at the Revolution. It was organized as a State December 3, 1818, and during the civil war was a staunch supporter of the Union.

=Illinois Indians.= A confederacy of Indian tribes, mostly of Algonkin stock, who formerly inhabited the State now known by their name. Very few relics of these tribes now exist.

=Illustrious.= Conferring lustre or honor; brilliant; renowned; as, illustrious deeds or titles.

=Illyricum=, or =Illyria=. Is the Roman name of a country whose limits in ancient times varied considerably. It was inhabited by a savage tribe, who were much addicted to piracy and robbery. In 359 B.C. Philip of Macedon conquered the eastern portion of the country, now Albania, and it was incorporated with Macedonia. The Illyrians were brought into a collision with the Romans on account of their piracy, which led to their subjugation about two centuries before the Christian era. They made numerous efforts to shake off the Roman yoke, but were always defeated, and the country became a most important province of the Roman empire, comprising the territory represented in modern times by Croatia, Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, nearly all Bosnia, and a part of Albania. On the division of the Roman empire, it shared in the vicissitudes that followed that act. A decree of Napoleon, on October 14, 1809, gave the name of Illyrian provinces to Carniola, Dalmatia, and other countries from the Adriatic Sea to the Save, then belonging to the French empire. At his fall these provinces were united as a kingdom to the Austrian empire, and some alterations were made in its boundaries, especially by the restoration to Hungary of what had formerly belonged to it, and the annexation of the whole of Carinthia.

=Ilmenau.= A town of Saxe-Weimar, on the Ilm, 18 miles west from Weimar. A battle was fought by the united forces of the Russians and Saxons against the Swedes near this town in 1706.

=Imbannered.= Furnished with banners.

=Imbellic.= Not warlike or martial. This term is now obsolete.

=Imbody.= See EMBODY.

=Imbrued=, or =Embrued=. An expression used in heraldry to signify bloody, or dropping with blood. Weapons thus blazoned are drawn with drops of blood falling from them.

=Imeritia.= Formerly an independent Transcaucasian territory, now part of the government of Kutais. Its history as an independent dominion commenced from about the beginning of the 15th century, and was long marked by internal dissensions. In 1745, Solomon I. was proclaimed, but his nobles revolting shortly after, and aided by the Turks, dethroned him. Solomon applied for help to Russia, and in 1769, Count Todtlen, at the head of a Russian force, entered Emeritia, restored the king, and drove back the Turks. The civil dissensions of this province, however, continued, and at last, in 1810, after having long acknowledged allegiance to Russia, it was formally incorporated in, and proclaimed a province of that empire.

=Immailed.= Wearing mail or armor; clad in armor. This term is now obsolete.

=Immartial.= Not martial; not warlike. This term is now obsolete.

=Immortals.= In antiquity, the name of a body of 10,000 troops, constituting the guard of the king of Persia; so called because they were always of the same number; for as soon as any of them died, the vacancy was immediately filled up. They were distinguished from all the other troops by the richness of their armor, and still more by their bravery. The same term was applied to the life-guards of the Roman emperors.

=Imola.= A fortified town of Ravenna, a province of Italy, on a small island in the river Santerno; it is defended by a strong castle. This town was founded by the Lombards on the ruins of Forum Cornelii, destroyed by Justinian, and was afterwards successively held by different chiefs who ruled in Central Italy. Julius II. annexed it to the States of the Church, but it was delivered from the papal yoke when Ravenna declared for annexation to Sardinia in 1859.

=Impact.= In gunnery, the single instantaneous blow or stroke of a body in motion against another either in motion or at rest.

=Impale.= In heraldry, to arrange two coats of arms side by side in one shield divided per pale. It is usual thus to exhibit the conjoined coats of husband and wife, the husband’s arms occupying the dexter, or right side, and the wife’s the sinister, or left side, of the escutcheon.

=Impedimenta.= The accompaniments to an army received from the Romans the name of impedimenta. They consist in transportation of munitions, equipments, provisions, hospital supplies, tents, engineering tools, bridge equipage, and boats, baggage, cooking utensils, etc., necessary for the use of an army moving against an enemy. This requires the use of large numbers of wagons and of draught animals, or shipping, and necessarily impedes the movement of an army. See BAGGAGE.

=Impenetrable.= Incapable of being penetrated or pierced, not admitting the passage of other bodies, not to be entered; as, an impenetrable shield.

=Imperator.= An old Roman title signifying commander, which was applied to the rulers of provinces, consuls, pro-consuls, etc., or to anybody who had an _imperium_ assigned him. After a victory the Roman soldiers frequently saluted their commander by this title.

=Imperial Guards.= See GUARDS, IMPERIAL.

=Imperialists.= This word was chiefly applied to the subjects of, or forces employed by the house of Austria, when opposed to the troops of other German powers.

=Imperil.= To bring into peril, to endanger.

=Impetuous.= Rushing with force and violence, moving with impetus, furious, forcible; as, the troops went pouring forward with impetuous speed.

=Impetus.= In gunnery, the altitude through which a heavy body must fall to acquire a velocity equal to that with which a ball is discharged from a piece.

=Implement.= Whatever may supply a want, especially an instrument or utensil as supplying a requisite to an end; as, the implements of war.

=Implements, Equipments, and Machines.= In artillery, the two former are employed in loading, pointing, and firing cannon, and in the mechanical manœuvres of artillery carriages, the latter to mount and dismount cannon from their carriages, and to transport artillery material from one part of a work to another. The implements for loading cannon are, (1) The _rammer-head_, a short cylindrical piece of beech or other tough wood, fixed to the end of a long stick of ash, called a _staff_, employed to push the charge to its place in the bore or chamber of a cannon. (2) The _sponge_, a _woolen_ brush attached to the end of a staff, for the purpose of cleaning the interior of cannon and extinguishing any burning fragments of the cartridge that may remain after firing. In the field and mountain services, the rammer-head and sponge are attached to the opposite ends of the same shaft; in the siege and sea-coast services, they are attached to separate staves, except for howitzers, in which they are combined. (3) The _ladle_, a copper scoop attached to the end of a staff for the purpose of withdrawing the projectile of a loaded piece. (4) The _worm_, a species of double cork-screw attached to a staff, used in field and siege cannon to withdraw a cartridge. (5) The _gunner’s haversack_ (which see). (6) The _pass-box_, a wooden box closed with a lid and carried by a handle attached to one end. In siege and sea-coast service, where the cartridge is large, it takes the place of the haversack. (7) The _tube-pouch_ or _primer-pouch_, a small leather pouch attached to the cannoneer by a waistbelt. It contains the friction-tubes, lanyard, priming-wire, thumb-stall, etc. (8) The _budge-barrel_ (which see). (9) The _priming-wire_, used to pick a hole in a cartridge for the passage of the flame from the vent. (10) The _thumb-stall_, a buckskin cushion attached to the thumb or finger to close the vent in sponging and loading. (11) The _fuze-setter_, a brass drift for driving a wooden fuze into a shell. (12) The _fuze-mallet_, made of hard wood, and used in connection with the setter. (13) The _fuze-saw_, a 10-inch tenon saw for cutting wooden or paper fuzes to the required length. (14) The _fuze-gimlet_, sometimes employed in place of the saw to open a communication with the fuze composition. (15) The _fuze-auger_, an instrument for regulating the time of burning of a fuze by removing a certain portion of the composition from the exterior. For this purpose it has a movable graduated scale, which regulates the depth to which the auger should penetrate. (16) The _fuze-rasp_, a coarse file employed in fitting a fuze-plug to a shell. (17) The _fuze-plug reamer_, used to enlarge the cavity of a fuze-plug after it has been driven into a projectile, to enable it to receive a paper fuze. (18) The _shell-plug screw_, a wood screw with a handle, used to extract a plug from a fuze-hole. (19) The _fuze-extractor_, worked by a screw, and is a more powerful instrument than the preceding; it is used for extracting wooden fuzes from loaded shells. (20) The _fuze-wrench_, made in the form of a cross or T-shaped, to unscrew percussion fuzes. (21) The _mortar-scraper_, a slender piece of iron with a spoon at one end and a scraper at the other, for cleaning the chamber of a mortar. (22) The _gunner’s sleeves_, made of flannel or serge; they are drawn over the coat-sleeves of the gunner to prevent them from being soiled while loading a mortar. (23) The _funnel_, made of copper, and used in pouring the bursting charge into a shell. (24) The _powder-measures_, made of copper, of cylindrical form, and of various sizes, for the purpose of determining the charges of shells and cannon by measurement. (25) The _lanyard_, a cord, one end of which has a small iron hook, and the other a wooden handle. It is used to explode the friction-tubes with which cannon for the land service are now fired. (26) The _gunner’s gimlet_ and _vent-punch_, used in boring out the vent when it becomes foul. (27) _Gunner’s pincers_ (which see). (28) The _shell-hooks_, an instrument made to fasten into the ears of a shell, for the purpose of lifting it to the muzzle of the piece. (29) The _tow-hook_, in field service, used in unpacking ammunition and taking projectiles from the chest. The implements for pointing are: the _gunner’s level_, _gunner’s quadrant_, the _breech-sight_, the _pendulum-hausse_, and _elevating arc_. (See appropriate headings.) The _tangent-scale_, a brass plate, the lower edge of which is cut to the curve of the base-ring of the piece, and the upper formed into offsets which correspond to differences of elevation of a quarter of a degree. It is used in pointing by placing the curved edge on the base-ring, with the radius of the offset corresponding with the highest point of the ring, and sighting over the centre of the offset, and the highest point of the swell of the muzzle. The principal manœuvring implements are: the _trail handspike_, the _manœuvring handspike_, the _shod handspike_, the _truck handspike_, the _roller handspike_ (see HANDSPIKE); the _prolonge_, a stout rope used to connect the lunette of the carriage and pintle-hook of the limber to move the piece short distances without limber; the _sponge-bucket_, made of sheet-iron, for washing the bore of the piece; the _tar-bucket_, also made of sheet-iron, for carrying grease for the wheels; the _watering bucket_, made of sole-leather, for watering the horses; the _water-buckets_, made of wood and bound with iron hoops. These are of two kinds,--one for the traveling-forge, and the other for the service of garrison batteries. The _drag-rope_, used when necessary to employ a number of men in hauling loads, or extricating a carriage from a difficult part of the road. It has a hook at one end, a loop at the other, and six wooden handles placed about 4 feet apart. The _men’s harness_, similar to the drag-rope, except that the rope is stouter, and the handles are replaced by leather loops which pass over the shoulders of the men, to enable them to exert their strength to advantage. The _bill-hook_, or hand-bill, used for cutting twigs. The _screw-jack_, a lifting-machine composed of a screw worked by a _movable nut_ supported on a _cast-iron stand_. It is used in greasing carriage-wheels. Artillery machines comprise the _gin_ (see GIN), the _sling-cart_ (see HAND-SLING-CART), the _casemate truck_, the _hand-cart_ (see HAND-CART), the _lifting-jack_, and the _lever-jack_. The casemate truck is composed of a stout frame of wood mounted on three barbette traverse-wheels, and is employed to move cannon and carriages through posterns and along casemate galleries. The lifting-jack is a small but powerful screw, worked by a geared nut. It is useful when the space for manœuvring is small, and the number of men limited. If the weight to be raised is sufficiently high, the lifting power is applied at the top; if it be low, it is applied at the foot. The lever-jack is another but less powerful apparatus for lifting. It consists of a _lever_ of wood resting on a _bolt_, which passes through holes in two _uprights_. The height of the bolt is varied by passing it through different holes in the uprights (eight in number), and the power of the lever is regulated by a notched piece of cast iron screwed to the under side of the lever.

=Implements, Re-loading.= See RE-LOADING IMPLEMENTS.

=Impregnable.= Not to be stormed, or taken by assault; incapable of being reduced by force; able successfully to resist attack; as, an impregnable fortress.

=Impregnably.= In an impregnable manner; in a manner to defy force; as, a place impregnably fortified.

=Impress.= To compel any person to serve.

=Impression.= The effect of an attack upon any place or body of soldiers.

=Imprisonment.= Officers may be sentenced to imprisonment by a general court-martial in any case where the court may have discretionary authority. General, garrison, and regimental courts-martial may sentence soldiers to imprisonment, solitary or otherwise, with or without hard labor, for various offenses enumerated in the Articles of War. A garrison or regimental court-martial, in awarding imprisonment, is limited to a period not exceeding thirty days. When a court awards solitary imprisonment as a punishment, it is necessary that the words “solitary confinement” should be expressed in the sentence. The legal imprisonment in the United States is confinement, solitary confinement, and confinement on bread and water; confinement on bread and water shall not extend over fourteen days at a time, with intervals between the periods of such confinement not less than such periods, and not exceeding eighty-four days in any one year.

=Impulse.= The act of impelling, or driving onward with sudden force; impulsion; the action of a force so as to produce motion suddenly, or without appreciable loss of time. Also sudden motion exciting to action; hasty inclination; influence acting unexpectedly, or with momentary force; impression; instigation; as, the troops moved forward with one impulse.

=In Battery.= The position of field-guns when unlimbered and prepared for action. Also applied to heavy guns when in the firing position; also the command for the movement in both cases. Heavy guns are “from battery” when in the loading position.

=In Gear.= A command in the service of heavy guns, to cause the eccentrics of the truck-wheels to be thrown in gear. Also refers to the position of the eccentrics when the command is executed.

=In Line.= Refers to the formation of troops when posted, or marching, with extended front.

=Inaccessible.= A general term for any distance or height which cannot be approached for any military purposes.

=Inactive.= Not disposed to action or effort; not diligent or industrious; not busy; idle; as, an inactive officer.

=Inca.= A king or prince of Peru, before the conquest of that country by the Spaniards.

=Incapable.= A term of disgrace, frequently annexed to military sentences, when an officer has been cashiered by the sentence of a general court-martial, and rendered incapable of ever serving his country in either a civil or military capacity.

=Incendiary Compositions.= Used to set fire to buildings, shipping, etc., have been known and used from the earliest times. Greek fire (which see) was extensively used in the 7th century. Among modern incendiary compositions are _fire stone_, sometimes called _rock fire_, and _Valenciennes composition_ (which see).

=Incendiary Shells.= Are shells containing incendiary compositions. See CARCASS for modern example.

=Incensed=, or =Animé=. An epithet applied in heraldry to panthers or other wild beasts borne with flames issuing from their mouth and ears.

=Incidence, Angle of.= In projectiles, the angle which the line of direction of the projectile makes with the surface of the obstacle on which it impinges.

=Inclination.= In gunnery, the inclination of a plane is the angle it makes with the horizon either above or below.

=Inclination of the Grooves.= In a rifle is the angle which the tangent to the groove at any point makes with the element of the bore passing through the point. The tangent of the angle, which may be taken as a measure of the inclination, is equal to the circumference of the bore divided by the length of bore corresponding to one revolution of the spiral. See TWIST.

=Incline.= To gain ground to the flank, as well as to the front. Inclining is of great use in the marching of the line in front, to correct any irregularities that may happen. It is equivalent to the quarter facing and to the oblique marching of the infantry. It enables you to gain the enemy’s flank without exposing your own, or without wheeling or altering the parallel front of the company.

=Inclose.= To surround; to shut in; to confine on all sides; to include; to shut up; to encompass; as, to inclose a fort or an army with troops; to inclose a town with walls.

=Incommoder l’Ennemi= (_Fr._). To get possession of a fort, eminence, etc., from which the enemy may be harassed, or which is necessary to his security.

=Incompetent.= Incapable; unfit; unequal. No officer, be his situation what it may, can be said to be competent to command who is not only willing and able to follow orders himself, but will likewise see them strictly adhered to by others; whose mind is not superior to

## partialities, and whose judgment is not equal to discern real merit from

ignorant assumption.

=Incorporate, To.= To add a smaller body of forces to a larger, and to mix them together. Independent companies are said to be incorporated, when they are distributed among different regiments; regiments among brigades, etc.

=Incorporation.= In the manufacture of gunpowder, is the thorough mixing of the three ingredients--nitre, sulphur, and charcoal,--a very important operation. The process should be so complete that the smallest

## particle of the gunpowder should contain each ingredient in proper

proportion.

=Increasing Twist.= A term applied to rifle grooves, the inclination of which increases from the breech to the muzzle. In many guns the grooves begin at the front of the chamber, without inclination.

=Incursion.= Invasion without conquest; inroad; ravage.

=Indefensible.= Not defensible; not capable of being defended or maintained; as, a military post may be indefensible.

=Indefensive.= Having no defense.

=Indella.= A body of Swedish yeomen furnished by certain proprietors of lands, after the manner of the old Norman feudal system.

=Indemnification.= A regulated allowance for losses sustained by officers or soldiers on actual service.

=Indemnity.= Indemnification, compensation, or remuneration for loss, damage, or injury sustained.

=Indent, To.= A word particularly made use of in India for the dispatch of military business. It is of the same import and meaning as _to draw upon_. It likewise means an order for military stores, arms, etc.; as, an indent for new supplies, etc.

=Indented.= In heraldry, one of the partition lines of the shield, similarly notched to dancetté, but with notches much smaller, and not limited in number.

=Indented Line.= In fortification, is a serrated line, forming several angles, so that one side defends another. The faces are longer than the flanks. Indented lines are used on the banks of rivers, where they enter a town. The parapet of the covered way is also often indented.

=Independence, Declaration of.= The solemn declaration of the Congress of the United States of America, on July 4, 1776, by which they formally renounced their subjection to the government of Great Britain.

=Independent.= In a military sense, is a term which distinguishes from the rest of the army those companies which have been raised by individuals for rank, and were afterwards drafted into corps that were short of their complement of men. _Independent company or troop_, is one that is not incorporated into any regiment.

=India=, or =Hindostan=. An extensive region of Southern Asia, celebrated during many ages for its riches and natural productions. The Hindoo histories ascribe the origin of the people to a period ages before the ordinary chronologies. A race of kings is mentioned as reigning 2300 B.C. Several ancient nations, particularly the Tyrians and Egyptians, carried on commerce with India. It was partially conquered by Darius Hystaspes, who formed an Indian satrapy, 512 B.C., and by Alexander, 327 B.C. The authentic history of Hindostan commences with the conquests of Mahmoud Ghuzni, 1004. For further history of India, see BENGAL, CALCUTTA, MADRAS, etc.

=Indian File.= Single file; arrangement of persons in a row following one after another; the usual way among Indians of traversing woods, etc.

=Indian Fortification.= The entrance into an East Indian fortification is through a large and complicated pile of buildings, projecting in the form of a parallelogram from the main rampart; and, if the city has two walls, it projects beyond them both. This building consists of several continued terraces, which are of the same height as the main rampart, and communicate with it; the inward walls of these terraces form the sides of an intricate passage, about 20 feet broad, which leads by various short turnings, at right angles, through the whole pile to the principal gate that stands in the main rampart. This is the general outline of the old Indian fortifications.

=Indian Military Force.= The East Indian military service, like the civil service, has been undergoing a thorough reorganization, consequent on the great mutiny, and the transfer of the government of the country from the East India Company to the crown. In 1857, at the outbreak of the mutiny, the Indian army consisted of about 277,000 men, of whom 45,000 were Europeans and 232,000 natives. During the mutiny the native army of Bengal was almost entirely broken up. Fifteen regiments of regular native infantry, the local infantry, the Gurka and irregular line regiments, eight regiments of irregular cavalry, and the sappers and miners, were all that remained at the close of 1860 of the old native army of Bengal. The Indian army in 1867 numbered 183,148 men; 61,498 being Europeans, and 121,650 Indian forces. The police, civil and military, forms an important force, and is to a great extent taking the place of the regular army. In Bengal, for instance, the military police includes ten battalions of infantry each 700 strong; three squadrons of cavalry, and some local levies; in all about 10,000 men, of various races, with 40 European officers. The whole police force of India has been reorganized on one uniform system, with a central organization of its own in each presidency.

=Indian Territory.= A large extent of territory, which originally belonged to the Louisiana purchase, lying north by west of that State. It was set apart for the use of Indians, many tribes of whom have from time to time been removed to it, and have wonderfully improved in the arts of civilized life.

=Indiana.= One of the Western States, and a portion of the great Mississippi Valley country. It was settled in the early part of the 18th century by the French; was subsequently ceded to the English, and after the Revolution passed into the possession of the United States. The early settlers were for a long time troubled by the incursions of the Indians; but after their signal defeat by Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811, they were soon afterwards subdued, and became peaceable. Indiana was admitted as a State in 1816, and during the civil war contributed its full quota of troops to the support of the Union.

=Indians.= The name by which the various tribes of aborigines scattered over the extensive continent of America are distinguished. They are divided into numerous tribes and nations, all in a state more or less savage, and having all the peculiar characteristics of that kind of life. They generally decline as the civilized population advances into the country; though reservations of land have always been set apart by the U. S. government for the support of tribes within its territory. (See INDIANS AND THEIR AGENCIES.) A short description of the most important tribes will be found under appropriate headings in this work.

=Indians and their Agencies.= The following are the distribution and population of the Indians in the United States, taken from the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1876:

ARIZONA, _Colorado River Agency_: Mojaves, 820; Chemehuevis, 320; Hualapais (not on reservation), 620; Coahuilas (not on reservation), 150; Cocopas (not on reservation), 180. _Moquis Pueblo Agency_: Moquis Pueblos, 1700. _Pima and Maricopa Agency_: Papagos, about 5000; Pimas, 4100; Maricopas, 400. _San Carlos Agency_: Pinal and Aribaipa Apaches, 1051; Chiricahua Apaches, 297; Mojave Apaches, 618; Yuma Apaches, 352; Tonto Apaches, 629; Coyotero Apaches, 1612. Indians in Arizona not under an agent: Yumas, 930; Mojaves, 700.

CALIFORNIA, _Hoopa Valley Agency_: Hoopas, 511; Redwoods, 12; Siahs, 13; Klamaths, 44. _Round Valley Agency_ (192 not on reservation): Potter Valley, 307; Ukie, 197; Pitt River, 60; Red Wood, 94; Wylackie, 172; Con Cowe, 148; Little Lake, 166. _Tule River Agency_: Tules, Tejons, Wachamnis, Kweahs, King’s River, and Manaches, 1200. Indians in California not under an agent: Mission, Coahuila, Temecula, and other Indians, 4375; Klamaths, 1125.

COLORADO, _Los Pinos Agency_: Tabequache-Muache, Capote, and Weminuche bands of Utes, 2000. _White River Agency_: Grand River, Yampa, Uintah, and Pah bands of Utes, 900.

DAKOTA, _Cheyenne River Agency_: Two Kettle Sioux, Sans-Arc Sioux, Minneconjou Sioux, Blackfeet Sioux, 2280. _Crow Creek Agency_: Lower Yanctonais Sioux, 1213. _Devil’s Lake Agency_: Sisseton Sioux, 391; Wahpeton Sioux, 477; Cut-Head Sioux, 203. _Flandreau Agency_: Flandreau Sioux, 361. _Fort Berthold Agency_: Arickarees, 692; Gros Ventres, 414; Mandans, 241; Gros Ventres (seceders), 100. _Lower Brulé Agency_: Lower Brulé Sioux, 1800. _Ponca Agency_: Poncas, 730. _Red Cloud Agency_: Ogallalla Sioux, Northern Cheyennes, Northern Arapahoes, 6000. _Spotted Tail Agency_: Upper Brulé and Ogallalla Sioux, Lower Brulé Sioux, Northern Brulé Sioux, and others, 2315. _Sisseton Agency_: Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux, 1745. _Standing Rock Agency_: Upper Yanctonais Sioux, Lower Yanctonais Sioux, Uncpapa Sioux, Blackfeet Sioux, 2315. _Yankton Agency_: Yankton Sioux, 1992. Indians in Dakota not under an agent, or absent from agencies, 15,000.

IDAHO, _Fort Hall Agency_: Bannacks, 648; Shoshones, 964. _Lemhi Agency_: Sheepeaters, 300; Bannacks, 190; Shoshones, 450. _Nez Percés Agency_: Nez Percés, 2800. Indians in Idaho not under an agent: Cœur d’Alenes, Pend d’Oreilles, and Kootenays, 1000.

INDIAN TERRITORY, _Cheyenne and Arapahoe Agency_: Cheyennes, 2029; Arapahoes, 1703; Apaches, 48; Cheyennes absent from reservation, 180; held as prisoners by military, 32. _Kiowa and Comanche Agency_: Kiowas, 1090; Comanches, 1570; Apaches, 325. _Osage Agency_: Osage, 2679; Kaws, 443. _Pawnee Agency_: Pawnees, 2026. _Quapaw Agency_: Quapaws, 235; confederated Kaskaskias, Piankeshaws, Weas, Peorias, and Miamis, 202; Ottawas, 140; Eastern Shawnees, 97; Wyandottes, 258; Senecas, 240; Modocs, 117; Straggling Black Bob Shawnees and Pottawatomies, 100. _Sac and Fox Agency_: Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi, 417; absentee Shawnees, 647; Mexican Kickapoos, 312. _Union Agency_: Cherokees, 18,672; Creeks, 14,000; Choctaws, 16,000; Chickasaws, 5800; Seminoles, 2553. _Wichita Agency_: Caddos and Delawares, 580; Comanches, 168; Keechies and Wacos, 155; Tawacanies, 100; Wichitas, 217. Indians in Indian Territory not under an agent: Citizen Pottawatomies, 131.

IOWA, _Sac and Fox Agency_: Sacs and Foxes, 341.

KANSAS, _Kansas Agency_: Pottawatomies (prairie band), 497; Kickapoos, 252. Indians in Kansas without an agency: Chippewas, of Swan Creek, and Munsees, 61; Mokohoko band of Sacs and Foxes, 200.

MICHIGAN, _Mackinac Agency_: Chippewas of Lake Superior, 1200; Chippewas of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River, 2000; Chippewas and Ottawas of Lake Michigan, 7000; Pottawatomies of Huron, 60.

MINNESOTA, _Leech Lake Agency_: Pillager and Lake Winnebagoshish Chippewas, 1610; Chippewas of Mississippi, 790. _Red Lake Agency_: Red Lake Chippewas, 1178. _White Earth Agency_: Mississippi Chippewas, 1768; Pembina Chippewas, 452; Otter-Tail Chippewas, 485.

MONTANA, _Blackfeet Agency_: Blackfeet, Bloods, and Piegans (no tribal distinctions), 7200. _Crow Agency_: Mountain Crows, 1500; River Crows, 1000. _Flathead Agency_: Flatheads, 381; Pend d’Oreilles, 858; Kootenays, 390. _Fort Peck Agency_: Assiniboines, 1998; Yanctonais, Uncpapa, Brulé, Teton Sioux, and Gros Ventres, 6500.

NEBRASKA, _Great Nemaha Agency_: Iowas, 224; Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, 100. _Omaha Agency_: Omahas, 1027. _Otoe Agency_: Otoes and Missouris, 454. _Santee Agency_: Santee Sioux, 793. _Winnebago Agency_: Winnebagoes, 1500.

NEW MEXICO, _Abiquiu Agency_: Utes, 900; Jicarilla Apaches, 326. _Cimarron Agency_: Jicarilla Apaches, 420; Muache Utes, 230. _Mescalero Agency_: Mescalero Apaches, 1400. _Navajo Agency_: Navajoes, 11,868. _Pueblo Agency_: Pueblos, 8400. _Southern Apache Agency_: Gila Apaches, Mogollen Apaches, Mimbre Apaches, Chiricahua Apaches, 1600.

NEW YORK, _New York Agency_: Senecas, 3017; Oneidas, 250; Onondagas, 453; Cayugas, 161; Tuscaroras, 412; St. Regis, 741.

NEVADA, _Nevada Agency_: Pah-Utes on Pah-Ute reservation, 400; Pah-Utes in Northern Arizona (not on reservation), 284; Pah-Utes in Utah (not on reservation), 528; Pah-Utes in Southern Nevada (not on reservation), 631; Pah-Utes in California (not on reservation), 184; Pah-Utes on Pyramid Lake reserve, 1500; Shoshones, 500; Pah-Utes on Walker River reserve, 500. _Western Shoshone Agency_: Goship Utes (not on reservation), 204; Western Shoshones (not on reservation), 1945; Indians in Nevada not under an agent: Pah-Utes (not on reservation), 1000.

NORTH CAROLINA, _Eastern Cherokee Agency_: Eastern Cherokees, 1600; other Eastern Cherokees scattered through Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee, 800.

OREGON, _Grand Ronde Agency_: Molels, Clackamas, Rogue River, and other bands, 755. _Klamath Agency_: Klamaths, 676; Modocs, 100; Pah-Ute Snakes, 100; Wollpahpe Snakes, 174. _Malheur Agency_: Pah-Utes, 462; Snakes, 300. _Siletz Agency_: Rogue River, Shasta Scoton, and thirteen other bands, 1100; Alseas, Sinselaws, Coosas, and Umpquas, 325. _Umatilla Agency_: Walla Walla, 128; Cayuse, 385; Umatilla, 169. _Warm Springs Agency_: Wascoes, 263; Teninoes, 50; Warm Springs, 187; Indians roaming on Columbia River, renegades and others, 2000.

UTAH, _Uintah Valley Agency_: Uintah Utes, 650; Indians in Utah not under an agent, Pah Vents, 134; Goship Utes, 256.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY, _Colville Agency_: Colvilles, 650; Spokanes, 685; Lakes, 242; Calispels, 395; Okinakanes, 330; San Poels and Nespeelums, 500; Methows, 315. _Neah Bay Agency_: Makahs, 538. _Puyallup Agency_: Muckleshoot, 130; Puyallups, 525; Nisquallies, 205; Squaxons, 50; Chehalis, 240; Shoal Water Bay, 60; Grape Harbor, 160; Cowlitz, 25. _Quinaielt Agency_: Quinaielts, 122; Queets, 114; Hohs, 80; Quillehutes, 260. _S’Kokomish Agency_: S’Klallams, 550; Towanas, 275. _Tulalip Agency_: Snohomish, 900; Lummi, 600; Etakmur, 550; Swinomish, 700; Muckleshoot, 500. _Yakama Agency_: Yakama, Palouse, Pisquose, Wenatshepum, Kliktat, Klinquit, Kowwassayee, Siaywas, Skinpah, Wisham, Shyiks, Ochechole, Kahmiltpah, and Seapcat, 4100.

WISCONSIN, _Green Bay Agency_: Menomonees, 1522; Oneidas, 1387; Stockbridges, 121. _La Pointe Agency_: Chippewas, Red Cliff Band, 726; Bad River, 732; Lac Court d’Oreille, 1048; Lac de Flambeau, 665; Fond du Lac, 404; Grand Portage, 262; Bois Fort, 714. Indians in Wisconsin not under an agent: Winnebagoes, 823; Pottawatomies (prairie band), 180.

WYOMING, _Shoshone Agency_: Shoshones (eastern band), 1800.

Indians in North Carolina, Indiana, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, and Texas: Miamis, Seminoles, Lipans, Tonkawas, 850. Number of Indians in the United States, exclusive of those in Alaska, 266,151; number of Indians who are mixed-bloods, 40,639; number of school-teachers for Indians, 437; amount of money expended for education during the year, $362,496.03; number of births and deaths about even.

ALASKA. The aboriginal inhabitants of Alaska are divided generally into two classes, the Ararian, or Coast tribes, and Indian, or Interior tribes; of the former the Innuit, or Esquimo races, inhabit coast of Arctic and North Pacific Ocean, and the Aleutians inhabited the chain of Aleutian Islands and the western ends of Aliaska peninsula.

_Innuit_, or _Esquimo_. _Kopágmuts_; numbered, in 1870, about 200; inhabit the shore of the Arctic Ocean between Mackenzie’s River and Manning’s Point; were formerly much more numerous and powerful, inhabiting valley of Mackenzie’s River for 300 miles until driven out by Indians.

_Kanmalígmut._ They number about 250; inhabit shore of Arctic Ocean from Manning’s Point to Cape Barrow; great traders.

_Nuwikmut._ Number about 600, and inhabit coast of Arctic Ocean from mouth of Colville River to Cape Liskurore; main villages at Cape Smith, Cape Barrow, Wainwright’s Island, and Icy Cape; make annual trading voyages in July and August.

_Nunatogmuts._ Number about 350; inhabit the north shore of Kotzebue Sound; treacherous and thieving; meet white traders annually at Point Hope, and carry on trade with natives up the inland rivers.

_Konágmuts._ Number about 100, and inhabit the eastern shore of Selanik River and southeast coast of Kotzebue Sound, carrying on trade with interior Indians.

_Okeéogmuts._ Number about 350, and inhabit the islands in Behring’s Sea and Straits north of N. lat. 63°; most agile and hardy of Northern Indians; are bold, obstinate, and courageous; carry on trade between Asia and America by means of skin canoes.

_Kikhtogámuts._ Number about 250, and inhabit St. Lawrence Island; the most immodest and filthy of Esquimos.

_Kariágmuts._ Number 500, and inhabit peninsula between Kotzebue and Norton Sounds, have large trade with whalers, and travel extensively; are addicted to theft, incest, and violence.

_Mahlemut._ Number 600; inhabit the neck of the Kariak peninsula.

_Unáligmuts._ Number 150, and inhabit southwestern shore of Norton Sound.

_Ecógmuts._ Number about 1000; inhabit the delta of the Yukon and 300 miles of its valley. Have heavy beard and hairy bodies, in strong contrast to other tribes.

_Mágemuts._ Number about 500; inhabiting Muriak Island and coast from 60° to 62° N. lat. Great hunters of mink, as their name indicates. They excel in ivory carving, but are poor, filthy, and immodest.

_Kusknogmuts._ Number 2500; inhabit shore of Kuskoquine Bay and valley of Kuskoquine River for 150 miles; do not intermarry with other tribes.

_Nushagágmuts._ Number about 400, and inhabit shore of Bristol Bay and valleys of lakes between it and coast mountains.

_Ogulmuts._ Number about 500, and inhabit north shore of Aliaska peninsula and basin of Lliamna Lake.

_Karrigmuts._ Number 3000, and inhabit south shore of Aliaska peninsula and shore of Cook’s Inlet to Lliamna Peak, and also Kodiack Island; were formerly much more numerous, and occupied all the shore of Cook’s Inlet until the interior Indians drove them off and established themselves on that coast; they are frequently confounded with the _Aleuts_; have been much altered by over 90 years’ intercourse with Russians; are virtually Greek Christians.

_Chugachígmuts._ Number about 600, and inhabit southern and eastern coast of Kenai peninsula.

_Ugálákmuts._ Number about 400, and inhabit coast from Icy Bay to Prince William’s Sound, except at the mouth of the Atna, on Copper River, where the interior Indians hold the coast. This tribe is at present the southern and eastern limit of the Innuit, or Esquimo races, although at one time they undoubtedly extended to the mouth of the Stickeen River.

_Aleuts._ On the advent of the Russians, about 150 years ago, the twenty Aleut races numbered about 10,000 people; they had marked peculiarities and well-defined tribal divisions. The cruelty, oppression, and persecution of the Russians rapidly decreased their numbers; their natural and tribal distinctions were lost and forgotten; they were entirely cowed and subdued; they embraced Greek Christianity, and were transported by their conquerors all along the coast.

_Khagántagákuhn._ Number 350, and inhabit western end of Aliaska peninsula and Shumagin Islands.

_Unaláshkuhns._ Number 750; inhabit Unalask, Unmak, and Priboloff Islands.

_Atkanhun._ Number 470, and inhabit the Western Islands.

_Tinneh._ Interior Indian tribes belonging to the same family; occupy either flank of the Rocky Mountains, from the mouth of Mackenzie’s River southward as far as Mexico. In Alaska they extend westward to near the delta Yukon, but absolutely reach the sea-coast only at two places, the mouth of the Atna River and the shore at Cook’s Inlet.

_Koyukukhotana._ Number about 600, and inhabit the mountain north of the Yukon and east of Norton Sound. A fierce and warlike tribe, constantly at war with the Kaiguhkotima; live in permanent villages, and travel by dog-sledges. They subsist by hunting deer and mountain-sheep.

_Kaiguhkotima._ Number about 2300; have many settlements between lat. 60° and 65° N. and long. 150° and 160° W., on the lower Yukon and Kuskoquin Rivers. They live by fishing and trading dried fish with the tribes of the upper rivers for moose and deer meat, wooden-ware, and beech-bark canoes, which the latter are very skillful in making; they travel by dog-sledges.

_Unakhotana._ Number about 500, and live in the valley of the Yukon from long. 152° to 156° W.; do not build permanent villages, keep only hunting-dogs, practice polygamy, take and discard wives at pleasure.

_Ahtona._ Number about 1500, and inhabit the basin of the Atna, or Copper River. This is one of the two tribes that have forced their way through the Ararians and conduct their annual trading independent of the middlemen of the coast.

_Tchaninkutchin._ Number about 1000, and inhabit north shore of Kenai peninsula and basin of Suchinto River. This is the second instance of interior Indians proper who have forced their way through the Ararians. Less is known of them than any other coast tribes; they are intelligent and warlike, and subsist on mountain-sheep, with the skins of which they clothe themselves.

_Nehannees._ A name given to a number of tribes who inhabit the head-waters of the Yukon, Mackenzie, and Stickeen Rivers. By the late George Gibbs, they are of a low grade and little is known of their peculiarities or numbers. They consist of the _Abbatotena_, who inhabit the basin of the Pelly and MacMillan Rivers, and are called by the Hudson Bay people “Gens du Bois.” The _Mauvais Mondi_, inhabiting basin of Francis Lake. _Architotena_, called Sicannees by the Hudson Bay people, inhabit the head-waters of the Deas and Laird’s Rivers. The _Dahotena_, inhabiting the head-waters of the Stickeen, and the _Iahko-tena_, in the basin of the Lewis River.

_Chilkahtena._ Inhabit head-waters of rivers that rise near the head-waters of the Chilkuht that flow north into the Yukon. They are bold and warlike; number about 500; are middlemen traders between the Chilkhut Ihlinkets, who do not allow them to descend the Chilkhut, and interior tribes.

_Jnahnkutchin._ Number about 800, and live in basin of Jenanah River, the principal tributary of the Yukon, are nomadic, live on deer, and trap fox and sable for trade; are regarded by their neighbors, whom they visit annually for trading purposes, with fear and terror.

_Kutchkutchin._ Number about 400, and inhabit about 350 miles of the Yukon valley.

_Natsitkutchin._ The “Gens de Rats” of the Hudson Bay people; occupy the north side of the Porcupine; number not known.

_Inkuthkutchin._ 250 in number; inhabit south bank of Porcupine.

_Hankutchin._ Number not known; occupy 300 miles of Yukon valley that is densely wooded.

_Intchuon Kutchin._ Very numerous, “the Gens de Foix” of the Hudson Bay people; occupy the basin of the White, the Lewis, and the Stewart River; they are of nomadic habits, amiable and remarkably honest. They trade with the Atna River Indians.

_Ihlinkets._ A stock of Indians inhabiting the islands of the Alexander Archipelago from lat. 60° N. to the head or north end of Vancouver Island. They are essentially maritime and commercial; they travel entirely by canoes, in which they make voyages hundreds of miles in length. They live in fixed villages, always built upon the shores of bays or rivers in the most substantial manner of heavy timber, often showing great mechanical skill, and frequently arranged with regard for capacity for defense. They own slaves, cremate their dead, and are industrious and frugal as well as cruel, warlike, and aggressive in their nature.

_Yakutats._ Numbering about 350; inhabit the coast from Mount St. Elias to Mount Crilton, their principal village being at Port Mulgrove, Behring’s Bay. They cure salmon to live upon, hunt the seal and sea-otter for trade. They eat the blubber and flesh of the whale, and often voyage as far south as Fort Simpson, in lat. 54° N.

_Chilkahtknan._ Number about 1500 in the village of Chilkaht and Iselkort Rivers and head of Lyn Channel; they are fierce and warlike, often at war with the southern Indians; make annual trading voyages, carrying peltries obtained from interior Indians as far south as Victoria, Vancouver Island, receiving in exchange blankets, powder, ball, hardware, and molasses and sugar.

_Sitkakneen._ Number about 1200 or 1500, and inhabit the shore of Cross Sound, Checkayoff, Kruyoff, and Buranoff Islands. Their principal village is Sitka, Buranoff Island. They are called Kolases by Russians, whom it took many years to subdue to a sufficient extent to make a foothold in their country. They frequently fought the intruders, and as late as 1855 perpetrated a bloody massacre, killing a whole congregation who were worshiping in a church. Before the advent of the Russians they were often at war with their neighbors, and before being subject to an epidemic of smallpox and a massacre by the Stickeens were much more numerous. The Russians employ large numbers of them at ship-building. They are industrious and have much mechanical skill in working both wood and metals. Large numbers of them have been baptized into the Greek Church, but Christianity never made much impression upon them.

_Kootznonknan._ Numbering about 300; inhabit Admiralty Island, their principal village being at Hood’s Bay. They resemble the Sitkas, with whom they intermarry. They were the first to distill a kind of liquor from molasses or sugar and potatoes or beans, which is now a universal custom in Alaska, and is demoralizing the native population to a great extent.

_Jahkuknan._ Numbering about 250 in the basin of the Jashku River and shore of Stephen’s Pass; resemble the Sitkas.

_Kakenan._ Number about 200; inhabit Kow and several other islands in Stephen’s Pass; warlike and treacherous. They are the only Alaska Indians with whom the United States has had hostilities. Gen. J. C. Davis destroyed their principal village in 1858, since which time they have declined in power and importance.

_Tongasknan._ 200 in number; inhabit Tongas Island.

_Stakhinknan._ Number 1000; inhabit the mouth of Stahkin River and neighboring islands; principal village at Wrangle Island; resemble the Sitkas closely; warlike and treacherous; skillful workers in metals and wood.

_Kygahn._ Called Haidas by Hudson Bay people; numbering in Alaska about 500 and in Prince of Wales Archipelago; are of fine stature, and fierce and warlike as well as treacherous; ingenious carvers in metal and wood; they formerly carried on a trade in slaves with more northern Indians, making for the purpose of capturing them predatory incursions as far south as Vancouver Island and Puget Sound. They also manufacture and supply yellow-cedar canoes of immense size to northern Indians.

=Indications, Military.= See MILITARY INDICATIONS.

=Indicator.= An invention of Gen. Wingate, of the New York Militia, for instructing men in aiming the musket. A steel rod passing through a brass tompon in the muzzle is projected forwards by the firing-pin. The rod carries a sharp point in the line of the sights, which punctures a miniature target a foot or so in front of the muzzle.

=Indisciplinable.= Not disciplinable; incapable of being disciplined, or subjected to discipline; undisciplinable.

=Indiscipline.= Want of discipline or instruction.

=Indore.= The capital of the principality of the same name in India, on the left bank of the Kuthi. This place, mean and insignificant enough in itself, acquired considerable notoriety in connection with the grand revolt of 1857. Though Holkar, the rajah, remained faithful to the British government, yet his troops mutinied on July 1, holding their prince as a prisoner in his palace, and butchering many Europeans, men, women, and children, in cold blood.

=Inefficient.= Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action; effecting nothing; as, an inefficient force.

=Inergetic.= Having no energy; as, an inergetic officer.

=Inescutcheon.= In heraldry, a small escutcheon borne within a shield.

=Inexperienced.= Not having experience; unskilled; as, an inexperienced general.

=Inexpugnable.= Incapable of being subdued by force; impregnable.

=Infamous Behavior.= In the British service a term peculiarly applicable to military life when it is affected by dishonorable conduct; on conviction of which, an officer is ordered to be cashiered. Infamy may be attached to an officer or soldier in a variety of ways; and some countries are more tenacious than others on this head. Among European nations it has always been deemed infamous and disgraceful to abandon the field of action or to desert the colors. In Germany a mark of infamy was attached to the character of every man who was found guilty of misbehavior before the enemy. Among the Romans it was considered as infamous and disgraceful to be taken prisoner, and a Roman soldier was impressed with the idea that he must either conquer or die on the field. There are various occasions in which the conduct of an officer may render him unworthy of the situation he fills, such as cheating at play, taking unfair advantages of youth, imposing upon the credulity or confidence of a tradesman, habitual drunkenness, flagrant breaches of hospitality, etc.

=Infantry= (Lat. _infans_, “child,” or “servant,” applied to servants who went on foot, and _infanterie_, to foot-soldiers generally). Is that portion of a military establishment using small-arms and equipped for marching and fighting on foot, in contradistinction to artillery and cavalry. It is the oldest of the “three arms” into which armies are conventionally divided; was the favorite of the Greeks, the Gauls, the Germans, and the Franks, and was that mainly with which Rome conquered the world. Under Grecian and Roman civilization it attained pre-eminence as the _arm of battle_, but fell into contempt and comparative desuetude early in the Middle Ages, and did not emerge from that obscurity till the decline of the feudal system. It was first revived by the Swiss, who, armed with the pike, withstood the most famous chivalry of Europe. Afterwards the Spanish infantry, armed with the musket, and led by Alva and the Duke of Parma, Cortez and Pizarro, became the terror of two continents. The other states of Europe were not slow in learning the lesson. Infantry steadily increased in power and importance from the first years of the 14th century, and is now recognized as constituting the principal strength of military organizations. This importance results from the fact that it can be used everywhere, “in mountains or on plains, in woody or open countries, in cities or in fields, on rivers or at sea, in the redoubt or in the attack on the breach.” It is the self-sustaining arm in the field of battle, and is, moreover, less expensive, man for man, than its auxiliaries.

=Infantry Exercise.= The use of the rifle, and manœuvres for regiments of infantry, according to the regulations issued by the War Department.

=Infantry, Heavy-armed.= Among the ancients were such as wore a complete suit of armor, and engaged with broad shields and long spears. They were the flower and strength of the Grecian armies, and had the highest rank of military honor.

=Infantry, Light.= Came into use after the year 1656. They had no camp equipage to carry, and their arms and accoutrements were much lighter than the common infantry, or battalion men; they were used as skirmishers, etc.

=Infantry, Light-armed.= Among the ancients, were designed for skirmishes, and for fighting at a distance. Their weapons were arrows, darts, or slings.

=Infantry Tactics.= See TACTICS.

=Inferior.= In a military sense means simply junior in rank, having a lower rank.

=Infest.= To trouble greatly; to disturb; to annoy; to harass; as, the sea is infested with pirates; parties of the enemy infest the coast.

=Infile.= To arrange in a file or rank; to place in order. This term is obsolete.

=Inflammation.= When grains of powder are united to form a charge, and fire is communicated to one of them, the heated and expansive gases evolved insinuate themselves into the interstices of the charge, envelop the grains, and ignite them, one after the other. This propagation of ignition is called _inflammation_, and its velocity the _velocity of inflammation_. It is much greater than that of combustion, and it should not be confounded with it. The _velocity of inflammation_ of powder compressed by pounding is about .64 inch, while that of mealed powder in the same condition is only .45 inch. Inflammation, in the study of gunpowder, is the spread of the flame from one grain to another--as opposed to ignition; the setting on fire of a certain point of the charge.

=Informant.= In case a civil person is the complainant, he becomes the principal witness before a court-martial, and after giving his evidence may remain in court, in order that the judge-advocate may refer to him.

=Informers.= In the British service, were soldiers who gave information of false musters, or of pay illegally detained; and were, for said services, entitled to their discharge.

=Ingauni.= A Ligurian tribe who formerly inhabited the sea-coast and adjoining mountains at the foot of the Maritime Alps, on the west side of the Gulf of Genoa. They are mentioned as being engaged in hostilities with a neighboring tribe, the Epanterii, on the occasion of the landing of Mago, the brother of Hannibal, B.C. 205. They were several times engaged in wars with the Romans, but were finally defeated by the pro-consul, Æmilius Paullus, in a decisive engagement (losing 15,000 killed and 2500 prisoners), which resulted in their ultimate submission to the Roman sway.

=Inglorious.= Shameful; disgraceful; ignominious; as, he charged his troops with inglorious flight.

=Inimical.= Hostile.

=Initial Velocity.= In England the term _muzzle velocity_ is frequently used. In gunnery, the initial velocity of a projectile is the velocity at the muzzle of the piece, and is determined by the use of the ballistic pendulum, the gun pendulum, the electro-ballistic machines, the Schultz chronoscope, or the Le Boulengé chronograph; the two last being now generally used in the U. S. service. The various plans in use differ only in the manner of recording and keeping the time of flight. The initial velocity of a shot may be ascertained by firing the gun, the axis being horizontal, at a target and measuring the _distance_ of the point struck below the point where the axis of the gun produced would pierce the target. _This_ is the vertical distance fallen through by the ball in the time of passage from the muzzle to the target, and the time in which it falls through this distance is given by the formula

(2_s_) _t_ = √(----) ( _g_)

in which _t_ represents the time, _s_ the vertical space fallen through, and _g_ the force of gravity. The distance to the target divided by this _time_ gives the initial velocity approximately. Practically, this method is only applicable to large breech-loading cannon, which have neither windage nor vibration in the barrel to affect the angle of departure of the projectile. Smooth-bores or muzzle-loading rifles are subject to the first cause of error; the first-named guns in a great degree, and small-arms to vibrations not yet fully investigated, which cause a sensible difference between the axis of the piece as pointed and the line of fire. The causes that affect initial velocity are the weight of the charge, the size and position of the vent, the windage, the length of the bore, the form of the chamber, the diameter and density of the projectile, the windage of the cartridge; the form, size, density, and dryness of the grains of powder; and the barometric, thermometric, and hygrometric states of the atmosphere. See VELOCITY.

=Injuries to Cannon.= Brass cannon are little subject to external injury caused by service, except from the bending of the trunnions sometimes, after long service or heavy charges. Internal injuries are caused by the

## action of the elastic fluids developed in the combustion of the powder,

or by the action of the shot in passing out of the bore. These effects generally increase with the caliber of the piece. The principal injury of the first kind is the cutting away of the metal of the upper surface of the bore over the seat of the shot. The injuries of the second kind are, the _lodgment of the shot_,--a compression of the metal on the lower side of the bore, at the seat of the shot, which is caused by the pressure of the gas in escaping over the top of the shot. There is a corresponding _burr_ in front of the lodgment, and the motion therefore given to the shot causes it to strike alternately on the top and bottom of the bore, producing other _enlargements_, generally _three_ in number, the first on the upper side a little in advance of the trunnions, the second on the lower side about the astragal, the third in the upper part of the muzzle. It is chiefly from this cause that brass guns become unserviceable. _Scratches_, caused by the fragments of a broken shot, or the roughness of an imperfect one. A piece is said to be _honeycombed_ when the surface of the bore is full of small holes and cavities. This is due to the melting and volatilization of a portion of tin in the alloy, tin being much more fusible than copper. Iron cannon are subject to the above defects in a less degree than brass, except the corrosion of the metal, by which the vent is rendered unserviceable from enlargement. The one cause of injury to iron cannon is the rusting of the metal, producing a roughness and enlargement of the bore and an increase of any cavities or honeycombs which may exist in the metal.

Iron cannon, however, are subject to a peculiar erosion by the gases, which Prof. Horsford explains by supposing that under the enormous tension and heat the sulphur in the gases unites with the iron, producing a friable sulphide of iron, which is successively formed and swept off by the gases. Wrought-iron guns are peculiarly subject to this erosion, cast-iron and steel less so. The amount of erosion is dependent upon the velocity with which the gases pass over the surface of the bore. In rifled wrought-iron guns having windage this action is fully illustrated, and the gun is soon disabled. The strong preference in many countries for steel as a bore lining is thus explained. By the use of expanding projectiles this action is largely prevented, the sabot acting as a gas-check. This system of projectiles is rapidly gaining favor for this and other reasons.

=Inkerman.= A small Tartar village in the Crimea, situated near the eastern extremity of the harbor of Sebastopol. It was once a celebrated city, and has numerous caverns cut in the rock, supposed to be the work of the monks in the Middle Ages. Near this place, November 5, 1854, was fought a battle between the allied English and French forces on the one side, and the Russians on the other, the former amounting to 25,000 or 30,000, the latter about 60,000. The Russians began the attack at dawn of day upon the intrenched lines of the English; but after a fierce and sanguinary contest of many hours, inflicting great loss on both sides, the Russians were finally driven from the field.

=Inlist.= See ENLISTMENT.

=Inlying Picket.= A body of infantry or cavalry in campaign, detailed to march, if called upon, and held ready for that purpose in camp or quarters.

=Inner.= One of the circular rings on the Creedmoor target; a shot striking in this space counts three.

=Inniskilliners=, or =Enniskilliners=. In the British service, the officers and soldiers of the 6th Dragoons and the 27th Foot are so called, from the two regiments having been originally raised at Enniskillen (or Inniskillen), a town of Ulster, where the inhabitants distinguished themselves in favor of King William against James II.

=Innuit.= A name given by some ethnologists to the Indian races inhabiting the northwestern coast of North America. They differ in many respects from the Indians of the interior and farther south. The Aleuts and Esquimos are not included in the term.

=Inofficial.= Not official; not proceeding from the proper officer; not clothed with the usual forms of authority, or not done in an official character; not required by or appropriate to the duties of any office; as, inofficial intelligence.

=Inquiry, Board of.= A term used in contradistinction to a court-martial, to signify the meeting of a certain number of officers (who are not sworn) for the purpose of ascertaining facts that may afterwards become a matter of investigation on oath. There are also courts of inquiry; such courts in the armies of Europe, it would seem, derived their origin from the prerogative of the sovereign, and became part of the military judicature by custom and not by express law. From this fact it has been considered that the exercise of this authority, instead of being regarded as an assumption of power, is a favor to the accused, and it is thus stated by Capt. Simmons in his work on courts-martial. For the army of the United States, courts of inquiry have been specially authorized by legal enactment. (See APPENDIX, ARTICLES OF WAR, 115 to 121.) The origin and purposes of such courts would naturally lead to the conclusion that they are of the essence of high command; and therefore the right to convoke them, under all the legal restrictions, is properly confined to the President of the United States, a general commanding an army, or a colonel commanding a department; and in the cases of enlisted men, the commanding officer of the regiment. See COURT OF INQUIRY.

=Inroad.= The entrance of an enemy into a country with purposes of hostility; a sudden or desultory incursion or invasion; attack; encroachment.

=Inroll.= See ENROLL.

=Insconced.= In the military art, when any part of an army has fortified itself with a sconce, or small work, in order to defend some pass, etc., it is said to be insconced. See ENSCONCE.

=Inscribe.= To mark with letters, characters, or words, as, to inscribe the name of the battle on their colors.

=Insecure.= Not effectually guarded or protected; unsafe; exposed to danger or loss.

=Inspect.= To view and examine officially; as, troops, arms, etc.

=Inspection.= A strict examination; a close survey. It is of various kinds, and embraces general, regimental, and troop or company duties. A general inspection is made from time to time by inspectors-general designated by the commanding generals of military divisions or departments. Every regiment on this occasion is minutely looked into, and a faithful account is delivered by each commanding officer of the actual state of his regiment. The interior economy of the corps is not only investigated, but the discipline of the men is likewise examined.

=Inspection of Cannon, Instruments for.= These are used to verify the dimensions of cannon, and to detect the presence and measure the size of cavities in the metal. The _star-gauge_ is an instrument for measuring the diameter of the bore at any point. The _cylinder-staff_ is used to measure the length of the bore. It is supported by a rest of a T-form at the muzzle, and the extremity inserted in the gun is armed with a _measuring-point_ and a _guide-plate_. The _cylinder-gauge_ is a cylinder of cast iron, turned to the exact or true diameter of the bore. When used it is attached to the end of the cylinder-staff. The _searcher_ consists of four flat springs turned up at the end, and attached to a socket which is screwed on to the end of the cylinder-staff. It is used to feel for cavities in the surface of the bore. The _trunnion-gauge_ verifies the diameters of the trunnions and rimbases. The _trunnion-square_ is used to verify the position of the trunnions with regard to the bore. The _trunnion-rule_ measures the distance of the trunnions from the rear of the base-ring. _Calipers_, for measuring exterior diameters. A _standard-rule_, for verifying other instruments. The _vent-gauges_ are two pointed pieces of steel wire, 0.005 inch greater and less than the true diameter of the vent, to verify its size. The _vent-searcher_ is a hooked wire, used to detect cavities in the vent. A _rammer-head_, shaped to the form of the bottom of the bore, and furnished with a staff, is used to ascertain the interior position of the vent. A _wooden rule_, to measure exterior lengths. A _mirror_, a _wax taper_, _beeswax_; _rammer_, _sponge_, and _priming-wire_. _Figure_ and _letter-stamps_, to affix the required marks. The objects of inspecting cannon are to verify their dimensions,

## particularly those which affect the accuracy of the fire, and the

relation of the piece to its carriage, and to detect any defects of metal and workmanship that would be likely to impair their strength and endurance.

=Inspection of Projectiles.= The principal points to be observed in inspecting shot and shells are, to see that they are of proper size in all their parts; that they are made of suitable metal; and that they have no defects, concealed or otherwise, which will endanger their use or impair the accuracy of their fire.

_Inspection of Shot._--The instruments are one _large_ and one _small_ gauge, and one _cylinder-gauge_; the cylinder-gauge has the same diameter as the large gauge; it is made of cast iron, and is 5 calibers long. There are also, one _hammer_ with a conical point, six _steel punches_, and one _searcher_ made of wire. The shot should be inspected before they become rusty; after being well cleaned each shot is placed on a table and examined by the eye, to see that its surface is smooth and that the metal is sound and free from seams, flaws, and blisters. If cavities or small holes appear on the surface, strike the point of the hammer or punch into them, and ascertain their depth with the searcher; if the depth of the cavity exceeds 0.2 inch, the shot is rejected; and also if it appears that an attempt has been made to conceal such defects by filling them up with nails, cement, etc. The shot must pass in every direction through the large gauge, and not at all through the small one; the founder should endeavor to bring the shot up as near as possible to the _large gauge_, or to the true diameter. After having been thus examined the shot are passed through the _cylinder-gauge_, which is placed in an inclined position, and turned from time to time to prevent its being worn into furrows; _shot_ which _slide_ or _stick_ in the cylinder are rejected. Shot are proved by dropping them from a height of 20 feet on a block of iron, or rolling them down an inclined plane of that height against another shot at the bottom of the plane. The average weight of the shot is deduced from that of three parcels of 20 to 50 each, taken indiscriminately from the pile; some of those which appear to be the smallest should also be weighed, and they are rejected if they fall short of the weight expressed by their caliber more than _one-thirty-second_ part. They almost invariably exceed that weight.

_Inspection of Grape- and Canister-shot._--The dimensions are verified by means of a large and small gauge attached to the same handle. The surface of the shot should be smooth and free from seams.

_Inspection of Hollow Projectiles._--The inspecting instruments are a _large_ and _small gauge_ for each caliber, and a _cylinder-gauge_ for shells of 8 inches and under. _Calipers_ for measuring the thickness of shells at the sides. _Calipers_ to measure the thickness at the bottom. _Gauges_ to verify the dimensions of the fuze-hole and the thickness of the metal at the fuze-hole. A _pair of hand-bellows_; a _wooden plug_ to fit the fuze-hole, and bored through to fit the nozzle of the bellows. A _hammer_, a _searcher_, a _cold chisel_, _steel punches_.

_Inspection._--The surface of the shell and its exterior dimensions are examined as in the case of shot. The shell is next struck with the hammer, to judge by the sound whether it is free from cracks; the position and dimensions of the ears are verified; the thickness of the metal is then measured at several points on the great circle perpendicular to the axis of the fuze-hole. The diameter of the fuze-hole, which should be accurately reamed, is then verified, and the soundness of the metal about the inside of the hole is ascertained by inserting the finger. The shell is now placed on a trivet, in a tub containing water deep enough to cover it nearly to the fuze-hole; the bellows and plug are inserted into the fuze-hole, and the air forced into the shell; if there be any holes in the shell, the air will rise in bubbles through the water. This test gives another indication of the soundness of the metal, as the parts containing cavities will dry more slowly than other parts. The mean weight of shells is ascertained in the same manner as that of shot. Shot and shells rejected in the inspection are marked with an X made with a cold chisel,--on shot near the gate, and on shells near the fuze-hole.

=Inspector-General.= A staff-officer of an army, whose duties are those of inspection, and embrace everything relative to organization, recruiting, discharge, administration, accountability for money and property, instruction, police, and discipline. In the French army, a certain number of general officers are annually designated to make inspections.

=Inspector-General of the Cavalry.= In the British service, a general officer whose particular duty is to inspect all cavalry regiments, to report the state of the horses, and to receive specific accounts from the different corps of their actual state. He communicates directly and confidentially with the commander-in-chief. Inspector-general of the recruiting service is an officer of rank, through whom the field-officers of districts, and colonels of regiments (when they personally manage the recruiting service of their own corps), transmit their several returns to the adjutant-general’s office.

=Inspector-General’s Department.= In the United States, the law provides for one inspector-general, with the rank of brigadier-general; two inspectors-general, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel; and two with the rank of major. Also, that the Secretary of War may, in addition, detail officers of the line, not to exceed four, to act as inspectors-general.

=Installation.= The act of investing any one with a military order.

=Instruction.= The education or training of soldiers in military duties. In the U. S. service the colonel has general charge of the instruction of his regiment.

=Instructions.= Military directions or orders.

=Instruments, Military Musical.= The instruments which are peculiar to the cavalry of most nations are the trumpet and bugle. In France, dragoon regiments in general formerly adopted the drum in common with the infantry; they now use the trumpet for garrison, and the bugle for field service. A certain number of fifers are likewise allowed in foot regiments. In the U. S. army, the drum, fife, and bugle are used by foot, and the trumpet by mounted troops. There is allowed a band of musicians to each regiment, which usually serve at regimental headquarters, and is partly maintained by the regimental fund. (See FUND.) There is also a band employed at the West Point Military Academy, which is maintained by the government. In the U. S. navy there is a band allowed to each commander-in-chief of a fleet, which is also maintained by the general government.

=Instruments, Warlike Musical.= The Turks made use of wind and clashing instruments of different shapes and sizes; all, except one wind instrument, are better calculated for pomp and ceremony, than adapted to military service. The clashing instruments, which the French call _instrumens à choc_, consist of two sorts of drums, and an instrument which is made of two plates of metal. Their wind instruments consist of a winding or crooked trumpet, and of a wooden fife. The big drum which they call _daul_, stands 3 feet high. It is carried by a mounted drummer, who makes use of a thick stick, with which he strikes the upper part, and a small one, with which he plays upon the lower part; these he applies alternately, with much dexterity of hand and great gravity of countenance. This is the only instrument which the Turks use in military exercises or manœuvres, and is constantly beaten when the enemy is near, and round all the outposts, in order to keep the sentinels on the alert. On these occasions the drummer exclaims with a loud voice, _Jagda Allah!_ that is, “God is good!”

=Insubjection.= Want of subjection; state of disobedience to government.

=Insubmission.= Want of submission; disobedience.

=Insubordinate.= Not submissive; not submitting to authority.

=Insubordination.= The quality of being insubordinate; want of subordination; disorder; disobedience to lawful authority; a serious military offense.

=Insubres.= A Gallic people, who crossed the Alps, and settled in Gallia Transpadana, in the north of Italy. Next to the Boii, they were the most powerful and warlike of the Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul. They were conquered by the Romans shortly before the commencement of the second Punic war.

=Insufficiency.= The quality of being insufficient; want of sufficiency; deficiency; inadequateness; as, the insufficiency of provisions for a garrison.

=Insult, To.= In a military sense, is to attack boldly and in open day, without going through the slow operations of trenches, working by mines and saps, or having recourse to those usual forms of war, by advancing gradually towards the object in view. An enemy is said to insult a coast when he suddenly appears upon it, and debarks troops with an immediate purpose to attack.

=Insurgents.= Soldiers or people generally in a state of insurrection. The term, however, admits of one exception. Hungarian insurgents (_Insurgenten die Ungarischen_) mean the Hungarian militia, called out or summoned by general proclamation, as under the old feudal system.

=Insurrection.= A rising against civil or political authority; the open and active opposition of a number of persons to the execution of law in a city or state; a rebellion; a revolt.

=Intenable.= Incapable of being held; untenable; not defensible; as, an intenable fortress.

=Intendant=, or =Intendant Militaire=. An officer in the French army charged with the organization and direction of all the civil services attending a force in the field. The officers acting under his orders are those in charge of all the finance services, the provisions, stores, hospitals, artillery train, and transport departments, besides the interpreters, guides, and such like temporary services. The _intendant-en-chef_ of an army is the representative of the minister of war; and, short of superseding the general’s orders, can exercise, in case of need, all the functions of that high officer of state. The intendance is divided into intendants, ranking with general officers, sub-intendants with colonels, and assistant-intendants with majors; besides these there are cadets, who receive no pay, and constitute a probationary grade.

=Intercept.= To interrupt communication with, or progress towards; to cut off; as, to intercept the march of an army.

=Intercombat.= A combat between.

=Interior.= A word of varied application; as, the _interior flanking angle_ is formed by the curtain and line of defense. _Interior radius_ is that part of an _oblique radius_ extending from the centre of the polygon to the centre of the bastion. _Interior side_ is the line of the curtain produced to the two oblique radii of the front, or a line drawn from the centre of one bastion to that of the next.

=Interior Form of Cannon.= The interior of cannon may be divided into three distinct parts: 1st, the _vent_, or channel which communicates fire to the charge; 2d, the _seat of the charge_, or chamber, if its diameter be different from the rest of the bore; 3d, the _cylinder_, or that portion of the bore passed over by the projectile. See also GROOVES FOR RIFLE CANNON.

=Interior Guards.= Are police guards, guards of property, etc., who are liable to come in contact with the enemy.

=Interior Slope.= Is the inclination towards the inner part of a work which is given to the earth forming the rampart or parapet. _Interior crest_ is the crest of the interior slope.

=Interval.= In military dispositions and manœuvres, any given distance or space. In tactics the term is used to signify taken parallel to the front, as opposed to distance or space perpendicularly to the front. _Interval between two battalions_ is the space which separates them when they are drawn up for action or when they are encamped. This space is generally wide enough to admit the march of another regiment; that is to say, it is equal to the extent of its front when in line. _Interval between the line and the camp_ comprehends the space which lies between the camp and the line of intrenchments. It is generally from 180 to 200 toises in breadth; so that the different sections of troops which are necessary for the security of the camp, may have room to move in, while sufficient ground is left in rear for troops to pass and repass as occasion may require. The same observation holds good with respect to contrevallation.

=Intrench.= Is to make secure against the attack of an enemy by digging a ditch or trench, etc. _To intrench upon_, to invade, to make encroachments upon the property or territories of another.

=Intrenched Camp.= A large space capable of containing an entire army, surrounded by works of fortification. Frequently an intrenched camp joins a fortress, in which case it is protected by permanent works of considerable strength--detached forts, for instance.

=Intrenching Tool.= An implement used for intrenching. In view of the deadly fire of modern small-arms it is a matter of great importance that the soldier should be able to get cover. For this reason it has been proposed to make an intrenching tool a part of the soldier’s equipment. In the United States army a combination bayonet and intrenching tool is used. See TROWEL BAYONET.

=Intrenchment.= Is generally a ditch or trench with a parapet. The earth removed to form the ditch is used to construct the parapet. Fascines, with earth thrown over them, gabions, hogsheads, or bags filled with earth, are often employed to revet or strengthen the work when the earth is loose or sandy. _Intrenchments of armies_ are the whole works or obstacles by which an army or large body of troops cover themselves for their defense.

=Intrepidity.= An unqualified contempt of death; an indifference to fortune as far as it regards personal safety; a fearlessness of heart, and a daring enterprise of mind.

=Inundation.= The act of letting water into a country so that it shall be overflowed, to prevent the approach of an enemy. It is among the most considerable of the various methods which have been devised for impeding the approach to a field-work, or indeed, any fortification.

=Invade, To.= To make a forcible or clandestine entry into the territory of another state; to pass the regular line of frontier of any country, in order to take possession of the interior.

=Invalid.= A soldier who has been wounded, or has suffered in his health, and in consequence of his good conduct has been recommended to a certain provision for life. Chelsea Hospital is the place allotted for the reception of such objects of public gratitude and benevolence in England; the Soldiers’ Home, in Washington, D. C., in the United States, and the Hôtel des Invalides, at Paris, France. In England numbers of invalids are, however, allowed to reside where they choose, and are then known as “out-pensioners.”

=Invalides.= Wounded veterans of the French army, maintained at the expense of the State. See HÔTEL DES INVALIDES.

=Invaliding.= Signifies the return home, or to a more healthy climate, of soldiers or sailors whom wounds or the severity of foreign service has rendered incapable of active duty. The man invalided returns to his duty as soon as his restored health justifies the step.

=Invasion.= In war, is the entrance or attack of an enemy on the dominions of another.

=Inventory of Effects of Deceased Officers and Soldiers.= See APPENDIX, ARTICLES OF WAR, 125, 126.

=Inverness.= A royal burgh of Scotland, capital of a county of the same name, situated on both sides of the river Ness. It was a city of the Picts up to 843; taken by Edward I.; retaken by Bruce, 1313; burnt by the Lord of the Isles, 1411; taken by Cromwell, 1649; and by Prince Charles Edward in 1746. The latter was defeated at Culloden, about 5 miles from Inverness, April 16, 1746.

=Inversion.= A movement in tactics by which the order of companies in line is inverted, the right being on the left, the left on the right, and so on.

=Invest.= To invest a place is to seize upon all the avenues leading to a town or fortress. On the occasion of an investment, the hostile troops are distributed on the principal commands, to prevent any succor from being received by the garrison, and to keep the ground until the rest of the army, with the artillery, can arrive to form a regular siege. To invest a place is, in fact, to take preparatory measures for a blockade or close siege.

=Invincible.= Incapable of being conquered or overcome; unconquerable; insuperable; as, an invincible army, etc.

=Inwall.= To inclose or fortify with a wall.

=Iona=, =Icolmkill=, or =Hii=. The most famous of the Hebrides, in Argyle Co., Scotland. It is about 3 miles long, and varies in breadth from a mile to a mile and a half. It was founded by Saint Columba, a native of Ireland, in the 6th century, and long remained the chief seat of learning and the centre of missionary enterprises undertaken by the Culdees. In 795, 802, 806, 825, and 986 the island was ravaged by Norsemen, by whom its monks were martyred in the three latter dates.

=Ionia.= In Asia Minor. About 1040 B.C., the Iones, a Pelasgic race, emigrated from Greece, and settled here and on the adjoining islands. They were conquered by the great Cyrus about 548 B.C.; revolted in 504, but were again subdued. After the victories of Cimon, Ionia became independent and remained so till 387, when it was once more subjected to Persia. It formed part of the dominions of Alexander and his successors; was annexed to the Roman empire, and conquered by the Turks.

=Ionian Islands.= A group of islands running round the west coast of Epirus, and west and south of Greece. After the division of the Roman empire these islands were included in the eastern half, and so continued till 1081, when the Duke of Calabria took possession of them. From this time they underwent a continual change of masters till the commencement of the 15th century, when they by degrees came into possession of the Venetians, who in 1797 ceded them to France. They were seized by Russia and Turkey in 1800, by France in 1807, by Great Britain in 1809, and November 15, 1815, they were formed into a republic under the protectorate of the latter power. In May, 1864, they were formally annexed to Greece.

=Ionie Indians.= A tribe of aborigines allied to the Caddos, who resided in Texas, and were generally peaceable and friendly.

=Iowa.= One of the Central States of the United States, lying between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. It originally formed a portion of the Louisiana Territory; and permanent settlements commenced to be formed in it about 1833; organized as a Territory in 1838, and admitted as a State in 1846. During the civil war it contributed its full quota of troops to the cause of the Union.

=Iowa Indians.= A tribe of aborigines of Dakota stock, who inhabited the State which now bears their name. They were closely allied to the Sacs and Foxes.

=Ipsara=, or =Psara=. A small island in the Grecian Archipelago, west of Scio; belongs to Turkey. It was taken by the Turks in 1824.

=Ipsus.= A town of Phrygia, in Asia Minor. Here in 301 B.C., a battle was fought between Antigonus, king of Asia, and the forces of Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus, which resulted in the defeat and death of Antigonus.

=Ipswich.= The chief town of the county of Suffolk, England, situated on the Orwell. This town was destroyed by the Danes about 1000.

=Ireland.= Anciently named _Ierne_ and _Hibernia_, is said to have been first colonized by Phœnicians. Some assert that Partholani landed in Ireland about 2048 B.C.; that the descent of the Damnonii was made about 1403 B.C.; and that this was followed by the descent of Herber and Heremon, Milesian princes, from Galicia, Spain, who conquered Ireland, and gave to the throne 171 kings. The Danes and Normans invaded Ireland in 795; but were totally defeated by Brian Boriomhe at Clontarf, April 23, 1014. In 1172, King Henry II. of England invaded Ireland with a formidable armament, and received homage from several of the minor native chiefs, and from the chief Norman adventurers, granting to the latter charters authorizing them, as his subjects, to take possession of the entire island in his name; which they partially succeeded in accomplishing. Subsequently the authority of the English crown became limited to a few towns on the coast, and the district termed “the Pale,” comprising a small circuit about Dublin and Drogheda. Henry II. received the title of “king of Ireland” in 1541, by an act passed by the Anglo-Irish Parliament in Dublin; and about the same period, some of the native princes were induced to acknowledge him as their sovereign, and to accept peerages. The attempts of the English government to introduce the reformed faith stirred up dissensions in Ireland. Among the first to revolt was the Earl of Desmond, after whose death, in 1583, his vast estates in Munster were parceled out to English settlers. Soon after the chief clans of Ulster took up arms; and in opposing them, the forces of Queen Elizabeth, commanded by officers of high military reputation, encountered many reverses, the most serious of which was that in 1598 at the battle of the Yellow Ford, where the English army was routed and its general slain. Philip III. of Spain, at the solicitation of the Irish chief, dispatched a body of troops to their assistance in 1601, which landed in the extreme south, instead of in the north, as had been expected, were unable to effect anything, and were constrained, to surrender. Although Elizabeth was supported by numbers of native Irish, the northern chiefs, O’Neill and O’Donnell, held out till the queen’s government came to terms with them in 1603, recognizing them as earls of Tyrone and Tirconnell. In 1608 these noblemen having apprehensions for their personal safety quitted Ireland, and retired to the continent. Their withdrawal enabled James I. to carry out that project of parceling out the north of Ireland to Protestant Scotch and English settlers. The Irish took advantage of the contentions in England to rise in insurrection (1641) and massacre the Protestants. It is believed that nearly 40,000 fell victims to their fury. The country continued in a state of anarchy till 1649. when Cromwell overran it. At the revolution the native Irish generally took the part of James II., the English and Scotch “colonists” that of William and Mary; and the war was kept up for four years (1688-1692). The Irish again rebelled in 1798, and were not suppressed until 1800. Ireland was incorporated with England and Scotland in 1801. Several insurrections have taken place since the latter date but were quickly suppressed. For important military events in Ireland, see separate articles.

=Irish Brigade.= A body of men who followed the fortunes of James II., and were formed into regiments under the monarchy of France.

=Iron Cross.= A Prussian order of knighthood, instituted on March 10, 1813, by Frederick William III., and conferred for distinguished services in the war which was then being carried on. The decoration is an iron cross with silver mounting. The grand cross, a cross of double the size, was presented exclusively for the gaining of a decisive battle, or the capture or brave defense of a fortress. It was revived by William I. in the Franco-Prussian war, and awarded by him to his son for his victory at Weissembourg, August 4, 1870.

=Iron Crown.= The crown of the ancient Lombard kings; is a broad band of gold set with jewels, within which is a thin plate or fillet of iron, and is declared by tradition to have been hammered from one of the nails of the true cross. It has been used at the coronation of 34 different monarchs, including Charlemagne, Henry VII. of Germany, Charles V., and Napoleon. After the peace of Vienna in 1866, the crown was presented by the emperor of Austria to Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy.

=Iron Ores.= _Character of Pig-iron._--Ores suitable for “gun-metal” should be reduced in the smelting-furnace, with charcoal and the warm blast, varying from 125° to 300° Fahr., depending upon the ore used. Iron thus made, or pig-iron, should be soft, yielding easily to the file and chisel; the appearance of the fracture should be uniform, with a brilliant aspect, dark gray color, and medium-sized crystals. _Character of Gun-metal._--When remelted and cast into cannon, it should approach that degree of hardness which resists the file and chisel, but not so hard as to be bored and turned with much difficulty. Its color should be a bright, lively gray; crystals small, with acute angles, and sharp to the touch; structure uniform, close, and compact. _Magnetite._--_Octahedral Iron Ore._--Color iron-black. Streak black. Brittle. The black streak and magnetic properties distinguish this species from the following: _Specular Iron Ore._--_Hematite._--Often massive granular; sometimes lamellar or micaceous. Also pulverulent and earthy. Color, dark steel-gray or iron-black, and often when crystallized having a highly splendid lustre; streak-powder cherry-red or reddish-brown. The metallic varieties pass into an earthy ore of a red color, having none of the external characters of the crystals, but perfectly corresponding to them when they are pulverized, the powder they yield being of a deep red color, and earthy or without lustre. Sometimes slightly attracted by the magnet. _Limonite._--_Brown Iron Ore._--Usually massive, and often with a smooth botryoidal or stalactitic surface, having a compact fibrous structure within. Also earthy. Color, dark brown to ochre-yellow; streak, yellowish-brown to dull yellow. Lustre, sometimes sub-metallic; often dull and earthy; on a surface of fracture frequently silky. _Spathic Iron._--_Carbonate of Iron._--_Chalybite._--Usually massive, with a foliated structure, somewhat curving. Sometimes in globular concretions or implanted globules. Color, light grayish to brown; often dark brownish-red, or nearly black on exposure. Streak, uncolored. Lustre, pearly to vitreous; translucent to nearly opaque.

=Irons.= Fetters or instruments made of iron, with which a prisoner is shackled. _To be put in irons_, is to be handcuffed and confined in fetters.

=Ironsides.= A strong man. A cuirassier;--applied also to Cromwell’s cavalry.

=Iroquois=, or =Six Nations=. The name given by the French to the Indian confederacy of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, to which were afterwards added the Tuscaroras, after being driven from their hunting-grounds in North Carolina. This once formidable confederacy is now nearly extinguished, but remnants of it are still found scattered through the State of New York.

=Irregular.= Not regular; not according to common form or rules; as, an irregular building or fortification. See FORTIFICATION, IRREGULAR.

=Irregular Cavalry.= A term now almost obsolete. It applied a few years ago to regiments of horsemen raised under certain conditions in the East Indies. These conditions were that each man should provide his own horse, arms, accoutrements, and clothing, receiving in return a monthly sum, which also included his pay. To these regiments only three English officers were appointed, the other officers being natives. These regiments are still paid in the same way, but they are clothed, armed, and equipped in a uniform manner; the number of British officers is increased, and they are no longer styled irregular cavalry.

=Irregularity.= A violation of the customs of service,--a delinquency which is subject to censure but not serious enough to be brought before a court-martial.

=Irun.= A town of Spain, near the left bank of the Bidassoa. It is a place of great antiquity, having been in existence in the time of the Romans. The Carlists were defeated by the British Legion, under Gen. Sir de Lacy Evans, in the battle of Irun, May 16, 1837.

=Isabella the Catholic, Order of.= A Spanish order of knighthood, founded by Ferdinand VII., March 24, 1815, as a reward of loyalty, for the defense of the possessions of Spanish America. At present, it is conferred for all kinds of merit. The sovereign is the head of the order, which is divided into the three classes of Grand Crosses, Commanders, and Knights.

=Isauria.= A province in Asia Minor, the inhabitants of which were a wild and semi-barbarous race, who lived by rapine and plunder. The Romans surrounded Isauria with a chain of fortresses, but the Isaurians broke through them and remained as untamable as before. Under the empire, army after army was sent against Isauria, which stood to Rome, and afterwards to Constantinople, very much in the relation that Circassia now does to Russia. In the 8th century their national vanity was gratified by a countryman of their own being appointed to the throne. From this date they gradually ceased to be formidable.

=Ischia.= An island in the Gulf of Naples, 6 miles from the coast, and 17 miles west from Naples. In 1807, Ischia was taken by a British and Sicilian force.

=Isernia.= A place in Southern Italy, on the west slope of the Apennines, where the Sardinian general Cialdini defeated the Neapolitans, October 17, 1860.

=Isle of France.= See MAURITIUS.

=Ismail=, or =Ismailov=. A strong town of Turkey in Europe, on the north side of the Kilia arm of the Danube. This place was long in the possession of the Turks; it was stormed by the Russians, under Suwarrow, in 1790. It remained in the possession of Russia until 1856, when it was restored to Turkey by the removal of the Russian frontier.

=Isolé= (_Fr._). This word is used among the French, to express any body or thing which is detached from another. It is variously applied in fortification. Thus a pavilion or a barrack which is not joined to any other wall or building is called isolé, because it stands alone, and a person may walk entirely round it. A parapet is also said to be isolé when there is an interval of 4 or 5 feet existing between the rampart and its wall; which interval serves as a path for the rounds.

=Ispahan.= A famous city of Persia, capital of the province of Irak-Ajemi, situated on the Zendarud. In 1722 it was taken by the Afghans, and in 1729 was retaken by Nadir Shah. It has fallen gradually into decay.

=Issue.= Event; consequence; the ultimate result of any undertaking; the termination of any contest. A term also applied to the distribution of supplies; as, issue of rations, issue of clothing, etc., to troops.

=Issues.= In the British service, are certain sums of money which are, at stated periods, given to public accountants for public service; and for the honest distribution of which, every individual so intrusted is responsible to Parliament. _Regimental issues_ are moneys paid by regimental agents, acting under the authority of their respective colonels, for regimental purposes.

=Issus.= An ancient city and seaport in Cilicia, in Asia Minor, close to the frontier of Syria, on or near the head of the Sinus Issicus, now the Gulf of Scanderoon. It was in the neighborhood of this city that Alexander the Great annihilated the Persian army under Darius in 333 B.C. Here too was fought (194 A.D.), the bloody battle between Septimus Severus and Pescennius Niger, by virtue of which the former became sole master of the Roman empire. The exact site of Issus has not yet been discovered.

=Istalif.= A town of Afghanistan, province of Cabul (Cabool). It was taken and partly destroyed by the British in 1842.

=Italy.= A peninsula in the south of Europe. The invading Pelasgians from Greece, and the aborigines (Umbrians, Oscans, and Etruscans), combined, formed the renowned Latin race still possessing the southern part of Europe. The history of Italy is soon absorbed into that of Rome, founded 753 B.C. Previous to the 15th century it was desolated by intestine wars and the interference of the German emperors; since then, Spain, France, and Germany have struggled for the possession of the country, which has been divided among them several times. Spain predominated in Italy during the 16th and 17th centuries; but was compelled to yield to the house of Austria at the beginning of the 18th century. The victories of Bonaparte in 1797-98 changed the government of Italy; but the Austrian rule was re-established at the peace of 1814. In 1848 the Milanese and Venetians revolted and joined Piedmont, but were subdued by Radetzky. The hostile feeling between Austria and Piedmont gradually increased till war broke out in April, 1859, in which the Austrians were defeated, and the kingdom of Italy was re-established in 1861. Another war with Austria was declared in June, 1866, but peace was signed in October, same year, and Venetia was ceded to Italy. For other details, see ROME and the various Italian cities throughout this volume.

=Ithome.= A mountain fortress of Messenia, memorable for the defense there made for many years against the Spartans in the first Messenian war. It was afterwards the citadel of Messene, when that city was founded by Epaminondas.

=Itinerairies= (_Fr._). Itinerary movements or days of march. A technical phrase among the French to denote the order and the disposition which a body of men or an army is directed to observe in its march from one camp to another, or to any particular quarter or destination.

=Itzehoe.= An ancient town in the duchy of Holstein. The original castle around which Itzehoe was built by Charlemagne in 809. This town was twice taken by Tilly in the Thirty Years’ War, and in 1657 a great portion of it was burned down by the Swedes.

=Ivry-la-Bataille.= A town of France, department of Eure, 40 miles west of Paris. It is celebrated for the decisive victory which was gained by Henry IV. of Navarre over the forces under the Duke of Mayenne in 1590.

=Ixcaquixtla.= A town in the southern part of the state of Puebla, Mexico. It is noted in Mexican history as the scene of a sharp battle fought January 1, 1817, between Mexican insurgents under Gen. Mier of Teran, and the Spanish troops under La Madrid.

=Izucar.= A city of the state of Puebla, Mexico. Near here Gen. Matamoros, lighting for the independence of his country, gained a victory over the Spaniards, February 24, 1812.

J.

=Jaca=, or =Jacca=. A fortified town of Spain, in the province of Aragon, situated at the foot of the Pyrenees, on the river Aragon. It is a town of great antiquity, and, from its position, has been the scene of many sanguinary contests. Its occupation was eagerly coveted by every invader of the Peninsula, from Cato and Julius Cæsar to the generals of Napoleon.

=Jack.= See IMPLEMENTS.

=Jack= (Fr. _jacque_). A coat of defensive armor, quilted and covered with leather, worn particularly by horsemen; a buff-jerkin; rarely, a coat of mail.

=Jack, Hydraulic.= See HYDRAULIC JACK.

=Jack in the Box.= A very handy engine, consisting of a large wooden male-screw turning in a female one, which forms the upper part of a strong wooden box, shaped like the frustum of a pyramid. It is used by means of levers passing through holes in it as a press in packing, and for other purposes.

=Jack Wambasium.= A sort of coat armor, formerly worn by horsemen, not of solid iron but of many plates fastened together, which some persons by tenure were bound to furnish upon any invasion.

=Jack-boots.= Cavalry boots, made of thick, firm leather, hardened in a peculiar manner. They were sometimes lined with plates of iron.

=Jacket.= A short, close garment, extending downward to the hips; a short military coat is so called. In the manufacture of ordnance a tube inclosing and reinforcing another tube is called a jacket.

=Jack-man.= One wearing a jack; a horse-soldier; a retainer.

=Jack-screw.= See IMPLEMENTS.

=Jacob, St.= A Swiss hamlet, about a mile south of Basle, on the Bienne road, and the scene of a great battle fought in 1444, between 1600 Swiss and a vastly more numerous French force, under the dauphin, afterwards Louis XI. The Swiss fought for ten hours, slew three times their number of the enemy, but were themselves cut off to 10 men. This battle is known as the “Swiss Thermopylæ.”

=Jacobins.= One of those clubs which played so conspicuous a part in the first French revolution. In 1792 they took the name of “The Society of the Friends of Liberty and Equality.” Immediately after the fall of the king, the Jacobins began that struggle against the Girondists which ended in the destruction of the latter. After the fall of Robespierre during the Convention they rapidly lost influence, and were at last suppressed.

=Jacobites.= This name was given to those who, at the English revolution in 1688, adhered to the cause of the dethroned James II. In Ireland the adherents of the Stuarts rose in rebellion, but were vanquished by force of arms. In Scotland attempts were made in 1715 and 1745 by the descendants and adherents of James II. to expel the house of Hanover. Both were unsuccessful, and involved the ruin of many noble families.

=Jacob’s-staff.= A mathematical instrument for taking heights and distances, used by military engineers.

=Jacquerie, Insurrection of the.= The name given to the war of the French peasantry, which broke out in 1358. The immediate occasion of it was the enormities perpetrated by Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, and his adherents; but it was really caused by long-continued oppression on the part of the nobles. Suddenly rising against their lords, the peasants laid hundreds of castles in ruins, murdered the nobles, and violated their wives and daughters, practicing every enormity, and

## acting, as they said, on the principle of doing as had been done to

them. For some weeks they were successful; but the magnitude of the danger induced the nobles to make common cause against them, and on June 9 the peasants were defeated with great slaughter near Meaux by Captal de Buch and Count of Foix. This put an end to the insurrection.

=Jade= (_Fr._). A very hard stone, of an olive color, from which the handles of swords and sabres are manufactured in Poland and Turkey.

=Jaen.= Formerly an independent Moorish kingdom; is now a province of Spain. It was conquered by the Moors on their entrance into Spain. Jaen maintained its independence as a Moorish state till 1234, when it fell into the hands of Ferdinand III., and was added to the kingdom of Castile.

=Jaffa=, =Yafa=, or =Joppa=. A town of Asiatic Turkey, in the province of Syria, on the Mediterranean. This place attained its greatest prosperity in the times of the Crusaders, when it became the principal landing-place of the warriors of Christendom. In 1799 it was stormed by the French under Bonaparte, and here was perpetrated his shameful massacre of Turkish prisoners. In 1832, Mohammed Ali made himself master of it; but the Turks, with the assistance of the British and Austrians, took it from him again in 1840.

=Jaffna=, or =Jaffnapatam=. The capital of the district of Jaffnapatam, in Ceylon. The town is fortified, and possesses a good citadel; but it was taken, after a short resistance, by the British troops in 1795.

=Jaghire.= An Indian term, signifying the assignment of the revenues of a district to a servant or dependant of government, who is hence called _Jaghirdar_. Jaghires are frequently given in India to persons as a reward and compensation for their military services.

=Jaghire Asham.= An Indian term, signifying land granted for the support of the troops.

=Jahpoor.= A town of Hindostan, in the presidency of Bengal, 15 miles from Agra. This place has been the scene of two decisive battles; the first fought in 1688, between Aurungzebe and his brother Darah Sheeoh; and the second, in 1707, between Alum and Azain Usbaum, all Indian princes.

=Jalapa.= A city of the Mexican confederation, 60 miles west-northwest of Vera Cruz. In 1847-48 the American troops occupied it.

=Jalet= (_Fr._). See GALET.

=Jalons= (_Fr._). Long poles with a wisp of straw at the top. They are fixed at different places and in different roads, to serve as signals of observation to advancing columns, when the country is inclosed, etc. They are likewise used as camp colors to mark out the ground on days of exercise.

=Jamaica.= One of the West India Islands, or Greater Antilles, which belongs to Great Britain, and forms the most considerable and valuable of its possessions in that quarter. It was discovered by Columbus in 1494, and colonized by the Spaniards in the early part of the 16th century. In 1655 it was taken by the English, when 3000 British soldiers who had served in the Parliamentary army settled there. In 1866 a revolt of a large portion of the negro population took place, which was promptly suppressed.

=Jamb.= To squeeze tight.

=Jambeaux=, or =Jambes= (_Fr._). Greaves; armor for the legs, made of waxed leather or metal; much used in the Middle Ages.

=James of the Sword, St.= A military order in Spain, instituted in 1170 under the reign of Ferdinand II., king of Leon and Galicia. Its object was to put a stop to the incursions of the Moors; these knights obliging themselves by a vow to secure the roads. The highest dignity in that order is that of grand master, which has been united to the crown of Spain. The knights were obliged to give proof of their descent from families that had been noble for four generations on both sides; they were also required to make it appear that their ancestors were neither Jews, Saracens, nor heretics, nor had ever been called into question by the Inquisition.

=James Island.= One of the sea islands of Charleston Co., S. C., having Charleston harbor and Ashley River on the north. The battle of Secessionville (June 11, 1863) and several other spirited engagements occurred upon this island during the late civil war.

=James Projectile.= See PROJECTILES.

=James Rifle.= An American sporting rifle, which was popular many years ago.

=James, St.= A town of France, in the department of Manche. William the Conqueror built a strong fortress here, which remained in possession of the English till 1448.

=Jamestown.= A former village of James City Co., Va., on the north bank of the James River. The first English settlement in the United States was made at this place in 1608, but nothing now remains but a few ruins. The forces of Wayne and Lord Cornwallis had an engagement near here in 1781.

=Jangar.= A kind of ponton constructed of two boats with a platform laid across them, which is used by the natives in the East Indies to convey horses, cattle, etc., across rivers.

=Janissar-Agasi.= Commander-in-chief of the Janissaries.

=Janissaries= (Turk, _ieni tcheri_, “new soldiers”). An order of infantry in the Turkish army: originally prisoners trained to arms; were first organized by Orcan, about 1330, and remodeled by his son Amurath I., 1360; their numbers being increased by following sultans. In later days they degenerated from their strict discipline, and several times deposed the sultan. During an insurrection, June 14-15, 1826, when nearly 3000 of them were killed, the Ottoman army was reorganized, and a firman was issued on June 17 abolishing the Janissaries.

=Januarius, Order of St.= An order of knighthood founded by King Charles of Sicily (afterwards Charles III. of Spain) on July 6, 1738. It was abolished after the French invasion of 1806, and re-introduced in 1814. The badge is a gold octagonal white and red enameled cross, with gold lilies in the upper and side angles. The obverse represents St. Januarius in episcopal robes with an open book. The round middle of the reverse shows a golden open book, and two phials partly filled with blood. The knights are either _Cavalieri di Giustizia_, who must count four noble generations, or _Cavalieri di Grazia_.

=Japan.= An Asiatic empire, composed of Japan, or Niphon, and 3850 isles, with nearly 40,000,000 inhabitants. For military events in Japan, see separate articles in this book.

=Jargeau.= A town of France, in the department Loiret, 10 miles from Orleans. This place was taken, after a short siege, by the Earl of Salisbury, in 1428.

=Jarnac.= A town of France, situated on the Charente. The Protestants under Coligny and the Prince of Condé were defeated near Jarnac in 1659, when the latter was slain.

=Jassy=, or =Yassy=. The chief town of Moldavia, and the residence of the hospodar or prince of that country. Jassy has been frequently taken by the Russians, but it has always been restored at the conclusion of each war with Turkey. In 1822 it was burned by the Janissaries, from which disaster it has never recovered.

=Jauts=, or =Jats=. A people of Hindostan, who have at different times made some figure in its annals. The first historical mention of them occurs in the beginning of the 11th century, on the invasion of India by Mahmoud the Gaznevide, when they were completely defeated and driven into the mountainous districts of the interior of India. We find them afterwards, under the growing imbecility of Aurungzebe’s successors, continually extending their conquests. They suffered a reverse, however, at the hands of Ahmed Shah, the sovereign of Cabul, who invaded Northern India, and overran a great portion of their territory. The Jaut chief afterwards became an ally of Ahmed Shah, having treacherously betrayed his former allies, the Mahrattas, at the battle of Paniput, January 14, 1761. When the British power became predominant, the rajah of the Jauts, Rungeet Sing, sought security by concluding a treaty by which he agreed to assist England against all enemies, and by this means he retained the government of his territories. In 1808, however, on the defeat of Holkar by the British, he received into Bhurtpore the discomfited army. The city was besieged, and cost the British an immense number of lives; but at length, despairing of effectual resistance, the rajah agreed to compel Holkar to quit the place. For this breach of the terms of the treaty he was compelled by the English to pay a heavy fine. Disputes about the succession to the throne afterwards led to the interference of the British, and the hitherto impregnable fortress of Bhurtpore was taken by Lord Combermere, January 18, 1826, after a desperate resistance on the part of the Jauts.

=Java.= A large island in the Eastern Archipelago; is said to have been reached by the Portuguese in 1511, and by the Dutch in 1595. The latter, who now possess it, built Batavia, the capital, about 1619. The atrocious massacre of 20,000 of the unarmed natives by the Dutch, sparing neither women nor children, to possess their effects, took place in 1740. The island capitulated to the British, September 18, 1811; but it was restored to Holland in 1814.

=Javelin= (Lat. _pilum_). A short and light spear used for darting against an enemy. In the ancient Roman legions, the first and second lines were armed with them, and in those days they were considered excellent offensive weapons.

=Je Maintiendrai= (“I will maintain”). The motto of the house of Nassau. When William III. came to the throne of England, he continued this, but added “the liberties of England and the Protestant religion,” at the same time ordering that the old motto of the royal arms, “_Dieu et mon droit_” should be retained on the great seal, 1689.

=Jean de Pied de Port, St.= A town of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, on the Nive. Near this place is the pass of Roncevaux, or Roncesvalles, where, in 778, the army of Charlemagne was defeated, and Rolland, the distinguished Paladin, mortally wounded.

=Jelalabad.= A town of Afghanistan; capital of a province of the same name, 75 miles southeast from Cabul (Cabool). It is memorable for the successful resistance made there in 1841-42 by Sir Robert Sale, with a handful of British troops against a large besieging force of Afghans. Its fortifications were destroyed by the British in 1842, when they evacuated the country.

=Jeloudar.= An East Indian term, signifying to belong to the train or equipage.

=Jemadar.= A native lieutenant in an Indian native infantry or cavalry regiment.

=Jemappes.= A village and commune of Belgium, in the province of Hainault, 2 miles west from Mons. In 1792, the French under Dumouriez gained a great victory over the Austrians near this place.

=Jemaulabad.= A town and fortress in the south of India, province of Canara, which was originally called Narasingha Augady. The first, which was built by Tippoo, stands on the summit of an immense rock, which may be deemed impregnable, as it is wholly inaccessible except by one narrow way. After the fall of Seringapatam, it sustained a siege of six weeks from the British, when being bombarded, it was taken, and the commander having poisoned himself, his principal officers were hanged. It was afterwards surprised and taken by a band of insurgents or plunderers, when it was reduced, after a blockade of three months, and all that did not escape were summarily executed.

=Jena.= A town of Germany, in the grand duchy Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, situated in a romantic valley at the confluence of the Leutra with the Saale. In this vicinity was fought the great battle of Jena, October 14, 1806, between the French and Prussian armies, in which the latter was totally defeated.

=Jenizer-effendi.= An appointment among the Turks, which in some degree resembles that of provost-marshal in European armies. The only functions which this officer is permitted to exercise are those of judge to the company. He sits on particular days for the purpose of hearing the complaints of the soldiers, and of settling their differences. If a case of peculiar difficulty should occur, he reports the case to the _Aga_, whose opinion and determination are final.

=Jericho.= Once one of the most flourishing cities of Palestine, situated a few miles northeast of Jerusalem. The Israelites captured and destroyed it on their first entry into Canaan. In the time of Herod it was rebuilt, but was destroyed in the reign of Vespasian, and again rebuilt under Hadrian. During the Crusades, it was repeatedly captured, and at last destroyed. At the present day its place is occupied by a miserable village called Richa.

=Jersey.= One of the Channel Islands, and the largest and most southerly of the group, situated about 15 miles west from the coast of France, and belonging to Great Britain. Various attempts have been made by the French to possess themselves of this island, but without success. The most remarkable was in 1781, when they were repulsed by the local militia.

=Jerusalem.= A celebrated city of Syria, the capital of the ancient Judæa and the modern Palestine. This city was called Salem in 1913 B.C.; its king was slain by Joshua, 1451 B.C. It was taken by David, 1048 B.C., who dwelt in the fort, calling it the City of David. Jerusalem was taken by the Persians in 614; retaken by the emperor Heraclius, 628; by the Saracens, 637; and by the Crusaders, when 70,000 infidels were put to the sword; taken by Saladin, 1187; by the Turks, who drove away the Saracens, 1217 and 1239. It was held by the French under Bonaparte, February, 1799.

=Jet= (_Fr._). A term signifying the motion of any body that is urged forward by main force; it likewise means the space which is gone over by any propelled body; and sometimes the instrument from which anything is thrown or shot; as, the cross-bow, etc. _Jet des bombes_ is a phrase adopted instead of _tir_, which formerly expressed the course that a shell took when it was thrown out of a mortar by the power of gunpowder.

=Jets.= See PYROTECHNY.

=Jiddah=, or =Jeddah=. A trading town of the Hedjaz, Arabia, about 60 miles west from Mecca. On June 15, 1858, the inhabitants rose against the Christians resident among them, and massacred a considerable number of them. In August of the same year the town was bombarded by the British, and satisfaction rendered.

=Jingal=, or =Jingall=. A small, portable piece of ordnance, to be fired from the ground or on a wall, resting on a long, slender butt-end, and two legs. This piece was used in India. See GINGALS.

=Joar.= An East Indian term, signifying a general massacre of the women and children, which is sometimes performed by the Hindoos, when they find they cannot prevent the enemy from taking the town. When this dreadful and unnatural ceremony is to take place, a spot is selected which is filled with wood, straw, oil, etc. The victims are inclosed and the whole is set on fire.

=John (St.) of Jerusalem, Knights of.= See SAINT JOHN OF JERUSALEM, THE ORDER OF THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS OF.

=Join.= A technical word used in the British service, signifying to effect the junction of one military body with another. In a more limited sense, it means the accession of an individual, voluntary or otherwise, to a corps or army. If an officer, on being ordered to join, omits to do so willfully, he is liable to be tried by a general court-martial, or to be peremptorily suspended for being absent without leave.

=Jooday Perraput.= An East Indian term, signifying a slave taken in war.

=Jour= (_Fr._). The tour of duty which is done in the course of a day and night. _Etre de jour_, to be officer of the day, or to command a body of troops at a siege or otherwise in the capacity of a general officer, etc.

=Journal= (_Fr._). A public record or general orderly book, kept in the French service, and in which every transaction that occurred during a siege is entered by the governor of the town, for the inspection of a superior authority. The general officer who carried on the siege of a place likewise kept a document of the same kind, and minuted down everything that happened under his command. So that the journal which was kept in this manner was a circumstantial detail of what occurred, day after day, during the attack and defense of a town.

=Journals of Defense.= In the American service during war, the commander of a place, and the chiefs of engineers and of artillery, shall keep journals of defense, in which shall be entered, in order of date, without blank or interlineation, the orders given or received, the manner in which they are executed, their results, and every event and circumstance of importance in the progress of the defense. These journals shall be sent after the siege to the Department of War.

=Journals of March.= Commanding officers of troops marching through a country little known will keep journals of their marches according to a form laid down in Army Regulations. At the end of the march a copy of the journal will be retained at the station where the troops arrive, and the original will be forwarded to the headquarters of the department or _corps d’armée_. Thence, after a copy has been taken, it will be transmitted, through the headquarters of the army, to the adjutant-general, for the information of the War Department. The object of the journal is to furnish data for maps, and information which may serve for future operations. Every point of practical importance should therefore be noted.

=Journée= (_Fr._). A term used among the French to express any

## particular engagement or battle; as, _la journée de Marengo_, the battle

of Marengo. We frequently adopt the word in the same sense; thus, a hard-fought _day_ signifies a hard-fought _battle_.

=Joust=, or =Just=. An exercise of arms and horsemanship, performed in the Middle Ages by knights and nobles. In the joust, the combatants engaged one another singly, each against his antagonist. The weapon most in use in the joust was the lance, but sometimes the battle-axe and sword were employed. To direct the lance anywhere but at the body of the antagonist was reckoned foul play. In the joust of peace, or _joute de plaisance_, a foot encounter preceded the mounted combat.

=Joute= (_Fr._). A close fight between two individuals. It likewise means an engagement at sea.

=Joves= (_Fr._). The two sides in the epaulement of a battery which form the embrasure are so called.

=Joyeuse= (_Fr._). A name given to the sword of Charlemagne.

=Judge-Advocate.= An individual appointed to officiate as public prosecutor upon every general court-martial for the trial of officers and soldiers accused of a breach of the Articles of War, general regulations, or any conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline. He is appointed by the officer authorized to assemble a general court-martial, and must be relieved by the same authority. His duties are various and important (see De Hart’s “Military Law,” Benét on “Courts-Martial,” and Scott’s “Analytical Digest of Military Law,” on duties, etc., of judge-advocate); he must be present at the court for which he is appointed, not only to record all its proceedings, but also in order to impart validity to its jurisdiction. He advises the court on points of law, of custom, and of form, and invites their attention to any deviation therefrom. If any question of law arises out of the proceedings, and he is called upon for his opinion, he is bound to give it. It is his duty to take care that the accused does not suffer from a want of knowledge of the law, or from a deficiency of experience or ability to solicit from witnesses, or develop by the testimony on the trial, a full statement of the facts of the case as hearing on the defense. If the court, or a member thereof, should deviate from the letter of the law, or assume a power at variance with it, the judge-advocate is bound to point out the error, which should become a part of the record. It is now admitted that the custom of appointing persons from civil life to officiate as judge-advocate is clearly objectionable. It creates a ministerial officer without legal responsibilities, and necessarily commits to his hands high interests of the government, and to some extent the rights and reputation of individuals, to be treated and observed without any stronger guaranty of fidelity than his own sense or impression of moral obligation. In the important duties of the judge-advocate as recorder, adviser, and prosecutor, the utmost deference to the dignity of the court should be apparent; a delicate courtesy and modest demeanor should be characteristic of his address, while his argument may be replete with all the vigor and energy which knowledge imparts and which truth demands.

=Judge-Advocate-General.= Of the British forces is stationed in London, and is regarded as a civil officer, and is paid from the civil department. The office is generally held by an experienced barrister, to whom all proceedings of courts-martial are referred for remarks as to legality and regularity. In the United States he is a staff-officer with the rank of brigadier-general, who receives, revises, and causes to be recorded the proceedings of all courts-martial, courts of inquiry, and military commissions, and has charge of the records of the bureau of military justice.

=Judge-Advocates, Corps of.= In the United States, consists of four general staff-officers with the rank of major, who are usually assigned to duty at the headquarters of geographical divisions and departments, and may be detailed as judge-advocates of military courts.

=Judge-Martial=, or =Advocate-General=. In former years was the supreme judge in martial law, as to the jurisdiction and powers of military courts in the British system.

=Junior.= One having a lower rank. When the grade is the same, the one having the more recent commission or warrant.

=Junk-wads.= Are used for proving cannon. _Wad-molds_ for each caliber--consisting of two cast-iron cylinders of different diameters set in oak, or of two strong pieces, strapped with iron, and joined by a hinge--are employed in their manufacture. The junk, after having been picked, is compressed by being beaten in the smaller mold with a _maul_ and _cylindrical drift_--the latter nearly of the size of the mold--until it assumes the requisite dimensions; it is then taken out by raising the upper part of the mold, and closely wrapped with rope-yarn passed over it in the direction of the axis of the cylinder, and fastened by a few turns around the middle of the wad. It is then placed in the large mold, and again beaten with the maul and drift until its diameter is increased to that of the mold; when it is taken out and its diameter verified by a wooden gauge corresponding to the large shot-gauge of the caliber.

=Jupon=, or =Just-au-Corps=. A surcoat. The name jupon is chiefly applied to the short tight form of that military garment in use in the 14th century. It was a sleeveless jacket or overcoat, composed of several thicknesses of material sewed through, and faced with silk or velvet, upon which were embroidered the arms of the wearer. It fitted closely to the body, and, descending below the hips, terminated in an enriched border of various patterns.

=Jurisdiction.= Legal authority; extent of power. All sutlers and retainers to the camp, and all persons whatsoever serving with the armies of the United States in the field, though not enlisted soldiers, are to be subject to orders, according to the rules and discipline of war. To decide exactly where the boundary-line runs between civil and military jurisdiction as to the civilians attached to an army is difficult; but it is quite evident that they are within military jurisdiction, as provided for in the Articles of War, when their treachery, defection, or insubordination might endanger or embarrass the army to which they belong in its operations against what is known in military phrase as “an enemy.” Probably the fact that troops are found in a region of country chiefly inhabited by Indians, and remote from the exercise of civil authority, may enter into the description of “an army in the field.” Persons who attach themselves to an army going upon an expedition against hostile Indians may be understood as agreeing that they will submit themselves for the time being to military control. All officers, conductors, gunners, matrosses, drivers, or other persons whatsoever receiving pay or hire in the service of the artillery or corps of engineers of the United States, shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial. The officers and soldiers of any troops, whether militia or others, being mustered and in pay of the United States, shall, at all times and in all places, when joined, or acting in conjunction with the regular forces of the United States, be governed by the Rules and Articles of War, and shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial in like manner with the officers and soldiers in the regular forces; save only that such courts-martial shall be composed entirely of militia officers. No officer, non-commissioned officer, soldier, or follower of the army shall be tried the second time for the same offense. No person shall be liable to be tried and punished by a general court-martial for any offense which shall appear to have been committed more than two years before the issuing of the order for such trial, unless the person by reason of having absented himself, or some other manifest impediment, shall not have been amenable to justice within that period. No garrison or regimental court-martial shall have the power to try capital cases, or commissioned officers; neither shall they inflict a fine exceeding one month’s pay, nor imprison, nor put to hard labor any non-commissioned officer or soldier, for a longer time than one month.

=Just.= See JOUST.

=Justice, Military.= That species of justice which prevails in the army, and which is administered by military tribunals in accordance with the Articles of War. In Prussia justice is frequently obtained through what is known as the court of honor. See COURT OF HONOR, COURT-MARTIAL; also, APPENDIX, ARTICLES OF WAR, 29, 30, and 72 to 105.

=Justice, Military, Bureau of.= In the United States consists of one judge-advocate-general, with the rank, pay, etc., of brigadier-general. See JUDGE-ADVOCATE-GENERAL.

=Juterbogk.= A small town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg. In the vicinity is the field of Dennewitz, where the Prussians defeated the French, September 6, 1813. See DENNEWITZ.

=Jutland.= The only considerable peninsula of Europe that points directly north, forms a portion of the kingdom of Denmark, and comprises the province of North Jutland. South Jutland was taken by the allies in 1813, and restored in 1814. In historical times, the Jutes took part in the expedition of the Saxons to England. As allies of the Saxons, they waged war with Charlemagne, and under the name of Normans (Northmen), frequently desolated the coasts of Germany and France.

=Juzail.= A heavy rifle used by the Afghans.

K.

=Kabbade= (_Fr._). Military clothing of the modern Greeks; Roman _sagum_.

=Kabyles.= An aboriginal African people, inhabiting the mountains of the Atlas. They are an independent race, who mainly exist by plundering the people of the plains. They are divided into numerous tribes, each of which has its distinctive name, with the prefix _Beni_ before it. See BENI-ABBES, BENI-ACHOUR, etc.

=Kaffa.= See CAFFA.

=Kaffraria.= An extensive country in Southern Africa, extending from the north of Cape Colony to the south of Guinea. The English war with the natives of the country began in 1798, and continued with intermissions until March, 1853. The Kaffirs, headed by Mokanna, a prophet, attacked Grahamstown, but were repulsed with much slaughter in 1819; again defeated in 1828, 1831, and 1834. After a series of engagements, they were attacked by Governor-General Cathcart, and completely defeated, December 20, 1852, and peace was restored in the following March.

=Kagosima.= A town of Japan, which was bombarded by the English in 1863, in retaliation for the murder of one of their subjects.

=Kahlenberg.= A hill in Austria, on the Danube, a little northwest of Vienna. On its side the army of Sobieski arrived to the rescue of Vienna, when besieged by the Turks in 1683.

=Kaiffa.= A seaport town of Syria, situated on the south side of the Bay of Acre. It was captured by the French in 1799.

=Kainardji.= In Bulgaria; here a treaty was signed, 1774, between the Turks and Russians, which opened the Black Sea, and gave Crimea to the latter.

=Kaiser= (from Lat. _Cæsar_). The German word for emperor, which has been so extensively known and used in every language since the year 1871, when William, king of Prussia, was crowned at Versailles, France, as emperor of Germany. Thus was revived the old Teutonic appellation of kaiser, which applied formerly, and especially in the Middle Ages, to the German emperors, who inherited this title from the Roman Cæsars, themselves succeeded by Charlemagne, who is considered by the Germans as the first emperor of the Vaterland, as William is the latest one.

=Kaiserslautern.= A fortified town of the palatinate of the Rhine, which belongs to Bavaria, 33 miles west from Spires. It was the scene of much hard fighting between the French and Germans in 1792 and 1793.

=Kak Towda= (_Ind._). A term applied in the East Indies to the fine mold used in making butts for archery practice.

=Kalafat.= A town of Wallachia, situated on the left bank of the Danube, nearly opposite Widdin. It is strongly fortified, and commands the approach to the Danube. The battle of Citate was fought here on January 6, 1854, and three following days, between the Turks under Omar Pasha and the Russians under Gortschakoff.

=Kalai= (_Fr._). A Turkish fortress; more particularly applied to stockades.

=Kalisch=, or =Kalice=. A town of Poland, belonging to Russia, and situated on the frontier of the Prussian territory. The Swedes were defeated by the Poles in its vicinity in 1706; another battle was fought here between the Russians and Saxons in 1813.

=Kalispels=, or =Calispels=. See PEND D’OREILLES.

=Kalmar=, or =Calmar=. A fortified town of Sweden, and the capital of a province, on the sound or strait of the same name, in the Baltic, opposite the island of Oland. In 1397, the treaty of Kalmar, by which Denmark, Norway, and Sweden were united, was signed here.

=Kalmucks=, or =Calmucks=. Called by the Tartars _Khalimick_ (“renegades”), the largest of the Mongolian peoples, inhabiting large regions of the Chinese, and also Russian dominions. They are divided into four tribes: the Choshots, ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan; the Soongars, in the 17th and the 18th centuries the masters of the other races; oppressed by the Chinese, they migrated in great numbers, in 1758, to Russia, but returned in 1770 to Soongaria; the Derbets, who dwell in the valleys of the Don and Ili; the Torgots, formerly united with the Soongars. The Kalmucks are a nomad, predatory, and warlike race, and pass the greater part of their lives in the saddle.

=Kalsa Cutcherry= (_Ind._). The room of business, where matters pertaining to the army are transacted, and all matters of litigation on that branch of service are determined.

=Kaluga.= Chief town of the government of the same name in Russia, on the right bank of the Oka. From the 14th to the 18th century, its stronghold was a great protection against the invasions of the Lithuanians, the Tartars of the Great Horde, and especially against the Crimean Tartars. It is at present the residence of Schamyl, the Circassian chief.

=Kalunga Fort.= In the East Indies; it was attacked unsuccessfully by the company’s forces, and Gen. Gillespie killed, October 31, 1814; and again unsuccessfully on November 25. It was evacuated by the Nepaulese, November 30, same year.

=Kaminietz.= A town of Russian Poland, situated on the river Smotriza, and the capital of the government of Podolia. The fortifications of this place were razed in 1812, but have since been rebuilt.

=Kamtschatka.= A peninsula on the east coast of Asia; was discovered by Morosco, a Cossack chief, and was taken possession of by Russia in 1697.

=Kanauts.= A term used in India to designate the walls of a canvas tent.

=Kangiar.= A Turkish sabre, the blade of which is bent contrary to other swords, generally ornamented with diamonds and other precious stones.

=Kansas.= One of the States of the United States, the thirty-fourth in order of admission. It lies between 37° and 40° N. lat., and between 25th meridian of long. and the western boundary of the State of Missouri, and is, geographically, the central State of the Union. It was organized as a Territory in 1854, and admitted into the Union January 29, 1861; and though it remained loyal during the civil war, yet many of its inhabitants took the field for the Confederate cause.

=Kapigi-Bachi.= Officer in charge of the gates of the sultan’s palace; a warrior.

=Kaponier.= See CAPONIERE.

=Karauls.= Military posts; sultan’s body-guards.

=Karki-Mesrac.= A Turkish lance.

=Karmathians.= So called from Abu Said Al-Jenabia, surnamed Al-Karmata, a Mohammedan sect which sprang up in the 9th century, and was originally a branch of the Ismailis. The sect was very powerful for a time. They conquered Arabia, Persia, and Syria, which they ruled with a despotic power, and their armies gained great victories of those of the caliphs. In 928 they threatened Bagdad, and in 930, under their leader, Abu Takir, entered Mecca, which was full of pilgrims, when a massacre of the most fearful description ensued, desecrated the holy places, and carried away the supreme palladium, the black stone, which was only restored to Mecca at an immense ransom after twenty years. From that time their power declined, and after the 11th century they are not mentioned in history, although some traces of them still exist at Hasa, their former stronghold.

=Karrack.= See CARRACK.

=Kars.= A fortified town of Asiatic Turkey, in the province of Armenia, situated on a table-land between 6000 and 7000 feet above the level of the sea. In 1828 it was taken from the Turks by the Russians under Paskievitsch. In 1855, its fortifications having been strengthened, it sustained a long siege by the Russians. Their attempt at taking it by storm (September 29) failed, but it was compelled by famine to surrender, November 30. Kars again surrendered to the Russians in 1877, having been captured by storming in a night attack,--one of the most brilliant feats of arms in the annals of history.

=Kaschau.= A town of Hungary; is situated in the beautiful valley of the Hernad, 130 miles northeast from Pesth. Two battles were fought near Kaschau during the Hungarian revolution, both of which the Austrians gained.

=Kaskaskia Indians.= A tribe which formerly inhabited Illinois, but are now located with other tribes on the Quapaw agency, Indian Territory. See INDIANS AND THEIR AGENCIES.

=Kastamouni=, or =Costambone=. A town in Anatolia, Asia Minor. It stands in a dreary hollow, from which rises a solitary rock surmounted by a fortress in ruins. During the Greek empire, the fortress was in possession of the Comneni. It was taken by Bajazet, retaken by Timour, and lastly, conquered by Mohammed I.

=Katan.= A Japanese sword, otherwise _cattan_.

=Katsbach=, or =Katzbach=. A river in Prussia, in the province of Silesia, near which Gen. Blücher defeated the French under Macdonald and Ney, August 26, 1813. He received the title of Prince of Wahlstatt, the name of a neighboring village.

=Kátsena.= A town of Central Africa, in the empire of Sokoto. In 1807 the conquering Fúlbes assailed it, and a war was commenced, which lasted for upwards of seven years. The capture of the town was achieved only through its destruction.

=Kavass.= In Turkey, an armed constable; also a government servant or courier.

=Kazan.= A town of Russia, capital of the government, and ancient capital of the kingdom of the same name; is situated on the river Kazanka, 4 miles from the north bank of the Volga. It was founded in 1257 by a Tartar tribe, and after various vicissitudes, was made the capital of an independent kingdom of the khan of the Golden Horde, which flourished in the 15th century. In 1552 the Russians, under Ivan the Terrible, carried the town after a bloody siege, and put an end to the existence of the kingdom.

=Kecherklechi.= Are guards attached to the person of the king of Persia; they are armed with a musket of an extraordinary size and caliber. They were raised and formed into a regular corps about the middle of the 18th century.

=Keechies.= A small tribe of Indians residing with others on the Wichita Agency, Indian Territory. See INDIANS AND THEIR AGENCIES.

=Keen.= Sharp; having a fine cutting edge; as, a keen blade.

=Keep.= To maintain hold upon; not to let go of; not to lose; to retain; as, if we lose the field, we cannot keep the town.

=Keep.= In ancient military history, a kind of strong tower, which was built in the centre of a castle or fort, to which the besieged retreated, and made their last efforts of defense. In the Norman keeps there appear to have been three stories, the lowest for stores, the second for a guard-room, and the upper, or _solarium_, for the family. The keep was similar to what the classical ancients called the citadel, or inner fort,--a term generally applied to modern fortification on the continent. _King’s Keep_, a fort built by King Henry II. in the inner part of Dover Castle is so called.

=Keep Off.= To deter an enemy from approaching close to the lines or fortifications, by inducing him to suspect a superior force, an ambuscade, or a mine, or by openly galling his advanced posts in such a manner as to beat him in detail. Infantry may keep off cavalry by hot firing, or by a bristling hedge of bayonets, when in square.

=Keep On.= To go forward; to proceed; to continue to advance; as, to keep on advancing into the enemy’s country.

=Keep Up.= In military movements, is to preserve that regular pace by which a line or column on a march, or in manœuvring, advances towards any given point without any chasms or fluctuations. When a regiment marches by files, it is almost impossible for the rear to keep up. On this account, divisions, sub-divisions, and even sections, are best calculated to preserve a regular depth and continuity of march. Keep up likewise signifies to attend to the interior management and discipline of a corps, so as to prevent the least deviation from established rules and regulations. Thus commanding officers are said to keep up good order and discipline, who, whether present or absent, provide against the least insubordination, etc. To _keep up a heavy fire_, is to play heavy ordnance against a fortified place, or body of men, by a calm and well-directed succession of shot. The term is equally applicable to a steady fire of musketry.

=Kehl.= A town of Germany, on the Rhine, opposite Strasburg. It is of great importance in a military sense, and was fortified by the French engineer Vauban in the year 1688. This place has often been besieged and taken. It was obstinately defended against the Austrians, who took it in 1797. It was taken by the French the following year, and retained by them till 1814.

=Kelat.= A town and strong fortress of Afghanistan, 72 miles northeast from Candahar. It was held by the British till their evacuation of the country in 1842.

=Kelat.= The capital of Beloochistan, India, standing on a hill 6000 feet above the level of the sea. In 1840 this place was taken by the English general Nott, but in the following year the British finally withdrew from it.

=Kelso.= A town in Scotland, in the county of Roxburgh, situated at the confluence of the Tweed and the Teviot. An old abbey, now in ruins, is the chief object of interest in Kelso. It was founded by David I. in 1128, and was destroyed in 1560, after having sustained great injury at the hands of the English in 1522 and 1545. Kelso is often mentioned in the histories of the border wars.

=Kemmendine.= A post of the Burmese empire, near Rangoon, memorable for the various contests between the British forces and the natives in 1824.

=Kenaians.= A numerous tribe of Indians residing in Alaska. They derive their name from the peninsula of Kenai, and are peaceable and self-supporting.

=Kenilworth.= A small town of Warwickshire, England. The only interest of the place centres in its ruined castle, which stands on a rocky and commanding eminence; it was founded by Geoffrey de Clinton, lord chamberlain to Henry I. It was granted by Henry III. to Simon do Montfort, earl of Leicester, and became the chief rallying-point of the insurgents who sided with that noble. After his death it held out for six months against the royal forces. The castle of Kenilworth was dismantled by Oliver Cromwell.

=Kent.= A maritime county of England, forming the southeastern angle of the kingdom, and approaching nearer to the continent than any other part of the kingdom. It was in this county that the Romans first landed when they invaded Britain. It was then inhabited by the Cantii. Kent was the first kingdom of the Heptarchy established by the Saxons in Britain.

=Kentucky.= One of the Central States of the Mississippi Valley, and the second admitted into the confederacy after the Revolution. It was formerly included in the territory of Virginia, to which it belonged till 1792. Its name, signifying “the dark and bloody ground,” is suggestive of its early history, it being the scene of many bloody conflicts between the settlers and Indians, and also the grand battle-ground of the Indians themselves. The most important battle between the Indians and whites took place near Blue Lick Springs, August 19, 1782, the latter numbering 182, and the former about three times that number. After a desperate engagement the Kentuckians were totally routed, with a loss of 60 killed and wounded. The celebrated Col. Boone bore a part and lost a son in this engagement. In the war of 1812 Kentucky was largely and effectively represented, as also in the Mexican war. In the civil war the State at first declared a strict neutrality; but as this condition could not be maintained, after stormy and exciting discussions in its councils, it declared for the Union in November, 1861. As the population was almost equally divided in its sympathy, Kentuckians were to be found fighting in the ranks of both contending armies. The State was the theatre of several hotly contested actions during the civil war, and suffered considerably during that trying period.

=Kerana.= A long trumpet, similar in shape and size to the speaking-trumpet. The Persians use it whenever they wish to make any extraordinary noise, and they frequently blow it with hautboys, kettle-drums, and other instruments, at retreat or sunset, and two hours after midnight.

=Kerman=, or =Sirjan=. The capital of a province of the same name in Persia, situated about 360 miles southeast from Ispahan. In 1794, after a brave defense, this city was taken by Aga Mohammed Khan, and given up to plunder for three successive months. It has never recovered from the effects of this great disaster.

=Kern= (Ir. _cearn_). A soldier. The Irish infantry were formerly distinguished by this appellation. The men in those days were armed with a sword and a dart or javelin, which was tied to a small cord, so that after they had thrown it at the enemy they could instantly recover it, and use it in any way they thought proper. The javelin was called _skene_, which is also the Irish for a _knife_.

=Kertch= (anc. _Panticapœum_). A town of Russia, in the government of Taurida, on the coast of the Crimea. It was colonized in 500 B.C. by the Milesians, and about 50 B.C. it became part of the Roman empire; and in 375 A.D. it fell into the hands of the Huns. In 1280 it was occupied by the Genoese, who were driven out by the Turks in 1473. It was seized by the Russians in 1771, and formally ceded to them in 1774. In May, 1855, it was taken by the allied French and English during the Crimean war, on which occasion it was ruthlessly plundered by the soldiery.

=Ket’s Rebellion.= A revolt which occurred in England in July, 1549, instigated by William Ket, a tanner, of Norfolk. He demanded the abolition of inclosures and the dismissal of evil counselors. The insurgents amounted to 20,000 men, but were quickly defeated by the Earl of Warwick, whose troops killed more than 200 of the insurgents.

=Kettle-drum.= A drum formed by stretching vellum over the circular edge of a hemispherical vessel of brass or copper. This instrument, which gives forth a sharp, ringing sound, is used in Europe by regiments of cavalry and horse-artillery in lieu of the ordinary cylindrical drum, which would, from its shape, be inconvenient on horseback. Kettle-drums are not used in the U. S. military service.

=Kettle-drum Cart.= A four-wheel carriage drawn by four horses, which was used exclusively by the British artillery as a pageant. The ordnance flag was painted on the fore part, and the drummer, with two kettle-drums, was seated, as in a chair of state, on the back part. This cart, which is finely engraved and richly gilt, has not been in the field since 1743, when the king was present. It is at present kept in the Tower of London.

=Kettle-drummer.= One who plays on a kettle-drum.

=Kettle-hat.= A cap of iron worn by knights in the Middle Ages.

=Key.= In artillery carriages, is a bolt used to secure cap squares and for analogous purposes.

=Key of a Position or Country.= A point the possession of which gives the control of that position or country.

=Key-chain.= A chain attached to the key to prevent it from being lost.

=Key-plates.= See ORDNANCE, CARRIAGES FOR, THE CAISSON.

=Keyserlicks=, or =Imperialists=. The Austrian troops are frequently called so. The term was indeed common among the British soldiers, when they did duty with the Austrians, and invaded France in 1794.

=Khaibar.= A town of Arabia, the capital of an independent Jewish territory, 110 miles north from Medina. In 628 it was taken by Mohammed, who had received from a Jewess of the town the poisoned egg which ultimately cost him his life.

=Khan.= A title of Mongolian or Tartar sovereigns and lords. A _khanate_ is a principality. _Khagan_ means “khan of khans,” but has seldom been applied. The word khan is probably of the same origin as king.

=Khedive.= A title, said to signify a position inferior to an absolute sovereign, but superior to a mere viceroy, which was given to the viceroy of Egypt, Ismail Pasha, by the sultan of Turkey in 1867.

=Kheet= (_Ind._). A fortified city, which is 4 or more coss, or 8 English miles, in length and breadth, and which does not exceed 8 coss, or 16 English miles.

=Khelat.= A hill fortress of considerable strength in the territory of Afghanistan, which was gallantly captured by the British troops in 1839.

=Kherson.= An ancient Dorian colony, which came under the sway of the great Mithridates about 120 B.C., and afterwards of that of Rome in 30. It continued important, and its possession was long disputed by the Russians and Greeks. It was taken by Vladimir, grand duke of Russia, in 988. The city was destroyed by the Lithuanians; and the Turks found it deserted when they took possession of the Crimea in 1475.

=Khiva= (anc. _Chorasmia_), =Khaurezm=, =Kharasm=, or =Urgunge=. A khanate of Turkestan, in Central Asia. In ancient times it was nominally subject to the Selucidæ; subsequently it formed part of the kingdoms of Bactria, Parthia, Persia, and the Caliphate, and became an independent monarchy in 1092 under a Seljuk dynasty. The Khivans, or as they were then called, the Khaurezmians, after conquering the whole of Persia and Afghanistan, were obliged to succumb to the Moguls, under Genghis Khan, in 1221. In 1370 it came into the hands of Timur. Timur’s descendants were subdued in 1511 by Shahy Beg, chief of the Uzbeks, a Turkish tribe, and his successors still rule over Khiva. In 1717, Peter the Great attempted to conquer it, but his army was totally defeated; the attempt was renewed in 1839 by the czar Nicholas, with the same result; the greater part of the Russian army perished in the desert. From 1873 to 1875, however, it was continually invaded by the armies of Russia, who in the latter year occupied a portion of the principality, which is now ruled by the Russian government under the name of the Trans-Caspian Territory.

=Khodadaud Sircar= (_Ind._). The government or ruler blessed or beloved of God; it was a title assumed by Tippoo Sahib, the sovereign of the kingdom of Mysore, who fell in defense of his capital, Seringanatam, when it was stormed, May 4, 1799, by the British forces under Lieut.-Gen. Harris.

=Khoi.= A walled town of Persia, province of Azerbijan, on a tributary of the Khar. In the plain of Khoi, Shah Ismael signally defeated the Turks under Selim I. in 1514.

=Khurd-Cabul.= A village of Afghanistan, situated 16 miles southeast of Cabul. Here, in 1841, the British troops retreating from Cabul to Jelalabad became totally disorganized, and were murdered without resistance by the Afghans; and here, in 1842, Gen. Pollock encamped after the decisive defeat of the Afghans at Terzeen.

=Khyber Pass.= The most practicable of all the openings through the Khyber Mountains, is the only one by which cannon can be conveyed between the plain of Peshawur, on the right bank of the upper Indus, and the plain of Jelalabad, in Northern Afghanistan. It is 30 miles in length, being here and there merely a narrow ravine between almost perpendicular rocks of at least 600 feet in height. It may be said to have been the key of the adjacent regions in either direction from the days of Alexander the Great to the Afghan wars of 1839-42. Here a British army, on its retreat from Cabul in January, 1842, was absolutely annihilated.

=Kibee.= A flaw produced in the bore of a gun by a shot striking against it.

=Kick.= To recoil;--said of a musket, piece of ordnance, and the like.

=Kickapoos.= A tribe of Indians who formerly lived on the Wisconsin River, and were for a long time hostile to the white settlers, but after Wayne’s victory over the tribes in Ohio in 1794 submitted, and concluded a treaty of peace in 1795. In 1811 and 1812, however, they again renewed hostilities, and attacked Fort Harrison in the latter year. Being repulsed, they surprised and murdered 20 persons at the mouth of White River. For this and similar atrocities they were punished by the burning of some of their villages. After a desultory warfare, treaties of peace were again concluded with them, and after the treaty of 1819 they sold their lands and moved beyond the Mississippi River. A few settled down to agriculture, and their descendants now exhibit considerable indications of civilization; but the greater number roamed over the country committing depredations. Some of them are now settled on the Kansas agency, Kansas, and others on the Sac and Fox agency, in Indian Territory. See INDIANS AND THEIR AGENCIES.

=Kidnapper.= Parties were formerly so called, who by improper means decoyed the unwary into the army.

=Kiel.= Chief town of Holstein, a seaport, and a member of the Hanseatic League in 1300. By a treaty between Great Britain, Sweden, and Denmark, signed here January 14, 1814, Norway was ceded to Sweden. An extraordinary assembly of the revolted provinces, Schleswig and Holstein, met here September 9, 1850. By the convention of Gastein between Austria and Prussia, August 14, 1865, the former was to govern Holstein, but Kiel to be held by Prussia as a German federal port. This was annulled in 1866 by the issue of the war.

=Kiev=, or =Kief.= The chief town of the government of that name, on the west bank of the Dnieper; is one of the oldest of the Russian towns, and was formerly the capital. In 864 it was taken from the Khazars by two Norman chiefs, companions of Ruric, and conquered from them by Oleg, Ruric’s successor, who made it his capital. It was nearly destroyed by Batu, khan of Kiptchak. In the 14th century it was seized by Gedimin, grand duke of Lithuania, and annexed to Poland in 1569, but in 1686 was restored to Russia.

=Kilcullen.= In Kildare, Ireland. Here a large body of the insurgent Irish defeated the British forces commanded by Gen. Dundas, May 23, 1798. The general in a subsequent engagement overthrew the rebels near Kilcullen bridge, when 300 were slain.

=Kildare.= A county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster. The insurrection in Ireland which swelled into the rebellion, commenced in Kildare, May 23, 1798. On that night Lieut. Gifford of Dublin, and a number of other gentlemen, were murdered by the insurgents. This rebellion was quelled in 1799.

=Kilkenny.= Capital of a county of the same name in Ireland, on the Nore. After a siege the town surrendered to Cromwell, March 28, 1650, on honorable terms.

=Killa= (_Ind._). A castle, fort, or fortress.

=Killadar.= The governor, or commandant of a fort in India.

=Killala.= A small seaport town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo. It was invaded by a French force landing from three frigates, under Gen. Humbert, August 22, 1798. The invaders were joined by the Irish insurgents, and the battles of Castlebar and Colooney followed; and the French were defeated at Ballinamuck, September 8 of the same year.

=Killaloe.= A town of Ireland, in the county Clare, 12 miles northeast of Limerick. This town was long the royal seat of the O’Briens; and at Kincora, about a mile to the north, are pointed out some remains of the residence. At Killaloe, in 1691, Gen. Sarsfield intercepted the artillery of William III. on its way to Limerick.

=Killese.= The groove in a cross-bow.

=Killiecrankie.= A famous pass through the Grampian Mountains, in Perthshire, Scotland, 15 miles northwest of Dunkeld. At the northwest extremity of this pass a battle was fought in 1689, between the revolutionary army under Gen. Mackay, and the royalists under J. C. Graham of Claverhouse, viscount Dundee, in which the former was defeated.

=Kilmainham Hospital.= An asylum in Dublin, Ireland, for aged and disabled soldiers. It was founded by Arthur, earl of Granard, marshal-general of the army in Ireland, 1675. The appointments to this place are in the gift of the commander-in-chief of the army, who selects them from the old half-pay officers. The expense of the institution to the country is £8000 per annum.

=Kilmallock.= A town of Ireland, in the county Limerick. It was invested by the Irish forces in 1598, but the siege was raised by the Duke of Ormond. There was much fighting done here in 1641 and 1642. Kilmallock police barrack was attacked by 200 armed Fenians on March 5, 1867; the barrack was defended for three hours by 14 police constables, who finally drove off the Fenians, with loss, by a sally.

=Kilsyth.= A village of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, 13 miles southwest from Stirling. Montrose gained a victory over the Covenanters, commanded by Gen. Baillie, near Kilsyth in 1637.

=Kinburn.= A fort at the confluence of the rivers Bug and Dnieper, which was taken by the English and French, October 17, 1855. Three floating French batteries, on the principle of horizontal shell-firing, said to be the invention of the emperor, were very effective. On October 18, the Russians blew up Oczakoff, a fort opposite.

=Kindle.= In a military sense, to kindle is to excite to arms; to excite military ardor.

=Kineton.= A town of England, in Warwickshire, 11 miles southeast from Warwick, in the vicinity of which the famous battle of Edgehill was fought between the royalist and Parliamentary armies in 1642.

=Kinghorn.= A small burgh of Scotland, in the county of Fife, situated on the Frith of Forth. In early Scottish history it was a place of importance. Here Macbeth is said to have routed the Northmen.

=King-of-Arms=, or =King-at-Arms=. The principal herald of England was at first designated king of the heralds, a title exchanged for king-of-arms about the reign of Henry IV. There are four kings-of-arms in England, named respectively Garter, Clarencieux, Norrov, and Bath; but the first three only are members of the College of Arms. Scotland has a heraldic officer called Lyon king-of-arms, or Lord Lyon king-at-arms. Ireland has one king-of-arms, named Ulster. See HERALD.

=King’s Mountain.= A range of mountains in North and South Carolina, about 16 miles from north to south, with several spurs spreading laterally. About a mile and a half south of the North Carolina line, in this range, on October 7, 1780, the British forces about 1100 strong, under Lieut.-Col. Ferguson, were surprised and attacked by the American militia under Cols. Cleaveland, Shelby, and Campbell, and, after an obstinate and bloody contest, their leader being among the slain, the British were made prisoners.

=Kingsland.= A parish of England, in Herefordshire, 4 miles west from Leominster. The battle of Mortimer’s Cross, which fixed Edward IV. on the throne, was fought here in 1461.

=Kingston.= A city in Ulster Co., N. Y., 90 miles north of New York City. It was burnt by a British force under Sir Henry Clinton, October 7, 1777; it was afterwards rebuilt and incorporated as a village in 1805.

=Kingston.= A village and township of Luzerne Co., Pa. In this township the massacre of Wyoming took place, on July 3, 1778. See WYOMING VALLEY.

=Kingston-upon-Thames.= A town in Surrey, England, on the Thames, 10 miles southwest of London. The first armed force of the Parliamentary army assembled in this town, and here the last attempt in favor of Charles I. was made.

=Kinsale.= A town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. This place was taken by the Spaniards in 1601, and in 1608 King James II. landed here.

=Kioge.= A seaport of Denmark, near Copenhagen, where the Danes in 1807 were signally defeated by the British.

=Kiowas.= A warlike and powerful tribe of Indians, who formerly roamed over Kansas, Colorado, and Northern Texas, robbing and murdering settlers. They are now located, to the number of about 2000, with the Comanches, on a reservation in Indian Territory. In 1870, in violation of the terms of their treaty, they made a raid into Texas, where they killed several people. For this two of their principal chiefs, Satantá and Big Tree, were sentenced to be hung; but their sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life, and they were subsequently pardoned. Of late years they have been peaceable.

=Kiptchak=, or =Kipchak=. A term which, in the Middle Ages, designated that vast territory stretching north of the Caspian Sea, from the Don to Turkestan, and occupied by the Kumans and Polovises. This tract formed one of the four empires into which the huge dominion of Genghis Khan was divided, and was the portion of his eldest son Jûjy, under whose son and successor, Batû Khan, it became the terror of Western Europe, and held Russia in iron subjection from 1236 till 1362. Batû also conquered Bulgaria, and invaded Hungary, Austria, and Eastern Germany, but made no permanent conquests in this direction. This extensive empire was dismembered towards the end of the 15th century, and gave rise to the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Crim-Tartary. The Mongols of Kiptchak were also known as the Golden Horde.

=Kirkee.= A village of Hindostan, near Poona, in the Deccan, memorable for a battle fought there in 1817 between the Anglo-Indian forces and the Mahrattas, who, although greatly superior in number, were compelled to retreat with severe loss.

=Kisselbaches.= Soldiers are so called in India.

=Kissingen.= A town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 30 miles north-northeast of Würzburg. It was taken by storm on July 10, 1866, after a severe engagement between the Bavarians and Prussians, in which the latter were victorious.

=Kit.= A small wooden pail or bucket, wherewith boats are bailed out.

=Kit.= In military language, the equipment in necessaries, such as shirts, boots, brushes, etc., of a soldier, but not applicable to his uniform, arms, or accoutrements.

=Kitchen.= The building or room used by soldiers for cooking purposes.

=Klagenfurth=, or =Clagenfurt=. A town of Austria, the capital of the duchy of Carinthia, on the Glan. In 1809 the French entered this place, and destroyed the fortifications which surrounded it.

=Klamaths=, or =Clamets=. A tribe of Northern California Indians, who lived in Southern Oregon and Northern California, near Klamath Lake, and on Klamath and Rogue Rivers. They are generally peaceable, and number about 700. They are now located on a reservation, and have an agency in Southern Oregon known by their name.

=Klicket.= A small gate in a palisade for the purpose of sallying forth.

=Kliketats=, or =Kliktats=. A tribe of Indians who resided in Washington Territory, in the country between the Cascade Range and the Columbia River, north of the Dalles. They were reduced to complete subjection in 1855, and are now located with kindred tribes to the number of about 4000, on the Yakima reservation, Washington Territory.

=Klinket.= A term used in fortification, signifying a small postern or gate in a palisade.

=Knapsack.= A bag of canvas or skin, containing a soldier’s necessaries, and worn suspended by straps between his shoulders. Those used in the British army are ordinarily of black painted canvas, but a new sort of knapsack, called the valise equipment, has been issued to some regiments. Some other nations, as the Swiss, make them of thick goat-skin, dressed with the hair on.

=Knight.= From the Saxon _cniht_, a servant or attendant, was originally a man-at-arms bound to the performance of certain duties, among others to attend his sovereign or feudal superior on horseback in time of war. The institution of knighthood, as conferred by investiture, and with certain oaths and ceremonies, arose gradually throughout Europe as an adjunct of the feudal system. The character of the knight was at once military and religious; the defense of the Holy Sepulchre and the protection of pilgrims being the objects to which, in early times of the institution, he especially devoted himself The system of knight-service introduced into England by William the Conqueror empowered the king, or even a superior lord who was a subject, to compel every holder of a certain extent of land, called a knight’s fee, to become a member of the knightly order; his investiture being accounted proof that he possessed the requisite knightly arms, and was sufficiently trained in their use. After the long war between France and England, it became the practice for the sovereign to receive money compensations from subjects who were unwilling to receive knighthood, a system out of which grew a series of grievances, leading eventually to the total abolition of knight-service in the reign of Charles II. Since the abolition of knight-service, knighthood has been conferred, without any regard to property, as a mark of the sovereign’s esteem, or a reward for services of any kind, civil or military. The ceremonies practiced in conferring knighthood have varied at different periods. In general, some religious ceremonies were performed, the sword and spurs were bound on the candidate; after which a blow was dealt him on the cheek or shoulder, as the last affront which he was to receive unrequited. He then took an oath to protect the distressed, maintain right against might, and never by word or deed to stain his character as a knight and a Christian. A knight might be degraded for the infringement of any part of his oath, in which case his spurs were chopped off with a hatchet, his sword was broken, his escutcheon reversed, and some religious observances were added, during which each piece of armor was taken off in succession, and cast from the recreant knight. For the different orders of knighthood, see separate articles, under their appropriate headings, in this work.

=Knight, To.= To dub or create a knight, which in modern times is done by the sovereign, who gives the person kneeling a blow with a sword, and says, “Rise, Sir ----.”

=Knight Baronet=, or =Baronet=. A dignity or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight, having precedency of all orders of knights except those of the garter, and being the only knighthood that is hereditary. The order was founded by James I. in 1611, and is given by patent. The word, however, in the sense of _lesser_ baron, was in use long before the time of James I.

=Knightage.= The body of knights taken collectively.

=Knight-bachelor.= One of the lowest order of knights, who were expected to remain unmarried until they had gained some renown by their achievements.

=Knight-banneret.= A knight who carried a banner, who possessed fiefs to a greater amount than the knight-bachelor, and who was obliged to serve in war with a greater number of attendants. He was created by the sovereign in person on the field of battle.

=Knight-errant.= A wandering knight; a knight who traveled in search of adventures, for the purpose of exhibiting military skill, prowess, and generosity.

=Knight-errantry.= The practice of wandering in quest of adventures; the manners of wandering knights; a quixotic or romantic adventure or scheme.

=Knight-erratic.= Pertaining to knight-errantry.

=Knighthood.= Originally a military distinction, came, in the 16th century, to be occasionally conferred on civilians, as a reward for valuable services rendered to the crown or community. The first civil knight in England was Sir William Walworth, lord mayor of London, who won that distinction by slaying the rebel Wat Tyler in presence of the king. In recent times, it has been bestowed at least as often on scholars, lawyers, artists, or citizens, as on soldiers, and in many cases for no weightier service than carrying a congratulatory address to court.

=Knighthood.= The character, dignity, or condition of a knight.

=Knightliness.= Duties of a knight.

=Knightly.= Pertaining to a knight; becoming a knight; as, a knightly combat.

=Knights, Military.= An institution of military knights at Windsor, England, formerly called “Poor Knights,” which owes its origin to Edward III., and is a provision for a limited number of old officers. These officers consist of a governor and 12 knights on the upper foundation, and 5 on the lower, together 18, and are composed of officers selected from every grade, from a colonel to a subaltern, chiefly veterans, or on half-pay. They are allowed three rooms each in Windsor Palace, and 2 shillings per diem for their sustenance, besides other small allowances.

=Knights of St. George.= See GARTER, ORDER OF THE.

=Knights Templar.= See TEMPLAR, KNIGHTS.

=Knight-service.= A tenure of lands held by knights on condition of performing military service. It was abolished in the time of Charles II. of England.

=Knob of a Cascabel.= See CASCABEL.

=Knot.= A twist or loop in a rope or cord, so made that the motion of one piece of the line over the other shall be stopped. The knot owes its power of passive resistance to the friction of the rope. The three elementary knots, which every one should know, are the _timber-hitch_, the _bow-line_, and the _clove-hitch_.

The virtues of the _timber-hitch_ are, that, so long as the strain upon it is kept up, it will never give; when the strain is taken off, it is cast loose immediately.

The _bow-line_ makes a knot difficult to undo; with it the ends of two strings are tied together, or a loop made at the end of a single piece of string. For slip nooses, use the bowline to make the draw-loop.

The _clove-hitch_ binds with excessive force, and by it, and it alone, can a weight be hung to a smooth pole, as to a tent-pole. A kind of double clove-hitch is generally used, but the simple one suffices, and is more easily recollected.

There are other knots very useful in the artillery service and indispensable aboard ship, viz.: _single knot_, _weaver’s knot_, _figure-eight knot_, _artificer’s knot_, _mooring knots_, _hitches_, _capstan_, or _prolonge knot_, _square knot_, _loops_, _becker knot_, and _anchor knot_.

=Knot, Shoulder-=. See SHOULDER-KNOT.

=Knout.= A scourge composed of many thongs of skin, plaited, and interwoven with wire, which was till lately the favorite instrument of punishment in Russia for all classes and degrees of criminals. The offender was tied to two stakes, stripped, and received on the back the specified number of lashes; 100 or 120 were equivalent to sentence of death, but in many cases the victim died under the operation long before this number was completed. This punishment is at present only inflicted upon ordinary criminals, such as incendiaries or assassins. It is no longer in use in the army, except when a soldier is dismissed for ill conduct, in which case 3 to 10 lashes are given, in order to disgrace the soldier, rather than punish him.

=Kolin.= A town of Bohemia, on the left bank of the Elbe. Here the Austrians under Daun defeated the Prussians under Frederick the Great, June 18, 1757.

=Koloshes.= The Russian name for the Indians of the coast of Alaska.

=Komorn.= See COMORN.

=Koniagas=, or =Kadiaks=. The names by which the various tribes of aborigines living along the coast of Alaska for over 1500 miles, are known.

=Konieh= (anc. _Iconium_). A town of Asiatic Turkey, the capital of the province of Karamania, Asia Minor. Here the Turkish army was defeated by the pasha of Egypt, after a long, sanguinary fight, December 21, 1832. See ICONIUM.

=Königgrätz.= A town and fortress of Bohemia, on the left bank of the Elbe. On July 2, 1866, the Austrians under Gen. Benedek were signally defeated with a loss of 40,000 men by the Prussians under King William, at Sadowa, near Königgrätz.

=Königsberg.= A fortified city of Prussia, and former capital of the kingdom, is situated on both banks of the Pregel, and on an island in that river, 4 miles from its entrance into the Frisch Haff. It was founded in 1255, and in 1365 became a member of the Hanseatic League; in 1626, it was surrounded with walls; and in 1657, received a strong additional defense in the citadel of Friedrichsburg. It suffered much during the Seven Years’ War by the occupation of the Russians from 1758 to 1764; and also from the French, who entered it in 1807, after the battle of Friedland.

=Königstein.= A town of Germany, in Saxony, 17 miles southeast of Dresden, on the left bank of the Elbe. It has a fortress, situated on a rock nearly 450 feet high, which is one of the few in Europe that never yet were taken. The royal treasures have usually been deposited here during war.

=Koom=, or =Kum=. A town of Persia, in the province of Irak-Ajemee. It was destroyed by the Afghans in 1722.

=Kootenais=, =Kontenays=, =Cottonois=, =Coutanies=, or =Flatbows=. A tribe of Indians who formerly resided wholly in British Columbia, but some of them are now located in Washington, Idaho, and Montana Territories. They are generally peaceable and self-supporting, and have made some progress in civilization. About 400 of them reside at the Flathead Agency, Montana.

=Koreish.= An Arab tribe which had the charge of the Caaba, or sacred stone of Mecca, and strenuously opposed the pretensions of Mohammed. It was defeated by him and his adherents, 623-30.

=Kossacks.= See COSSACKS.

=Kossova.= A town of European Turkey, 8 miles northeast from Pristina. A battle was fought near this place in 1389 between the Turks and Serbs. The latter were defeated, and the king slain.

=Koszegh=, or =Guns=. See GUNS.

=Kotah.= The chief town of a protected state of the same name; is situated in Rajpootana, India, on the right bank of the Chumbul. In 1857, notwithstanding the fidelity of the rajah to the British government, Kotah fell under the power of the mutineers, remaining in their possession until March 30, 1858, when it was stormed by Gen. Roberts.

=Kot-duffadar.= See DUFFADAR, KOT.

=Koul.= A soldier belonging to a noble corps in Persia.

=Kouler-Agasi.= A distinguished military character in Persia, who has the command of a body of men called _Kouls_. He is usually governor of a considerable province.

=Kouls.= The third corps of the king of Persia’s household troops. The Kouls are men of note and rank; no person can arrive at any considerable post or situation in Persia who has not served among the Kouls.

=Kovno.= Capital of the government of the same name in European Russia, near the confluence of the Vilia and the Niemen, was founded in the 10th century, and was the scene of many bloody conflicts between the Teutonic knights and Poles during the 14th and 15th centuries.

=Kraal= (probably from the language of the Hottentots). In South Africa, a village; a collection of huts; sometimes a single hut. This term is applied to the villages and military camps of the Zulus.

=Krasnoe.= A Russian village, 30 miles southwest of Smolensk, near which the French, in the retreat of 1812, lost, during three successive days, 25,000 men, several thousand prisoners, and 25 pieces of cannon.

=Kreuznach.= A town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Nahe, 40 miles south-southeast of Coblentz. This place was stormed by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632.

=Kris=, or =Crease=. A dagger or poniard, the universal weapon of the inhabitants of the Malayan Archipelago. It is made of many different forms, short or long, straight or crooked. The hilt and scabbard are often much ornamented. Men of all ranks wear this weapon; and those of high rank, when in full dress, sometimes carry three or four. In Java women sometimes wear it.

=Krupp Gun.= The metal used in these celebrated guns is cast steel, a composition of puddled steel and wrought iron. The wrought iron is obtained from the best hematite ores of Europe, the puddled steel from the spathic ore of Siegen, in the immediate vicinity of the works. The proportions of each metal, the details of their preparation, as well as certain ingredients guessed at but not known, remain a secret with the manufacturers. Manganese in small quantity is supposed to be present and to exercise an important influence. The result is a metal equal in elasticity and tensile strength to the best English steel, the excellent quality of which is largely due to “oil tempering,” a process entirely omitted in the Krupp gun. The ingots forming the different parts of the gun are cast in cylindrical iron molds, an operation requiring the greatest care to prevent the imprisonment of air or other gases in the casting,--a defect which the tenacious character of the metal renders fatal. Subsequent hammering only increases the trouble by involving a larger area. As soon as the ingot is hard enough to permit handling it is removed from the mold and cooled slowly in ashes. It is next brought to a working heat in a furnace, placed under a steam-hammer weighing from 1 to 50 tons, according to the size of the ingot, and drawn out to the required length and thickness, when it is again buried in ashes and gradually annealed to remove the tensions induced by hammering. From the rough ingot thus prepared the tube forming the barrel is made directly by boring, turning, and rifling. The ingots intended for hoops, trunnion bands, etc., are cut up into short lengths, which are formed into rings without weld by being split through the centre within a certain distance of the ends, after which the slit is gradually widened to a circle by swaging. The parts when finished are carefully annealed.

The Krupp gun consists of a central tube or barrel, comprising the greater mass of the gun, and a series of encircling hoops. The tube has a thickness of about eight-tenths of the caliber from a point over the front of the charge to the termination of the rings or hoops, whence it is conical, tapering to a thickness of about half the caliber at the muzzle. From the seat of the charge breech-wards the tube thickens rapidly by a series of steps to a cylinder about 1¹⁄₅ calibers thick. The hoops overlie the tube from the cylinder in rear to the base of the cone in front, covering about half the total length of the tube. The hoops are put on in layers, the number of layers being determined by the size of the gun. The 6-inch gun has one, the 8- and 9-inch two, and the higher calibers have three layers of hoops. The hoops are shrunk on at black heat, the different layers being held in place by small key-rings.

The rifling for Krupp guns is polygrooved, the twist uniform, the grooves being gradually narrowed towards the muzzle for the suppression of windage. The chamber in which the shot and charge rest is a little larger than the bore, though they coincide at the bottom. This makes the passage of the projectile into the bore direct and prevents the abrasion which would occur if tilted upwards in leaving its seat. Moreover, the shot is “centred”--that is, has its axis in the axis of the bore--from its entry into the gun.

The breech-mechanism is essentially that of Broadwell. The breech is closed on the “sliding block” principle. Through the cylindrical part of the _barrel_ in rear of the rings, from one side to the other, a slot is cut in which the breech-block slides horizontally, alternately exposing and closing the rear of the chamber. The block is run in and out by an attached screw, which works partly in the upper wall of the slot. The motion of the block is governed by guides in the upper and lower walls of the slot slightly inclined from the perpendicular to the axis of the piece. The rear of the slot is so cut that the block is wedged firmly against it when it is home. The block is locked in this position by a large screw, which catches in certain threads cut on the rear wall of the slot. The block is furnished with an “indurator plate,” a disk of hardened steel, which is set in its face to receive the direct action of the powder gases. The vent is in the axis of the gun through the block. The gas-check used is the _Broadwell ring_ (which see). The powder for all the large guns is the _prismatic_. (See GUNPOWDER.) Both steel and cast-iron projectiles are used. The steel projectiles for armor piercing have their points water-tempered. Rotation being communicated by compression, the projectiles belong to the soft-jacketed class. The projectile is turned smooth in a lathe, pickled in dilute acid, and then put in sal-ammoniac to remove oil. It is next galvanized by immersion in molten zinc, then immersed in lead, and afterwards a heavy lead jacket is cast on it, which is turned down, leaving several prominent rings to facilitate compression into the grooves. In late years Herr Krupp has adopted for his large guns the American system of projectiles, having soft metal expanding sabots attached to the base, with a centring ring in front.

Krupp guns range in size from small field-pieces to a gun weighing 72 tons. The field pieces manufactured number several thousand. They form the official equipment of the German army, and contributed much to German success in the Franco-Prussian war. The large guns, comprising 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, and 12-inch guns, have been made in large numbers, and have found a ready sale in Germany, Russia, and Turkey.

The largest guns are a 14-inch gun weighing 56 tons, and a 15³⁄₄-inch weighing 72 tons. (See CANNON.) Herr Krupp is also a large manufacturer of gun-carriages of all kinds. His partiality for steel has led him to use it almost exclusively in his constructions. He has inherited likewise the aversion of the great Borsig for _welding_; and a noticeable feature of his guns is an absence of any _weld_. The “coil” principle, so well adapted to develop tangential strength, is also omitted, the character of the metal being relied upon to resist strains “across the grain.”

Perhaps the most novel piece of ordnance of modern times is Krupp’s _non-recoiling shield gun_. This gun is made with an enlargement around the muzzle in the shape of a large ball, which is held in a socket formed in a heavy armored shield protecting the gun in front, the arrangement giving a veritable ball-and-socket joint, about which the gun is elevated and traversed. On shipboard or in a fortification the shield would form a part of the armor or scarp wall. A narrow slit above the ball is used in pointing by the gunner, who for this purpose sits astride of the gun. The problem solved by this unique arrangement is the entire suppression of recoil, the strain being absorbed by the massive shield. In the late experiments at Mappen, 1879, the triumphs of Krupp guns culminated in the performances of this novel piece of ordnance. Its

## action was satisfactory in every respect, and so slight was the shock

communicated to the gun that the gunner did not deem it necessary to dismount, but kept his seat astride of it during the firing.

=Krupp’s Steel Works.= On account of the wide-spread reputation which the steel produced in the great works of Krupp at Essen, in Rhenish Prussia, has obtained, it is necessary that these works should receive a brief notice. They were founded by Friedrich Krupp in 1810, and were continued by his sons after his death in 1826. For the last fifty years they have been increasing annually from one-sixth to one-third in size, until now they cover about 500 acres, and give employment to about 20,000 persons, including those engaged in building, and in the mines and smelting-houses. For large metallurgical works Essen is favorably situated, being in the centre of a coal-bearing area, where coal of the best quality can be procured cheaply, and near mines of manganiferous iron ore, which has been found excellently adapted for the manufacture of steel; but it is believed that the admirable organization of every part of his manufactory has conduced as much as anything to the great success of Krupp. The articles manufactured consist principally of rails, tires, crank-axles, shafts, mining pump-rods, gun-carriages and guns, the proportion of ordnance being about two-fifths of the whole. Guns have been made at Essen for the Prussians, Austrians, Belgians, Dutch, Italians, Turks, Japanese, and also for the English, although not directly ordered by the government. Since 1872 a field-gun invented by Krupp has been adopted by the Prussian government, and supplied to the whole army. The establishment possesses 286 steam-engines from 2 to 1000 horse-power, 1100 furnaces of various kinds, 71 steam-hammers, 264 smith’s forges, 275 coke-ovens, and 1056 planing, cutting, and boring machines. It burns over 1000 tons of coal daily, and has over 11,000 gas-burners, consuming in twenty-four hours 400,000 cubic feet of gas. It has, besides, a complete telegraph system, 800 cars, 15 locomotives, 33 miles of railway, over 3000 dwelling-houses, hospitals, chemical laboratory, a photographic and lithographic establishment, over 400 mines, 11 blast-furnaces and several smelting-houses which produce annually about 20,000 tons of pig-iron. These works have already produced over 18,000 heavy guns.

=Kshatriya.= The second or military caste in the social system of the Brahmanical Hindus.

=Ku-Klux-Klan.= A secret organization of ex-Confederate soldiers, who, for several years after the close of the civil war, by their murders and other crimes disturbed the tranquillity of the Southern States. Their victims were chiefly freedmen, and persons suspected of favoring the policy of the government. Stringent measures were taken against them by Congress in 1871, and they soon after ceased their disturbances.

=Kul.= The Turkish word for slave to the Prince. The grand vizier, the bachas, the beiglerbeys, and all persons who receive pay or subsistence from situations dependent upon the crown, are so called. This title is in high estimation among the Turkish military, as it authorizes all who are invested with it to insult, strike, and otherwise ill use the common people, without being responsible for the most flagrant breach of humanity.

=Kulm.= A small village of Bohemia, 16 miles north-northwest of Leitmeritz, was the scene of two bloody conflicts between the French and allied Russian-Austrian armies on August 29-30, 1813. The French, numbering 30,000 men, were commanded by Gen. Vandamme; the Russians, during the first day’s conflict, were 17,000, and were commanded by Gen. Ostermann-Tolstoi. During the night, the latter were heavily reinforced, and on the second day Barclay de Tolly assumed the command with 60,000 troops. The result was the complete wreck of the French army, which lost in these two days little short of 20,000 men, while the allies did not lose half of that number.

=Kunnersdorf.= See CUNNERSDORF.

=Kunobitza.= In the Balkan, where John Hunniades, the Hungarian, defeated the Turks, December 24, 1443.

=Kupele.= Straits so called in India, through which the Ganges disembogues itself into Hindustan. They are distant from Delhi about 30 leagues. It was at these straits that the East Indians made some show of resistance when the famous Tamerlane (Timur) invaded India. The field of this victory is the most distant point of that emperor’s conquest in India, and on the globe.

=Kurrol= (_Ind._). The advanced-guard of a main army.

=Kurtchi.= A militia is so called in Persia. It consists of one body of cavalry, which is composed of the first nobility of the kingdom, and of the lineal descendants of the Turkish conquerors, who placed Ismael Sophi on the throne. They wear a red turban of twelve folds, which is made of particular stuff. This turban was originally given them by Ismael, in consideration of their attachment to the religion and family of Ali. In consequence of their wearing this turban, the Persians are always called by the Turks _kitilbaschi_, or red-heads. The Kurtchi form a body of nearly 18,000 men.

=Kurtchi-baschi.= The chief or commanding officer of the Kurtchi. This was formerly the most distinguished situation in the kingdom, and the authority annexed to it was equal to what the constable of France originally possessed. At present his power does not extend beyond the Kurtchis.

=Kush-bash= (_Ind._). Persons who enjoy lands rent free, upon condition of serving the government in a military capacity when called upon.

=Kustrin=, or =Custrin=. A fortified town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, at the union of the Wartha with the Oder, 48 miles east from Berlin. In 1758 it was bombarded by the Russians, and in 1806 taken by the French. It has a large powder-magazine.

=Kutchin.= A family of Alaska Indians, which is divided into a number of petty tribes, who occupy the valley of the Yukon River.

=Kyanizing.= A process for preserving timber from decay,--so named from the inventor Kyan. The process consists in saturating the wood with a solution of corrosive sublimate.

=Kythul.= A town of India, and the capital of a district of the same name. The district fell into the possession of the British in 1843, from the failure of heirs to the last rajah.