Chapter IX

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2.--John of Damascus, _On Holy Images_, Transl. by M. H. Allies. Lond., 1898. See _Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers_, ix., ch. 11-16.

3.--Thatcher and McNeal, _A Source Book for Mediæval History_. N. Y., 1905.

B.--SECONDARY:

I.--SPECIAL:

1.--Bury, I. B., _A History of the Later Rom. Emp._ Lond., 1889. 2 vols.

2.--Finlay, G., _History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 716 to 1453_. Lond., 1854.

3.--Hefele, C. J., _History of the Councils_, v., 260. Edinb., 1871-96.

4.--Howard, G. B., _The Schism between the Oriental and Western Churches_. Lond., 1892.

5.--Neal, J. M., _History of the Holy Eastern Church_. Lond., 1850-73.

6.--Oman, C. W. C., _Story of the Byzantine Empire_. N. Y., 1892.

7.--Stanley, A. P., _Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church_. Lond., 1883.

8.--Tozer, H. F., _The Church and the Eastern Empire_. N. Y., 1888.

9.--Wells, C. L., _The Age of Charlemagne_. N. Y., 1898.

II.--GENERAL:

Adeney, ch. 9. Alzog, ii., ch. 5, p. 138 _f._, 322 _f._ Blunt, i., ch. 9. Bouzique, i., ch. 2. Brock, ch. 12-23. Butler, ch. 36, 51, 52, 53. Coxe, Lect. 4, sec. 5. Darras, ii., 310, 324, 464. Döllinger, iii., ch. 2, sec. 2, 3, 8, 9. Fisher, 63, 117, 158. Foulkes, 264 _f._ Gibbon, ch. 49, 60. Gieseler, ii., 172, 199-208. Gilmartin, i., ch. 33. Guericke § 37, 73. Hardwick, ch. 7. Hase, sec. 140. Hore, ch. 7, 10, 11. Hurst, i., 510-525. Jennings, i., ch. 8. Kurtz, i., 403-412. Milman, ii., ch. 7-9. Milner, i., 445-446. Moeller, ii., 13-17, 127, 222. Mosheim, bk. 3, cent. 8, pt. 2, ch. 3. Neander, ii., 283-296; iii., 198. Newman, i., 386, 423. Robertson, bk. 3, ch. 4, 7. Schaff, sec. 100-106.

FOOTNOTES:

[265:1] Tozer, _The Ch. and the East. Emp._, 172.

[267:1] Herodotus, bk. 1, 132; Strabo, 732.

[267:2] Schoemann, _Griech. Alterthümer_, ii., 197; see Alex., _Strom._, i., ch. 5, § 28; ch. ii., § 77.

[267:3] Preller, _Roman Mythology_, i.; Plutarch, _Numa_, c. 8; Aug., _City of God_, iv., ch. 31.

[267:4] Grimm, _Teutonic Myth._, i., 104.

[267:5] Ex. 20:4, 5; 25:18-20; 26:1; 32:4; 36:35; Deut. 4:15-18; 5:8, 9; 32:17; Gen. 31:19; Judg., 17:5; 18:30; Hos. 3:4; Zach. 10:2; 2 Kings 13:24; 1 Sam. 19:13, 16; Lev. 17:7; Ps. 106:37; 1 Kings 6:23, 32, 35; Isa. 40:44; 30:22; Joseph., _Antiq._ xv., 8, 12; xviii., 3, 1.

[267:6] Joseph., _Antiq._, xv., ch. 8, § 1-2; _Jewish Wars_, i., ch. 33, § 2-3.

[267:7] _Against Celsus_, iv., 31.

[268:1] Rev. 15:2.

[268:2] _Her._ i., ch. 25, 6; Aug., _Her._ ch. 7.

[268:3] Northcote and Brownlow, _Roma Sotteranæ_; Northcote, _Epitaphs of the Catacombs_.

[268:4] Hefele, i., 151.

[269:1] _De Pud._, 7, 10.

[269:2] _De Cor. Mil._, c. iii.; _Ad. Uxor._, ii., 5.

[269:3] _Paed._, iii., 11, § 59.

[269:4] Euseb., _Eccl. Hist._, ix., 9.

[269:5] Euseb., _Life of Const._, iii., 49.

[269:6] Sozomen, _Eccl. Hist._, i., 8.

[271:1] See Book iv., Letter 30.

[271:2] _Comm. on Ezek._, ix., 4.

[272:1] _Contra Judae. et Gentil._, § 9; see Neander, ii., 286.

[272:2] Euseb., _Life of Const._, iii., 49.

[272:3] Kugler, _Handbook of Painting_.

[272:4] Smith and Cheetham, art. on "Images," p. 816 _ff._

[273:1] _Imper. Decr. de Cultu Imag._, 618, ed., Goldast, Frankf., 1608.

[273:2] Greg. of Tours, _Mirac._, i., 22, 23; _Apol._ in Act 4, _Conc. Nic._, ii.; Labb. vii., 240.

[273:3] _Apol._ in _Act 4_, _Conc. Nic._, ii.; Labb., vii., 237.

[274:1] Book ix., Letter 52.

[274:2] _Epist. ad eund._, ix., 9. See _Ep._, vii., 111.

[274:3] _On Holy Images_, ii., 747.

[275:1] _Adv. Her._, i., c. 25, § 6.

[275:2] _De Spect._, c. 23; _Adv. Herm._, c. 1; _De Idolatr._, c. 4.

[275:3] _Pratrept._, c. 4, § 62; _Strom._, vii., c. 5, § 28.

[275:4] _Adv. Celsus_, iv., § 31; viii., § 17.

[275:5] _Octav._, c. 9.

[275:6] _Instit._, ii., c. 2; _Epit._, c. 25.

[275:7] _Adv. Gent._, iii.

[276:1] Can. 36; Mansi, ii., 264. See Hefele, i., 151.

[276:2] _Dict. of Christian Biog._, 198; Mansi, xiii., 313.

[276:3] _De Fide et Symbolo_, c. 7.

[276:4] Migne, ii., 517-527.

[276:5] Kurtz, i., 364.

[276:6] Fleury, l., xxx., 18.

[276:7] _Ib._, l., xxx., 39. See Smith and Cheetham, art "Images."

[276:8] Bk. xi., Ep. 13. Read Neander, iii., 199 ff.

[277:1] These images were mosaics, frescoes, and movable flat icons like those found in the East to-day. It is very unlikely that statues were used in this early period.

[277:2] Finlay, i., 387; ii., 27-29.

[277:3] In 722 he ordered the Jews and Montanists to be baptised by force.

[278:1] Hefele, iii., 376.

[278:2] Neander, iii., 213.

[279:1] Mansi, xii., 267.

[279:2] Thatcher and McNeal, _A Source Book for Mediæval History_, No. 41; _Dict. of Christ. Biog._, art. on Leo III.; Mansi, xii., 960.

[279:3] Mansi, xii., 959; Hefele, iii., 389-404. Milman quotes this letter as the first, ii., bk. 4, ch. 7.

[279:4] _Orat._, ii., § 10.

[279:5] Finlay, ii., 36.

[280:1] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 42.

[280:2] _Ibid._, No. 43.

[281:1] The Greek Church regards this as the seventh œcumenical council. Finlay, ii., 57.

[281:2] Hefele, iii., 421.

[282:1] Neander, iii., 228; Hefele, iii., 460, 549; Schlosser, 279.

[282:2] Mansi, xiii., 378; Hefele, iii., 486.

[282:3] Session xxv., Dec., 1563; Schaff, _Creeds_, ii. See _Cath. Encyc._

[283:1] See Smith and Cheetham, art. on "Images," for brief extracts in English; Mombert, ch. 12.

[283:2] Schaff, iv., § 104; Neander, iii., 233; Gieseler, ii., 66; Hefele, iii., 694.

[283:3] Gieseler, ii., 67; Hardwick, 78.

[283:4] Mansi, xiv., 415; Hefele, iv., 41.

[283:5] Schaff, iv., § 105.

[284:1] See Greenwood, _Cathedra Petri_, iii., 348-423; Milman, bk. v., ch. 4; Neander, iii., 553-586; Gieseler, ii., 216. The Sources are given in Mansi, xvi., and Hardouin, v.-vi.

[285:1] This remarkable letter is given in full in Baronius, ed. by Pagi, ann. 867, note to § 4. Parts are translated in Greenwood, _Cathedra Petri_, iii., 364-371.

[286:1] Howard, _Schism between the Orthodox and West. Churches_, Lond., 1802.

[286:2] The Eastern Church uses only the "icon," a flat representation.

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