Part 1

# A Middle English Vocabulary, Designed for use with Sisam's Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose ### By Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel)

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[Transcriber's Note: Spelling and punctuation variants have not been standardized; <> marks letters supplied by the original editor. Superscripts have been marked thus ^1. _Underscores have been used to indicate _italic_ fonts; #bold# print was marked by # signs. See also the Transcriber's Note at the end. This vocabulary was designed for use with "Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose" by Kenneth Sisam, available at PG #43736.]

A

MIDDLE ENGLISH

VOCABULARY

BY

_J. R. R. TOLKIEN_

_Designed for use with_

SISAM'S Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose

OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

M DCCCC XXII

Printed in England

ABBREVIATIONS

AFr. Anglo-French.

allit. alliterative; (in) alliterative verse, &c.

cf. in etymologies indicates uncertain or indirect relation.

constr. constructed with; construction.

Du. Dutch.

E.; Mn.E. (Modern) English.

E.D.D. The English Dialect Dictionary.

Fr. French.

Fris. (Modern) Frisian (dialects).

from is prefixed to etymologies when the word illustrated has additional suffixes, &c., not present in the etymon.

G. German.

Goth. Gothic.

Icel. (Modern) Icelandic.

Kt.; OKt. Kentish; Kentish dialect of Old English.

L.; Med.L. Latin; Mediaeval Latin.

MDu. Middle Dutch.

ME. Middle English.

MHG. Middle High German.

MLG. Middle Low German.

N.E.D. The Oxford (New) English Dictionary.

Nth.; ONth. Northumbrian; Northumbrian dialect of Old English.

NWM. North West Midland.

OE. Old English.

OFr. Old French.

OFris. Old Frisian.

OHG. Old High German.

OIr. Old Irish.

ON. Old Norse, especially Old Icelandic.

ONFr. Northern dialects of Old French.

OS. Old Saxon (Old Low German).

prec. preceding word.

red. reduced; reduction.

Swed. Swedish.

WS.; OWS. West Saxon (dialect of Old English).

* is prefixed where forms are theoretically reconstructed.

+ between the elements shows that a compound or derivative is first recorded in Middle English.

NOTE

This glossary does not aim at completeness, and it is not primarily a glossary of rare or 'hard' words. A good working knowledge of Middle English depends less on the possession of an abstruse vocabulary than on familiarity with the ordinary machinery of expression--with the precise forms and meanings that common words may assume; with the uses of such innocent-looking little words as the prepositions _of_ and _for_; with idiomatic phrases, some fresh-minted and some worn thin, but all likely to recur again and again in an age whose authors took no pains to avoid usual or hackneyed turns of expression. These are the features of the older language which an English reader is predisposed to pass over, satisfied with a half-recognition: and space seldom permits of their adequate treatment in a compendious general dictionary or the word-list to a single text. So in making a glossary for use with a book itself designed to be a preparation for the reading of complete texts, I have given exceptionally full treatment to what may rightly be called the backbone of the language.

Brief indications of the etymology of each word are given, with references in difficult cases to the Oxford English Dictionary (_N.E.D._). Apart from their usefulness as a basis for exercises in phonology and the analysis of vocabulary, these will serve to differentiate words distinct in origin which coincide in some of their forms or spellings. The Old English or Old French forms cited are those that best illustrate the Middle English; in consequence the Old English forms frequently differ from normal West-Saxon, and the Old French forms are especially those of the French current in England (Anglo-French is rarely specified). Old Norse words have usually been cited in the normal spelling (e.g. of Zoëga's _Old Icelandic Dictionary_). Accordingly, long vowels in Old Norse words are marked as in _bráþ-r_. In Old English words stable long vowels are marked as in _brād_; uncertain quantity or probable shortening in Old English times is marked as in _adrǣ̆dd_; vowels that were lengthened in the Old English period (e.g. before _ld_, _mb_, _nd_) are marked as in _cáld_, _clímban_, _bíndan_.

For the convenience of beginners the glossary is liberally supplied with cross references, and the prefixed Table summarizes the principal variations of form or spelling. Particular attention should be given to the following points of arrangement: (i) _Ȝ_ has a separate alphabetical place following _G_; cross-references to _gh_ are not given: (ii) _Þ_ has a separate alphabetical place following _T_; variation between _þ_ and _th_ is disregarded, and initial _Th_ is entered under _Þ_: (iii) _U_, _V_ are alternative forms of the same letter; variation between them is disregarded, and initial _U_ is entered under _V_: (iv) _Y_ initially has its usual place; but medial or final _Y_ will be found in the alphabetical position of _I_.

J. R. R. T.

PRINCIPAL VARIATIONS OF FORM OR SPELLING

1. a _varies with_ o (_before_ m, n); _as_ land, lang, lamb--lond, long, lomb; man, name--(_Western_) mon, nome.

2. a (= ā) _varies in Northern texts with_ (i) ai, ay; _as_ (_a_) fare, _fare_--fayre (_b_) fayre--farest, _fairest_: (ii) _with Southern_ o, oo; _see_ 14.

3. ai, ay _varies with_ (i) ei, ey; _as_ mayntene--meyntene: (ii) a; _see_ 2: (iii) o, oo; _see_ 2.

4. au (_before_ m, n) _varies with_ a (_chiefly in French words_); _as_ daunce--dance.

5. be-, _prefix varies with_ bi-; _as_ begynne--biginne.

6. c _varies with_ k; _as_ bac, court--bak, kort.

7. des-, _prefix varies with_ dis-; _as_ des-, disavauntage.

8. e (= ẹ̄) _varies in Northern texts with_ ei, ey; _as_ wel(e)--weill, weyl; stele--steill. _See_ 13, 20.

9. ei, ey _varies with_ (i) ai, ay (_cf._ 3); _as_ weie, wey(e)--way(e): (ii) _hence in Northern texts with_ a; _as_ strat-ly--streyte: (iii) _with_ e; _see_ 8.

10. er _varies with later_ ar; _as_ fer, hertely--far, hartely.

11. f _varies with_ u (= v): (i) _initially_ (_Southern_); _as_ fader--uader: (ii) _finally_ (_Northern_); _as_ haf(e)--haue.

12. ght _varies with_ ȝt, cht (_Scottish_), ht, st; _as_ nyght--niȝt, nycht, nyht, seuenist.

13. i (_vowel_) _varies with_ y, _passim_: i, y _varies with_ (i) e _in Northern texts_; _as_ hider, liuen, myddel--heder, leue, medill: (ii) _with_ e, (_South_) _Western_ u; _as_ hil, fyrst--hell, uerst--hul, furst.

14. o, oo (= ǭ) _varies in Northern texts with_ (i) a; _as_ hot, hoot--hate: (ii) _hence also with_ ai (_see_ 2): (iii) _with_ oi, oy; _see next_.

15. o, oo (= ọ̄) _varies in Northern texts with_ (i) ou, u; _as_ god, good--goud, gud(e): (ii) oi, oy; _as_ none, noon--noyne.

16. (s)sch _varies with_ (s)sh, ss; _as_ schewe--shewe, ssewe; fle(s)sch--flessh.

17. þ _varies with_ th, _passim_.

18. u (_in_ au, eu, ou) _varies with_ w, _passim_; _see_ 21.

19. u, v (= u) _varies with_ o (_esp. before_ m, n); _as_ sun(ne)--sonne; but--bot(e); _see also_ 15.

20. u, v (= ü) _varies in Western texts with_ (i) e, eo; _as_ erthe--(_Western_) eorþe, vrþe: (ii) _with_ i, y, e; _see_ 13.

21. w _varies medially with_ gh, ȝ (u); _as_ owen, _own_--oghne, oȝene, oune: _initially_ (_Scottish_) _with_ v; _as_ woundit--voundit.

22. y (_consonant_) _varies initially with_ ȝ; as ye--ȝe; _medially with_ i, (i)gh, (i)ȝ; _as_ say, se(i)gh, se(i)ȝe, _saw_.

23. _single consonant varies with double_; _as_ sad--sadde.

24. _single vowel varies with double_; _as_ breed--brede, _breadth_; wod--wood, _mad_.

GLOSSARY

#A#, _pron._ he, XIII _a_ 27, 47, 48; they, XIII _a_ 13, _b_ 22, 36, 39, 61, 64, 66. [Unaccented form of ME. _ha_. _See_ Hare, Ham.]

#A#, _v. inf._ have, I 127. [Reduced unaccented form of _haue_; _see_ Habbe(n).]

#A(n)#, _adj._ one, IV _b_ 34; _indef. art._ a(n), I 22, VIII _b_ 7, &c. _See_ Ane, On(e).

#A(n)#, _prep._ on, in, &c. II 137, III _introd._, 22, VIII _a_ 43, XIII _a_ 11, _b_ 19, 34, &c.; _a blode_, with blood, XV _g_ 16; _a nyghtes_, at night (OE. _on niht_, _nihtes_), VIII _b_ 16; _a þre_, in three, XIII _b_ 49 (_see_ Ato, Atwynne); _a Goddes half_, for God's sake, XII _b_ 80. [Weakened form of On, _q.v._; _an_ in III is possibly dialectal; _a_ is used only before following consonant.] _See_ Ane.

#Abandoune#, _v._ to abandon, resign, X 50. [OFr. _abandouner_.]

#Abasshed#, _pp._ perturbed, XVI 177 (note to XVI 59). [AFr. _abaiss-_; OFr. _e(s)bair_, _e(s)baiss-_.]

#Abate#, _v._ to lessen, XIV _b_ 19; reduce, VIII _a_ 209 (_imper. sg._); _intr._ XVII 445; #Abatid# (_of_), _pp._ ceased, VII 104. [OFr. _abatre_.]

#Abedde#, _adv._ in bed, XII _a_ 141. [OE. _on bedde_.] _See_ Bedd(e).

#Abhomynable#, _adj._ abominable, XI _b_ 90. [OFr. _abominable_.]

#Abide#, #Abyde#, #Habide#, _v._ (i) _intr._ to wait, remain, stay, II 84, IX 197, XVII 531; tarry, II 348; _imper._ wait!, V 149; halt!, XVI 213; (ii) _trans._ to await, XVII 334; withstand, endure, XIV _b_ 31; #Abode#, _pa. t._ XIV _c_ 68, XVII 373; #Abyde#, _pp._ in _ys abyde_, has survived, XIII _b_ 50. [OE. _ā-bīdan_.] _See_ Bide.

#Abite#, _n._ outward appearance, XI _b_ 99. [OFr. _(h)abit_.]

#Able#, _adj._ able, VI 239, XI _b_ 92. [OFr. _(h)able_.] _See_ Vnable.

#Abone#, _adv._ above, XVII 146. _See_ Aboue(n).

#Abosted#, _pa. t. sg._ threatened boastfully, VIII _a_ 148. [ME. _a-_ + Boste, _q.v._]

#Aboue(n)#, #Abovin#, #Abuf#, _adv._ above, overhead, on top, V 149, VII 105, 135, IX 56, X 61; on the surface, VII 160; _prep._ above, higher than, XI _b_ 182, XVII 83; _quasi-sb._ in _be at here aboue_, get the upper hand of them, XIII _a_ 61. [OE. _*on-bufan_, _abufan_.] _See_ Abone.

#Aboueseyd#, _adj._ aforesaid, IX 307. [Prec. + _pp._ of Seie.]

#Aboute(n)#, #Abowte#, #Obout# (XIV _a_), (i) _adv._ about, round, on all sides, here and there, to and fro, I 233, V 165, VIII _a_ 297, XI _b_ 270, XII _a_ 143, _b_ 117, XIV _a_ 15, XV _i_ 3, XVII 303, 351, &c.; round about, VII 83, &c.; round it, II 359; _al aboute round_, all round about, XII _a_ 79; (ii) _prep._ about, round, &c. (often following _n._ or _pron._), I 54, II 274, 284, V 95, XIV _b_ 68, &c.; on, XI _b_ 236; in, XI _b_ 293, 296; _about al_, in all directions, II 387; _aboute_ with _for to (vnbynde)_, XVI 7. [OE. _onbūtan_, _ābūtan_.]

#Abrod#, _adv._ out wide, XII _a_ 176. [OE. _on_ + _brād_.]

#Abuf#. _See_ Aboue.

#Abugge#, _v._ to pay for (it), VIII _a_ 75, 159. [OE. _ā-bycgan_.] _See_ Bigge.

#Ac#, _conj._ but, II 56, III 34, VIII 67, &c. [OE. _ac_.]

#Acheue#, _v._ achieve, VI 115. [OFr. _achever_.] _See_ Cheue.

#Accordandly#, _adv._ accordingly, IV _b_ 33. [From pres. p. of Acorde.]

#Acord(e)#, #Accord#, _n._ agreement, VI 149, XI _a_ 32; concurrence, united will, XVII 30; _made acorde of care and me_, associated me with, caused me to know, care, VI 11. [OFr. _acord(e)_.]

#Acorde(n)#, _v. trans._ to reconcile, V 337; _to acorde me with_, to associate myself with, V 312; _intr._ agree, XI _b_ 128, XII _b_ 145, XIII _b_ 52. [OFr. _acorder_.] _See_ Corden.

#Acountes#, _n. pl._ settlement of accounts, VIII _a_ 83. [OFr. _acont_, _acunt_.]

#Acsede#. _See_ Axe(n).

#Actif#, #Actyf#, _adj._ active, VIII _a_ 245, XI _b_ 74, 102. [OFr. _actif_.]

#Aday#, _adv._ in _dyne aday_, eat at (mid-day) meal, VIII _a_ 303. [OE. _on dæge_, by day.]

#Ademand#, _n._ loadstone (magnetic iron ore), IX 123, 125, &c. [OFr. _adema(u)nt_, L. _adamantem_ (acc.), properly 'diamond'. The application to 'loadstone' was due to false association with L. _ad-amāre_. The mediaeval 'adamant' in consequence often combined the properties of diamond and loadstone.] _See_ Dyamand.

#Admytte#, _v._ to admit, XVII 551. [L. _admittere_.]

#Adoun#, #Adown#, _adv._ down, II 223, 435, VIII _a_ 31, &c. [OE. _of-dūne_, _adūne_.] _See_ Doun(e).

#Adrad#, _pp._ afraid, XII _b_ 133; #Adred#, XVII 201. [OE. _ofdrǣ̆dd_, _ofdrē̆dd_, pp.] _See_ Drede(n).

#Adreynt#, _pp._ drowned, II 397. [OE. _ā-drencan_, pp. _ā-drenct_.]

#Adresced#, _pp._; _therupon him hath adresced_, has fastened himself to it, XII _b_ 85. _See_ Dresse. [OFr. _adresser_.]

#Aduersouris#, _n. pl._ adversaries, X 144. [OFr. _adversier_ with alteration of suffix.]

#Afelde#, _adv._ to the fields, VIII _a_ 136, 283. [OE. _on felda_.] _See_ Feld(e).

#Aferd(e)#, _adj._ afraid, I 4, 67, 262, VIII _a_ 115, XVII 316, &c. [OE. _ā-fǣred_.] _See_ Ferde.

#Affaite#, _v._ train, tame, VIII _a_ 32 (note). [OFr. _afait(i)er_.]

#Affeccyon#, _n._ affection, (worldly) desire, IV _b_ 52, 71. [L. _affectiōn-em_ through OFr.]

#Af(f)erme#, _v._ affirm, IX 77, XI _a_ 50; confirm, IX 305. [OFr. _afermer_.]

#Affie#, _v._ to have (faith in), XVI 29. [OFr. _afier_.]

#Afforces# (_thame_), _pres. pl._ (_refl._) endeavour, IV _b_ 20. [OFr. _s'afforcer_.]

#Affray#, _n._ fear, XII _a_ 142. [OFr. _e(s)frai_.]

#Afine#, _adv._ to the end, II 277. [OFr. _a fin_.]

#Afore#, _adv._ beforehand, XVII 164. [OE. _æt-foran_.]

#Aforth#, _v._ to afford, VIII _a_ 192. [OE. (late) _ge-forðian_, to manage.]

#Afright#, _pp._ _Not afright_, undeterred, XVII 541. [OE. _ā-fyrht_.]

#After# (#-ir#, #-yr#, #-ur#), _adv._ after, behind, II 378, VII 24, XVI 376, &c.; afterwards, then, VII 46, VIII _a_ 5, &c.; _be the whiche ... after_, in accordance with which (mixed Fr. and E. constr.), IX 302; _prep._ after, next to, I 215, XI _b_ 27, &c.; according to, IX 220, 291, XI _b_ 189, &c.; for (after _desire_, _ask_, &c.), VII 20, VIII _a_ 291, XV _h_ 5, XVI 242, &c.; _conj._ after, XVII 148. _After þan_, afterwards, II 597. [OE. _æfter_; _æfter þā̆m_.]

#Afterward#, #Aftyrward(e)#, &c., _adv._ afterwards, II 164, IV _b_ 59, XI _b_ 147, &c.; #Efterward#, III 16, 35, 38, 48. [OE. _æfterweard_ (Kt. _efter-_).]

#Agayn(e)#, #Agane#, _adv._ back, again, IV _b_ 83, XVI 11, XVII 180, 479, &c. _See_ Aȝayn.

#Agaynes#, _prep._ against, IV _b_ 18, 19. [Prec. + adv. _-es_.] _See_ Aȝeines.

#Agaynste#, _prep._ against, XVI 280; _to loke a._, to gaze on, XVI 92. [Extended from prec.]

#Agast#, _pp._ afraid, XIV _c_ 51, XVII 184, 297; astonished, XVII 449. [_a-_ + OE. _gæsted_, afflicted.] _See_ Gastli.

#Age#, _n._ age, time of life, VI 52, XII _introd._; mature age, IX 22; old age, VII 6, XIV _c_ 106, &c. [OFr. _age_.]

#Ago#, _pp._ gone by, XII _a_ 34. [OE. _ā-gān_.]

#Agrete#, _adv._ collectively, as a body, VI 200. [OE. _on_ + _grēat_.]

#Agreued# (_for_), _pp._ weighed down (with), V 302; annoyed (by), I 88. [OFr. _agrever_.]

#Aȝayn#, _adv._ again, back, V 53, 257, 332; #Aȝe#, XIII _a_ 8; #Aȝein#, #Aȝeyn#, I 230, VIII _a_ 44, XII _a_ 28, &c.; #Aȝen#, IX 132; #Oȝain#, II 141, 162. [OE. _ongēn_, _ongegn_.]

#Aȝayn#, #Aȝen#, #Aȝein#, #Aye#, #Oȝain#, _prep._ against, III 58, V 48, IX 19; towards (of time), II 497, XII _b_ 18. [As prec.] _See_ Agayn.

#Aȝeines#, _prep._ against, contrary to, VIII _a_ 309, 311, 315; #Aȝenes#, XIII _b_ 17; #Aȝens#, I 261, 264, VIII _b_ 78; #Aȝenus#, XI _a_ 29. [Prec. + adv. _-es_.] _See_ Agaynes.

#Aȝenst#, _prep._ against, IX 92, 315, XI _b_ 43, 46, 97. [Extended from prec.] _See_ Agaynste.

#Aȝleȝ#, _adj._ without fear, V 267. [ON. _agi_ + OE. _-lēas_.] _See_ Awe.

#A-hungrye#, _adj._ hungry, XVII 499. [_a-_ + OE. _hungrig_.]

#Ai#, #Ay#, _adv._ always, ever, IV _a_ 1, 14, VII 18, X 61, XV _a_ 10, 17, &c.; _for ay_, for ever, XVII 26. [ON. _ei_.]

#Ay#, _n._ fear, in _for loue or ay_, in any event, II 571. [OE. _ege_.]

#Aye.# _See_ Aȝayn.

#Ayenbyte#, _n._ remorse. _See_ III _introd._ [OE. _ongēn_ + _bite_.]

#Ayere#, #Aire#, _n._ air, IV _b_ 5, VII 107, 110. [OFr. _air_.]

#Aire#, _n._ heir, VIII _b_ 62. [OFr. _(h)eir_.]

#Ays.# _See_ Ese.

#Aither#, #Ayþer#, #Athir#, #Eyþer#, _adj._ and _pron._ both, VII 65; either, V 112; _eyþer oþer_, each other, XIII _b_ 57; _athir othir in_, one in the other, X 22. [OE. _ǣgþer_, both; _ā(w)þer_, either.] _See_ Euþer.

#Ayther#, #Aþer#, _conj._ or, VI 131; _ayther ... or_, either ... or, XVII 477. [As prec.] _See_ Or^2; Oþer, _conj._

#Aywhere#, _adv._ on all sides, V 113. [OE. _ǣghwǣr_.]

#Aketh#, _pres. pl._ ache, VIII _a_ 253 (_see_ Wombe). [OE. _acan_.]

#Akyng#, _n._ aching, XI _b_ 136.

#Al#, _adj._ all, I 120, II 114, III 6, &c.; #Alle#, I 19, &c.; _pl._ III 55, &c.; _al(l) a(n)_, a whole, VII 183, VIII _a_ 253, XIII _a_ 32, 44, XIV _c_ 4; _al(le) maner(e)_, all kinds of, II 589, XI _a_ 12 (_cf._ Alkyn); _al(le) þing(e)_, _see_ Þing; _all way_, _weys_, _see_ Alway, Way; _all it_ (_þei_, _we_), all of it (them, us), XV _g_ 16, IX 104, XVII 456, &c.; _here names of alle_, the names of them all, I 37; _of al and sum_, in general and particular, in full, VI 224; as _sb._ all, XVI 303, &c.; every one (with _sg._ verb), VI 87. [OE. _al(l)_.] _See_ Algate, Alkyn, Alsaume, &c.

#Al#, #All(e)#, _adv._ entirely, quite, very, I 108, II 76, V 304, VIII _a_ 138, &c.; in comb. with To-, II 81, 106, 262, IV _a_ 78, VII 147; with For-, II 398, XV _c_ 29. _Al away_, quite away, IV _a_ 75; _al one_, alone, V 87, XII _a_ 131, _b_ 15; _al oon_, all one (and the same thing), XI _a_ 41; _al to_, up to (the number of), III 56; _all be (were) it þat_, although, IX 50, 171, 302, 312; _all if_, although, XVII 231. [OE. _al(l)_.]

#Al#, #All(e)#, _n._ all, everything, III 43, 51, &c.; _about al_, in all directions, II 387; _ouer al_, everywhere, II 208 (OE. _ofer all_). [OE. _al(l)_.]

#Aldai#, #Al day#, _adv._ all day, V 166, XII _introd._ [OE. _alne dæg_.]

#Alde#. _See_ Olde.

#Alepy#, _adj._ (a) single, I 159. [OE. _ā̆nlēpig_.]

#Algate#, _adv._ by all means, at any rate, I 107, II 231. [_Cf._ ON. _alla götu_, all along, always.] _See_ Gate, _n._^2

#Algatis#, _adv._ continually, XI _a_ 38. [Prec. + adv. _-es_.]

#Aliens#, _n. pl._ foreigners, XIII _b_ 61. [OFr. _alien_.]

#Aliȝt#, #Alihte#, _v._ to alight, II 377, XII _a_ 76. [OE. _ā-lihtan_.] _See_ Liȝt, _v._^2

#Aliri#, _adv._ ? across one another (of legs), VIII _a_ 116. [? Related to Lyre, _n._^2]

#Alis#, _v._ _See_ Eyleþ.

#Alyue#, _adj._ living, VI 85. [OE. _on līfe_.]

#Alkyn#, _adj._ of all kinds, VIII _a_ 70. [OE. _*alra cynna_.] _See_ Kyn.

#Allas#, _interj._ alas! II 107, &c. [OFr. _alas_.]

#Alleg(g)e(n)#, _v._ to cite (in support of a contention), XI _b_ 56, XVI 277; to contend, XI _b_ 79. [OFr. _esligier_, _aligier_, associated with unrelated L. _allēgāre_.]

#Allowe#, _v._ approve, receive with approval, XVI 330; #Alod#, _pp._ XVII 56 (note). [OFr. _alouer_, from L. _allaudāre_.]

#Allþough#, #Althogh#, _conj._ (even) though, IX 110, XII _b_ 196, &c. [Al, _adv._ + Þogh, _q.v._]

#Allweldand#, _adj._ almighty, XVII 494. [Cf. OE. _alwáldende_.]

#Almes(se)#, _n. sg._ an act, or works, of charity, charitable gift or offering, VIII _a_ 121, 140, XI _b_ 2, 163, 270, &c.; #Elmesses# _pl._ (OKt. _elmessan_), III 17. [OE. _ælmesse_.]

#Almyȝt#, _adj._ almighty, VI 138. [OE. _æl-miht_.]

#Almyty#, #-myghty#, _adj._ almighty, VIII _b_ 105, XV _i_ 12. [OE. _æl-mihtig_.]

#Alofte#, _adv._ in the air, aloft, V 220, XII _a_ 94, &c. [ON. _á loft_.] _See_ Lofte.

#Alod#, _pp._ _See_ Allowe.

#Alone#, _adj._ alone, XVII 489; _see_ Al, _adv._

#Als#, _adv._ also, as well, V 292, VIII _a_ 148, X 8, 11, XVII 126, 127. [Reduced form of Also, _q.v._]

#Als#, #Alss#, _conj._ as (_esp._ in _als ... as_, as ... as), like, IV _a_ 2, 63, 84, _b_ 86, VIII _a_ 37, &c.; as for instance, like, XVI 306, 308, 311; as, while, IV _b_ 43, XV _a_ 4; _als ... þat_, so ... that, IX 151; _als b(i)liue_, as quickly (as possible), straightway, II 531, 584. [As prec.] _See_ As.

#Alsaume#, _adv._ (all) together, 198. [Cf. ON. _allir saman_.] _See_ Sam(e), _adv._

#Also#, #Alsua# (X), _adv._ also, as well, I 35, II 144, X 33, &c.; _conj._ like, II 508; _also bliue_, _also spac_, _also swiþe_, as quickly (as possible), straightway, II 142, 343, 574. [OE. _al-swā_.] _See_ Als, As.

#Al(l)way#, #-wey#, _adv._ always, (for) ever, continually, XIII _a_ 3, _b_ 63, XVI 150, 168, &c.; in any case, certainly, XVI 164. [OE. _alne weg_.] _See_ Algate(s).

#Am#, _1 sg. pres. ind._ am, V 90, &c.; coalescing with prec. pron. in Icham, Ycham (_q.v._). [OE. _am_.] _See_ Ar, Art, Is, &c.

#Amaistrien#, _v._ to master, control, VIII _a_ 205. [OFr. _amaistrier_.]

#Amang#, _adv._ in the meanwhile, XVII 247; #Emang#, at times, from time to time, XVI 262, 301. [OE. _on-(ge)máng_.] _See_ Amonge.

#Ame#, _v._ to guess; _as y kan ame_, I guess, I 45. [OFr. _aesmer_, _amer_.]

#Amend(e)#, _v._ to make better, reform, set right, VIII _a_ 268, IX 338, XI _a_ 48, XVII 256. [OFr. _amender_.] _See_ Mend(e).

#Amendement#, _n._ improvement, cure, I 238, II 200, VIII _a_ 132. [OFr. _amendement_.]

#Amercy#, _v._ to fine, VIII _a_ 40. [OFr. _amercier_.]

#Amidde#, _prep._ in the middle of, II 355. [OE. _on-middan_.]

#Amiddes#, _adv._ in the midst, XII _a_ 170; _prep._ (from) among, II 191. [Prec. + adv. _-es_.]

#Amys#, _adv._ amiss, VIII _a_ 322. [ON. _á miss_.] _See_ Mysse.

#Amoner#, _n._ almoner, alms-giver, III 16. [OFr. _au-moner_.]

#Among(e)#, _prep._ among, II 220, VIII _a_ 89, &c.; #Emang#, #Emong#, XVII 112; (follows noun) XVII 400. [OE. _on-(ge)máng_.] _See_ Amang, Mong.

#Amonges#, _prep._ amongst, II 306, VII 37, &c. [Prec. + adv. _-es_.]

#Amorwe#, _adv._ on the next day, II 181, 497. [OE. _on morgene_.]

#An#, #And#, #Ant#, _conj._ and, I 254, VIII _a_ 205, XI _a_ 1, XV _b_ 11, _d_ 2, _e_ 6, _g_ 25, 26, _i_ 5, &c.; _an te_, and the, XV _e_ 19; if, II 43, VI 200, 238, VIII _a_ 250, XIII _a_ 44, _b_ 39, XIV _c_ 14, 103, XVI 208 (even if), XVII 297, 502. On postponement of _and_ in Gower see note to XII _a_ 26. [OE. _and_.]

#Ancres#, _n. pl._ anchorites, religious recluses, VIII _a_ 139. [OE. _ā̆ncra_.]

#Andzuerede#. _See_ Ansuere.

#Ane#, _indef. art._ a, X 5, 16, 31, &c.; representing older inflected forms, III 11 (first), 13, 49; _adj._ one, a single, IV _a_ 58, X 157; (predicatively) one, united, IV _a_ 56; _pron._ one, IV _b_ 1, 43; a certain person, IV _a_ 69, X 169. _See_ A(n), On(e).

#Ane#, _prep._ on; _ane his lhordes haf_, on his master's behalf, III 11. [From OE. _on_, _an_, on anal. of _in_, _inne_.]

#Anely#, _adv._ only, IV _b_ 81. [OE. _ānlic_, adj.] _See_ Onely.

#Anewe#, _adv._ once more, XV _a_ 22. [_a-_ + OE. _nēowe_.]

#Angelis#. _See_ Aungel.

#Anger#, _n._ grief, V 276. [ON. _angr_, grief.]

#Angré#, _adj._ angry, XVII 187. [From prec.]

#Angwys#, _n._ grief, IV _b_ 28, [OFr. _anguisse_.]

#Ani#, #Any#, _adj._ any, I 2, 18, II 528, &c. [OE. _ǣnig_.] _See_ Eny, Ony.

#Animal#, _n._ animal, II 364. [OFr. _animal_.]

#Anodir#. _See_ Anoþire.

#Anoynt#, _v._ to smear, XVII 127. [Formed on OFr. _enoint_ pp. of _enoindre_.]

#Anon(e)#, _adv._ at once, straightway, next, II 385, 499, VI 224, XVII 490, 526, &c.; #Onone#, VII 149, XVII 275. [OE. _on ān_.]

#Anothire#, #Anoþer#, _adj._ and _pron._ another, IV _b_ 3, 34, IX 37, &c.; #Anoþur#, XIV _c_ 27; #Anouþer#, I 140; #Anodir#, XVI 87. [OE. _ān_ + _ōþer_.]

#Anouȝ#. _See_ Ynoȝ.

#*Anowrned#, _pp._ adorned, II 363 (MS. anowed). [OFr. _aourner_; ? _a-_ to _an-_ on anal. of E. alternation _a-_, _an-_.]

#Ansuer(e)#, #Answere#, _v._ to answer, III 5, 25, IX 178, XII _b_ 76; #Andzuerede#, _pa. t._ III 33. [OE. _an(d)swerian_.]

#Answar#, _n._ answer, VI 158. [OE. _an(d)swaru_.]

#Ant#. _See_ An, _conj._

#Antifeners#, _n. pl._ antiphonaries, XI _b_ 229 (note). [OFr. _antiphonier_.]

#Apayed#, _pp._ pleased, satisfied, VIII _a_ 102, 189. [OFr. _apaier_.] _See_ Paie.

#Apassed#, _pp._ as _prep._ past, VI 180. [OFr. _apasser_.]

#Ap(p)ere#, #Appiere#, _v._ to appear, VI 45, XII _a_ 132, XVI 368, XVII 173. [OFr. _aper-_; _apareir_.]

#Ap(p)eyre#, _v._ to do harm to, injure, impair, VIII _a_ 126, 164, 212, XIII _b_ 14; #Apeyryng#, _n._ impairing, XIII _b_ 15. [OFr. _empeirer_.] _See_ Empeyre.

#Apert#, _adj._ plain, V 324; _adv._ openly, plainly, I 200, VI 229; for all to see, II 586. [OFr. _apert_.]

#Apon#. _See_ Vpon.

#Aposede#, _pa. t._ put a (hard) question to, VIII _b_ 10. [OFr. _oposer_, _aposer_.]

#Apostel#, _n._ apostle, XI _a_ 12, _b_ 15, 99, 273, &c. [OE. _apostol_.] _See_ Posteles.

#Apparaille#, _v._ to dress, VIII _a_ 59. [OFr. _aparailler_.]

#Apparale#, _n._ preparations, apparatus, gear, X 3, 14, 44, 119. [OFr. _aparail_.]

#Apparence#, _n._ appearance, XII _a_ 127. [OFr. _ap(p)arence_.]

#Appetit# (_to_), _n._ desire, appetite (for), VIII _a_ 261, IX 15, XII _a_ 87. [OFr. _apetit_.]