CHAPTER XII

NOTES

[239.1] On the blood-covenant, the three chief authorities are Robertson Smith, _Kinship_; and _Rel. Sem._; Trumbull; and Strack. Prof. Robertson Smith and Dr. Trumbull, approaching the subject from different points of view, arrived at similar conclusions independently and simultaneously. I have a long list of examples not mentioned by these writers; but I forbear to load the page with them, as they add nothing to the ample proofs of the meaning, and but little to those of the wide distribution, of the rite. By far the most exhaustive examination of totemism is that of Mr. Frazer in his book on the subject, an expansion of his article in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_.

[241.1] Stoll, 47; iii. Bancroft, 486, citing Carta; Trumbull, 90, citing various authorities. Similarly, De Acosta describes the practice when at a funeral human beings were sacrificed to the dead to be their slaves in the other world; the victim’s blood was smeared on the corpse’s face from ear to ear. De Acosta, 314. A writer of the last century describes the Nogats of the Bouraits and other peoples of Eastern Siberia as _idoles en peinture_, representing the contour of a naked human figure, six to eight inches long, painted with the heart’s blood of the victims, or with some other red material. Georgi, 150.

[241.2] Tibullus, i. _Eleg._, vi. 45.

[242.1] i. _Heimskringla_, 165.

[242.2] i. Risley, 504, 535, and other places. The daubing of the wooden casing of the well with red lead is one of the village ceremonies at the Sarhúl festival. iii. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 180, quoting L. R. Forbes’ Report.

[243.1] J. B. Andrews, in ix. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 115.

[243.2] P. Sébillot, in ix. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 170.

[244.1] Arnason, i. _Sagen_, 192. Feilberg, in iii. _Am Urquell_, 5, quotes it as menstrual blood. Very likely this is correct; but the German version, to which alone I have access, does not specify it.

[244.2] Von Wlislocki, _Volksgl. Zig._, 110, 123, 124; Schiffer, in iii. _Am Urquell_, 200, citing Rulikowski; viii. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 487.

[244.3] Strack, 51, quoting Mannhardt.

[244.4] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, 1833 (a Swedish prescription from Hülphers, given in English by Thorpe, ii. _N. Myth._, 113). Several modern English cases given by Henderson, 181.

[245.1] Von Wlislocki, in iii. _Am Urquell_, 64.

[245.2] Featherman, _Aoneo-Mar._, 60.

[245.3] Featherman, _Chiapo-Mar._, 355.

[245.4] Powell, 92. Cf. the Australian custom. ii. Curr, 52.

[245.5] H. Vos, in iii. _Internat. Arch._, 72.

[245.6] i. Crantz, 193.

[245.7] Dr. M. Pasquarelli, in i. _Rivista_, 640, citing several cases.

[246.1] Du Chaillu, _Ashango-land_, 199, 201.

[246.2] Von Wlislocki, in iii. _Am Urquell_, 64.

[247.1] Arnason, i. _Sagen_, 20.

[247.2] Mr. Paton, in letter to me dated 25th May 1894.

[250.1] ii. Risley, 41.

[250.2] ii. Risley, 49.

[251.1] Featherman, _Papuo-Mel._, 333.

[251.2] Herod. iii. 11.

[251.3] Diodorus, xxii.

[252.1] i. _Panjab N. and Q._, 122.

[252.2] Markham, _Rites and Laws_, 25, 28.

[252.3] Burton, _Wit and Wisd._, 450.

[252.4] Von Wlislocki, _Volksdicht._, 250.

[252.5] v. _L’Anthropologie_, 352, citing and reviewing E. C. Taintor, _Les aborigènes du nord de Formose_.

[253.1] Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch_, 630. The old Norsemen seem to have made leagues by drinking together. See Morris, ii. _Heimskringla_, 105.

[253.2] i. Casati, 217.

[253.3] Saxo, 23; Elton’s version, xxxiii and 28; Du Chaillu, ii. _Viking Age_, 64, quoting the saga of _Egil and Asmund_.

[253.4] Herod. iii. 8. It may be observed, in reference to Herodotus’ identification of Alilat with Urania, that Allatu (? = Alilat) appears to be the more correct transliteration of the name of the Babylonian goddess of the Underworld, given by Smith (_Chald. Gen._, 230) as Ninkigal. Jeremias, _Höllenfahrt, passim._

[254.1] Robertson Smith, _Rel. Sem._, 297.

[255.1] Livingstone, _Miss. Travels_, 489.

[255.2] Kuno Meyer, in i. _Arch. Rev._, 304, translating the saga.

[255.3] Finamore, _Trad. Pop. Abr._, 172.

[256.1] i. Bancroft, 636, citing Father Joseph Arlegui.

[256.2] Featherman, _Papuo-Mel._, 281.

[256.3] Lewin, 228, 315, 322.

[256.4] vii. _Mélusine_, 76, quoting _Annales Apostoliques_, July 1894.

[256.5] i. Risley, lviii. ii. 16, 111.

[257.1] Caroline Islanders, Featherman, _Oceano-Mel._, 348; La Pérouse Islanders, _Ibid._, _Papuo-Mel._, 95.

[257.2] i. De Nino, 51. As to the blood-rite in modern Italy, see Strack, 12; Finamore, _Trad. Pop. Abruz._, 101.

[258.1] Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch_, 633.

[259.1] _Congress Report_ (1891), 249, _et seqq._ Cf. the Apache ceremony of spitting in a hole made in the ground at concluding a peace. iii. _Journ. Am. F.L._, 54. I add a few references here in support of the opinion that the saliva contains the life, and the recipient’s life is enhanced by a portion of the giver’s. The examples given subsequently in the text are directed to the further point raised in the following paragraph. iii. _Am Urquell_, 9, 54, 56, 58; iv. 170, 274; v. 20; Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch_, 548; vi. _Mélusine_, 251; Blunt, 166; Marcellus, viii. 166, 172, 191; ix. 107; xxxvi. 70; Finamore, _Trad. Pop. Abruz._, 79, 135, 170, 191, 203; De Mensignac, 80, _et seqq._; iv. _Zeits. des Vereins_, 84; i. _Rivista_, 222. (Cf. Zanetti, 59, 63; Von den Steinen, 335; Hodgkinson, 227.)

[261.1] Mrs. F. D. Bergen, in iii. _Journ. Am. F.L._, 51.

[262.1] Persius, _Sat._ ii. 31. Lustration with spittle was also part of the rites of purification in the Mysteries. Anrich, 211.

[262.2] Von Wlislocki, _Siebenb. Sachs._, 144.

[262.3] De Mensignac, 59, 61, 58; Garnett, ii. _Wom._, 475; Hillner, 21; Kaindl, 5; Sajaktis, in iv. _Zeits. des Vereins_, 139.

[262.4] Extracts from the Journal of Thomas Dineley, Esq., in i. _Journ. Kilk. Arch. Soc._, N.S., 182; Prof. Haddon, in iv. _Folklore_, 361, 358; Dr. C. R. Browne, in iii. _Proc. Roy. Ir. Ac._, 3rd Ser., 358.

[263.1] iv. _Folklore_, 357.

[263.2] iii. _Am Urquell_, 55.

[263.3] Ockley, 351.

[263.4] Mungo Park, 246; De Mensignac, 10, citing Anne Raffenel, _Nouveau Voyage_, and Abel Houvelacque, _Les Nègres_.

[263.5] Winwood Reade, 46.

[263.6] Burton, i. _Gelele_, 259.

[264.1] De Mensignac, 12, quoting Anne Raffenel. Mr. Crombie cites from Burckhardt, a similar custom among the Bedouin. If a thief be caught and abused by the man he has wronged, and can manage to spit on another, the latter must defend him, even against a fellow-tribesman, and may kill the assailant in his defence. _Congress Report_ (1891), 257.

[264.2] De Mensignac, 22. A similar record by Peters is quoted by W. Simpson, _Sikh Initiation_, 5.

[264.3] Paulitschke, 246. Cf. the Pueblo story of the reason why all the Hano can talk Hopí and none of the Hopitah can talk Hano. viii. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 36. The language of some of the lower animals is acquired in folktales elsewhere by the creature spitting into the hero’s mouth. In Ashango-land guests are given red powder to rub themselves with. Du Chaillu, _Ashango-land_, 341. This appears to be a modified form of the blood-covenant.

[265.1] Paulitschke, 206.

[265.2] De Mensignac, 9.

[265.3] Casalis, 306.

[265.4] Addy, 59.

[265.5] De Mensignac, 12, citing Réville. I have mislaid a reference to a more direct authority. Cf. the practice in the Cordilleras mentioned on p. 208.

[266.1] ii. Brand, 572 note. The practice is a very familiar one. A variant practice is to spit on the first money received in the New Year. This is also practised in France. De Mensignac, 69.

[266.2] Monseur, 90.

[266.3] Lubbock, 97, citing Franklin; Addy, 94.

[266.4] Von Wlislocki, _Siebenb. Sachs._, 159.

[266.5] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, 1847.

[267.1] De Mensignac, 66.

[267.2] Tuchmann, in vi. _Mélusine_, 231.

[267.3] De Mensignac, 66.

[267.4] vi. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 374.

[267.5] De Mensignac, 77.

[267.6] iii. _Am Urquell_, 55, 56.

[267.7] De Mensignac, 54, 69.

[268.1] Du Chaillu, _Equatorial Africa_, 430. Blowing alone appears in the Bakalai ceremony. _Ibid._, 393. Blowing here, as in other cases, seems a substitute for spitting.

[268.2] ix. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 574, quoting Major Cornwallis Harris.

[268.3] Anrich, 210.

[269.1] Kane, 407. Cf. the charms for rendering dogs faithful given _ante_, pp. 124, 127.***

[269.2] Winwood Reade, 131.

[269.3] iii. _Am Urquell_, 57.

[270.1] v. _Journ. Am. F.L._, 183.

[270.2] Scot, 219; iii. _Am Urquell_, 56; Liebrecht, in _Gerv. Tilb._ 220; Pliny, xxviii. 7.

[270.3] i. Binger, 194.

[270.4] Kane, 216.

[270.5] Theocritus, xx. Cf. vi., where the object is expressly to ward off the Evil Eye.

[271.1] Pliny, xxviii. 7. Cf. the Italian custom mentioned by De Mensignac, 56.

[271.2] ii. Brand, 573 note. See _ante_, pp. 67, 132.***

[271.3] i. _Rivista_, 618; ii. 155.

[271.4] iii. _Am Urquell_, 57. The Girondins also spit on the wads of their wooden shoes before flinging them out, to avoid the fourcat, a kind of corn which grows in the fork of the great toe. De Mensignac, 54.

[271.5] Von Wlislocki, _Siebenb. Sachs._, 110, 116.

[271.6] iii. _Am Urquell_, 108.

[272.1] Georgeakis, 343.

[272.2] v. _Journ. Am. F.L._, 63.

[272.3] Pliny, xxviii. 7; xvii. Pitrè, 243; xv. 136.

[272.4] De Mensignac, 61.

[272.5] Tuchmann, in vi. _Mélusine_, 86.

[273.1] iii. _Am Urquell_, 57; De Mensignac, 54; Pliny, xxviii. 7. An elaborate counter-spell to the Evil Eye still extant in Calabria is detailed by Sig. A. Renda, in i. _Rivista_, 290.

[273.2] Haddon and Browne, in ii. _Proc. Roy. Ir. Ac._, 3rd ser., 819.

[273.3] vii. _Journ. Am. F.L._, 126.

[273.4] Pigorini-Beri, 40; Tuchmann, in vi. _Mélusine_, 108.

[274.1] Prof. Mikhailovskii, translated by O. Wardrop, in xxiv. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 97.

[274.2] Emil Hassler, in _Mem. Cong. Anthr._, 356.

[274.3] S. K. Kusnezow, in viii. _Internat. Arch._, 21.

[274.4] F. H. Wells, in v. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 518.

[274.5] Suetonius, _Vit. Vesp._, vii.; Tacitus, _Hist._, iv. 81.

[274.6] Dalyell, 76, citing St. Jerome’s _Life of Saint Hilarion_.

[275.1] ii. Doolittle, 373, 374.

[275.2] Campbell, _Khondistan_, 112.

[275.3] Simpson, _Sikh Initiation_, 5, quoting Wolf. Dr. Karl Piehl gives two curious extracts from the inscription on the tomb of Pepi II., an Egyptian monarch of the sixth dynasty, xv. _Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch._, 250. They appear to belong to the order of thought under discussion; but in the absence of the context it is impossible to determine their exact meaning. Spitting is mentioned as a charm against rain in the Obererzgebirge, Spiess, _Obererz._, 34. It is probably an extension of the idea of spitting on a witch.

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