CHAPTER XIV

NOTES

[335.1] Dalton, 160, 216, 252, 273, 317, 321; Risley, _passim_.

[335.2] Hunter, _Rur. Bengal_, 188. No one reading the Indian evidence can be left in any uncertainty as to the meaning of the red lead. See Crooke, 197, 294; _N. Ind. N. and Q._, _passim_.

[336.1] i. Risley, 243; ii. 96, 222, 263. Cf. i. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 152.

[336.2] i. Doolittle, 67-105; i. Gray, 193-209.

[336.3] Th. Volkov, in iii. _L’Anthropologie_, 541, 544, 545. A red cloth hung on a girl’s tent constitutes an offer of marriage among the Transylvanian Gipsies. Von Wlislocki, _Volksdicht._, 351.

[336.4] Dalton, 220; i. Risley, 138.

[336.5] i. Risley, 449, 450.

[337.1] i. Risley, 456, citing Grierson’s _Behar Peasant Life_.

[337.2] ii. Risley, 189.

[337.3] i. Risley, 475.

[337.4] _Ibid._ 532.

[337.5] ii. Risley, 201.

[338.1] i. Risley, 532.

[339.1] Featherman, _Papuo-Mel._, 32.

[339.2] _The Weekly Sun_, 28 Jan. 1893, quoting from Mr. Creagh’s notes of his visit contributed to a newspaper published in British North Borneo. I am indebted to Mr. Edward Clodd for calling my attention to this. Zipporah’s expression in Exodus iv. 25, 26, points to a similar ceremony among the early Hebrews. See Trumbull, 222.

[340.1] Landes, _Contes Annam._, 207 (Story No. 84).

[340.2] Codrington, 395 note.

[341.1] H. F. Feilberg, in iii. _Am Urquell_, 3, citing Haukenaes.

[342.1] Castrén, _Vorlesungen_, 323.

[342.2] _Antè_, p. 247. In a Lapp story the hero, betrothed to the sun’s sister and separated from her, goes in search of her. When he finds her she is at the point of death from sorrow. He pricks her in the hand, and sucks her blood; whereupon she revives, and they are happily married. Poestion, 233. In Bret Harte’s story of _Sally Dows_, the heroine sucks the hero’s blood from a snake-wound, and is told by an old Negress that this has bound them together, so that she can marry nobody else. We cannot doubt that the author found this in Negro superstitions. Contrast, however, the effect of this incident with that of the Irish tale of _The Wooing of Emer_, already referred to, p. 255.***

[342.3] De Mensignac, 21, quoting Arago’s _Voyage autour du Monde_. As to the use of red paint, meaning blood, by Australian natives, see decisive examples in ii. Curr, 36; xxiv. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 171.

[343.1] Featherman, _Chiapo-Mar._, 267.

[343.2] F. Fawcett, in v. _Folklore_, 24; ii. _Journ. Ind. Arch._, 358.

[344.1] Dalton, 216.

[344.2] Lewin, 129, 177.

[345.1] iii. _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N.S., 81.

[345.2] xxx. _Sacred Bks._, 49.

[345.3] Dr. Leitner, in v. _Asiatic Q. Rev._, 2d ser., 153.

[345.4] Paulitschke, 248, citing Massaja.

[345.5] Dorsey, _Cegiha Lang._, 342.

[346.1] ii. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 330.

[346.2] ii. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 314, 319; Featherman, _Papuo-Mel._, 32, 33.

[346.3] Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch_, 275-6, 459.

[346.4] A. G. Contis, in iv. _Mélusine_, 125.

[346.5] Rodd, 105; Schroeder, 83.

[346.6] ii. Witzschel, 235; Spiess, _Obererz._, 37.

[346.7] Bérenger-Féraud, 195; Schroeder, 82, 235.

[347.1] ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 46.

[347.2] Monseur, 36.

[347.3] vii. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 682, citing _Manuel des Cérémonies_ (1494); Schroeder, 83.

[347.4] Featherman, _Aram._, 62, 75.

[348.1] Schroeder, 82; Pigorini-Beri, 14; Ralston, _Songs_, 269; vii. _Mélusine_, 4; viii. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 542; iii. _Zeits. des Vereins_, 267; Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch_, 356, 386; Trumbull, 73; Kolbe, 171; Töppen, 81; ii. _Heimskringla_, 153.

[349.1] Kolbe, 147; Winternitz, in _Congress_ (1891) _Report_, 281, quoting Romanoff, _Rites of the Greek Church_; _Odd Ways_, 82, 87, 102, 108.

[349.2] See an account of an Armenian wedding in London, according to the rites of the Armenian National Church, _Daily News_, 28 Jan. 1892.

[349.3] Bellew, 222.

[349.4] Dalton, 193; i. Risley, 325. Among some allied tribes, when the bride is conducted to her husband’s dwelling she is seated on a pile of unhusked rice. Oil is then poured over her head, and she is presented with some boiled rice and meat cooked in her new home. This she simply touches with her hand, and declares herself to belong to her husband’s _kili_. Featherman, _Tur._, 60. The touching is doubtless the simplified equivalent of tasting, the simplification being accompanied by words explanatory of the intention of the rite. Compare the Abruzzian ceremony, ii. De Nino, 10.

[350.1] ii. Risley, 8.

[350.2] Lewin, 202.

[350.3] G. Dumoutier, in viii. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 405.

[350.4] xxvii. _Sacred Bks._, 441; xxviii. 429.

[350.5] i. Doolittle, 86.

[350.6] Griffis, 249. This does not appear to be now, at all events, the operative part of the ceremony. Similar variations have affected the ceremony elsewhere.

[351.1] vi. _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N.S., 26; iii. _Journ. Ind. Arch._, 490; iv. 431; iii. _L’Anthropologie_, 193; Trumbull, 192, 193; ii. Risley, 325.

[351.2] iv. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 362.

[351.3] Schroeder, 235.

[352.1] Th. Volkov, in ii. _L’Anthropologie_, 558.

[352.2] A. de Lazarque, in ix. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 580.

[352.3] F. Pulci, in xiii. _Archivio_, 417.

[353.1] Featherman, _Tur._, 88.

[353.2] R. Parkinson, in ii. _Internat. Archiv._, 38.

[354.1] Burton, _Sindh_, 345.

[354.2] Featherman, _Tur._, 30; i. Risley, 497; Hodgson, 178. So among the Mussulman Malabars of Ceylon the bridegroom’s sister ties a consecrated cord around the bride’s neck. Featherman, _Tur._, 203.

[354.3] Hunter, _Rur. Bengal_, 207.

[354.4] ii. Risley, 69.

[354.5] Lubbock, 84, citing Hale’s _United States Exploring Exped._ Compare the Kewat ceremony, i. Risley, 456.

[355.1] Ellis, i. _Polyn. Res._, 272.

[355.2] R. Parkinson, in ii. _Internat. Archiv_, 39; Hertz, 38 note, citing Abel Rémusat.

[355.3] Dr. W. Svoboda, in v. _Internat. Arch._, 193, citing the Jesuit Barbe.

[355.4] F. Fawcett, in v. _Folklore_, 23.

[356.1] Featherman, _Tur._, 490.

[356.2] O. Knoop, in iii. _Zeits. f. Volksk._, 230.

[356.3] Du Chaillu, ii. _Midnight Sun_, 240.

[356.4] Zingerle, _Sagen_, 457; Töppen, 76; A. Herrmann, in v. _Am Urquell_, 110.

[356.5] Schwela, in iii. _Zeits. f. Volksk._, 478.

[356.6] Rogers, 112.

[357.1] Gregor, 95.

[357.2] ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 66, 50. At Nagialmagy, in Hungary, young married women assemble on Saint Joseph’s day and the day following, on the market-place and sell their kisses to all comers. ix. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 359.

[358.1] Filippo Seves, in xii. _Archivio_, 527.

[358.2] Ostermann, 347; i. _Rivista_, 560.

[358.3] Bérenger-Féraud, 200, 194. A species of bride-dance seems to be practised at Heideboden, in Hungary, and perhaps also in various places of Italy and Greece. De Gubernatis, _Usi Nuz._, 189.

[358.4] Herod. iv. 172; Lubbock, 535, quoting Mela; Diodorus Sic. v. 1.

[359.1] Fison and Howitt, 201-5. The punishment for a guilty wife among some of the North American tribes was similar to that of the Kurnai. See Featherman, _Aoneo-Mar._, 161. Cf. Robertson Smith, _Kinship_, 137. Other traces of the Nasamonian rite are to be found among the North American Indians. See, for example, a curious Ponka legend given by Dorsey, _Cegiha_, 616.

[362.1] ii. Garcilasso, 442. Elsewhere (i. 59) he speaks of the participants as “the nearest relations of the bride and her most intimate friends.” He only refers vaguely to the peoples addicted to this form of the rite, and cites Pedro de Cieza as making the same assertion. I have not seen De Cieza’s work; but Mr. Markham observes that he refers to New Granada, not Peru. I am strongly inclined to suspect, on more grounds than one, that Garcilasso’s information is not to be relied on; and that, wherever the custom was followed, it was the bridegroom’s rather than the bride’s relations who took part. Did a somewhat similar custom obtain in Paraguay? See Featherman, _Chiapo-Mar._, 435. It is to be distinguished from a well-known East Indian custom which springs from a different motive. See Hertz, 41.

[362.2] Mrs. French Sheldon, in xxi. _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 365. A relic of the same custom is found in Guatemala, where the marriage is consummated, not by the bridegroom, but by a kinsman, to whom the bride is brought by the bridegroom’s mother for the purpose. Stoll, 8.

[363.1] Capt. J. S. King, in vi. _F.L. Journ._, 124.

[363.2] Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch_, 382, 456, 608.

[365.1] iv. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 672. See Morgan, _Anc. Soc._, 424.

[366.1] Featherman, _Aram._, 75.

[366.2] Volkov, in ii. _L’Anthropologie_, 538, 539 note, quoting several authorities.

[367.1] Macpherson, 133. Cf. the customs of other tribes, i. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 124, 139, 177.

[367.2] Marsden, 256.

[367.3] Codrington, 238.

[367.4] Casalis, 207; Featherman, _Nigr._, 642.

[367.5] Featherman, _Chiapo-Mar._, 472, 459.

[367.6] Stoll, 8. See note, _ante_, p. 362.***

[368.1] i. Bancroft, 411.

[370.1] See Lubbock, 131, 535; MacLennan, 341; Westermarck, 72. An exception must be made for the Babylonian and similar cases which do not appear referable to the exercise of communal marriage-rights.

[371.1] i. Risley, 229.

[371.2] i. Risley, 231. A similar distinction of guilt is drawn by the Dhánuks (i. _ibid._, 221), the Ghasiyas of South Mirzapur (i. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 167), the Dusadhs (ii. _ibid._, 32), the Kharwars (ii. _ibid._, 34), the Bhuts, though nominally Mohammedan (ii. _ibid._, 50), and other tribes. So also in Ladák, iii. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 168.

[371.3] i. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 168.

[371.4] Featherman, _Drav._, 184.

[372.1] Featherman, _Aoneo-Mar._, 590.

[372.2] Herod. i. 216.

[372.3] Forbes, in xiii. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 426; Trumbull, 54.

[373.1] Robertson Smith, _Kinship_, 137.

[373.2] Risley, _passim_. So also the Chukmas of the Chittagong Hills; Lewin, 187. And the Chinese; i. Gray, 219.

[373.3] Gen. xxxviii. 8; Deut. xxv. 5.

[373.4] B. W. Schiffer, in v. _Am Urquell_, 224: Dalyell, 313, citing Leo of Modena.

[374.1] _Sacred Bks._, xxv., 337, 361, 365; ii., 164.

[374.2] Sibree, 246.

[374.3] Casalis, 199.

[375.1] Risley, _passim_; Dalton, 16, 63, 138, 273, 321.

[375.2] Elliot, i. _N.-W. Prov._, 136. See also, _ibid._, 5, 121, 274, 326; _N. Ind. N. and Q._, _passim_.

[375.3] ii. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 24.

[375.4] i. _Ibid._ 157.

[376.1] i. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 84.

[376.2] Biddulph, 76, 82; iii. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 168.

[376.3] Fosberry, in i. _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, N.S., 189.

[376.4] Featherman, _Drav._, 558, 244. See Marco Polo, li., as to another Tartar tribe.

[376.5] Marsden, 220, 228. Cf. ii. _L’Anthropologie_, 257.

[376.6] Modigliani, 553.

[377.1] Modigliani, _Isola delle Donne_, 212, 215.

[377.2] Parkinson, in ii. _Internat. Arch._, 39.

[377.3] Man, in xii. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 139, 141.

[377.4] Featherman, _Oceano-Mel._, 308.

[377.5] Featherman, _Nigr._, 288, 290, 596, 762; Paulitschke, 205.

[378.1] Ellis, _Yoruba_, 185.

[378.2] Westermarck, 513, 514, quoting Shooter.

[378.3] Featherman, _Aoneo-Mar._, 390. This liability is perhaps annexed to the inheritance; but it is certainly regarded as a liability rather than a right. _Rep. Nat. Mus._ (1888), 254.

[378.4] Stoll, 7.

[378.5] Featherman, _Aoneo-Mar._, 319.

[378.6] Grinnell, _Blackfeet L.T._, 218; Dorsey, _Omaha Soc._, 258, 367.

[379.1] i. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 184, 185.

[379.2] Powers, 356.

[379.3] Featherman, _Chiapo-Mar._, 100.

[379.4] Turner, _Samoa_, 98; iv. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 642.

[379.5] Featherman, _Papuo-Mel._, 87.

[379.6] iv. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 628.

[379.7] ii. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 601.

[379.8] Rev. B. Danks, in xviii. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 292.

[379.9] Boas, in vi. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 615, quoting Lyon.

[380.1] Dawson, 7, 27. See as to the natives of Northern Queensland, xiii. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 298; as to various tribes of South Australia and its northern territory, xxiv. _ibid._, 170, 178, 181, 194; as to other tribes, ii. Curr, 197, 425, 474; iii. 21, 546.

[380.2] Garnett, ii. _Wom._, 234.

[380.3] Saxo, 87; Elton’s version, 106; i. _Corp. Poet. Bor._, 105. These mythological cases as testimony to an obsolete custom of polyandry may be compared with similar references in ancient Hindu writings quoted by Westermarck, 457.

[381.1] ii. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 314, 320; vi. _Journ. Ind. Arch._, 319.

[381.2] iii. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 168.

[381.3] i. Bancroft, 731.

[381.4] Cooper, 153.

[382.1] Grinnell, _Blackfeet L.T._, 217.

[382.2] Featherman, _Aoneo-Mar._, 213, 175, 274, 308, 319; _Chiapo-Mar._, 268, 16, 168; Brinton, _Amer. Race_, 96.

[382.3] Dorsey, _Omaha Soc._, 261.

[382.4] Fisher, in i. _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, N.S., 286. As to the Walla-Wallas, see Kane, 267, 270.

[382.5] Brinton, _Amer. Race_, 48.

[383.1] iv. _L’Anthropologie_, 641.

[383.2] i. Risley, 6, 17, 32, 135, 170, 192, 268, 307, 416; ii., 65, 69, 96, 186, 229, 293.

[383.3] Shortt, in vii. _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N.S., 240.

[383.4] Featherman, _Tur._, 558.

[383.5] xxv. _Sacred Bks._, 291.

[383.6] Paulitschke, 204.

[383.7] Chatelain, 119.

[384.1] Lev. xviii. 18.

[384.2] Featherman, _Oceano-Mel._, 297, 406.

[384.3] Rev. S. Ella, in iv. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 628.

[384.4] ii. _Rep. Austr. Ass._, 331.

[385.1] Volkov, in ii. _L’Anthropologie_, 568.

[386.1] i. De Groot, 3; xxviii. _Sacred Bks._, 238, 264; xxvii. 442.

[386.2] Robertson Smith, _Kinship_, 148, 176; cf. 66.

[387.1] MacLennan, _Studies_, 103, citing Latham’s _Descriptive Ethnology_.

[387.2] ii. _L’Anthropologie_, 117, quoting a communication by M. Crampe to the Société de Géographie. Cf. the customs of giving up a child or paying for him mentioned by Paulitschke, 202; xxiii. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 4.

[389.1] i. Risley, 150.

[389.2] Marsden, 225, 236, 262; Modigliani, _Batacchi_, 35.

[390.1] Featherman, _Tur._, 63.

[390.2] ii. Risley, 282.

[390.3] iii. _Zeits. f. Volksk._, 391, 479.

[390.4] xxvii. _Sac. Bks._, 77; xxviii., 299. In case of divorce, however, she returns to the parental home, ii. De Groot, 507.

[391.1] ii. Risley, 80; App., 97.

[391.2] i. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 132.

[391.3] Lev. xxi. 1-4; xxii. 10-13.

[391.4] Aulus Gellius, xiii. 10.

[393.1] Featherman, _Tur._, 107.

[394.1] Featherman, _Tur._, 263.

[394.2] _Ibid._, _Tur._, 283.

[395.1] iii. _Zeits. f. Volksk._, 433.

[395.2] Volkov, in ii. _L’Anthropologie_, 553.

[396.1] Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch_, 278, 275, 277.

[396.2] Codrington, 237.

[396.3] Burton, _Sindh_, 272.

[396.4] Smith, _Guinea_, 144.

[397.1] ii. Kerr, 237.

[397.2] Featherman, _Aram._, 422.

[397.3] Hickson, 282.

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