Chapter VIII

.

[159] Humboldt [b] (Ross), iii. 69; im Thurn, pp. 365-66.

[160] Surely one may indulge a wry smile when told that "heavenly father" and "creator" are no attributes of God, and may be reasonably justified in preferring Sir Richard Schomburgk's judgment, where he says (i. 170): "Almost all stocks of British Guiana are one in their religious convictions, at least in the main; the Creator of the world and of mankind is an infinitely exalted being, but his energy is so occupied in ruling and maintaining the earth that he can give no special care to individual men." This unusual reason for the indifference of the Supreme Being toward the affairs of ordinary men is probably an inference of the author's. Roth commences his study of Guiana Indian beliefs with a chapter entitled, "No Evidence of Belief in a Supreme Being," and begins his discussion with the statement: "Careful investigation forces one to the conclusion that, on the evidence, the native tribes of Guiana had no idea of a Supreme Being in the modern conception of the term," quoting evidence, from Gumilla and others, which to the present writer seems to point in just the opposite direction. Of course, the phrase "in the modern conception of the term" is the key to much difference in judgement. If it means that savages have no conception of a Divine Ens, Esse, Actus Purus, or the like, definable by highly abstract attributes, _ça va sans dire_; but if the intention is to say that there is no primitive belief in a luminous Sky Father, creator and ruler, good on the whole, though not preoccupied with the small details of earthly and human affairs, such a conclusion is directly opposed to all evidence, early and late, North American and South American, missionary and anthropological. Cf. _Mythology of All Races_, x, Note 6, and references there given; and, in the present volume, not only Ch. I, iii (Ramon Pane is surely among the earliest), but also--passing over the numerous allusions in descriptions of the pantheons of the more advanced tribes (Chh. II-VII)--Ch. IX, iii (early and late for the low Brazilian tribes); Ch. X, ii, iii, iv.

[161] Sir Richard Schomburgk, ii. 319-20; i. 170-72. Roth gives legends from many sources touching these deities and others of a similar character.

[162] Humboldt [b] (Ross), ii. 362.

[163] See above, note 157.

[164] This tale is translated and abridged from van Coll, in _Anthropos_, ii, 682-89; Roth, chh. vii, xviii, affords an excellent commentary.

[165] Brett [a], ch. x, pp. 377-78.

[166] Humboldt [b] (Ross), ii. 182-83, 473-75. Descriptions of the petroglyphs are to be found in Sir Richard Schomburgk, i. 319-21, and im Thurn, ch. xix.

[167] Boddam-Whetham, _Folk-Lore_, v. 317 (im Thurn, p. 376, misquoting Brett, calls this an Arawakan tale); for other creation legends, see Roth, ch. iv.

[168] Van Coll, _Anthropos_, iii. 482-86.

[169] Humboldt [b] (Ross), iii. 362-63; other citations from Humboldt in this section are, _id. op._, iii. 70; ii. 321; iii. 293, 305; ii. 259-60, in order.

[170] Boddam-Whetham, _Folk-Lore_, v. 317-21.

[171] Sir Richard Schomburgk, i. 239-41; im Thurn, p. 384. Other quotations are from Ruiz Blanco, pp. 66-67; Brett [a], pp. 278, 107, 356.

[172] For contemporary beliefs about Lope de Aguirre, see Mozans (J. A. Zahm), [a], pp. 264-67.

[173] The myth of the Amazons is not only the earliest European legend to become acclimated in America (cf. Ch. I, ii [with Note 5], iv; Ch. VIII, iii), it is also one of the most obstinate and recurrent, and a perennial subject of the interest of commentators. For general discussions of the question, see Chamberlain, "Recent Literature on the South American Amazons," in _JAFL_ xxiv. 16-20 (1911), and Rothery, _The Amazons in Antiquity and Modern Times_ (London, 1910), which reviews the world-wide scope and forms of the myth, chh. viii, ix, being devoted to the South American instances. Still more recent is Whiffen, _The Northwest Amazons_ (New York, 1916), pp. 239-402.

[174] Markham [e], p. 122. Carvajal is cited in the same work, pp. 34, 26.

[175] Magalhães de Gandavo, ch. x (_TC_, pp. 116-17); Schmidel (Hulsius), ch. xxxiii; Raleigh (in _Hakluyt's Voyages_, vol. x), pp. 366-68.

[176] Humboldt [b] (Ross), ii. 395 ff.; iii. 79. Lore pertaining to the Amazon stone is hardly second to that dealing with the Amazons themselves. Authorities here cited are La Condamine, pp. 102-113; Spruce, ii, ch. xxvi (p. 458 quoted); Ehrenreich [b], especially pp. 64, 65, with references to Barbosa Rodrígues and to Brett [b]. Others to consult are Rothery, ch. ix; T. Wilson, "Jade in America," in _CA_ xii (Paris, 1902); J. E. Pogue, "Aboriginal Use of Turquoise in North America," in _AA_, new series, xiv (1912); and I. B. Moura, "Sur le progrès de l'Amazonie," in _CA_ xvi (Vienna, 1910).

[177] See _Mythology of All Nations_, x. 160, 203, 205, 210, and Note 64.

[178] Netto, _CA_ vii (Berlin, 1890), pp. 201 ff.

[179] Acuña (Markham [e]), p. 83. The literature of a region so vast as that of the basin of the Amazon and the coasts of Brazil is itself naturally great and scattered. The earlier narratives--such as those of Acuña, Cardim, Carvajal, Orellana, Ortiguerra, de Léry, Ulrich Schmidel, and Hans Staden--are valuable chiefly for the hints which they give of the aboriginal prevalence of ideas studied with more understanding by later investigators. Among the more important later writers are d'Orbigny, Couto de Magalhães, Ehrenreich, Koch-Grünberg, von den Steinen, Whiffen, and Miller; while Teschauer's contributions to _Anthropos_, i, furnish the best collection for the Brazilian region as a whole.

[180] Kunike, "Der Fisch als Fruchtbarkeitssymbol," in _Anthropos_ vii (1912), especially section vi; Teschauer [a], part i, texts (mainly derived from Couto de Magalhães); Tastevin, sections iii, vi; Garcilasso de la Vega, bk. i, chh. ix, x (quoted).

[181] Cook, p. 385; cf. Whiffen, chh. xv, xvi, xviii; and von den Steinen [b], pp. 239-41.

[182] Whiffen, pp. 385-86. The myths of manioc and other vegetation are from Teschauer [a], p. 743; Couto de Magalhães, ii. 134-35; Whiffen, _loc. cit._; and Koch-Grünberg [a], ii. 292-93.

[183] The legends of St. Thomas are discussed by Granada, ch. xv, especially pp. 210-15 (cf. also, ch. xx, "Origen mítico y excelencias del urutaú," with accounts of the vegetation-spirit Ñeambiú). The suggested relationship of Brazilian and Peruvian myth is considered by Lafone Quevado in _RevMP_ iii. 332-36; cf., also, Wissler, _The American Indian_, pp. 198-99. It may be worth noting that there is a group of South American names of mythic heroes or deities which might, in one form or another, suggest or be confounded with _Tomás_, among them the Guarani _Tamoi_ (same as Tupan, and perhaps related to Tonapa), the Tupi _Zume_. The legend has been discussed in the present work in Ch. VII, iv.

[184] Koch-Grünberg [a], ii. 173-34; for details regarding the use of masks and mask-dances, see also Whiffen; Tastevin; M. Schmidt, ch. xiv; Cook, ch. xxiii; Spruce, ch. xxv; von den Steinen [b]; and Stradelli.

[185] Cardim (Purchas, xvi), pp. 419-20; Thevet [b], pp. 136-39; Keane, p. 209; Ehrenreich [c], p. 34; Hans Staden [b], ch. xxii.

[186] Frič and Radin, p. 391; Ignace, pp. 952-53; von Rosen, pp. 656-67; Pierini, pp. 703 ff.

[187] D'Orbigny, vii, ch. xxxi, pp. 12-24; iv, 109-15; cf. also pp. 265, 296-99, 337, 502-10.

[188] Whiffen, ch. xvii (p. 218 quoted); Church, p. 235. The subject here is a continuation of that discussed in Ch. VIII, ii (with Note 160); in connexion with which, with reference to Brazil, the comment of Couto de Magalhães is significant (part ii, p. 122): "Como quer que seja, a idéa de un Deus todo poderoso, e único, não foi possuida pelos nossos selvagens ao tempo da descoberta da America; e pois não era possival que sua lingua tivesse uma palvra que a podesse expressar. Ha no entretanto um principio superior qualificado com o nome de Tupan a quem parece que attribuiam maior poder do que aos outras." The real question to be resolved is what are the necessary attributes of a "supreme being." Cf. _Mythology of All Nations_, x, Note 6.

[189] On wood-demons and the like, in addition to Cardim, see Teschauer [a], pp. 24-34; Koch-Grünberg, [a], i. 190; ii. 157; and Granada, ch. xxxi, "Demonios, apariciones, fantasmas, etc."

[190] On ghosts and metamorphoses, see Ignace, pp. 952-53; Frič and Radin; Frič [a]; von Rosen, p. 657; and Cook, p. 122.

[191] On were-beasts, see Ambrosetti [b]; cf. Garcilasso de la Vega, bk. i, ch. ix.

[192] _Loci citati_ touching cannibalism are Haseman, pp. 345-46; Staden [a], ch. xliii; [b], chh. xxv, xxviii; Cardim (Purchas), ii. 431-40; and Whiffen, pp. 118-24.

[193] Von den Steinen [b], p. 323.

[194] Couto de Magalhães, part i, texts.

[195] Steere, "Narrative of a Visit to the Indian tribes on the Purus River," in _Report of the U. S. National Museum, 1901_ (Washington, 1903).

[196] _Loci citati_ are Ehrenreich [b], pp. 34-40; [c], p. 34; Markham [d], p. 119; von den Steinen [a], p. 283; [b], pp. 322 ff.; Teschauer [a], pp. 731 ff. (citing Barbosa Rodrígues and others); Koch-Grünberg [b], no. 1.

[197] Feliciano de Oliveira, _CA_ xviii (London, 1913), pp. 394-96.

[198] Teschauer [a], p. 731. The Kaduveo genesis is given by Frič, in _CA_ xviii, 397 ff. Stories of both types are widespread throughout the two Americas.

[199] Couto de Magalhães, part i, texts. This is among the most interesting of all American myths; it is clearly cosmogonic in character, yet it reverses the customary procedure of cosmogonies, beginning with an illuminated world rather than a chaotic gloom. Possibly this is an indication of primitiveness, for the conception of night and chaos as the antecedent of cosmic order would seem to call for a certain degree of imaginative austerity; it is not simple nor childlike.

[200] Cardim (Purchas), p. 418.

[201] Adam [b], p. 319. Other sources for tales of the deluge are Borba [b], pp. 223-25; Kissenberth, in _ZE_ xl. 49; Ehrenreich [b], pp. 30-31; Teschauer; and von Martius.

[202] D'Orbigny, iii. 209-14; von den Steinen [a], pp. 282-85; [b], pp. 322-27; and cf. the Kapoi legends in Koch-Grünberg [a]. The Yuracara tale narrated by d'Orbigny is one of the best and most fully reported of South American myths.

[203] On the physical and ethnological conditions of the Chaco and the Abiponean districts the important authorities are Dobrizhoffer; Grubb [a], [b]; Koch, "Zur Ethnographie der Paraguay-Gebiete," in _MitAGW_ xxxiii (1903); for the southern region important are, _Voyages of the Adventure and the Beagle_; the publications of the _Mission scientifique du Cap Horn_; Cooper, _Analytical and Critical Bibliography of the Tribes of Tierra del Fuego and Adjacent Territory (63 BBE)_, with map; and _El Norte de la Patagonia_, with map, published by the Argentine Ministry of Public Works, Buenos Aires, 1914.

[204] D'Orbigny, _L'Homme américain_, p. 233; J. Guevara, _Historia_, pp. 32, 265 (citing Fernandez, _Relación historial_, p. 39).

[205] Dobrizhoffer, ii, ch. viii (pp. 57-59, 64-65 quoted); ch. x (p. 94 quoted).

[206] Grubb [b], chh. xi, xii, xiv (pp. 139-41 quoted), xvi (p. 163 quoted); cf. Karsten, sections i, iii.

[207] T. Guevara [a], i, ch. viii, "Los mitos y las ideas relijiosas de los Indios," pp. 223-25. Latcham, _JAI_ xxxix, gives an account of Araucanian ideas, in general corresponding to Guevara, to whom he is apparently indebted.

[208] Molina, ch. v (pp. 84, 86, 91 quoted).

[209] Vicuña Cifuentes, especially sections vi-xi, xiv-xvi, xxi-xxiii. This work is particularly valuable in that it collects the statements of many authorities in regard to the creatures of Chilean folk-lore.

[210] Dobrizhoffer, ii. 89-90.

[211] The cosmogony is in Molina, ch. v; the tale of the two brothers in Lenz, p. 225.

[212] Pigafetta, in _The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan_ (_HS_, series i, 1874), pp. 50-55.

[213] Ib., p. 5.

[214] Dobrizhoffer, ii. 89-90.

[215] Prichard, pp. 85-86, 97-98. To Prichard's evidence may be added that of Captain R. N. Musters, another recent traveller, quoted by Church, _Aborigines of South America_, pp. 294-95: "The religion of the Tehuelches is distinguished from that of the Araucanians and Pampas by the absence of any trace of sun worship.... There is no doubt that they do believe in a good Spirit, though they think he lives 'careless of mankind'"; Captain Musters regards the _gualichu_ as a class of daemonic powers--an altogether probable interpretation.

[216] D'Orbigny, _L'Homme américain_, pp. 220, 225; _Voyage of the Beagle_, ii. 161-62; cf. also i, ch. vi.

[217] Deniker [b] gives the myth of El-lal, after Lista.

[218] Darwin, pp. 240-42; Bridges, in _RevMP_ iii, p. 24.

[219] Fitzroy, ch. ix, pp. 180-81.

[220] Hyades and Deniker, ch. v, pp. 254-57.

[221] Cooper, _63 BBE_, pp. 145 ff., summarizes the scanty gleanings from the notes of travellers and missionaries touching Fuegian religious conceptions. The reference to the Salesian fathers (p. 147) is quoted from Cojazzi (p. 124); that to Captain Low is from Fitzroy (p. 190).

[222] Cooper, _op. cit._, pp. 162-64, citing various authorities.

[223] Despard, quoted by Cooper, _op. cit._, p. 148.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. ABBREVIATIONS

_AA_ American Anthropologist.

_AnMB_ Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires.

_AnMM_ Anales del Museo Nacional de México.

_AnMG_ Annales du Musée Guimet.

_ARBE_ Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington.

_BBE_ Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington.

_CA_ Comptes rendus du Congrès des Américanistes.

_ERE _ Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

_HS_ Works issued by the Hakluyt Society.

_JAFL_ Journal of American Folklore.

_JAI_ Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

_JSAP_ Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris.

_MitAGW_ Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien.

_MPM_ Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge.

_PaPM_ Papers of the Peabody Museum.

_RevMP_ Revista del Museo de La Plata.

_SocAA_ Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad científica "Antonio Alzate."

_TC_ Voyages, Relations et Mémoires originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique. H. Ternaux-Compans, editor.

_ZE_ Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.

II. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDES

_Analytical and Critical Bibliography of the Tribes of Tierra del Fuego and Adjacent Territory (63 BBE)_. By JOHN M. COOPER. Washington, 1917.

_A Study of Maya Art_, "Bibliography." By H. J. SPINDEN. In _MPM_ vi (1913).

_Bibliografía Mexicana del siglo XVI._ By JOAQUÍN GARCÍA ICAZBALCETA. Mexico, 1860.

_Bibliography of the Anthropology of Peru._ By GEO. A. DORSEY. _Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Anthropological Series_, ii, 1898.

_Bibliography of Peru. A.D. 1526-1907._ By SIR CLEMENTS MARKHAM. _HS_, series ii, Vol. xxii. Cambridge, 1907.

_Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima._ By H. HARISSE. New York, 1866. Additions, Paris, 1872.

_Bibliothèque américaine ou catalogue des ouvrages relatifs à l'Amérique qui ont paru depuis sa découverte jusqu'à l'an 1700._ By H. TERNAUX-COMPANS. Paris, 1837.

_Catalogue de livres rares et précieux, manuscrits et imprimés, principalement sur l'Amérique et sur les langues du monde entier, composant la bibliothèque de M. Alph.-L. Pinart._ Paris, 1883.

_Dictionary of Works Relating to America from the Discovery to the Present Time._ By JOSEPH SABIN. Vols. i-xx. New York, 1868-92.

_Die Mythen und Legenden der südamerikanischen Urvölker._ "Literaturverzeichnis." By PAUL EHRENREICH. Berlin, 1905.

_Ensayo bibliográfico Mexicano del siglo XVII._ By VINCENTE DE P. ANDRADE. Mexico, 1900.

"Ergebnisse und Aufgaben der mexikanistischen Forschung." By WALTER LEHMANN. In _Archiv für Anthropologie_, neue Folge, Band vi (1907). Tr. SEYMOUR DE RICCI, _Methods and Results in Mexican Research_, Paris, 1909.

_Essai sur les sources de l'histoire des Antilles française (1492-1664)._ By Jacques de Dampierre. Paris, 1904.

_Historiadores de Yucatan._ By GUSTAVO MARTÍNEZ ALOMÍA. Campeche, 1906.

_History of Spanish Literature._ By GEORGE TICKNOR. 3 vols. Boston, 1854. 4th ed., Boston, no date.

_Idea de una nueva historia general de la America septentrional,_ with _Catálogo del Museo Histórico Indiano._ By LORENZO BOTURINI BENADUCCI. Madrid, 1746; also, Mexico, 1887.

_Las Publicaciones del Museo Nacional de Arqueología._ By JUAN B. IGUÍNEZ. Mexico, 1913.

_List of Publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology (58 BBE)._ Washington, 1914.

_Manuel d'archéologie américaine._ "Bibliographie." By H. BEUCHAT. Paris, 1912.

_"Museo Mitre," Catálogo de la biblioteca._ Published by the Ministerio de Justicia é Instrucción Pública. Buenos Aires.

_Narrative and Critical History of America._ By JUSTIN WINSOR. Vol. i, _Aboriginal America_, "Bibliographical Appendix." Boston, 1889.

_Native Races of the Pacific States of North America._ By H. H. BANCROFT. Vol. i, "Authorities Quoted." New York, 1785.

"Notes on the Bibliography of Yucatan and Central America." By A. F. BANDELIER. In _American Antiquarian_, new series, i (1882).

"Recent Literature on the South American Amazons." By A. F. CHAMBERLAIN. In _JAFL_, xxiv (1911).

Note.--Where important bibliographies are attached to works here below listed the fact is indicated: ¶Bibliography.

III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL GUIDES

_Aborigines of South America._ By COL. G. E. CHURCH. London, 1912.

"A list of the Tribes of the Valley of the Amazons." By SIR CLEMENTS MARKHAM. In _JAI_ xl (1910).

_Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (American Museum of Natural History, Handbook Series, No. 3)._ By H. J. SPINDEN. New York, 1917.

"Areas of American Culture." By W. H. HOLMES. In _AA_, new series, xvi (1914). Also in _Anthropology in North America_, by F. BOAS and others; New York, 1915. With map.

_A Study of Maya Art._ By H. J. SPINDEN. In _MPM_ vi (1913).

_Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas._ By C. P. VON MARTIUS. Leipzig, 1867.

_Biología Centrali-Americana. Archaeology._ By A. P. MAUDSLEY. 4 vols. London, 1889-1902.

_Catálogo de la colección de Antropología del Museo Nacional._ By ALONSO HERRERA and RICARDO E. CICERO. Mexico. 1895.

_Central and South America._ By A. H. KEANE. 2 vols. London, 1901.

_Early Man in South America (52 BBE)._ By ALES HRDLICKA. Washington, 1912.

_Familias linguísticas de Mexico._ By NICOLÁS LEÓN. Mexico, 1877; 2d éd., 1902. Also in _AnMM_ vii (1903). With map.

_Geografía, de las lenguas y carta etnográfica de México._ By MANUEL OROZCO Y BERRA. Mexico, 1864. With map.

_Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America (44 BBE)._ By CYRUS THOMAS and JOHN R. SWANTON. Washington, 1911. ¶Bibliography and map.

_In Indian Mexico._ By FREDERICK STARR. Chicago, 1908. Also, _Notes Upon the Ethnography of Southern Mexico_ (_Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Science_, ix). Davenport, 1902.

_Introduction to the Study of North American Archeology._ By CYRUS THOMAS. Cincinnati, 1903.

"Kulturkreise und Kulturschichten in Südamerika." By W. SCHMIDT. In _ZE_ xlv (1913). ¶Bibliography and map.

_L'Homme Américain._ By ALCIDE DESSALINES D'ORBIGNY. Tome iv of _Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale ... éxecuté pendant les années 1826-1833_; 9 vols., Paris, 1835-47.

"Linguistic Stocks of South American Indians." By A. F. CHAMBERLAIN. In _AA_, new series, xv (1913). Also, "South American Linguistic Stocks," in _CA_ xv. 2 (1908).

_Manuel d'archéologie américaine._ By H. BEUCHAT. Paris, 1912.

_Moseteno Vocabulary and Treatises._ By BENIGNO BIBOLOTTI; with introduction by R. SCHULLER. Evanston and Chicago, 1917. ¶Bibliography and map (Bolivian Indians).

"Orígenes Etnográficos de Colombia." By CARLOS CUERVO MÁRQUEZ. In _Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress_, Vol. i. Washington, 1917.

_Pre-Historic America._ By the MARQUIS DE NADAILLAC; ed. W. H. DALL, London and New York, 1884.

_South American Archaeology_, London, 1912; _Mexican Archaeology_, London, 1914; _Central American and West Indian Archaeology_, London, 1916. By T. A. JOYCE.

_The American Indian. An Introduction to the Anthropology of the New World._ By Clark Wissler. New York, 1917.

"The Indian Linguistic Stocks of Oaxaca, Mexico." By WM. H. MECHLING. In _AA_, new series, xiv (1912). ¶Bibliography.

"The Origin and Distribution of Agriculture in America." By H. J. SPINDEN. In _CA_ xix (Washington, 1917).

IV. GENERAL WORKS

_(a) Critical and Comparative_

BANCROFT, H. H., _The Native Races of the Pacific States_. 5 vols. New York, 1875.

BASTIAN, A., _Die Culturländer des Alten America_. 3 vols. Berlin, 1878-89.

BOAS, FRANZ, _The Mind of Primitive Man._ New York, 1911.

BRINTON, DANIEL G., [a], _Myths of the New World_. 3d ed. Philadelphia, 1896. ----[b], _American Hero Myths_. Philadelphia, 1882. ----[c], _Essays of an Americanist_. Philadelphia, 1890.

EHRENREICH, PAUL, [a], _Die allgemeine Mythologie und ihre ethnologischen Grundlagen._ Leipzig, 1910.

FALIÉS, LOUIS, _Études historiques et philosophiques sur les civilisations_. 2 vols. Paris, no date.

GRAEBNER, FRITZ, _Methode der Ethnologie_. Heidelberg, 1911.

LAFITAU, J. F., _Moeurs des sauvages amériquains_. Tomes i-ii. Paris, 1724. (An edition in 4 vols. was issued simultaneously.)

MÜLLER, J. G., _Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen_. Basel, 1867.

NUTTALL, ZELIA, [a], _The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations_ (_PaPM_ ii). Cambridge, 1901.

PAYNE, EDWARD J., _History of the New World called America_. 2 vols. Oxford and New York, 1892, 1899.

SAPIR, E., _Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture, A Study in Method (G. S. C., Anthropological Series, No. 13)_. Ottawa, 1916.

THEVET, ANDRÉ, _Cosmographie universelle._ Paris, 1575.

_(b) Important Collections_

_Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires._ Vols. i-iii, 1864-91; second series, Vols. i-iv, 1895-1902; third series, Vols. i ff., 1902 ff. Buenos Aires.

_Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico._ Vols. i-vii, 1877-1903; second series, Vols. i-v, 1903-09; third series, Vols. i ff., 1909 ff. Mexico.

_Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Smithsonian Institution)._ Washington, 1881 ff.

_Anthropological Publications, University of Pennsylvania, The Museum._ Vols. i ff., 1909 ff. Philadelphia.

_Antiquities of Mexico, comprising facsimiles of Ancient Mexican Paintings and Hieroglyphics ... together with the Monuments of New Spain, by M. Dupaix ... the whole illustrated by many valuable inedited manuscripts, by Lord Kingsborough._ Vols. i-ix. London, 1831-48.

_Biblioteca marítima española._ Ed. MARTÍN FERNÁNDEZ DE NAVARRETE. 2 vols. Madrid, 1851.

_Bibliothèque de linguistique et d'ethnographie américaines._ Ed. A. PINART. Vols. i-iv. San Francisco, 1876-82.

_Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Smithsonian Institution)._ Washington, 1887 ff.

_Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España y de sus Indias._ Vols. i-xlii, 1864-84; second series, Vols. i-xiii, 1885-1900. Madrid. Also, _Nueva colección_, etc., Vols. i-vi, 1892-96. Madrid.

_Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista, y organización de las antiguas posesiones españolas de América y Oceania._ Vols. i.-xlii. Madrid, 1864-84. Second series [_Colección de documentos inéditos ... de ultramar_], Vols. i ff., 1885 ff.

_Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España._ Vols. i-cxii. Ed. M. F. DE NAVARRETE and others. Madrid, 1842-95.

_Colección de libros raros ó curiosos que tratan de América._ Vols. i ff. Madrid, 1891 ff.

_Colección de los viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los Españoles desde fines del siglo XV._ ED. MARTÍN FERNÁNDEZ DE NAVARRETE. 5 vols. Madrid, 1835-37.

_Colección de documentos para la historia de México._ Ed. J. GARCÍA ICAZBALCETA. 2 vols. Mexico, 1858, 1866. Also, _Nueva Colección_, etc., 4 vols., Mexico, 1886-1892; and ed. A. PEÑAFIEL, _Colección de documentos para la historia mexicana_, Vols. i-vi. Mexico, 1897-1903.

_Comptes rendus du Congrès international des Américanistes._ Paris and elsewhere (biennially), 1878 ff.

_Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics._ Ed. JAS. HASTINGS. Vols. i ff., 1908 ff. Edinburgh and New York.

_Hakluyt's Voyages._ Vols. i-xii. Glasgow, 1904.

_Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes._ Vols. i-xx. Glasgow, 1905-1907.

_Historiadores de las Indias._ (_Nueva biblioteca de autores Españoles_, Nos. 13, 14.) Ed. MANUEL SERRANO Y SANZ. 2 vols. Madrid, 1909. Tomo i, _Apologética historia de las Indias, de Fr. Bartolomé de las Casas_. Tomo ii, _Guerra de Quito, de Cieza de León; Jornada del Rio Marañón, de Toribio de Ortiguera; Jornada de Omagua y Dorado; Descripción del Perú, Tucumán, Rio de la Plata y Chile, de Fr. Reginaldo de Lizárraga_.

_Historiadores primitivos de las Indias Occidentales._ Ed. A. G. BARCIA. 3 vols. Madrid, 1749.

_Historiadores primitivos de Indias (Biblioteca de autores Españoles)._ ED. ENRIQUE DE VEDIA. 2 vols. Madrid, 1852, 1862. Tomo i, _Cartas de relación, de Cortés; Hispania Victrix, de López de Gómara; Natural historia de las Indias, de Oviedo y Valdés;_ etc. Tomo ii, _Verdadera historia, de Bernal Diaz del Castillo; Conquista del Perú, de Francisco de Jerez; Crónica del Perú, de Cieza de León; Historia ... del Perú, de Augustin de Zárate_.

_Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris._ Vols. i-v, 1895-1904; new series, Vols. i ff., 1908 ff. Paris.

_Library of Aboriginal American Literature._ Ed. DANIEL G. BRINTON. 8 vols. Philadelphia, 1882-90.

_Memoirs of the Peabody Museum._ Cambridge, 1896 ff.

_Papers of the Peabody Museum._ Cambridge, 1888 ff.

_Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society._ New series. Worcester, 1882 ff.

_Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress._ Vol. i. _Section I, Anthropology._ Washington, 1917.

_Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Anthropological Series._ Vols. i ff. Chicago, 1895 ff.

_Relaciones históricas de América. Primera mitad del siglo XVI._ With introduction by MANUEL SERRANO Y SANZ. Madrid, 1916.

_Relaciones históricas y geográficas de América Central._ With introduction by MANUEL SERRANO Y SANZ. Madrid, 1908.

_Revista del Museo de la Plata._ La Plata, 1890 ff.

_Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique._ Ed. H. TERNAUX-COMPANS. Vols. i-xx. Paris, 1837-41. Also, with other editors, _Nouvelles annales des Voyages_, etc., in six series, Paris, 1819-65.

_Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society._ Vols. i-c. London, 1847-98. Second series, Vols. i ff., 1899 ff.

V. SELECT AUTHORITIES

##