Book X
.--T.]
[Footnote 633: Pauline Borghese died on the 9th of June 1825.--T.]
[Footnote 634: Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart, Prince of Wales, later Charles III., _de jure_ King of England (1720-1788), known as the Young Pretender or the Young Chevalier.--T.]
[Footnote 635: Henry Benedict Maria Clement Cardinal Duke of York, later Henry IX., _de jure_ King of England (1725-1807), created a cardinal in 1747.--T.]
[Footnote 636: 1734---T.]
[Footnote 637: Prince Charles returned to Rome after the failure of the rising of 1745; his father died in 1788.--T.]
[Footnote 638: Louise Marie Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern, _de jure_ Louise Queen of England (1753-1824), known as the Countess of Albany after Charles's death, when she secretly married the poet Alfieri, in whom she had long inspired a lively passion. Alfieri died in 1803, and Louise is said to have contracted a second _liaison_ and a third marriage with François Xavier Pascal Fabre, the French historical painter.--T.]
[Footnote 639: Charles Victor de Bonstetten (1745-1822), a celebrated Swiss philosophical writer.--T.]
[Footnote 640: The Countess of Albany was nineteen years of age when she married Prince Charles in 1772.--T.]
[Footnote 641: _Memoirs of Victor Alfieri_, Vol. II., chap. V.: _I become at length susceptible of a sincere and durable attachment._--T.]
[Footnote 642: Xavier Fabre, _supra._--T.]
[Footnote 643: Henry IX. was the last of the Stuarts in the male line. At his death the "_hereditary right_ to these realms passed to (IV.) Charles Emmanuel, sometime (1796 to 1802) King of Sardinia, he being son and heir of Victor Amadeus III., King of Sardinia (1773 to 1796), who was son and heir of Charles Emmanuel III., King of Sardinia (1730 to 1773), who was son and heir of Victor Amadeus (_of Savoy_), King of Sardinia, by Anna Maria, the only child (that left issue) of her mother, Henrietta Anne, first wife of Philip (_of Bourbon_), Duke of Orleans, the said Henrietta being the only child whose issue then (1807) remained of Charles I., King of England. This Charles Emmanuel was by _hereditary right_ KING CHARLES IV. OF ENGLAND (1807 to 1819), and died _s.p._ October 6, 1819, being succeeded by his brother (V.) Victor Emmanuel I., sometime (1802 to 1821) King of Sardinia, who by hereditary right was KING VICTOR I. OF ENGLAND (1819 to 1824). He died without male issue January 10, 1824 (the Kingdom of Sardinia having previously devolved on his distant cousin and heir male), and was succeeded as to the hereditary right to these realms by (VI.) Mary Beatrice, his eldest daughter and heir of line, wife of Francis IV., Duke of Modena, which Lady, according to such right, was QUEEN MARY II. OF ENGLAND (1824 to 1840). On her death, September 15, 1840 (VII.) Francis, her son and heir, afterwards (1846) Duke of Modena, became, according to such right, KING FRANCIS I. OF ENGLAND (1840 to 1875). He died _s.p._ November 20, 1875, and was succeeded in such right, by (VIII.) Maria Theresa, his niece and heiress, daughter and sole heir of his only brother, Ferdinand Charles Victor of Modena. This Lady, who was born July 2, 1849, and who married, February 20, 1868, Louis, Prince of Bavaria, became by such hereditary right QUEEN MARY III. OF ENGLAND in 1875, being thus 8th titular (_jure hereditario_) sovereign, just as QUEEN VICTORIA is the 8th actual (_de facto et de lege_) sovereign since the Revolution of 1688."--(Note to the _Seize Quartiers of the Kings and Queens of England_, by G. E. C.--_i.e._ G. E. COKAYNE, Clarenceux King-of-Arms. _The Genealogist_, N.S., Vol. VIII., p. 46.) Those, and they are practically the whole number of the modern Legitimists, who reckon Mary Queen of Scots as Mary II. Queen of England speak of the Princess Louis of Bavaria as Mary IV. _de jure_ Queen of England.--T.]
[Footnote 644: Henrietta Maria of France, Queen of England (1609-1669), married to King Charles I. in 1625. She finally left England for France in 1644, five years before the King's death.--T.]
[Footnote 645: Louis XV. ordered Prince Charles Edward to leave France after the failure of the Forty-five.--T.]
[Footnote 646: Joseph Jérôme Le Français de Lalande (1732-1807), a distinguished but eccentric astronomer. The singularity of his taste displayed itself in the consumption of spiders and caterpillars; that of his opinions in his love for proclaiming himself an atheist. Lalande's _Voyage dun Français en Italie_ was published in 1769.--T.]
[Footnote 647: Duclos (_see_ Vol. I., p. 74, n. 1) visited Italy in 1766 and wrote his _Considérations sur l'Italie_, which were not published till 1791, nineteen years after his death.--B.]
[Footnote 648: Charles Marguerite Jean Baptiste Mercier Dupaty (1746-1788), an eminent French jurist, a president of the Parliament of Bordeaux and author of _Réflexions historiques sur les lois criminelles: Lettres sur l'Italie in 1785_ (1788), a superficial, turgid, but not unsuccessful work, promptly placed on the _Index._--T.]
[Footnote 649: DUPATY, _Travels through Italy_, Letter 79.--T.]
[Footnote 650: _Ibid._, Letter 87.--T.]
[Footnote 651: _Ibid._, Letter 55.--T.]
[Footnote 652: Charles Dupaty (1771-1825), the president's eldest son, studied in Rome and became a sculptor of merit. His Venus Genitrix is one of his best-known works.--B.]
[Footnote 653: Goethe visited Italy in 1786.--T]
[Footnote 654: Byron visited Rome in 1817.--T.]
[Footnote 655: _Childe Harold's Pilgrimage_, Canto IV. stanza 79.--T.]
[Footnote 656: The fourth canto of _Childe Harold_ was published in 1818; Byron died at Missolonghi in 1823.--T.]
[Footnote 657: I invite the perusal of two articles by M. Jean Jacques Ampère in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ of the 1st and 15th of July 1835, entitled, _Portraits de Rome à différents ages._ Those curious documents will complete a picture of which I here give only a sketch.--_Author's Note_ (Paris, 1837).]
[Footnote 658: Vittoria Principessa Altieri (1799-1840), _née_ Boncompagni-Ludovisi degli Principi di Piombino.--T.]
[Footnote 659: The Principessa Barberini-Colonna di Palestrina.--T.]
[Footnote 660: Margherita Principessa Rospigliosi, Duchessa di Zagarolo (1786-1864), _née_ Gioeni-Colonna.--T.]
[Footnote 661: Teresa Principessa Del Drago (1801-1858), _née_ Massimo.--T.]
[Footnote 662: Maria Duchessa di Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere (1799-1840), _née_ Colonna.--T.]
[Footnote 663: Not Mellini, as the earlier editions have it. It was at the Villa Millini that General Alexandre Berthier, the future Prince of Neuchâtel, on the 11th of February 1798, received the lawyers, bankers and artists who were to constitute the new Roman Republic.--B.]
[Footnote 664: Apollodorus (117-138), the architect who designed the Forum and Column of Trajan.--T.]
[Footnote 665: Hazlitt's MONTAIGNE, _Journey into Italy._--T.]
[Footnote 666: Philippe Camille Marcelin Comte de Tournon (1778-1833), Prefect of Rome under the Empire (1809-1814), a peer of France under the Restoration (1824) and author of _Études statistiques sur Rome et les États romains_ (1831).--T.]
[Footnote 667: Louis Simond (1767-1831), author of a _Voyage d'un Français en Angleterre_ (1810-1811), _Voyage en Italie et en Sicilie_ (1827-1828), etc. Simond ended by settling at Geneva and being naturalized a Swiss.--T.]
[Footnote 668: _Cf._ Monsignore NICOLA MARIA NICOLAÏ, _Memorie, leggi ed osservazioni sulle campagne e sull' annona di Roma_ (Rome, 1803), at that time accepted as the leading authority on economic matters.--B.]
[Footnote 669: Villemain was then preparing his History of Gregory VII., a work which was celebrated before its appearance and fell into oblivion so soon as it had appeared, which was not until 1873, three years after the author's death.--B.]
[Footnote 670: Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry (1795-1856), a noted French historian. In 1826, he became completely broken down in health, and was left blind and paralyzed. The remainder of his work was done through the medium of secretaries. With their help he published his _Dix ans d'études historiques_ (1834), his _Récits des temps mérovingiens_ (1840), and an _Essai sur l'histoire de la formation et du progrès du tiers-état_ ( 1853). His famous _Histoire de la conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands_ had been published in 1825.--T.]
[Footnote 671: Thanks to God, M. Thierry has been restored to life and has resumed his fine and important work with renewed strength; he works at night, but like the chrysalis:
La nymphe s'enferme avec joie Dans ce tombeau d'or et de soie Qui la dérobe à tous les yeux.
--_Author's Note._
"The nymph herself doth gladly hide That tomb of gold and silk inside Which conceals her from every eye."--T.
]
[Footnote 672: The Russians took Varna on the 11th of October 1828.--B.]
[Footnote 673: Giovanni Torlonia, Duca di Bracciano (_d._ 1829), the famous Roman banker, created Duca di Bracciano and a Roman prince, in 1809, by Pope Pius VII.--T.]
[Footnote 674: The Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi was signed between Russia and Turkey on the 8th of June 1833 and was a treaty of defensive and offensive alliance concluded for eight years. A secret clause eventually closed the Dardanelles to the European Powers, while leaving both that passage and the Bosphorus open to Russia and Russia alone.--B.]
[Footnote 675: Mehemet Ali, Viceroy of Egypt (_circa_ 1769-1849), appointed Governor of Egypt in 1805, massacred the Mamelukes in 1811; conquered Nubia, Sennaar, and Kordofan (1820-1822); assisted the Turks in the War of Greek Independence (1827); conquered Syria (1831-1832); defeated Turkey (1839); and was obliged to give up Syria in 1841. From then until 1847, when he lost his reason, he devoted himself to the improvement of his vice-realm.--T.]
[Footnote 676: The Treaty of London, signed on the 6th of July 1827, by which England, France and Russia agreed to compel Turkey and Greece to accept their mediation with a view to restoring peace in the East. The offer of mediation was rejected by Turkey, with the result that armed intervention ensued.--T.]
[Footnote 677: The _Note sur la Grèce_ appeared in 1825.--B.]
[Footnote 678: The victory of Navarino (20 October 1827) had not succeeded in delivering Greece from the Ottoman yoke. On the 27th of August 1828, twelve French regiments, commanded by General Maison, were landed on the Morea. Within a few weeks, the French had driven the Turkish garrisons from the towns and strongholds of the peninsula. The Morea and the Cyclades were placed under the general protection of the Powers and General Maison, promoted to Marshal, returned to France, leaving two brigades to aid the Greeks in organizing the government of their territory.--B.]
[Footnote 679: The Russians captured Silistria in 1829.--T.]
[Footnote 680: General Ivan Paskevitch, later Field-marshal Prince of Warsaw (1782-1856), captured Kars in 1828 and Erzeroum in 1829; as Commander-in-Chief in Poland, he took Warsaw, in 1831, and became Governor of Poland, executing the Organic Statute.--T.]
[Footnote 681: Mahmud II. Sultan of Turkey (1785-1839), brother to Mustapha IV., whom he succeeded.--T.]
[Footnote 682: By the Convention of Akerman, concluded on the 6th of October 1826, Russia obtained the right of navigating the Black Sea and various agreements were entered into regarding Moldavia, Wallachia and Servia. The non-fulfilment of this treaty by Turkey led to the War of 1828-1829 now under discussion.--T.]
[Footnote 683: By the Treaty of Jassy (1792), the frontiers of Russia were extended to the Dniester.--T.]
[Footnote 684: Vice-Admiral Lodewijk Sigismund Vincent Gustaaf Count van Heiden, G.C.B. (1772-1850), entered the Dutch Navy as a boy, was promoted to lieutenant in 1789 and, in 1795, took the Stadtholder William V. to England in a fishing-smack. He was tried and imprisoned and, on recovering his liberty, entered the Russian service, where he was promoted to rear-admiral in 1817, to vice-admiral in 1827, after the Battle of Navarino, in which he took a brilliant part, and to full admiral in 1850. He received the Grand Cross of the Bath after Navarino, as well as the Orders of St. Louis of France and St. George of Russia.--T.]
[Footnote 685: Alexander II. Tsar of all the Russias (1818-1881), succeeded in 1855, assassinated 13 March 1881.--T.]
[Footnote 686: Peter I., the Great, Tsar of Russia (1672-1725).--T.]
[Footnote 687: Arnaud Cardinal d'Ossat (1536-1604), Bishop of Rennes, later of Bayeux, Ambassador to Rome from Henry III. and Henry IV. He obtained the papal absolution for Henry IV. and received the cardinal's hat and the See of Bayeux as his reward (1599). His Letters (1624) are regarded as a classic among diplomatists.--T.]
[Footnote 688: Hugo de Groot (1583-1645), known as Grotius, the famous Dutch jurist and founder of the science of international law. His principal work. _De Jure belli et pacis_, was published in 1625.--T.]
[Footnote 689: Samuel Baron von Pufendorf (1632-1692), a noted German jurist and publicist. His _De Jure naturæ et gentium_ was published in 1672.--T.]
[Footnote 690: The Treaties of Munster and Osnabrück, culminating in the general Peace signed at Munster on the 24th of October 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War.--T.]
[Footnote 691: Maria (Sophia) Feodorowna of Wurtemberg-Mümpelgard, Empress of Russia (1759-1828), widow of Paul I. and mother of Alexander I. and Nicholas I. She died in the night of 4-5 November 1828.--B.]
[Footnote 692: Nicholas, the third son of Paul I., succeeded his brother Alexander in 1825, the second son, Constantine, having renounced his right of succession. The first year of his reign was marked by a military revolt which was immediately suppressed.--T.]
[Footnote 693: I am inclined here to echo a footnote by M. Edmond Biré, who says:
"The readers, I hope, will not skip a line of this Memorandum, a master-piece of logic and patriotism and, which is no detriment, a master-piece of style. Chateaubriand has written no pages that do him more honour."
]
[Footnote 694: Louis Desprez (_b._ 1799), a young sculptor, had won the Prix de Rome in 1826. The bas-relief which he carved for Poussin's tomb, copying the Arcadian Shepherds, is one of his finest works.--T.]
[Footnote 695: Paul Lemoyne (1784--_circa_ 1860), known as Lemoyne-Saint-Paul, a French sculptor of some merit.--T.]
[Footnote 696: The Baronne de Barante, was a daughter of General César Ange de Houdetot, grand-daughter of Madame de Houdetot, Rousseau's friend, and married to Aimable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, Baron de Barante, author of the _Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne._--B.]
[Footnote 697: Chateaubriand's tragedy of _Moïse_ was first published in his Complete Works (1826-1831), and has never been performed.--T.]
[Footnote 698: The costly monument to Nicolas Poussin, in the Church of San Lorenzo-in-Lucina, was erected entirely at Chateaubriand's expense and was not fully completed until 1831, when Chateaubriand had again renounced all titles and emoluments and was once more penniless. It took him four years, from 1831 to 1834, to clear his debt to the artist, who was not much richer than himself.--B.]
[Footnote 699: Madame Salvage de Faverolles, daughter of M. Dumorey, the French Consul at Cività-Vecchia, and a devoted friend to Madame Récamier. Subsequently, she attached herself to the Duchesse de Saint-Leu (Queen Hortense of Holland), with whom she lived till her death, and acted as her testamentary executrix.--B.]
[Footnote 700: This incident, to which Chateaubriand has already referred when speaking of Earl Bathurst, took place in March 1824. Miss Bathurst while riding in the Tiber Woods with a numerous and brilliant company of friends, was thrown into the river by a false step of her horse and drowned. She was seventeen years of age and remarkably pretty.--B.]
[Footnote 701: François Marie Pierre Roullet, Baron de La Bouillerie (1764-1833), a peer of France and Steward of the Royal Household.--B.]
[Footnote 702: AUGUSTIN THIERRY, _Lettres sur l'histoire de France, pour servir d'introduction à l'étude de cette histoire._ They had appeared in the _Courrier français_, in 1820, and were first collected and published in book form in 1827.--T.]
[Footnote 703:
"Such is the lot of man: his learning grows with age. But what use to be sage, When the end is So near?"--T.
]
[Footnote 704: The ordinances, or Orders in Council, of the 16th of June 1828. The first declared that the establishments known as secondary ecclesiastical schools and hitherto managed by persons belonging to an unauthorized religious congregation should be subjected to the control of the University of France. The second limited the number of pupils who could be admitted into the seminaries to twenty thousand and generally restricted the liberty of the seminaries, especially in the matter of the conferring of degrees.--B.]
[Footnote 705: MATT. XXII. 17.--T.]
[Footnote 706: Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), the "Liberator of South America." He became Dictator of Venezuela in 1817, united Venezuela and New Granada into the Republic of Colombia and became its president in 1819, added Ecuador to Colombia in 1822, was made Dictator of Peru in 1823 and Protector of the new Republic of Bolivia in 1825. Peru declared against him, in 1826, and Bolivia soon followed; and, although he remained President of the three countries forming Colombia until his death, the republic created by him fell to pieces soon after.--T.]
[Footnote 707: Gottfried Wilhelm Baron von Leibnitz (1646-1716), the universal genius, laboured first with Pellisson and Bossuet in an endeavour to reunite the Catholic and Protestant religions; having failed in this enterprise, he set himself to reconcile at least the several Protestant sects, but met with as little success. Leibnitz prompted the foundation and was made Perpetual President of the Berlin Academy.--T.]
[Footnote 708: Felice Peretti, Pope Sixtus V. (1521-1590), elected Pope in 1585, fixed the number of cardinals at seventy and reorganized the whole public administration of the Papal States.--T.]
[Footnote 709: Shortly after the date of this letter, M. de La Ferronnays, who was ill, started for Italy and left the Foreign Office _ad interim_ in charge of M. Portalis.--_Author's Note._]
[Footnote 710: M. Du Viviers was one of the attachés to the Embassy. He took with him to Paris the letter to Madame Récamier and also the report of Chateaubriand's conversation with the Pope--B.]
[Footnote 711: Pierre Chauvin, the French landscape painter, lived in Rome from 1809 to 1827.--T.]
[Footnote 712: Cavaliere Filippo Aureliano Visconti (1754-1831), President of the Roman Academy of Arts.--B.]
[Footnote 713: General Armand Charles Comte Guilleminot (1774-1840) served under Dumouriez and Pichegru, later under Moreau, became a general in 1808, and a general of division in 1813. Under the Restoration, he became director-general of the military depots (1816) and, in 1823, drew up the plan of campaign of the Spanish War and accompanied the Duc d'Angoulême as chief of staff. At the end of the war, he was created a peer of France and, in 1824, sent as ambassador to Constantinople, where he remained till 1831.--T.]
[Footnote 714: Madame Lenormant.--_Author's Note._
An expedition to the Morea from the point of view of science and art had been organized by the French Government. M. Charles Lenormant was to take part in it, and his wife, Madame Récamier's niece and adopted daughter, was proposing to accompany him.--B.]
[Footnote 715: Napoléon Auguste Comte, later Duc de Montebello (1801-1874), son of Marshal Lannes. He had been created a peer of France in 1827, but did not take his seat in the Upper House until after the Revolution of July. In 1836, he became French Ambassador to Switzerland and, in 1838, Ambassador to Naples. He was subsequently Minister of Marine (1847-1848), a senator (1864) and Ambassador to St. Petersburg (1858-1866).--B.]
[Footnote 716: This again refers to the ordinances of the 16th of June 1828.--B.]
[Footnote 717: At the opening of the Chambers, 27 January 1829.--B.]
[Footnote 718: I was mistaken.--_Author's Note_ (1837).]
[Footnote 719: The Cardinal de Clermont-Tonnerre, who was on bad terms with the King's Government. He had protested loudly against the ordinance of the 16th of June 1828, touching the minor seminaries, concluding his letter to Monseigneur Feutrier, the Minister of Public Worship, with these words:
"My lord, the motto of my family, which it received from Calixtus II., in 1120, is: _Etiamsi omnes, ego non._ It is also that of my conscience.
"I have the honour to be, with the respectful consideration due to the King's minister,
"† A. J. CARDINAL ARCHBISHOP OF TOULOUSE."
In consequence of this letter, the King ordered the prelate to be prohibited from appearing at Court.]
END OF VOL. IV.