CHAPTER VII

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FROM THE ELECTION OF EADWARD TO THE BANISHMENT OF GODWINE. 1042–1051. A. D. PAGE The struggle between Normans and Englishmen begins with the accession of Eadward 4 Import of Eadward’s election; resolve of the English people to have none but an English King 4 Other possible candidates; Swend Estrithson; Eadward the son of Eadmund 5 Eadward the one available representative of the old stock 5

§ 1. _The Election and Coronation of Eadward._ 1042–1043. June, 1042 Popular election of Eadward 5 Delay of the coronation; its probable causes 6 Eadward probably absent from England and unwilling to accept the Crown 6–7 Embassy to Eadward; negotiations between him and Godwine 7–8 Eadward accepts the Crown and returns to England 8 Christmas? Witenagemót of Gillingham 1042–1043 9 Opposition to Eadward’s election in the interest of Swend Estrithson 9 Eadward the only possible choice; nature of his claims 10–14 April 3, Eadward crowned at Winchester 1043 14 Exhortation of Archbishop Eadsige; position of Eadward; his relations to Godwine and the other great Earls 14–16 Presence of foreign Ambassadors at the coronation; Eadward’s foreign connexions; his relations with Magnus of Denmark and with the French Princes 16–19 Gifts of the English nobles; Godwine gives a ship to the King 19–20

§ 2. _Condition of England during the early years of Eadward._ Character of Eadward; his position as a Saint 20–21 Eadward’s memory acceptable to Englishmen and Normans alike 22 Eadward’s personal character; purely monastic nature of his virtues; points of likeness to his father 23–24 His love of hunting; contrast with the humanity of Anselm 25–27 Personal appearance and habits of Eadward 27 His love of favourites; his fondness for foreigners; promotion of Normans to high office 28–30 The Norman Conquest begins under Eadward 30 Relations between Eadward and Godwine; Norman calumnies against Godwine and his sons 30–31 Character of Godwine; his relations to ecclesiastical bodies; his over care for his own household 31–33 His good and strict government of his Earldom 33–34 Godwine never reached the same power as Harold did afterwards 35 Godwine’s eloquence; importance of speech at the time 35 1043 Godwine’s family; Swegen raised to an Earldom 36 1045? Promotion of Beorn and Harold 36–37 Character of Harold; his military genius 37–39 His civil virtues; his singular forbearance; his championship of England against strangers 39–40 His foreign travels; his patronage of Germans as opposed to Frenchmen 40–41 Harold’s personal character; his alleged spoliation of monasteries; his friendship with Saint Wulfstan; his foundation of Waltham 41–42 Frankness and openness of his personal demeanour; alleged charges of rashness 42–43 Story of Eadgyth Swanneshals 43 Comparison between Harold and Constantine Palaiologos 43–44 Character of Swegen 44–45 Character of the Lady Eadgyth; her doubtful loyalty to England; her relations to her husband 45–47 Greatness of Godwine and his house 47–48 The other Earldoms; Mercia under Leofric; Northumberland under Siward 48–50 General condition of England; tendency not to separation but to union; comparison with Frankish history 50 Nature of the Earldoms as affected by the Danish conquest; special position of Northumberland 50–51 The King’s Writs; light thrown by them on the condition of Folkland 52–53 General powers of the Witan not lessened 53 1040 Affairs of Scotland; reign and death of Duncan 53–54 1040–1058 Reign of Macbeth; his distribution of money at Rome 54–55 1039–1063 Affairs of Wales; reign of Gruffydd of North Wales 55–56 1039 His victory over Eadwine at Rhyd-y-groes 56 1042 His wars in South Wales and victory at Aberteifi 56 Eadward’s relations with foreign powers; his connexion with Germany 56 Claims of Magnus of Norway on the Crown of England 57 The reign of Eadward comparatively peaceful 57

§ 3. _From the Coronation of Eadward to the Remission of the War-tax._ 1043–1051. 1043–1051 Character of the first nine years of Eadward 58 Relations between Eadward and his mother; probable offence given by Emma 58–61 November Witenagemót of Gloucester; Eadward and the Earls 16, 1043 despoil Emma of her treasure 61–62 Probable connexion of Emma with the partizans of 1043–1046 Swend; banishments of Osbeorn, Osgod Clapa, Gunhild, and others 62–64 April–Nov. Stigand appointed Bishop of the East-Angles and 1043 deposed 64–65 Importance of ecclesiastical appointments; mode of appointing Bishops; increased connexion with Rome; prevalence of simony 65–68 Siward Abbot of Abingdon appointed Coadjutor to 1044–1050 Archbishop Eadsige; he retires to Abingdon and dies 68–69 July 25, Death of Ælfweard, Bishop of London 1044 69 August 10, Restoration of Stigand; Robert of Jumièges Bishop of 1044 London 70–71 Baneful influence of Robert; his calumnies against Godwine; his connexion with the Norman Conquest 70–71 1044–1047 Condition of Northern Europe; war between Swend and Magnus; conduct of Godescalc 72–73 1044–1045 Magnus claims the English Crown; answer of Eadward; preparations against Magnus 73–74 Early life and exploits of Harold Hardrada; his 1030–1044 escape from Stikkelstad; he enters the Byzantine service 74–76 1038–1040 He commands the Warangians in Sicily 76 His crusade or pilgrimage; he escapes from Constantinople and joins Swend in Sweden 76–78 1045 Swend and Harold attack Magnus and save England from invasion 78 Jan. 23, Marriage of Eadward and Eadgyth; promotions of 1045 Harold and Beorn 79 Death of Brihtwold, Bishop of the Wilsætas; Hermann of Lotharingia succeeds; policy of the promotion of German prelates 79–81 March 23, Death of Bishop Lyfing; his career and character 1046 81–83 1046–1072 Leofric succeeds him in Cornwall and Devonshire 83 1050 He removes the see to Exeter, and subjects his Canons to the rule of Chrodegang 83–85 1046–1062 Ealdred succeeds Lyfing at Worcester; his character 85–86 Gruffydd ap Llywelyn reconciled with the King; his joint expedition with Swegen against Gruffydd ap Rhydderch 87 Swegen’s abduction of Eadgifu; he throws up his Earldom and retires to Denmark; suppression of Leominster Abbey 87–89 Banishment of Osgod Clapa 89–90 1047 Affairs of Scandinavia; Harold joins Magnus and receives a share of the Kingdom of Norway 90–91 Swend asks help from England; his request is supported in the Witenagemót by Godwine, but rejected on the motion of Leofric 91–92 Magnus defeats Swend; he occupies Denmark and dies suddenly 92–93 1048–1061 Harold succeeds in Norway, Swend in Denmark; their long warfare 93 Norwegian and Danish embassies to England; help 1048 again refused to Swend; peace concluded with Harold 93 1046–1047 Physical phænomena 93–94 Aug. 29, Ælfwine, Bishop of Winchester, dies; Stigand 1047 succeeds 94 1048 Ravages of Lothen and Yrling; the King and the Earls pursue the pirates, but they escape to Flanders 94–96 Relations with Flanders; their analogy with the relations with Normandy in 991 and 1000 96 Alliance with the Emperor Henry; his nomination of German Popes 96 1048–1054 Pontificate of Leo the Ninth 96–97 1047 Godfrey of Lotharingia and Baldwin of Flanders rebel against the Emperor 97 1049 Leo excommunicates Godfrey; Godfrey submits, but Baldwin continues his ravages 97–98 Denmark and England join the Emperor against Baldwin; the English fleet watches the Channel; submission of Baldwin 98–99 Baldwin’s submission lets loose the English exiles; Osgod Clapa at sea; Swegen seeks reconciliation with Eadward 99–100 Harold and Beorn oppose his restoration; his outlawry is renewed 100–101 Beorn entrapped and slain by Swegen 102–104 Swegen declared Nithing by the army; nature of the military Gemót 104–105 Swegen escapes to Flanders and is received by Baldwin; universal indignation against him in England 105–107 Midlent, Swegen restored to his Earldom by the intervention 1050 of Bishop Ealdred 107–109 1049 Various military operations; movements of Osgod Clapa 109–110 July Ships from Ireland in the Bristol Channel joined by Gruffydd of South Wales 110 July 29 Campaign of Bishop Ealdred; his defeat by Gruffydd 110–111 Increasing connexion of England with the continent; 1049–1050 English attendance at synods; synods at Rheims and Mainz 111–113 Deaths of Bishops and Abbots; Siward dies, and 1049 Eadsige resumes the primacy; Eadnoth of Dorchester dies and is succeeded by Ulf the Norman 113 Midlent, Witenagemót of London; reduction of the fleet; 1050 Swegen inlawed 114–115 The King’s vow of pilgrimage to Rome; Bishops Ealdred and Hermann sent to obtain a dispensation 115–116 Synods of Rome and Vercelli; Lanfranc and Berengar; Ulf confirmed in his Bishoprick; pilgrimage of Macbeth? 116–118 Death of Archbishop Eadsige; the monks of Christ Oct. 29 Church elect Ælfric, who is supported by Godwine but rejected by the King 118–120 Midlent, Witenagemót of London; Robert of Jumièges appointed 1051 to Canterbury, Spearhafoc to London, and Rudolf to the Abbey of Abingdon 120–121 Robert returns from Rome with the pallium; he July 27 refuses to consecrate Spearhafoc, who holds his see without consecration 121–123 The remaining ships paid off; remission of the Midlent? Heregeld; distinction between Danegeld and Heregeld 123–125

§ 4. _The Banishment of Earl Godwine._ 1051. The foreign influence at its height; contrast between Danish and Norman influences; revolt of England against the strangers 125–129 Universal indignation at the appointment of Robert; his cabals against Godwine 129–130 September Visit of Eustace of Boulogne to Eadward at Gloucester; his outrages at Dover on his return 130–133 Eustace accuses the men of Dover to Eadward; Eadward commands Godwine to inflict military chastisement on them; Godwine refuses, and demands a legal trial 133–137 Robert excites the King against Godwine; the Witan summoned to Gloucester to hear charges against the Earl 137–138 Outrages of the Normans in Herefordshire; building of castles; Richard’s Castle 138–140 Godwine and his sons gather the force of their Earldoms at Beverstone; Siward, Leofric, and Ralph gather theirs at Gloucester 141 Negotiations between Godwine and the King; Godwine’s Sept. 8 offers refused through the influence of the Frenchmen; he demands the surrender of Eustace and the other criminals 142–143 The full force of the Northern Earldoms assembles at Gloucester; Eadward refuses to surrender Eustace 143–144 Eagerness of the Northumbrians for battle; march of the West-Saxons and East-Angles on Gloucester 144–146 Mediation of Leofric; adjournment to a Gemót in London 146–147 Gemót of London; Eadward at the head of an army; Sept. 29 outlawry of Swegen renewed; Godwine and Harold summoned to appear as criminals 147–149 Final summons to the Earls; their demand for a safe-conduct is refused 149–150 Godwine and his family outlawed; Godwine, Swegen, &c., take refuge in Flanders 151 Harold determines on resistance; he and Leofwine sail from Bristol to Dublin, where they are received by King Diarmid; vain pursuit of Bishop Ealdred 152–155 Eadgyth sent to Wherwell 155–156 General character of the story; explanation of Godwine’s conduct: effect of his fall on the minds of his contemporaries 157–160 Oct. Temporary triumph of the Norman party; advancement 1051–Sept. of Ralph, Odda, and Ælfgar 1052 160–161 Spearhafoc deposed and William appointed Bishop of London 161 Visit of Duke William 161–162

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