CHAPTER X

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THE REIGN OF EADWARD, FROM THE DEATH OF THE ÆTHELING TO THE DEATH OF THE KING. 1057–1066.

§ 1. _The Ecclesiastical Administration of Earl Harold._ 1058–1062. Dominant position of Harold; predominance of ecclesiastical affairs; Harold in relation to the Church 428–430 1058? Harold’s pilgrimage to Rome; he studies the politics of the French Princes on his way 430–431 1057–1061 Succession of Popes; Stephen the Ninth; Benedict the Tenth; Nicholas the Second 431–432 Benedict probably in possession at the time of 1058 Harold’s visit; he grants the pallium to Stigand, probably through Harold’s influence 432 Temporary recognition of Stigand after his receipt of the pallium; the new Bishops Æthelric and Siward are consecrated by him 433 Harold returns to England 433–434 Second outlawry and return of Ælfgar 434–435 Ecclesiastical history of Gloucester; death of Abbot 681–1058 Eadric; Bishop Ealdred rebuilds and consecrates the church and appoints Wulfstan Abbot 435–436 1058 Ealdred restores the See of Ramsbury to Hermann and makes the pilgrimage to Jerusalem 436–437 April 23, Mannig resigns the abbacy of Evesham and is 1059 succeeded by Æthelwig 437–438 Deposition of Pope Benedict; its effect on the position of Stigand 439 May 3, Consecration of Harold’s minster at Waltham 1060 439 Nature and importance of the foundation; its character generally misunderstood 439–440 Harold’s acquisition of Waltham; he rebuilds the church and founds a secular college 441–442 Distinction between the foundation of secular colleges and of monasteries 442 Harold’s zeal for education; Adelard of Lüttich 443–444 Continuance of the struggle between regulars and seculars; Harold a friend of the seculars; general witness to his character borne by the foundation 444–446 The church consecrated by Archbishop Cynesige; the foundation charter dated two years later 446–447 Dec. 22 Death of Cynesige 447 Dec. 25 Ealdred appointed Archbishop of York in the Gemót at Gloucester 447–448 1060–1079 Ealdred resigns the See of Hereford and is succeeded by Walter 448 1060–1088 Death of Duduc Bishop of Wells; he is succeeded by Gisa 449–450 Later careers of Walter and Gisa; Gisa’s changes at Wells; comparisons between the foundations of Harold and Gisa 451–453 April 15, Gisa and Walter consecrated at Rome 1061 453–454 April Death of Wulfric, Abbot of Saint Augustine’s; his 18–May 26 successor Æthelsige receives the benediction from Stigand 454–455 Journey to Rome of Ealdred, Tostig, and Gyrth 455–456 Pope Nicolas confirms the privileges of Westminster, but refuses the pallium to Ealdred, and deprives him of his See 456–457 Tostig and the Bishops robbed on their way home 457 They return to Rome, and the Pope yields the pallium to the threats of Tostig 457–459 Ill effects of the practice of pilgrimage; Malcolm invades Northumberland during the absence of Tostig 459–460 Lent, 1062 Vacancy of the See of Worcester; papal legates in England 460–461 Ealdred hesitates between Abbot Æthelwig and Wulfstan Prior of Worcester 461–462 1012–1062 Life and character of Wulfstan 462–464 Easter Wulfstan elected Bishop; the election confirmed by 1062 the Witan 464–466 Sept. 8 Wulfstan consecrated by Ealdred, but makes profession to Stigand 466–467 Easter The King’s charter to the College at Waltham. 1063 467 Ælfwig, uncle of Harold, appointed Abbot of New Minster 467–468

§ 2. _The Welsh War and its Consequences._ 1062–1065. Renewed ravages of Gruffydd; probable death of 1062 Ælfgar, who is succeeded in his Earldom by his son Eadwine 468–469 Christmas Gemót at Gloucester; Harold’s sudden march to 1062–1063 Rhuddlan 468–470 Harold’s great Welsh campaign; its permanent effect on men’s minds; testimony of John of Salisbury and of Giraldus Cambrensis 470–471 May 26, Harold and Tostig invade Wales; Harold adopts the 1063 Welsh tactics; all Wales reduced to submission 472–474 August 5 Gruffydd murdered by his own people 475 The Welsh Kingdom granted to Bleddyn and Rhiwallon 475–476 Alleged legislation about Wales 476–477 1064? Harold marries Ealdgyth; the marriage probably a political one 477–478 August 1, Harold builds a hunting-seat for Eadward at 1065 Portskewet 479 August 24 Caradoc son of Gruffydd of South Wales kills the workmen 480

§ 3. _The Revolt of Northumberland._ 1065. Oppressive government of Tostig in Northumberland 481 1064 Charges against him; murder of Gamel and Ulf 482 Dec. 28 Murder of Gospatric in the King’s Court; attributed to Tostig and Eadgyth 482 Oct. 3, Revolt of Northumberland; rebel Gemót at York 1065 483 Constitutional position of Northumberland; frequent absence of Tostig; his deputy Copsige 483–485 Acts of the rebel Gemót; vote of deposition and outlawry against Tostig; Morkere elected Earl 485 Objects of Eadwine and Morkere; they aim at the division of the Kingdom; constant treasons of Eadwine 486–487 Oswulf Earl in Bernicia or Northumberland 487 The Northumbrians put to death Amund and Reavenswart 488 October 4 General massacre of Tostig’s followers and plunder of his treasury 489 Morkere and the Northumbrians march to Northampton; Eadwine joins them; presence of Welshmen in his army 489–490 Ravages of the Northumbrians in Northamptonshire and the neighbouring shires 490–491 Negotiations between the King and the rebels; Harold carries a summons to lay down their arms and submit their grievances to legal discussion 491 Answer of the Northumbrians 491–492 Eadward holds a Gemót at Bretford; debates in the Council 492–493 Tostig charges Harold with stirring up the revolt; Harold denies the charge on oath 493–494 Eadward’s eagerness for war; he is kept back by Harold and others 494–495 Position of Harold; his public duty and private interest in the controversy; complete agreement of the two 495–498 Gemót of Oxford; acts of the York Gemót confirmed; October 28 Waltheof made Earl of Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire; renewal of Cnut’s Law 498–500 Nov. 1 Banishment of Tostig; he takes refuge in Flanders 500–501

§ 4. _The Last Days of Eadward._ 1065–1066. Eadward’s last sickness; his devotion to Saint Peter 501–503 His foundation at Westminster in honour of the 1051–1065 Apostle; reverse order of proceeding at Westminster and at Waltham 503–504 653–1051 Early history of Westminster 504–505 Permanence of Eadward’s minster and palace; existing remains of his buildings 506–508 1065 Completion of the church; the first great example of Norman architecture in England 508–510 Legends 510–513 Sept. 1065 Consecration of Eadgyth’s church at Wilton 513 Dec. 25–28 Midwinter Gemót at Westminster; consecration of the church 513–514 Jan. 5, Death of Eadward 1066 515 Jan. 6 Burial of Eadward and coronation of Harold 515 Summary 515–516

APPENDIX. NOTE A. The Election and Coronation of Eadward 517 B. The Legendary History of Eadward 525 C. Eadward’s Fondness for Foreign Churchmen 535 D. English and Norman Estimates of Godwine and Harold 536 E. The Alleged Spoliations of the Church by Godwine and Harold 543 F. The Children of Godwine 552 G. The Great Earldoms during the Reign of Eadward 555 H. The Legend of Emma 568 I. The Welsh Campaign of 1049 571 K. Danegeld and Heregeld 574 L. The Banishment of Godwine 575 M. The Surnames of William 581 N. The Birth of William 583 O. The Battle of Val-ès-dunes 590 P. The Counts of Anjou and of Chartres 591 Q. The Imprisonment of William of Aquitaine 594 R. The Ravages attributed to Harold and Godwine 596 S. The Narratives of the Return of Godwine 598 T. The Pilgrimage of Swegen 603 U. The Ecclesiastical Position of Stigand 605 W. The Death of Earl Godwine 608 X. The War with Macbeth 613 Y. The Mission of Ealdred and the Return of the Ætheling Eadward 619 Z. The Supposed Enmity between Harold and Tostig 623 AA. Æthelstan, Bishop of Hereford 628 BB. The Family of Leofric 629 CC. Harold the Son of Ralph 632 DD. The Quasi-Royal Position of Earl Harold 634 EE. Harold’s Foreign Travels and Pilgrimage 635 FF. The Quarrel between Earl Harold and Bishop Gisa 637 GG. Ælfwig Abbot of New Minster 644 HH. The Revolt of Northumberland 646

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

p. 14, note 4, for “manude” read “monude.”

p. 46, note 1, for “men” read “man.”

p. 50, side-note, for “Earldom” read “Earldoms.”

p. 52, l. 7. There is another writ which, though neither Northumberland nor any Northumbrian Earl is distinctly mentioned, is clearly meant to run in Northumberland more than anywhere else. This is the writ in Cod. Dipl. iv. 230, addressed, according to a form found elsewhere, to the Bishops, Earls, and Thegns of all those shires in which Archbishop Ealdred had any lands “Eadward cyngc grét míne biscopas and míne eorlas and ealle mýne þegenas on ðam scýran ðær Ealdred ærcebisceop hæfeð land inne freóndlíce”). Among these shires Gloucestershire is doubtless included, but Yorkshire must have stood foremost.

p. 70, note 1. See p. 438.

p. 82, l. 5. There is an odd notice of Lyfing’s plurality of Bishopricks in a deed in Cod. Dipl. vi. 195. It is a conveyance of lands to Sherborne made in a Scirgemót of Devonshire held at Exeter under the presidency of Earl Godwine. Lyfing is one of the witnesses, and he is described as “Lyfing bisceop be norðan,” as if a Devonshire man’s notions of Worcester were not very clear. Worcester was clearly the see which Lyfing loved best.

p. 89, note 3. I ought here to have added another entry in the same folio of Domesday, which I knew perfectly well, but which did not catch my eye when I wrote this note. In the second column of fol. 180 are the words “Abbatissa tenet Fencote, et ipsa tenuit T. R. E.” This, and the entry about “victus monialium,” are the whole account of the monastery. This entry however may well agree with my view of the case. Fencote is but a small dependency of Leominster, and it was probably a portion set aside for Eadgifu’s personal maintenance. If so, she survived her error forty years.

p. 108, l. 14. Perhaps more accurately, in the Earldom of Ralph, under the superior authority of Leofric. See p. 563.

p. 115, note 5. On seeming anachronisms of this kind see p. 634. Cf. p. 111, note 1.

p. 134, note 2. On the bare possibility that Tostig may have held some subordinate government as early as this time, see p. 567.

p. 165, l. 3. To prevent misconception, it may be needful to explain to some readers that there was a Napoleon Buonaparte, who was crowned at Paris (see vol. i. p. 268) and who died at Saint Helena, and who slew more men in unjust wars than probably any one man in Europe since Caius Julius Cæsar.

p. 180, l. 11, for “so perilous an enterprise” read “the same perilous enterprise.”

p. 209, l. 2, for “Princes” read “Prince.”

p. 248, l. 15, after “half dressed” read “himself.”

p. 249, note 3, for “of the Monasticon” read “in the Monasticon.”

p. 278, note 1, for “contigerât” read “contigerat.”

p. 284, note 2. I have to thank my friend Mr. Dimock for the explanation that “accipiter” is the goshawk, while the sparrow-hawk is “nisus.” From the point of view of the small birds the difference is perhaps not very important.

p. 287, note 2, for “than that at Alençon” read “than he was at Alençon.”

p. 322, l. 24, after “from Kent” read “from Surrey.”

P· 337, l. 17. See p. 602.

p. 342, note 2, for “_filli_” read “_filii_.”

p. 347, note 3. Of Ralph the Staller I shall have to speak more at large in my next volume. I suspect him to be the Ralph mentioned in the Chronicles under the year 1075.

p. 349, note 2. On Leofric’s plurality of abbeys see also the Peterborough Chronicle, 1066.

p. 359, note 1. “Bundinus,” that is Bondig, was an Englishman. I shall have to speak of him again.

p. 368, l. 8, for “around” read “beneath.”

p. 373, l. 3, for “West-Frankish” read “East-Frankish.”

p. 418, l. 4 from bottom, for “whenever” read “wherever.”

p. 423, l. 8 from bottom, dele “indeed.”

p. 433, l. 15, for “fell vacant in the course of the year” read “were now vacant.” It seems uncertain whether Heaca died in 1057 or in 1058 (see p. 414): if the former year is right, the see of Selsey must have remained vacant a year. As this is not likely, the expression in the text is probably true, but it is better to leave the matter uncertain.

Ib. note 1, for “disposition” read “disposal.”

p. 436, l. 10. The three Wulfstans—Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, Archbishop of York, and founder of Gloucester Abbey—Wulfstan, monk of Worcester and Abbot of Gloucester—and Saint Wulfstan, Prior and Bishop of Worcester,—must be carefully distinguished from each other. All were alive at once, and the last two were strictly contemporary, and all had more or less to do with Worcester and Gloucester.

p. 441, l. 8. I shall discuss in my third volume the possibility of this Esegar being the “Ansgardus” of Guy of Amiens. The idea had not occurred to me when I wrote this part of the text.

p. 448, l. 18, for “two” read “four” = 1056–1060.

p. 451, note 6. On this Azor and others of the name, see p. 642.

p. 461, note 5, for “436” read “438.”

p. 465, note 5, for “1262” read “1062.”

p. 467, note 3. This charge against Ealdred is confirmed by the entries in Domesday, 164 _b_. “Eldred archiepiscopus tenuit Stanedis. De dominio Sancti Petri de Glouuecestre fuit.” “Sanctus Petrus de Glouuecestre tenuit Lecce, et Eldred archiepiscopus tenuit cum abbatiâ.” Both these are lordships in Gloucestershire, which were still held by the see of York at the time of the Survey. It is not so clear when we read of a third lordship in the same list; “Eldredus archiepiscopus tenuit Otintune.... Thomas archiepiscopus tenet. Sanctus Petrus de Glouuecestre habuit in dominio donec Rex Willelmus in Angliam venit.” Does this mean that Ealdred, who was, for some time at least, in William’s favour, continued his spoliations of the monks of Gloucester after his accession?

p. 479, l. 12, for “seem well” read “well seem.” See p. 651.

p. 487, l. 9, and 497, l. 19. See p. 651.

p. 511, l. 16. The Bishop meant would doubtless be Stigand as Bishop of the diocese; by the same showing the Abbot would most likely be Harold’s uncle Ælfwig, the Abbot of the neighbouring house of New Minster.

p. 531, l. 24. Cf. Ovid, Metamorph. x. 467;

“Forsitan ætatis quoque nomine, Filia, dicat.”

p. 541, l. 10, for “this” read “his.”

p. 545, l. 7, for “againt” read “against.”

p. 553, l. 14. The list in the Knytlirga Saga, c. 11, is no less strange; Harold, Tostig, “Maurakaare,” Waltheof, and Swend.

p. 598, l. 9 from bottom, for “late” read “later,” and in last line but one dele “than.”

p. 607, l. 11 from bottom, for “præsente” read “præsentem.”

p. 611, l. 13 from bottom, for “minded” read “reminded.”

THE HISTORY

OF THE

NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.

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