CHAPTER IX

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THE REIGN OF EADWARD FROM THE RETURN OF GODWINE TO THE DEATH OF EADWARD THE ÆTHELING. 1052–1057.

Character of the period; little direct connexion between English and Norman affairs 307–308

§ 1. _The Return and Death of Godwine._ 1052–1053. 1052 General regret at the absence of Godwine; he receives invitations to return 308–310 Eadward gathers a fleet at Sandwich to oppose Godwine 310 Ravages of Gruffydd of North Wales; his victory near Leominster 311–312 Godwine petitions for his restoration; embassies of foreign princes on his behalf; his restoration is refused 312–313 Godwine determines on a return by force; estimate of his conduct 313–315 Harold and Leofwine sail from Dublin and enter the Bristol Channel 315 The people of Somersetshire and Devonshire ill disposed towards them; probable grounds for their hostility 316 Harold’s landing and victory at Porlock; estimate of his conduct 316–319 June 22 Godwine sets sail; his first appearance off the English coast 319–320 Both fleets dispersed by a storm; Godwine returns to Bruges 320–321 Godwine sails the second time to Wight; meeting of Godwine and Harold; they sail eastward together 321–322 Zeal in their cause shown by the men of Sussex, Surrey, Kent, and Essex 322–323 They enter the Thames and sail towards London 323 Sept. 14 Godwine reaches Southwark; London declares for him 323–324 The King hastens to London with an army 324–325 Godwine before London; zeal of his followers and lukewarmness of the King’s troops 326–327 Godwine demands his restoration; Eadward hesitates 328 The indignation of Godwine’s men restrained by the Earl 328–329 Embassy of Stigand; hostages exchanged; and matters referred to a Gemót on the morrow 329 Godwine and Harold land 329 Fears of the King’s Norman favourites; general flight of the foreigners 329–331 Robert and Ulf cut their way out of London; the Sept. 15 _Mycel Gemót_ assembles without the walls of London; its popular character 332–333 Godwine at the Gemót; he supplicates the King and speaks to the people 333–334 Votes of the Assembly; acquittal and restoration of Godwine; outlawry of Archbishop Robert and many other Normans; “Good law decreed for all folk” 335–337 Personal reconciliation between Godwine and the King 337 Restoration of Eadgyth 337–338 Absence of Swegen; his pilgrimage to Jerusalem 338 Sept. 29 He dies in Lykia 338 Disposal of Earldoms; restoration of Harold; Earldoms of Ralph and Odda 339 The vacant Bishopricks; relations between Church and State 339–340 Stigand appointed to Canterbury; his doubtful ecclesiastical position; handle given to the Normans by Robert’s expulsion 340–344 1053–1067 Wulfwig succeeds Ulf at Dorchester 344 1053–1067 Leofwine Bishop of Lichfield; Leofwine and Wulfwig seek consecration beyond sea 344 1051–1070 William of London retains his Bishoprick 345–346 Normans allowed to remain or return; some of them probably restored after Godwine’s death; Osbern of Richard’s Castle 346–348 Estimate of Godwine’s conduct; his illness 348 1052–1053 Christmas Gemót at Gloucester 348 Jan. 5, Rhys ap Rhydderch beheaded and his head brought to 1053 Eadward 349 1053–1066 Arnwig resigns the Abbey of Peterborough; succession and administration of Leofric 349–350 1053 Easter Gemót at Winchester 350 April 12 Godwine taken ill at the King’s table 350 April 15 His death and burial; gifts of his widow Gytha 350–352 General grief of the nation; true estimate of Godwine’s character 352–354

§ 2. _From the Accession of Harold to the Earldom of the West-Saxons to his first War with Gruffydd._ 1053–1056. Nature of the succession to Earldoms; different positions of Mercia and Northumberland and of Wessex and East-Anglia 354–355 Reasons for retaining the West-Saxon Earldom 355–356 Easter, Harold Earl of the West-Saxons; Ælfgar Earl of the 1053 East-Angles; character of Ælfgar and his sons 356–357 Probable restoration of Bishop William and other Normans 358 Position of the Normans in Eadward’s later days; political office forbidden, but court office allowed; Eadward’s later policy thoroughly English 358–359 Different positions of Godwine and Harold with regard to the foreigners 359–360 Christmas, Ecclesiastical appointments; Leofwine of Lichfield 1053–1054 and Wulfwig of Dorchester 361 1053–1082 Æthelnoth Abbot of Glastonbury 361 1053–July Bishop Ealdred holds the Abbey of Winchcombe with 17, 1054 his See 361–362 Welsh inroad at Westbury 362 1054 Macbeth in Scotland; Siward’s expedition against him; Macbeth’s alliance with Thorfinn 362–364 July 27 Siward defeats Macbeth; Malcolm declared King of Scots; legends about Siward 364–365 1054–1058 The war continued by Macbeth; his final defeat and death 365–366 1058 Ephemeral reign of Lulach; Malcolm King over all Scotland 366 Erroneous popular conception of the war with Macbeth 366 1054 State of the royal family; position of Ralph; of the descendants of Eadmund Ironside 367–370 The Ætheling Eadward invited to England; import of the invitation 370–372 July Embassy of Ealdred and Ælfwine to the Emperor Henry; Ealdred’s long stay at Köln 372–374 Death of Osgod Clapa 374 1055 Death of Earl Siward; his foundation at Galmanho; his son Waltheof 374–375 March Tostig appointed Earl of the Northumbrians; novelty of the appointment; its doubtful policy 375–379 Character and government of Tostig; his personal favour with Eadward; legends about him and Harold 379–383 Tostig’s sworn brotherhood with Malcolm 384–385 March 20 Banishment of Ælfgar 385–386 Ælfgar hires ships in Ireland; he ravages Herefordshire in alliance with Gruffydd 386–388 October 24 Battle near Hereford; defeat of the English through the innovations of Earl Ralph 388–390 Gruffydd and Ælfgar sack and burn Hereford 390–392 Harold sent against the Welsh; comparison of his earlier and later Welsh campaigns 393–394 Harold restores and fortifies Hereford 394–395 Christmas Peace of Billingsley; general mildness of English 1055–1056 political warfare 395 Ælfgar restored to his Earldom 396 Feb. 10, Death of Æthelstan Bishop of Hereford; invasion of 1056 Magnus and Gruffydd 396–397 March Short and warlike episcopate of Leofgar of Hereford; 27–June 16 his death in battle; character of the war with Gruffydd 397–398 1056–1060 Ealdred holds the See of Hereford with that of Worcester 398 1056 Gruffydd reconciled to Eadward; his oath of homage; he is mulcted of his lands in Cheshire 398–400 Cooperation of Harold, Leofric, and Ealdred 400–401

§ 3. _From Harold’s first Campaign against Gruffydd to the Deaths of Leofric and Ralph._ 1055–1057. Christmas Ecclesiastical affairs; Hermann of Ramsbury tries to 1055–1056 annex the Abbey of Malmesbury to his Bishoprick; his scheme hindered by Harold 401–405 1056–1058 Hermann retires to Saint Omer; he returns and unites the Sees of Ramsbury and Sherborne 405–406 August 31, Death of Earl Odda 1056 407

1056–1071 Æthelric of Durham resigns his See; succession of his brother Æthelwine 407–408 1057 The Ætheling Eadward comes to England; his intended succession to the Crown; his death 408–410 Probable reasons why he never saw the King 410–412 Surmise of Sir F. Palgrave that Harold caused his death; its injustice 412–414 Death of Heaca, Bishop of the South-Saxons; Æthelric succeeds 414 August 31 Death of Earl Leofric; fate of Godgifu 414–415 Dec. 21 Death of Earl Ralph; his possible pretensions to the Crown 415–416 Christmas Redistribution of Earldoms; Ælfgar Earl of the 1057–1058 Mercians; marriage of his daughter Ealdgyth with Gruffydd 416 Herefordshire added to Harold’s Earldom; Harold the son of Ralph 417 Gyrth Earl of the East-Angles and of Oxfordshire; policy of detached shires 418 Leofwine Earl of Kent, Essex, &c.; London not under any Earl 419 1058–1065 The House of Godwine at its highest point of greatness 419–420 Harold’s prospects of the Crown 420 Position of Harold; effects of Eadward’s promise to William; the candidates of the patriotic party, first the Ætheling, then Harold 420–422 Quasi-royal position of Harold; probably no formal act, but a general understanding in his favour 424–427 Harold chief ruler of England 427

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