Part 36

Bukka.--Described, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a "sub-caste of Balija. They are sellers of saffron (turmeric), red powder, combs, etc., and are supposed to have been originally Komatis." They are described by the Rev. J. Cain as travelling about selling turmeric, opium, and other goods. According to the legend, when Kanyakamma threw herself into the fire-pit (see Komati), they, instead of following her example, presented to her bukka powder, turmeric, and kunkuma. She directed that they should live apart from the faithful Komatis, and live by the sale of the articles which they offered to her.

Buragam.--A sub-division of Kalingi.

Burgher.--A name commonly applied to the Badagas of the Nilgiri hills. In Ceylon, Burgher is used in the same sense as Eurasian in India.

Burmese.--A few Burmese are trained as medical students at Madras for subsequent employment in the Burmese Medical service. At the Mysore census, 1901, a single Burman was recorded as being engaged at the Kolar gold fields. Since Burma became part of the British dominions in 1886, there has been emigration to that developing country from the Madras Presidency on a large scale. The following figures show the numbers of passengers conveyed thence to Burma during the five years, 1901-05:--

1901 84,329 1902 80,916 1903 100,645 1904 127,622 1905 124,365

Busam (grain).--An exogamous sept of Devanga.

Busi (dirt).--An exogamous sept of Mutracha.

Byagara.--Byagara and Begara are synonyms of Holeya.

NOTES

[1] "Deccan, Hind, Dakhin, Dakhan; dakkina, the Prakr. form of Sskt. dakshina, 'the south.' The southern part of India, the Peninsula, and especially the table-land between the Eastern and Western Ghauts." Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.

[2] History of Creation.

[3] Malay Archipelago, 1890.

[4] See article Kadir.

[5] Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, 1906.

[6] Globus, 1899.

[7] Madras Museum Bull., II, 3, 1899.

[8] Op. cit.

[9] Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.

[10] Mem. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, Miscellanea Ethnographica, 1, 1906.

[11] Manual of the Geology of India, 2nd edition, 1893.

[12] Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals, 1871.

[13] See Annual Report, Archæological Survey of India, 1902-03.

[14] Bull, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 1905.

[15] Introduction to the Study of Mammals, living and extinct, 1891.

[16] Anthropology. Translation, 1894.

[17] I have only seen one individual with woolly hair in Southern India, and he was of mixed Tamil and African parentage.

[18] See article Maravan.

[19] Op. cit.

[20] Ethnology, 1896.

[21] Proc. R. Soc. N. S. Wales, XXIII, part III.

[22] "It is evident that, during much of the tertiary period, Ceylon and South India were bounded on the north by a considerable extent of sea, and probably formed part of an extensive southern continent or great island. The very numerous and remarkable cases of affinity with Malaya require, however, some closer approximation to these islands, which probably occurred at a later period." Wallace. Geographical Distribution of Animals, 1876.

[23] See Breeks, Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilgiris; Phillips, Tumuli of the Salem district; Rea, Prehistoric Burial Places in Southern India; R. Bruce Foote, Catalogues of the Prehistoric Antiquities in the Madras Museum, etc.

[24] Contributions to the Craniology of the People of the Empire of India, Part II. The aborigines of Chuta Nagpur, and of the Central Provinces, the People of Orissa, Veddahs and Negritos, 1900.

[25] Other cranial characters are compared by Sir William Turner, for which I would refer the reader to the original article.

[26] The People of India, 1908.

[27] Contemporary Science Series.

[28] Madras Museum Bull., II, 3, 1899.

[29] The cephalic indices of various Brahman classes in the Bombay Presidency, supplied by Sir H. Risley, are as follows:--Desastha, 76.9; Kokanasth, 77.3; Sheni or Saraswat, 79; Nagar, 79.7.

[30] Measured by Mr. F. Fawcett.

[31] The Pattar Brahmans are Tamil Brahmans, settled in Malabar.

[32] According to the Brahman chronology, Mayura Varma reigned from 455 to 445 B.C., but his probable date was about 750 A.D. See Fleet, Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency, 1882-86.

[33] Histoire générale des Races Humaines, 1889.

[34] Les Nègres d'Asie, et la race Nègre en général. Revue Scientifique, VI July, 1906.

[35] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, 1891.

[36] Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.

[37] Manual of the South Canara district.

[38] The Todas, 1906.

[39] Madras Journ., Lit. and Sci., V., 1837.

[40] Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages. 2nd Ed., 1875.

[41] Outlines of the Toda Grammar appended to Marshall's Phrenologist among the Todas.

[42] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[43] Malabar Law and Custom.

[44] F. Fawcett. Journ. Anth. Soc., Bombay, 1, 1888.

[45] Malabar Law and Custom.

[46] Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom.

[47] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[48] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[49] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[50] Manual of the Madura district.

[51] Description of the Character, Manners and Customs of the People of India.

[52] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[53] Mysore Census Report, 1891, 1901; Rice, Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.

[54] Hindu Manners and Customs. Ed. 1897.

[55] Mysore Census Report, 1901.

[56] Ambalam is an open space or building, where affairs connected with justice are transacted. Ambalakkaran denotes the president of an assembly, or one who proclaims the decision of those assembled in an ambalam.

[57] Anuloma, the product of the connection of a man with a woman of a lower caste; Pratiloma, of the connection of a man with a woman of a higher caste.

[58] Madras Mail, 1906.

[59] A. P. Smith, Madras Review, 1902.

[60] Cochin Census Report, 1901.

[61] Houses where pilgrims and travellers are entertained, and fed gratuitously.

[62] C. Hayavadana Rao. Tales of Komati Wit and Wisdom, 1907.

[63] Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom.

[64] Madras Journ. Lit. and Science, XI, 176, 1840.

[65] Historical Sketches of the South of India.

[66] Ellis. Kural.

[67] Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer, 1876-78.

[68] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[69] Manual of the South Canara district.

[70] Folk-songs of Southern India.

[71] Manual of the Nilagiri district.

[72] The Todas, 1906.

[73] Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilagiris, 1873.

[74] Gazetteer of the Nilgiris.

[75] Madras Christian College Magazine, 1892.

[76] Gazetteer of the Nilgiris.

[77] Manual of Coorg.

[78] Pioneer, 4th October 1907.

[79] Description of a singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the summit of the Neilgherry Hills.

[80] The Todas, 1906.

[81] Op. cit.

[82] Op. cit.

[83] Madras Mail, 1907.

[84] The bridge spanning the river of death, which the blessed cross in safety.

[85] Report, Government Botanic Gardens, Nilgiris, 1903.

[86] E. Schmidt. Reise nach Sudindien, 1894.

[87] The World's Peoples, 1908.

[88] H. H. Wilson, Essays and Lectures, chiefly on the Religion of the Hindus, 1862.

[89] Hindu Castes and Sects.

[90] The Mystics, Ascetics, and Saints of India, 1903.

[91] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[92] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[93] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[94] A Native: Pen and Ink Sketches of South India.

[95] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[96] Manual of the S. Canara district.

[97] Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.

[98] Calcutta Review.

[99] Indian Review, VII, 1906.

[100] See G. Krishna Rao. Treatise on Aliya Santana Law and Usage, Mangalore, 1898.

[101] Calcutta Review.

[102] Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd ed., 1905.

[103] The Law of Partition and Succession, from the text of Varadaraja's Vyavaharaniranya by A. C. Burnell (1872).

[104] Calcutta Review.

[105] Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, 1891.

[106] Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.

[107] Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., V, 1876.

[108] M. Paupa Rao Naidu. The Criminal Tribes of India. No. III, Madras, 1907.

[109] Op. cit.

[110] Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Bawariya, 1906.

[111] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, 1891.

[112] Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar, 1807.

[113] Gentu or Gentoo is "a corruption of the Portuguese Gentio, gentile or heathen, which they applied to the Hindus in contradistinction to the Moros or Moors, i.e., Mahommedans. It is applied to the Telugu-speaking Hindus specially, and to their language." Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.

[114] Historical Sketches of the South of India: Mysore, 1810-17.

[115] By law, to constitute dacoity, there must be five or more in the gang committing the crime. Yule and Burnell, op. cit.

[116] Circumcision is practised by some Kallans of the Tamil country.

[117] Madras Mail, 1902.

[118] Mysore Census Report, 1901.

[119] Madras Mail, 1905.

[120] Op. cit.

[121] Manual of the South Canara district.

[122] Agricultural Ledger Series, Calcutta, No. 7, 1904.

[123] Jeypore. Breklum, 1901.

[124] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[125] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[126] Op. cit.

[127] Taylor. Catalogue Raisonné of Oriental Manuscripts.

[128] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[129] Journey from Madras through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.

[130] Ind. Ant. XVIII, 1889.

[131] Hobson-Jobson.

[132] Decadas de Asia.

[133] J. S. F. Mackenzie, Ind. Ant. IV, 1875.

[134] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[135] Sanskrit hymn repeated a number of times during daily ablutions.

[136] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[137] J. S. F. Mackenzie, Ind. Ant. IV, 1875.

[138] See F. S. Mullaly. Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.

[139] History of Railway Thieves, Madras, 1904.

[140] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[141] Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life.

[142] Gazetteer of the Central Provinces, 1870.

[143] Report of the Ethnological Committee of the Central Provinces.

[144] Wilson. Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms.

[145] Manual of Malabar.

[146] Devil worship of the Tuluvas, Ind. Ant. XXIII, XXIV, and XXV, 1894-96.

[147] Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life.

[148] Madras Mail, 1905.

[149] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[150] Manual of the Vizagapatam district.

[151] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[152] Manual of the Ganjam district.

[153] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[154] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[155] Religious Thought and Life in India.

[156] Christianity and Caste, 1893.

[157] In the Vedic verse the word used for my brothers literally means your husbands.

[158] A hotri is one who presides at the time of sacrifices.

[159] Madras Christian College Magazine, March, 1903.

[160] Religious Thought and Life in India.

[161] See Thurston, Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, 1906, pp. 229-37.

[162] Op. cit.

[163] Watt, Dict. Economic Products of India.

[164] Viaggio all' Indie orientali, 1672.

[165] See Note on the Tulsi Plant. Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, VIII, I, 1907.

[166] Madras Mail, 1906.

[167] Hobson-Jobson.

[168] Music and Musical Instruments of Southern India and the Deccan, 1891.

[169] Oriental Commerce.

[170] Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.

[171] Collection of the Decisions of High Courts and the Privy Council on the Hindu Law of Marriage and the Effect of Apostacy after marriage. Madras, 1891.

[172] Madras Mail, 1904.

[173] Ind. Ant. III, 1874.

[174] Ind. Ant. III, 1874.

[175] Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer, 1877.

[176] Said to be derived from ma, a negation, and arka, sun, in allusion to their not performing the adoration of that luminary which is customary among Brahmans.

[177] Brahmanism and Hinduism.

[178] Manual of the South Canara district.

[179] Fraser's Magazine, May 1875.

[180] Loc. cit.

[181] Indian Review, VII, 1906.

[182] Madras Mail, 1907.

[183] J. S. F. Mackenzie, Ind. Ant., IV, 1875.

[184] Madras Census Report, 1901.