XII.

EARLS OF CORNWALL.

The following account of the different individuals who have held the office of Prince or Earl of Cornwall from the earliest times, till the period of its becoming merely nominal, excepting as to emolument and patronage, with the new appellation of Duke, under the fantastic settlement of King Edward the Third, is derived from Dugdale’s Baronage.

EARLS OF CORNWALL ANTE CONQU:

Anno 499. Of this county was Gorlois Earl, in the time of Uther Pendragon, King of the Britons, of whom this is reported.[182] That Uther determining to solemnize the Feast of Easter at London, with great honor, appointed all his nobles to be thereat, amongst which, this Gorlois then was, together with Igerna his wife, whose beauty did surpass all other British women, so that the king fell in love with her, and courted her with all delicates; which being discerned by the Earl, he retired speedily into his country without leave; the king, therefore, being highly incensed against him for so doing, hasted after him into Cornwall, and fired divers of his towns, and at length besieged him at Dimilioch, provoked him to come out to battle, which he did so inconsiderately, he being one of the first mortally wounded, his followers disperst themselves. After whose death the king took Igerna to wife, and begot on her a son, called Arthur, who became afterwards not a little famous.

Anno 517. The next Earl was Cador,[183] who when King Arthur had besieged Colgrine, the Saxon General in the City of York, understanding that Baldulph the brother of Colgrine, expecting the coming of more Saxons upon the sea coast, designed to fall upon King Arthur in the night time, Arthur having notice thereof by his scouts, sent this valiant Cador with six hundred horse, and three thousand foot, who, meeting the enemy unexpectedly, slew many of them, and routed the rest.

Anno 520. About three years after,[183] upon another invasion of the Saxons, and a great battle fought with them near Bathe in Somersetshire, wherein Colgrine and Baldulph (before mentioned) lost their lives; and Cheldric the other principal leader of them, with the remaining part of their forces, were put to flight, this Earl Cador, by King Arthur’s command, pursued them into the Isle of Thanet, slew Cheldric, and forced the rest to yield themselves to his mercy.

Anno 542. This noble Cador left issue Constantine,[183] whom King Arthur at his death appointed to be his successor in his kingdom of Britain.

The next Earl was Godric,[184] of whom I have seen no other mention than that Egelwold, sometime King of England, leaving no other issue that survived him, but one daughter, named Goldusburgh, (six years of age at his death) committed her to the tuition of this Godric, who afterwards gave her in marriage to Haveloc, son to Birkelan King of Denmark.

In the time of King Æthelred, Ailmer, or Æthelmare, (for so he was also called) was Earl of this county, who being a person of singular piety, founded[185] first of all the Abbey of Cerne in Dorsetshire, in the days of King Edgar, and had so great a veneration to the memory of Eadwan, brother of S. Edmund the Martyr, who led[185] an hermit’s life in Dorsetshire,[186] before mentioned, near to a certain spring called the Silver Well, that with the help of Dunstan (Archbishop of Canterbury) he translated his relics to the old church of Cernel, then the parish church.

After this, scil. in An. 1005 (in the time of King Ethelred,) he founded[187] the Abbey of Eynesham in Oxfordshire, and likewise[188] the Priory of Bruton in Somersetshire, (all Monks of the Benedictine Order) which he amply endowed, as by the authorities which I have here cited will appear; though in that of Bruton, canons of S. Augustine were afterwards placed.

This Ailmer was[189] also Earl of Devonshire, under which title, in the year 1013, when[189] Suane, King of Denmark, overrun the greatest part of the land with his army, and forced King Ethelred to betake himself unto the city of Winchester for refuge, he with all the great men of the West, fearing the tyranny of the Danes, submitted[189] themselves to Suane, and gave hostages[189] for their peaceable obedience unto him. And about three years after this, when King Edmond Ironside fought so stoutly against King Canute, (son to the same Suane) he joining[190] with that traitorous Eadric Streone, Earl of Mercia, and Earl Algar, adhered[190] to Canute.

Of his issue there nothing more appeareth, than that he left a son[191] called Æthelward, who in the year 1018 was killed[191] by King Canute, together with that great traitor Eadric Streone, Earl of Mercia.

ROBERT, EARL OF CORNWALL.

To this Earldom was Robert, Earl[192] of Moreton in Normandy,[192] brother to King William by the mother, shortly[192] after the Conquest advanced, and had other great honours given[192] him in this realm.

In the time of King William Rufus, taking[193] part with his brother Odo, Earl of Kent, in that insurrection on the behalf of Robert Curthose, he held[194] the castle of Pevensey on that account; but so soon as the King laid siege thereto, rendered[194] it up to him, and made his peace.

This Earl having had[195] the standard of Saint Michael carried before him in battle, as the words of his charter do import (under which it is to be presumed he had been prosperous) did, out of great devotion to God and the Blessed Virgin, for the health of his soul and the soul of his wife, as also for the soul of the most glorious King William (for those are his expressions) give[196] the Monastery of S. Michael, at the Mount in Cornwall, unto the Monks of S. Michael de Periculo Maris in Normandy, and to their successors in pure alms.

To the Abbey of Grestein in Normandy[197] founded by Herlwine de Contevill, his father, he was a great benefactor, for he gave[198] thereunto the lordships of Gratings and Broteham in Suffolk, and the tithe of Cambis, as also his lands at Saisinton in Cambridgeshire; which place of Gratings (now Cretings) was a cell to that foreign monastery. He likewise[198] gave thereto the manor of Wilminton in Sussex, where also there was a cell for monks of that religious house; and in Ferlis[198] five hides of lands. In Pevensel he gave[198] them the house of one Engeler; and in his Forest of Pevensel, granted to them pannage and herbage, with timber for repair of their churches and houses, as also fuel for fire.

He gave moreover to that Abbey of Grestein half the fishing of Langeney, and the whole tithe of that fishing, as also the churches of Eldene, Wesdene, and Ferles, and one hide of land at Heetone. But whereas he found that the greatest part of the possessions which belonged to the Priory of St. Petroc at Bodmin in Cornwall, founded by King Æthelstan, had been[199] taken from the same, and enjoyed by canons secular, he therefore seised[199] upon the remainder, and converted them to his own use.

When he departed this world, I do not find; but if he lived after William Rufus so fatally lost his life by the glance of an arrow in New Forest from the bow of Walter Tirell; then was it unto him that this strange apparition happened, which I shall here speak of, otherwise it must be to his son and successor Earl William,――the story[200] whereof is as followeth. In that very hour that the king received that fatal stroke, the Earl of Cornwall being hunting in a wood distant from that place about two ―――― and left alone by his attendants, was accidentally met by a very great black goat, bearing the king all black, and naked, and wounded through the midst of his breast; and adjuring the goat by the Holy Trinity to tell what that was he so carried, he answered, “I am carrying your King to judgment, yea that tyrant William Rufus, for I am an evil spirit, and the revenger of his malice which he bore to the church of God, and it was I that did cause this his slaughter; the protomartyr of England, St. Alban, commanding me so to do; who complained to God of him for his grievous oppressions in this Isle of Britain, which he first hallowed,” all which the Earl related soon after to his followers.

This Earl Robert took to wife[201] Maud, daughter to Roger de Montgomery (Earl of Shrewsbury) which Maud was also a great benefactress to the Monks of Grestine in Normandy, by the gift[202] of Conoc, consisting of ten hides, and two hides in Bodingham, with the church of that place, as also one house in London, with all customs thereto belonging. Moreover, she gave[202] unto them two and thirty hides of land which she had of Roger de Montgomery her father, viz. at Harinton eight, at Mersen eleven, at Hiteford six, at Langeberge two, at Tavistone three and an half, and at Clavendon three yards land.

By this Maud he had issue[203] WILLIAM, who succeeded him in these earldoms of Moreton and Cornwall, and three daughters, whose Christian names are not expressed; whereof the first was wife[203] to Andrew de Vitrei; the Second to[203] Guy de la Val; the third to the Earl of Thoulouse, brother to Raymond Count of St. Giles, who behaved himself so valiantly in the Jerusalem expedition.

The lands whereof he was possessed at the time of the Conqueror’s Survey,[204] were in Sussex, fifty-four manors, besides the borough of Pevensel; in Devonshire seventy-five, besides a church and a house in Exeter; in Yorkshire an hundred and ninety-six; in Wiltshire five; in Dorsetshire forty-nine; in Suffolk ten; in Hantshire one; in Middlesex five; in Oxfordshire one; in Cambridgeshire five; in Hertfordshire thirteen; in Buckinghamshire twenty-nine; in Gloucestershire one; in Northamptonshire ninety-nine; in Nottinghamshire six; and in Cornwall two hundred and forty-eight, having two castles, one at Dunhevet, the other at Tremeton.

William, succeeding Earl Robert his father in the earldom of Moreton in Normandy, and this of Cornwall, being a person[205] of a malicious and arrogant spirit from his childhood, envied the glory of King Henry the First; and not contented with those two earldoms, demanded from King Henry the earldom of Kent as his right, which earldom his uncle Odo (the Bishop) formerly had, giving out[205] privately, that he would not put on his robe, unless that inheritance which he challenged by descent from his uncle might be restored to him, unto which demand, the King at first, considering[205] his own unsettled condition, gave[205] a subtile and dilatory answer; but when[205] he discerned that those clouds, from whence he doubted a storm, were over, he not only denied[205] his request, but began to question him for whatsoever he possessed unrightfully; yet (that he might not seem to oppose what was just) modestly yielding[205] that he should have a lawful trial for the same; but with that judicial sentence, which thereupon ensued, this Earl being highly displeased, in a great rage got over into Normandy, and there besides some fruitless attempts which he made against the King’s castles, having an evil eye towards Richard Earl of Chester (son of Hugh) made[206] no little spoil upon his lands, though he was then but a child, and in the King’s tutelage; from which time, together with Robert de Bellesme, Earl of Shrewsbury, he ceased not[206] to foment a rebellion in those parts. Anno 1103.

4th H. I. 1104. The king therefore discerning these his practises, seised[207] upon all his possessions here in England, razed[208] his castles to the ground, and banished[208] him this realm.

And not long after passing[208] over into Normandy to quench those flames which these two earls had made by joining with Robert Curthose (who thought himself injured, that his younger brother Henry had made himself King,) subdued[208] (anno 1106) all that power which there appeared against him, and at length laid siege to Tenerchebray (a town belonging to this[208] Earl). For the raising whereof Duke Robert with this William, and Robert de Belesme, and many other came[209] with a great army, where a short fight[210] ensued, this earl leading[211] the van, and Robert de Belesme the rear; and of the king’s army, Ranulf de Bajorsis (an eminent baron) the van, and Robert Earl of Mellent the rear. The armies thus disposed, our Earl William made the[212] onset upon Ranulf with extraordinary courage, but could not break through his troops, they stood so stoutly to it. The front on both sides thus maintaining their ground, Helias Earl of Maine, (on the King’s part) fell upon the flank of the enemy’s foot, who being not well armed, were soon shattered, which disorder, being observed by Robert de Bellesme, he began to fly with the rear; whereupon, the King soon obtained an absolute victory, the duke himself being made prisoner, and all his principal adherents, amongst which, this Earl, being taken by the Britains, from whose hands the king and his friends had much ado to get him, was sent prisoner into England, there to be secured during his life.[213] After which, the king causing his eyes to be put out, bestowed[214] his earldom of Moreton upon Stephen of Blois (son of Stephen Earl of Champaine), whom he then honoured with knighthood, who was after King of England.

This Earl William built[215] the castle of Montacute in Somersetshire, and called it by that name from the sharpness of the hill on which he did set it, and likewise founded[216] a priory near thereto, which he amply endowed, annexing it as a cell to the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy.

He also gave[217] to the Abbey of Bee in Normandy his lordship of Preston in the Rape of Pevensel in Sussex, and was buried[218] in the Abbey of Bermondsey in Southwark; but when he died, I find no mention, nor of either wife or issue that he had.

REGINALD EARL OF CORNWALL.

This Reginald was[219] one of the illegitimate sons of King Henry the First, (begotten, as it is generally believed,[220] on the daughter of Robert Corbet,) and surnamed[221] de Dunstanvill.

In 3 Stephen, he was a stout adherer[221] to Maud the Empress, against Stephen; but afterwards falling off, was in anno 1140 (5 Steph.) made[222] Earl of Cornwall by that king. Howbeit, after this, being surprised in Cornwall, at a certain castle then in the power of the king, by one William Fitz Richard (a person of a noble extraction and ample fortune in those parts) violating his faith to that king, he married the daughter of this William,[223] and thereupon reduced that whole country to his will, grievously oppressing all the king’s party, and not sparing what was sacred, insomuch as he underwent the sentence of ex-communication for so doing by the Bishop of Exeter. The king therefore hearing of these his rebellious practices, marched suddenly thither with a powerful army, and recovering those strong-holds by him gained, committed[224] them to the trust of Earl Alan (of Richmond).

After this, scil. in 6 Steph. he was[225] in that fatal battle of Lincoln, against King Stephen; but ere long, the tide turning, by the success which the king had in taking[226] the Castle of Forandune, in com. Berks, which Robert Earl of Gloucester had built on the behalf of the empress, being by her sent with overtures of peace to the king, he was taken by Philip, a younger son to that earl, who had revolted to the king’s side.

After which time I find no more mention of him till 2 Henry II. that he had the lordship of Meleburne, in com. Somerset, given[228] him by King Henry, as also[229] the manors of Karswill and Depeford, with the hundreds.

In 10 Henry II. he endeavoured (for the king’s honour as it is said) a reconciliation betwixt King Henry and Thomas Becket, then Archbishop of Canterbury; which not taking effect, he was the next year sent[231] to visit him in his sickness, and after that to[232] acquaint him with the judgment given against him.

Furthermore, upon the levying of that aid, in 12 Henry II. for marrying the king’s daughter, he certified[233] his knights’ fees to be two hundred and fifteen and a third part in Cornwall and Devonshire; for which, in 14 Hen. II. he paid[234] two hundred and fifteen marks, 4_s._ 5_d._ besides[234] £59. 6_s._ 8_d._ for the knights’ fees of Richard (de Redvers) Earl of Devon.

Moreover, in 19 Henry II. upon that rebellion of Robert Earl of Leicester, on the behalf of young Henry (the king’s son), he marched[235] against him (with the Earl of Gloucester) to St. Edmondsbury, and the year following joined with[236] Richard de Luci (at that time Justice of England) in the siege of Leicester, then held out by the forces of the earl, which town they took,[236] though not the castle.

This Earl Reginald, for the health of the soul of King Henry his father, gave[237] to the monks in the Isle of Sully, all the wreck of sea happening upon that island, excepting Wales, and any whole ship. And departing[238] this life at Certesey in anno 1175 (21 Hen. II.) was buried[238] at Reading, having issue four daughters, viz. ―――― married[239] to Richard de Redvers, Lord of the Isle of Wight; Maud, to[240] Robert Earl of Mellent; Ursula, to[240] Walter de Dunstanvill; and Sarah, to[241] the Viscount of Limoges, who had,[241] in frank marriage with her, the moiety of the manor of Thiwernhy in Cornwall.

He also left issue[242] two sons, but illegitimate; the one called[242] Henry FitzCount, begotten[242] on the body of Beatrix de Vaus, lady of Torre and Karswell; which Henry, through the bounty of King Henry the Second, had a grant[242] of the whole county of Cornwall, as also of[242] the manors of[242] Bradeneth and Ocford, with other lands in com. Devon, and the lordship of Karswell, by the gift[242] of Beatrix his mother.

The other son was called[242] William.

Upon the death of this Reginald, the king retained[243] the Earldom of Cornwall in his own hands, and likewise all his lands in England and Wales, for the use of John his own son (afterwards king), excepting[243] a small proportion to his daughters before mentioned.

I come now to Henry (the older of his illegitimate sons) in regard he was a person of note in his time.

This Henry, by the name[244] of Henry FITZ-COUNT, had in 4 Joh. an assignation[244] of £20 (current money of Anjou) for his support in that king’s service at Roan; and about that time gave[245] twelve hundred marks for the lands of William de Traci, which lands Hugh de Curtenai and Henry de Traci afterwards enjoyed.

In 17 Joh. this Henry had from the king a grant[246] of the whole county of Cornwall, with the demesnes, and all other its appurtenances, to farm, until the Realm should be in peace, and the king clearly satisfied whether he ought to hold it by right of inheritance, or as part of the demesne of the crown; and being then made constable[247] of the castle at Lanceston, rendered[247] up the government of the castle of Porcestre, which he had formerly held. Moreover, by the assent[248] of that king, he held[248] the town and castle of Totneis, as also[248] the manors of Corneworth and Lodeswell, which Reginald de Braose formerly had by the grant of King Henry the Second. And 1 Hen. III. obtained another grant[249] of the county of Cornwall, with all its appurtenances, to hold in as full and ample manner as Reginald Earl of Cornwall held it, and not to be disseised thereof, but by judgment of the King’s Court.

In 4 Hen. III. it appears[250] that he stood indebted to the king in five hundred ninety-seven pounds and one mark, which was due by him to King John for the honour of Braeles (alias Broeneis), and that the same year disobeying[251] the king’s commands, as also stubbornly departing[251] the court without leave, the king discharged all his subjects,[251] and in particular those of Cornwall, from having anything to do with him. Howbeit, soon after, through the mediation[251] of the Bishops of Norwich, Winchester, and Exeter, as also[251] of Hubert de Burgh (then Justice of England) and some others, giving[252] up the Castle of Lanceston, and the county of Cornwall, with all the homage and services thereto belonging, as fully as King John enjoyed them at the beginning of the war which he had with his barons, his peace[252] was then made with a _salvo jure_, &c. saving the right he pretended to for that county, wherein the king was to do him justice when he should come of age.

But that as it seems was never done: for certain it is that the king did not arrive to his full age till long after the death of this Henry, it being evident[253] that he died about two years after, viz. in 6 Hen. III. whereupon command was given to the Sheriff of Cornwall, that he should permit his executors to enjoy all his goods, and likewise the rents of all his lands whereof he was possessed when he went to Hierusalem for the full term, for all those who were signed with the cross.

It is by some thought that this Henry succeeded his father in the Earldom of Cornwall, in regard that King Henry the Third in the first year of his reign granted to him the county of Cornwall, with all its appurtenances, as is above expressed. But considering that the title of earl was never attributed to him after that time, I cannot conceive anything more passed by that grant, than the barony or revenue of that county. For it is observable, that in patent[254] to Richard Duke of Gloucester, by King Edward the Fourth, whereby he grants him Castrum, Comitatum, Honorem, et Dominium Richmundiæ, there passed no more than the mere Seignorie, otherwise he would not have omitted the title of Earl thereof amongst his styles. The like may be noted of Raphe Earl of Westmerland, who had Castrum, Comitatum, Dominium, et Honorem Richmundiæ granted[255] to him by King Henry the Fourth, yet never enjoyed the title of Earl of Richmond.

RICHARD EARL OF CORNWALL.

Of this county, Richard, a younger son to King John (for he calls him[256] filius noster) had the title of Earl in the time of King Henry the Third. Of him the first mention I find is in 16 Joh. the king then directing his precept[257] to Peter de Rupibus, Bishop of Winchester, (at that time Justice of England) for livery (though then very young) of all the lands of Roese de Dovor, whom he had married,[257] she being in the custody[257] of William de Brewer; but not long after this (notwithstanding his tender years) he was, in 1 H. III. constituted governor[258] of Chileham Castle in Kent, and the next ensuing year obtained a grant[259] from the king of the honour of Walingford.

Moreover, in 5 Hen. III. he had a grant[260] of the honour of Eye, to hold during pleasure, (which shortly after was rendered to the Duke of Lovain, the right owner thereof); and in 9 Hen. III. had the like grant[261] of the custody of the county of Cornwall (_id est_ the sherevalty) during the king’s pleasure, Henry de Berkering being his substitute.

In this 9th year of Henry III. he was girt[262] with the sword of knighthood, upon Candlemas Day, with ten other noble persons who were designed for his service; and soon after accompanied[263] William Longespe, Earl of Salisbury, (his uncle,) into Gascoigne, having letters of[263] recommendation from the King to the Archbishop and Citizens of Burdeaux, who gladly welcoming him thither, assisted[263] him with their best advice for recovery of those lost territories; whereupon he raised[264] forces in all those parts, having had from the king (before he set out of England) a grant of the county of Cornwall, with all Poictou, for which respect he was generally called[264] Earl of Poictou; and marching into the country, in a short time subjugated[264] all those places by force which declined to do homage to him, receiving a supply[265] of Welsh from hence, with a large[265] sum of money.

It is reported,[266] that whilst he lay at the siege of the castle of Riole, hearing of the approach of the Earl of March, he divided his army, and with part thereof, keeping the seige with the rest, gave him battle, and obtained an absolute victory, whereby he gained all their baggage, and took many prisoners; and not long after this, having merited so well by these his successful beginnings, upon the third day of Pentecost (id est, 3 calend. Junii, 11 Hen. III.) was advanced to[267] the title and dignity of Earl of Cornwall, at Westminster, with great solemnity.

But within a while after there grew much difference[268] betwixt him and the king his brother, touching a certain lordship given to Waleran Teutonicus (id est, Ties) by King John, which he alleged[268] to be parcel of the Earldom of Cornwall, and caused possession to be taken of it for himself; whereupon, Waleran making a complaint, the king first wrote to him about it, and then sent for him, commanding the render thereof, which he refused to do, challenging the judgment of his peers as to matter of right. Whereat the king took such offence that he required him forthwith to do it, or depart the realm; unto which he answered, that he would not deliver up the land, nor, without the sentence of his peers, go out of the kingdom; and in great discontent departing went[268] to his own house; which breach betwixt the king and him caused Hubert de Burgh (then justice of England, and in chief power at court) to advise the king to surprise him in his bed the next night following, lest he should raise a disturbance in the realm; but being privily advertised of that design, he fled immediately away, making no stop till he got[269] to Reading; and thence hasting to Marlborough, there found his trusty friend William Mareschal, Earl of Pembroke, unto whom having made relation of what had passed, they took their course to the Earl of Chester; and being thus got together, through the power and interest of their friends raised a potent army, making their rendezvous at Stanford, whence they sent a minatory message to the king, but imputing all the fault to Hubert de Burgh, requiring a confirmation of that charter of the forest which had been cancelled at Oxford. The king, therefore, discerning this cloud, appointed a meeting at Northampton upon the third of the nones of August next following, assuring them that he would there do full right unto all; where meeting accordingly, for their better satisfaction (amongst other his condescensions) he gave this Earl Richard his mother’s dowry, with all the lands in England which did appertain to the Earl of Britanny, as also those which belonged to the Earl of Bolein, then deceased[270]; whereupon, he had livery[271] of the whole county of Rutland. And in 15 Henry III. obtained another grant[272] of the inheritance of the honour of Walingford, with the castle and all its appurtenances, as also the manor of Watlington, to hold by the service of three knights’ fees; likewise, of all the lands in England[272] which Queen Isabell (the king’s mother) held in dower, and of those which belonged to Robert de Drewes, and to the Duke of Lorrain (at that time seised into the king’s hands), to hold until such time as the king should restore them.

Moreover, he then procured another grant[272] of the whole county of Cornwall, with the stanneries and mines, to be held of the king and his heirs by the service of two knights’ fees, bearing at that time the title[272] of Earl of Cornwall and Poictou. And before the end of that year, (viz. in the month of April,) the solemnity of the Feast of Easter being finished, took[273] to wife Isabell, Countess of Gloucester, widow of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, and sister to William Mareschal, then Earl of Pembroke; likewise the same year he obtained a grant[274] of the manor, castle, and honour of Knaresburgh, in com. Ebor. to himself and the issue of his body by the same Isabell, to hold by the service of two knights’ fees.

Nor was he less eminent for his military knowledge than for those his great advancements in riches and honour; for in 20 Henry III. ambassadors from the Emperor came[275] to the king to desire that he might be sent to make war on his behalf against the French; but the king (though then married) having no child, answered,[275] that it could not stand with reason or safety that a person so young, and especially at that time being the heir apparent to the crown, should be employed on such an hazardous adventure, offering them the choice of any other. Nevertheless, before[276] the end of that year, this earl (with Gilbert Marshal, then Earl of Pembroke, and divers other great men) took[276] upon him the cross for a journey to the Holy Land; and for the better furnishing himself with money, sold many of his woods; but notwithstanding this resolution, he went not at that time, for the next year following, (viz. 21 Hen. III.) the king being seduced by the advice of aliens, and having wasted his treasure, required[277] a great supply from his subjects, which being granted and put into the hands of aliens to be transported, occasioned[278] high discontents; this earl, therefore, dealt freely with him, and represented to him the danger thereof; and though he found that what he then said availed little, ceased not the next year following to continue[278] his good advice, and in particular to tell him how ill he had done in permitting Simon de Montfort to marry the Countess of Pembroke his sister; which free and plain dealing with the king did not at all alienate his affections from him, for shortly after, viz. in 23 Hen. III. he obtained a grant[279] of the Castle of Lidford and Forest of Dertmore in fee; before the end of which year, meeting[280] with divers of the nobility at Northampton, they did there by oath oblige[280] themselves to go forthwith into the Holy Land for the service of God and the church.

Taking his leave therefore (soon after) of the bishops and divers others of the nobles at Reading, (there met by the appointment of the Pope’s Legate,) many of them wept,[281] in regard he was a person wholly minding the public welfare; whereupon, he told[282] them, that had he not made his vow, he would go rather than stay to see the approaching miseries fall upon this realm; and having prepared[283] all things ready for his journey, came[283] to the Abbey of St. Alban’s, where, in full chapter, he desired[283] the prayers of that whole convent for his good success, then went[283] to London, and took his leave[283] of the king, the legate, and nobles, and so hasted to Dovor; whence, soon after arriving in France, he was nobly received[284] by the king of that realm, and his mother, who sent[284] the marshall to conduct him through that country, and to entertain him in all places honourably thence to Avinion, where he had also free and great entertainment; then to[285] Vienna, whence he intended to take shipping for Arles; and being in those parts, was met by[286] the Earl of Provence, (whose daughter King Henry had married,) and so hasted to[286] the city of St. Giles, there to do his devotions, and receive the benediction of the monks of that place, which done he gave them twenty marks; but before he went thence, there came[287] to him a legate from the Pope (with the Archbishop of Arles) to inhibite[287] him from proceeding further on his journey, which he took so ill (being fully resolved thereon, and fitted accordingly), that he refused[288] both to obey their authority, and to hearken to their dissuasions. Seeing, therefore, all their endeavours in vain, they would have persuaded him to take shipping at the port called the Deadwater, but that he liked not, and so entered[289] the Mediterranean at Marseilles.

In anno 1241, (25 Hen. III.) being come into the Holy Land, he accepted of a truce with the Souldan of Babylon, upon condition[290] that the French who were prisoners there might be released, and that Jerusalem, with all the parts adjacent, should be free from any molestation, as also upon divers other articles honourable to the Christians. And the next year following, viz. 26 Hen. III. returned; the king, therefore, having intelligence thereof, with the queen, met[291] him at Dovor.

Soon after which, a Parliament being held at Westminster, where all the nobles were met, this earl was sent[292] to them by the king (with the provost of Beverley) to desire their advice for the recovery of his inheritance in Normandy and other parts of France. But finding that the king did not incline to follow the counsel of those who sought the general honour and good of himself and the realm, after some sharp dispute with him thereon, he associated himself with the Earls Marshal, Hereford, and some others, and took[293] shipping for France.

Before this time, it was, saith[294] my author, that the king, by the advice of his nobles, having given him the whole province of Gascoigne, he went thither, and showing his charter received the homages of that people, and after some years by another charter had a confirmation of that grant; but afterwards, when the queen was delivered of a son, that she so far prevailed with the king as he should reassume his grant, and give it to the prince, and that thereupon, this earl grew much displeased, insisting still upon his right, though he had thus lost the possession. Moreover, that the king being then in Gascoigne, and finding the people wavering in their obedience, not well knowing which way to lean, he did in great wrath require this earl to resign his grant, and to quit his whole right thereto. Also, that finding him refractory, he gave command that the men of Bordeaux should seize upon him by night and imprison him, which they refused to do, partly in respect of his birth, and partly by reason they had done homage to him. And, furthermore, seeing he could not prevail with them that way, he corrupted some with gifts to effect his desires, viz. to lay hands on him as a rebel, and cast him in prison; also, that having advertisement thereof (then lodging in the monastery of S. Cross at Bourdeaux) he got privily on shipboard to come for England, but without provisions or any necessaries for the journey; and lastly, (to add to his affliction,) that he was so tossed with a fearful tempest, as that being in no little peril of shipwreck, he made a vow to found an abbey for monks of the Cistercian order, in case he should safe arrive in England.

The next thing memorable of him is, that having taken another journey to the Holy Land (with William Longespe, Earl of Salisbury), he returned[295] thence, in anno 1422, (26 Hen. III.) and accompanied[295] the king into Gascoigne, in aid of Hugh le Brun, Earl of March (who had married the king’s mother), and was[295] with him in that battle near Xant against the King of France; after which, the next ensuing year, he married[296] Senchia, daughter of Reymund Earl of Provence, sister to the Queen, the wedding being kept at Westminster with great pomp, whom he endowed[297] at the church door with the third part of all his lands, whereof he then stood possessed, or should afterwards acquire, the castle and manor of Berkhampstead being part; and shortly after, keeping his Christmas[298] at Walingford, entertained the[298] king and most of the nobility there with extraordinary feasting.

In 30 Hen. III. the templars and hospitalers electing[299] many secular persons into their societies for succour of the Holy Land, and defence of those castles then besieged there, this earl sent[299] them a thousand pounds towards that good work. And the same year, in accomplishment[300] of his vow formerly made, founded[300] a Cistercian abbey at Hales (near Winchcombe, in com. Gloc.) causing also the church of Beaulieu (which his father King John had founded) to be then dedicated. Moreover, in anno 1247, (31 Hen. III.) by authority[301] from the Pope, he gathered[301] vast sums of money from those who were signed with the cross. And the next year following, through importunity with the king, obtained[302] that no clipt money should be current.

In anno 1250, (34 Henry III.) passing[303] through France with a pompous retinue, viz.[303] forty knights, all in rich liveries, five waggons, and fifty sumpter horses, (his lady and his son Henry being also with him,) the pope being then at Lyons, sent[304] all his cardinals, except one, besides a number of clerks, to meet him, and conduct him thither, and there receiving him with great respect, feasted[304] him at his own table. Being returned[304] from thence in anno 1251, (35 Hen. III.) on the eve of St. Leonard, he caused the Church of Hales to be dedicated[304] with great solemnity; which, with extraordinary costs, he had so founded, as is before observed. And in 36 Hen. III. obtained a grant[305] of the Manor of Ocham in Rutland (sometime belonging to Isabel de Mortimer), in part of payment of five hundred pounds due to him from the king, upon the marriage of Senchia his wife, to hold to himself and the heirs of his body by her.

Moreover, the next ensuing year, Albert, a clerk, coming[306] over into England from the Pope, made offer to him of the kingdom of Apulia, of which he refused[306] to accept, unless he might have some cautionary places of strength, as also hostages, for securing his possession. And in 38 Hen. III. the king then going into Gascoigne he was joined[307] with the queen in the government here during his absence, in which year he exacted vast sums of money from the Jews for the king’s use.

It is observed,[308] that in anno 1255, (39 Hen. III.) upon a full meeting of the nobles in Parliament at Westminster, the king specially applied himself to this earl by a formal speech for a large supply of money, viz. forty thousand pounds, the pope having also written letters to him for that purpose, signifying that he should therein give a good example to others; but herein he answered neither of their expectations. And being a person of high repute for his heroic and noble endowments, about two years after (in the parliament[309] held at London on the Feast of the Nativity), certain nobles of Almaine being arrived here, represented[309] to the whole baronage of England then met, that by unanimous consent of the princes of the empire he was elected King of the Romans, shewing letters testimonial for further manifestation thereof; soon after which, the Archbishop of Cologne, with divers others of the nobles of that country, came[310] likewise hither, and did homage[310] to him; whereupon, he gave[310] them five hundred marks towards their travelling expenses, as also a rich mitre, adorned with precious stones; which so pleased the archbishop, that he said[310] thus, as he hath put this mitre on my head, I will put the crown of Almaine on his.

In order whereunto, taking leave[310] of his friends on the third day in Easter week, he committed[310] himself to the prayers of the religious, and began his journey towards Yarmouth, there to take shipping, leaving the charge[311] of his castles and lands in England to the Bishop of London, and arriving shortly at Aquisgrave, was there crowned[312] king upon Ascension day.

Having thus received that great honour, he returned[313] thence the next year after, and landed[313] at Dovor upon the day of S. Julian, where the king met him with much joy. After this, during his stay here, he made great preparation for his journey back to receive the crown of the Empire, which the pope underhand endeavoured[314] to obtain for him.

But that which I have next observed to be most memorable of him is, that upon that grand rebellion of those haughty spirited barons, then headed by Montfort Earl of Leicester and Clare Earl of Gloucester, he then adhered stoutly[315] to the king; and in 48 Henry III. marched with him to Northampton, where the chief strength of all their forces at that time were met together, and that he assisted[315] him in the siege and taking of that town, as also that, pursuing their dissipated forces into Sussex, (where the Londoners, with all their power recruited them,) he commanded[316] the body of the king’s army in that fatal battle of Lewes, where he shared with him in the unhappy success of that day, being there taken prisoner. Lastly, that (in anno 1267, 51 Hen. III.) he went[317] again into Germany, and there married[317] Beatrix, niece to the Archbishop of Cologne. And in 55 Hen. III. was made[318] Governor of Rockingham Castle, in com. Northampton, and Warden of the Forest.

Having thus done with the chief of his secular actings and employments, I now come to his works of piety.

Besides his foundation of the Abbey of Hales (whereof I have already made mention) he likewise founded[319] that of Rewley (of the same order) in the suburbs of Oxford; and moreover granted[320] to the monks of Bec, in Normandy, that all their tenants within the precincts of the honour of Walingford should be exempted from suit of court to that honour, provided that his bailiff of Walingford should every year keep a court leet for the manor of Okebourne within the bounds of the priory there (which was a cell to Bec), to see that the king’s peace should be duly kept, and that the benefit arising by that leet should redound to those monks of Okebourne, they entertaining the bailiff of Walingford with three or four horse of his retinue at their charge for that day.

Furthermore, he gave[321] to the canons of the Holy Trinity at Knaresburgh, for the health of his soul and the souls of his ancestors, the chapel of S. Robert at Knaresburgh, with the advowson of the church at Hamstwait, confirming all those grants which King John had given thereto, with divers other lands of great extent. And to the monks of St. Michael’s Mount in Cornwall, gave[322] ten shillings rent due to him for St. James Fair, kept yearly near to the Mount.

Having thus acted a long part on the theatre of this world with great honour, after a tedious sickness[323] at his manor of Berkhampstead, in com. Herts, he died[324] upon the fourth of the nones of April, anno 1172 (56 Hen. III.) whereupon his heart was buried[325] in the Gray Friars at Oxford, under a sumptuous pyramid, and his body[325] in the Abbey of Hales, so founded by him as before hath been observed.

By his first wife Roese de Dovor, he had no issue, she taking another husband, as it seems, when she arrived to years of consent.

By Isabel the second (widow of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester), he had issue four sons, viz. John,[326] Henry,[326] Richard, and Nicholas,[327] (of which Henry I shall say more by and by), John and Richard departing this life in their infancy, and Nicholas, with his mother, in[328] childbed. Also a daughter, who dying[329] in her cradle, was buried[329] near unto John her brother at Reading.

By Senchia, the third wife (daughter to Raymund Earl of Provence), he had issue Richard, who died[329] young, and Edmund,[329] who succeeded him in his Earldom of Cornwall; but by Beatrix,[330] the fourth wife, (niece to the Archbishop of Cologne,) he had no issue.

It is said[331] that he had an illegitimate daughter called Isabel, who became the wife[331] of Maurice Lord Berkeley, and to whom King Henry the Third (calling her his niece), for her better support, in the forty-eighth of his reign, gave the manors of Herotesham and Trotesclive in Kent.[332] There is also this epitaph recorded[333] for him.

Hic jacet in tumulo Richardus Teutonicorum Rex vivens, propria contentus sorte bonorum. Anglorum Regis germanus, Pictaviensis Ante Comes dictus, sed tandem Cornubiensis. Demum Theutonicis tribuens amplissima dona Insignitus erat, Caroli rutilante corona. Hinc Aquilam gessit clypeo, sprevitque Leonem. Regibus omnigenis precellens per rationem. Dives opum mundi, sapiens, conviva, modestus; Alloquio, gestu, dum vixit semper honestus. Jam regnum regno commutans pro meliore, Regi cælorum summo conregnet honore.

Of his two sons, I shall first speak of Henry.

This HENRY, in anno 1257 (41 Henry III.) was[334] knighted by Richard King of Almaine, his father, upon the day of his coronation at Aquisgrave in Germany.

It is said that in 47 Hen. III. having been through plausible and specious pretences seduced by Montfort Earl of Leicester, and some other of the rebellious barons, he was taken off by Prince Edward for the honour of Tikhill, which he then gave[335] him; and the same year received[336] one hundred marks, assigned to him out of the issues of the county of Dorset, by the king’s appointment, to fortify the castles of Corff and Shireborne. But notwithstanding this, it seems that he inclined to them again for the next year following, (viz. 48 Hen. III.) upon the march of Montfort and his party into the counties of Gloucester, Worcester, Salop, and then southwards. This Henry favouring them, was taken by some of the king’s soldiers. Howbeit, shortly after, the king holding a Parliament at London, amongst those who fell off from that rebellious pack he was[338] one, and thenceforth stuck stoutly to the king, marching[339] with him to Northampton, where the chief of their strength being then got together, after a sharp dispute were vanquished.[339]

Moreover, in the battle of Lewes, he was[340] one of the principal commanders in the body of the king’s army, at that time led by Richard King of Almaine his father; and after that fatal overthrow there (through the assistance of the Londoners, who poured out all the strength they could make to their aid), seeing the king and divers of the nobles made prisoners,[340] he joined with Prince Edward in mediating a fair reconciliation betwixt both parties; and, in order thereto, the next day following put himself into the hands of Montfort, and the rest.

But after this I have not observed anything else further memorable of him, other than that in 56 Henry III. being[340] with Prince Edward on his way towards the Holy Land, and partly weary[340] of the length of the journey, and partly desirous[340] to see his father before he died, having leave[340] he came[340] into Italy, and at Viterbium was[340] basely murdered by Guy one of the sons to Montfort, Earl of Leicester, within the church of S. Laurence, at high mass, in revenge of his father’s death, who had been slain in the battle of Evesham, about seven years before, as I have elsewhere fully manifested.

I now come to EDMUND, who, surviving his father, succeeded him in the dignity of Earl.

EDMUND EARL OF CORNWALL.

In 42 Henry III. this Edmund being possessed of the honour of Eye, (his father then living,) upon levying the scutage of Wales, paid one hundred and eighty pounds for ninety knights’ fees and an half belonging thereto.[341] And in anno 1266, (51 Hen. III.) obtained[342] of a certain nobleman, lord of Seyland, a large proportion of the blood of Christ, which he deposited in the abbey of Hales (so founded by his father as aforesaid.)

Furthermore, in 55 Hen. III. accomplishing[343] his full age of twenty-one years, he received[344] the honour of knighthood, upon St. Edward’s Day, and soon after that was invested with the title of Earl of this county by cincture with the sword; before the end of which year he likewise married[344] Margaret the sister of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, and shortly after had livery of the castles of Knaresburgh, Walingford, Okham, and Berkhamstead, of his inheritance.[345]

Moreover, in 13 Edw. I. he obtained a charter[346] for a weekly market every Friday at his manor of Cosham in com. Wilts; and the same year had another[347] for free warren in his lordship of Great Cestreton, and Little Cestreton, in com. Oxon, as also for free chase[348] in his lands of Wasseley and Wymbureholt.

In 15 Edw. I. he had a grant of[349] the castle of Ockham, to hold in fee with the sheriffalty of the county of Rutland. And in 16 Edw. I. being made warden of England during the king’s absence (in the wars of Scotland), marched into Wales, and laid siege to Droselan Castle, the walls whereof he demolished.[350] Furthermore, in 17 Edw. I. he was constituted sheriff[351] for the county of Cornwall in fee. And in 25 Edw. I. obtained the king’s precept[352] to the barons of his Exchequer, that they should not exact more from him for the honour and castle of Walingford, then the service of three knights’ fees, by which it had been granted[353] to his father and his heirs in 15 Hen. III.

This Edmund founded[354] a certain college at Asherugge, in co. Bucks, in honour of the blood of our Saviour, for certain brethren called Bonhomes; and for the soul of Richard King of Almaine his father, gave[355] to the monks of Rewley, in the suburbs of Oxford (being fifteen in number), all his lands in North Osney, as also his manor of Erdington and mills at Karsington, in that county; likewise one acre of land in Bel juxta Roslin, with the advowson of the church of Wendrove, in the hundred of Kerier, in com. Cornub.; also all his woods at Nettlebed, and divers houses in London, situate in the parish of St. Thomas the Apostle, with certain lands in Wylauston, and sixty shillings yearly rent, payable by the monks of Thame, out of the manor of Stoke Talmach; and departed[356] this life ――――. 28 Edw. I. being then seised[356] of the honours of Eye, St. Waleries, and Wallingford, as also of the castle and honour of Knaresburgh, likewise of the manor of Launceton, of the castle and town of Restormell, of the borough of Lostwithiel and castle of Tintagell, with the borough, in com. Cornub., also of the castle and borough of Trematon, with the borough of Ashe and manor of Calistoke, in the same county; of the manor of Fordington in com. Dorset; Mere, with the castle; Corsham, Wilton, and Claiton, in com. Wilts; Little Weldon in com. Northampton; of the castle of Ocham, with the manors of Egelton and Langholme, in com. Rutl., and likewise of the whole county of Rutland. Moreover, he died seised of the city of Chichester, in com. Sussex; of the castle of Berkhamstead in com. Hertf.; and of the manors of Bensington and Watlington, with the four hundreds, viz. the hundred and half of Chitren, the hundreds of Piriton, Lewkenore, Benfield, and Ewelme, likewise of the half hundred of Swabby, the castle and honour of Walingford, and manor of Henley, in com. Oxon.

Upon this, his death, which happened[357] at Asherugge on the calends of October, anno 1300 (28 Edw. I.) without[357] issue, the king, by his letters to the Bishop of Hereford, signified that he resolved to have him buried in the Abbey at Hales upon Thursday after Palm Sunday next ensuing; and, therefore, for the more honourable solemnity of his funeral, purposing to be there himself, desired that bishop to meet him and give his assistance in the celebration thereof. The like letters he wrote to the Bishops of Worcester and Exeter, as also to the abbots of Evesham, Tewkesbury, Winchcomb, Pershore, Eynesham, Cirencester, Osney, Stanley in com. Wilts, Bordesley, Rewley near Oxford, Gloucester, and to the prior of Worcester;[358] but the King’s mind altering, he was interred at Asherugge.[359] At the solemnizing of this great funeral, there was[360] likewise Prince Edward, with the Bishops of Durham and Chester, as also the Earl of Warwick, and divers others of the nobility.

After which, viz. the next ensuing year, I find that, through the mediation[361] of the peers in the Parliament then held at Lincoln, the king was pleased to allow[361] unto Margaret his widow five hundred pounds per annum for her support; and that for the making good thereof these lordships, lands, and rents were assigned,[362] viz. the castle and manor of Ocham in com. Rotel. with the hundreds of Martinesely, Alnestow, and East Hundred; the hamlet of Egilton (part of the manor of Langham); in the same county; also fourteen pounds sixteen shillings and fourpence yearly rent, issuing out of the Court Leets and Sheriffs’ Aid in Keten, Preston, Okeham, Hameldon, and divers other towns in that county; the manor of Baketon in com. Norfolk; the manor of Haghleigh in com. Suffolk; the castle and manor of Eye; the hamlets of Dalingho, Alderton, and Thorndon, in the same county; the manor of Kirketon, with the towns, hamlets, and hundreds of Kirketon, Haselhou, Coringham, and Maule, with the issues of the sokemote of those manors, all in com. Linc.; the manor of Harewell in com. Berks; the manor of Isleworth, with the hamlets of Heston, Twickenham, and Wicton, in com. Middlesex; twenty-one pounds yearly rent out of Queenhithe, in the city of London; the town of Rockingham, and manor of Little Weldon, in com. Northampton; the manor of Glatton, with the hamlet of Holme, in com. Huntingdon; the manor of Fordington, with the hamlet of Whitwell, in com. Dorset; twenty pounds yearly rent of the ferme of the town of Malmsbury in com. Wilts; twenty pounds, fifteen shillings, and sixpence yearly rent of the ferme of the borough of Ivelcester, in com. Somerset; ten pounds, seventeen shillings, and sevenpence yearly rent, out of Old Shoreham, in com. Sussex; the manor of Cippeham, and hamlet of Stor, in com. Bucks, with the manor and town of Henley in com. Oxon.

JOHN OF ELTHAM, EARL OF CORNWALL. (2 EDW. III.)

This John being second son to King Edward the Second, was born[363] at Eltham in Kent, upon the festival of the Blessed Virgin’s Assumption, in anno 1316, the 9th of his father’s reign; and in 16 Edward II. had a grant[364] in fee of the castle, manor, and honour of Tuttebury, part of the possessions of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, then attainted. Also in 1 Edw. III. another[365] in general tail of the manor of Milham in com. Norfolk; and a third[366] in reversion after the death of John de Britannia, Earl of Richmond, to himself and the heirs male of his body, of the honour of Richmond, with all the castles, manors, and lands belonging thereto; shortly after which, viz. in 2 Edw. III. he was advanced[367] to the title of Earl of Cornwall in that parliament which begun at Salisbury after the quindesme of St. Michael. And in 3 Edw. III. the king, then going[368] into France to do his homage for the dukedom of Aquitaine, was constituted[369] his lieutenant here during his absence. In 4 Edw. III. he had another grant[370] in tail general of twenty pounds per annum, by the title of Earl of Cornwall, to be paid out of the issues of that county; likewise of the manor of Hanlegh, and of the castle and manor of Eye, with the hamlets of Dalingho, Alderton, Thorndon, and certain lands in Clopton, in com. Suffolk; also of twenty pounds yearly rent, payable by the Prior of Bromholme, in com. Norfolk, for the manor of Baketone; of certain rents pertaining to the honour of Eye in com. Norfolk, Suff. and Essex; of the guardianship of the castle of Eye, and of the free court in Lincoln belonging thereto; of the castle, town, and honour of Berkhamstead in com. Hertford; of the manor of Risberghe, with the park and manor of Cippenham, in com. Bucks; of the castle, town, and honour of Walingford in com. Berks, with its members; of the honour of St. Walerie, in com. Oxon, and other counties; of the mills at Oxford, with the meadow there called Kingsmede; of the manors of Boudon and Haverbergh in com. Leicester; of the manor of Byflete in com. Surrey; and of the town of Rokyngham in com. Northampton, all of which were then valued[371] at two thousand per annum. Besides which, he then also obtained a grant[371] of the hundreds of Hertsmere and Stow in com. Suffolk, and of the yearly ferme of Queenhithe in the city of London.

In 5 Edw. III. upon[372] the king’s expedition into Scotland, he was again appointed[373] his lieutenant here during his absence. And in 7 Edw. III. had another grant[374] in tail general of the hundreds in Cornwall; likewise of the town of Lestwithiel, with all the issues and profits of that county, then belonging to the king, viz. of the ports, wreck of sea, prizes, and customs, as also of the yearly ferme of the city of Exeter, with the profits of the water of Sutton, in com. Devon, and of the stannaries and coinage thereof in that county; likewise of the river of Dertmouth, with the profits of the mines in Cornwall, and of the town of Yvelchester in com. Somerset.

In 8 Edw. III. he obtained license[375] for to have a market every week, upon the Thursday, at his manor of Wintringham in com. Lincoln, as also for two fairs, one on the eve, day, and morrow of St. Philip and St. James, and six days next ensuing; the other on the eve and day of All Saints, and six days following; likewise for two fairs at Kirketon, the same, one on the eve and day of the translation of St. Thomas the Martyr, and six days after; the other on the eve and day of St. Andrew the Apostle, and six days ensuing; and in 9 Edw. III. was[376] in that expedition then made into Scotland; so likewise in 10 Edw. III. at which time the king having intelligence that the French had promised to aid the Scots, he marched[377] himself into that realm with a great army, and fortified the castle of Stryvelyn, with a great ditch, as also the town of St. Johnston’s, at which place this John Earl of Cornwall, then[378] also being and falling sick, departed[378] this life without wife or issue, and was afterwards honourably buried in St. Edmund’s chapel, within the abbey church of Westminster, where his monument still remaineth.

* * * * *

A list of those individuals who have held the Lands and the Patronage of the ancient Princes of Cornwall, with the Nominal Office of Duke, since the settlement made by King Edward the Third.

1. EDWARD PLANTAGENET, the Black Prince, created by Charter, confirmed in Parliament, A. D. 1337, with this clause:

Habend. et tenend. eidem Duci et ipsius ac heredum suor. Regum Angl. _Filiis primogenitis_, et Ducib. dicti loci in Regno Angl. hereditarie successur.

Which has been thus translated:

To have and to hold to the same Duke, and to the first begotten sons of him, and of his heirs, _Kings of England_, and to the Dukes of the said place in the Kingdom of England, hereditarily to succeed. (See Lord Dunstanville’s Edition of Carew, pp. 433-441.)

2. RICHARD PLANTAGENET, afterwards King Richard the Second, in opposition, as it would seem, to the words of the grant, as his father had never been King of England.

3. HENRY PLANTAGENET, son and heir of King Henry the Fourth, afterwards King Henry the Fifth.

4. EDWARD PLANTAGENET, son and heir of King Henry the Sixth, murdered in 1471.

5. EDWARD PLANTAGENET, son and heir of King Edward the Fourth, nominally King in 1483, but murdered the same year.

6. EDWARD PLANTAGENET, son and heir of King Richard the Third.

7. ARTHUR TUDOR, son and heir of King Henry the Seventh, died in his father’s lifetime.

8. HENRY TUDOR, afterwards King Henry the Eighth.

9. HENRY FREDERICK STUART, son and heir of King James the First, died in his father’s lifetime.

10. CHARLES STUART, afterwards King Charles the First.

11. CHARLES STUART, afterwards King Charles the Second.

12. GEORGE AUGUSTUS, afterwards King George the Second.

13. FREDERICK LEWIS, son of King George the Second, died in 1751, in his father’s lifetime.

14. GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK, afterwards King George the Third.

15. GEORGE AUGUSTUS FREDERICK, afterwards King George the Fourth.

[182] Math. Westm.

[183] Mat. Westm.

[184] H. Knighton, col. 2320. n. 30.

[185] Monast. Anglic. vol. i. p. 254 b.

[186] Ibid. p. 254 a. n. 50.

[187] Ibid. p. 258 and 259.

[188] Monast. Anglic. vol. 2, p. 206 a.

[189] Math. Westm. in anno 1013.

[190] Matth. Westm. in anno 1016.

[191] R. Hoveden, fol. 250 b. n. 20.

[192] W. Gemet, p. 288 D. Ord. Vit. p. 660 B.

[193] S. Dunelm. col. 214, n. 30. W. Gemet. p. 293 D.

[194] Ord. Vit. p. 765 A.

[195] Monast. Angl. vol. 1, p. 551 a. n. 60.

[196] Monast. Angl. vol. 1, p. 551, a. n. 60.

[197] Rob. de Monte.

[198] Monast. Anglic. vol. 2, p. 982, n. 20 and 30.

[199] Ibid. vol. 1, p. 213, a. lin. 35.

[200] Mat. Paris, p. 54, n. 10 & 20.

[201] Ord. Vit. p. 578 D.

[202] Monast. Angl. vol. 2, p. 982, n. 30 & 40.

[203] Chron. Norm. p. 995 C.

[204] Domesd. lib.

[205] W. Malms, fo. 88 b. n. 40.

[206] Ibid. fol. 89 a.

[207] S. Dunel. col. 229. W. Malms. fol. 89, n. 10. Mat. Paris, p. 60, 1. 14.

[208] Ord. Vit. p. 819 D.

[209] Jorval. col. 1002, n. 20.

[210] In Vigil. S. Mich.

[211] Ord. Vit. p. 821 A.

[212] Ibid. B.

[213] Ibid. page 822 A. Mat. Paris, p. 63, 1. 6, Jorv. col. 8221, n. 12.

[214] Ord. Vit. p. 811 A.

[215] Monast. Anglic. v. 1, p. 668 a. n. 40.

[216] Ibid. v. 2, p. 909.

[217] Ibid. p. 954 b.

[218] Ibid. v. 1, p. 668, n. 60.

[219] W. Gemet. 306 D.

[220] Vinc. Discov. p. 130.

[221] Ord. Vit. 915 D.

[222] W. Malmesb. 105 a. n. 30.

[223] Gesta Regis Steph. 950 A.

[224] Ibid. B.

[225] Ibid. 956 A.

[226] Ibid. 968 B. C.

[227] Ibid. 969 A.

[228] Rot. Pip. 2 H. 2. Somerset.

[229] Testa de Nevill, Devon.

[230] R. Hoveden, 282 b. n. 10.

[231] Ibid. 283, n. 30.

[232] Ibid. b. n. 40.

[233] Liber Rub. in Scacc. tit. Cornub.

[234] Rot. Pip. 14 H. 2. Cornub. Devon.

[235] R. Hoved. 307 a.

[236] Ibid. 6 n. 10.

[237] Monast. Angl. vol. 1, 1002, n. 50.

[238] R. Hoved. 313 a. n. 40.

[239] Domitian A. VIII. in Bibl. Cotton. 79 a.

[240] Vinc. Discov. p. 130.

[241] Claus. 16 Joh. m. 21.

[242] Ex vet. Cod. MS. penes Will. Mohun, eq. aur. anno 1583.

[243] Joh. Tinemuth, MS. in Bibl. Bodl. lib. 19, cap. 104. Domitian A. VIII. in Bibl. Cotton. 922.

[244] Rot. Norm. Liberat. 4 Joh. m. 1.

[245] Rot. Pip. 4 Joh. Devon.

[246] Pat. 17 Joh. m. 15.

[247] Ibid.

[248] Testa de Nevill, Devon.

[249] Pat. 1 H. 3. m. 13.

[250] Rot. Fin. 4 H. 3. M. 3.

[251] Pat. 4 H. 3. p. 1, m. 6.

[252] Pat. 4 H. 3. p. 1, m. 6.

[253] Claus. 6 H. 3. m. 7.

[254] Pat. 1 E. 4. p. 1, m. 5.

[255] Pat. 1 H. 4. p. 1, m. 17.

[256] Claus. 16 Joh. m. 23.

[257] Claus. 16 Joh. m. 23.

[258] Pat. 1 H. 3. m. 6.

[259] Pat. 2 H. 3. m. 3.

[260] Pat. 5 H. 3. p. 1, m. 6.

[261] Pat. 9 H. 3. m. 7.

[262] M. Paris, in ann. 1225, p. 323, n. 30.

[263] Ibid. n. 40.

[264] Ibid. n. 50.

[265] Ypod. Neustr. in ann. 1226.

[266] M. Paris, 324, and Ibid. n. 10.

[267] Annal. S. Augustini Cant.

[268] M. Paris, 337, n. 10.

[269] Ibid. n. 30.

[270] Ibid, n. 40.

[271] Claus. 11 Hen. 3. m. 3.

[272] Cart. 15 H. 3. p. 1, m. 4.

[273] M. Paris, in an. 1231, p. 368, n. 20.

[274] Cart. 19 H. 3. m. 19. Pat. 19 H. 3. m. 14.

[275] M. Par. in An. 1230, p. 421, n. 50.

[276] Ibid. 431, n. 30.

[277] Ibid. 445, n. 30 and 40.

[278] Ibid. 445, n. 30 and 40.

[279] Cart. 23 H. 3. m. 1.

[280] Ibid. 516, n. 40.

[281] Ibid. in an. 1140, p. 526, n. 20.

[282] Ibid. n. 30.

[283] Ibid. n. 40.

[284] Ibid. n. 50.

[285] Ibid. 537.

[286] Ibid. n. 10.

[287] Ibid. n. 20.

[288] Ibid. n. 20.

[289] Ibid. n. 30.

[290] M. Westm. in eodem An.

[291] M. Paris, p. 579, n. 50.

[292] Ibid. 581, n. 20.

[293] Ibid. 595, n. 50.

[294] Ibid. p. 837, n. 20.

[295] M. Westm. in an. 1243.

[296] Mat. Paris 606, n. 40.

[297] Pat. 28 H. 3. m. 10.

[298] Mat. Paris, in an. 1244, p. 613, n. 20.

[299] M. West, in an. 1245.

[300] Ibid. in an. 1246. Monast. Anglic. vol. 1, 928, n. 10.

[301] Mat. Paris 734, n. 20.

[302] Ibid. 749, n. 10 & 20.

[303] Ibid. p. 773.

[304] Ibid. 777, n. 30 and 40.

[305] Claus. 36 H. 3. m. 16.

[306] M. West, in eodem an. M. Paris.

[307] M. Westm. in an. 1253.

[308] Mat. Paris, p. 913, n. 40.

[309] M. Westm. 239, n. 50.

[310] Ibid. 947, n. 40.

[311] Ibid. n. 55.

[312] Ypod. Neustr. in an. 1257.

[313] Mat. Paris, 983, n. 50.

[314] M. Westm. in eodem an.

[315] Mat. Paris, 984, n. 10. Ibid. 993, n. 50.

[316] Ibid. 995, n. 40 and 50.

[317] Ex Coll. R. Gl. S.

[318] Rot. Fin. 55 H. 3. m. 2.

[319] Mon. Angl. vol. 1, 934 a, n. 50.

[320] Ibid. 583 b.

[321] Mon. Angl. vol. 2, 834, n. 10.

[322] Ibid. 901 b. n. 60.

[323] Ex Coll. R. Gl. S.

[324] Mat. Paris, 1007, n. 30.

[325] Mon. Angl. vol. 1, 934 a. n. 60.

[326] Ex Coll. R. Gl. S.

[327] Mat. Paris, p. 523, n. 40.

[328] Ex Coll. ut supra. Mat. Paris, ut supra.

[329] Ex Coll. R. Gl. S.

[330] Plac. de Banco T. Mich. 2 Edw. 1. rot. 67.

[331] Vinc. Discov. p. 136.

[332] Claus. 48 H. 3, m. 4.

[333] Vinc. Discov. ut supra.

[334] Mat. Paris, 956, n. 10.

[336] Matt. Paris, 992, n. 20.

[337] Claus. 47 H. 3. m. 5.

[338] Matt. Paris, 992, n. 50, and 993.

[339] Ibid. n. 50.

[340] Ibid. 996, n. 10 and 20.

[341] Rot. Pip. 42 H. 3. Norf.

[342] Lel. Coll. vol. 1, 289.

[343] Esc. 56 H. 3. n. 32.

[344] Ex Coll. R. Gl. S. M.S. in Bibl. Bodl. [K. 84, Cant.] f. 65 b.

[345] Rot. Fin. 56 H. 3. m. 14.

[346] Cart. 13 E. 1. n. 39.

[347] Pars altera, de eodem an. n. 1.

[348] Ibid. n. 19.

[349] Rot. Pip. 15 Ed. 1, and 19 Edw. 2. Roteland.

[350] Thos. Wals. in an. 1288.

[351] Rot. Pip. 17 Ed. 1. Cornub.

[352] Claus. 25 Ed. 1. m. 10.

[353] Claus. 25 Ed. 1. m. 10.

[354] Lel. Coll. vol. 1, p. 78.

[355] Mon. Anglic., vol. 1, 934 b. and 935 a. Mon. Angl. vol. 2, 334 b. n. 10.

[356] Esc. 28 E. 1. n. 44.

[357] Ex Coll. R. Gl. S.

[358] Claus. 29 Edw. I. in dorso m. 17.

[359] Mon. Ang. vol. 2, 346 b.

[360] E Coll. R. Gl. S. ut supra.

[361] Th. Wals. in an. 1301.

[362] Claus. 30 E. 1 m. 15.

[363] T. Wals, p. 84, n. 20.

[364] Cart. 16 E. 2. n. 34.

[365] Cart. 1 Ed. 3. n. 25.

[366] Pat. 1 Ed. 3. p. 3, m. 5.

[367] T. Wals. p. 110. Claus. 4 E. 3. m. 7.

[368] T. Wals. 112, n. 20.

[369] Pat. 3 E. 3. p. 1, m. 16.

[370] Cart. 4 E. 3. n. 12.

[371] Cart. 4 E. 3. n. 18.

[372] T. Wals. 114, n. 10.

[373] Pat. 5 Ed. 3. p. 1, m. 16.

[374] Cart. 7 Ed. 3. n. 7.

[375] Cart. 8 Ed. 3. n. 44.

[376] Rot. Scoc. 9 Ed. 3. m. 3.

[377] Rot. Scoc. 10 Ed. 3. m. 16.

[378] Pat. 10 Ed. 3. p. 2, m. 40.

APPENDIX.