chapter XX

and Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1900, vol. xxx., p. 74.

[8] Those who wish for information on this point should consult the articles by Mr. Edgar Thurston in the Bulletins of the Madras Museum, vol. i., pp. 148 and 207, and vol. iv., p. 2.

[9] The word marth is also occasionally used.

[10] Harkness and others have called this pen tuel, but repeated inquiry on my part failed to elicit this form of the word. Tuelu would mean “where is the tu?” and it is possible that Harkness heard the word in this form.

[11] For the purpose of photography, a hole was made outside the hut exactly like that within the hut. The picture must not be taken to indicate that pounding is ever normally performed out of doors.

[12] The old man on the right in this picture shows a very characteristic Toda attitude, in which a person crouches down completely enveloped in the cloak.

[13] This salutation has been previously known by its Badaga name, adabuddiken.

[14] In these names and throughout the text the signs to indicate long vowels are generally omitted. In order to ascertain the exact method of pronunciation, the map or the list of villages in Appendix III. should be consulted.

[15] This word should probably be paḷḷi and was usually pronounced paḷthḷi, but I have adopted the spelling of the text for the sake of simplicity.

[16] According to some Todas, kart was a shortened form of karitht, milking or milked.

[17] In previous accounts of the Todas, the place where these sacred herds are kept has always been called a tirieri. This is not properly a Toda term, but is that used by the Badagas.

[18] An Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilagiris, 1873, p. 14.

[19] This word, in the forms boa, boath, &c., has by previous writers been limited to dairies of the conical shape. There is no doubt that it has at present a far wider application.

[20] A Phrenologist among the Todas, 1873, p. 132.

[21] This is literally ‘cooked milk.’ It probably receives this name because the coagulation is often hastened by heating.

[22] About four pints.

[23] I am not sure whether this restriction does not also apply to the tarvalikartmokh.

[24] See