Chapter XI

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FOOTNOTES:

[11] Elisée Reclus, _North America_, Vol. II, pp. 274, 279.

[12] There are no very reliable figures for the population of the cities or for the total population of the Republic, but the best estimates agree that the Republic has about 600,000 inhabitants, while the population of the cities mentioned may be stated approximately as follows: Leon, 62,000; Managua, 35,000; Granada, 17,000; Chinandega, 10,000; Masaya, 13,000; Rivas, 8,000.

[13] See William O. Scroggs, _Filibusters and Financiers_, which gives a very complete account of Walker’s career, and upon-which the foregoing sketch is to a great extent based. Walker himself wrote a book about his campaigns, entitled _The War in Nicaragua_, and many of his followers also left accounts of their adventures.

[14] Scroggs, op. cit. p. 305.

[15] Walker was eventually captured and shot while attempting a third invasion of Central America on the North Coast of Honduras in 1860.

[16] These were: Fernando Guzmán, 1867-71; Vicente Cuadra, 1871-75; Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, 1875-79; Joaquín Zavala, 1879-83; Adán Cárdenas, 1883-87; Evaristo Carazo, 1887-89; David Osorno, 1889; and Roberto Sacasa, 1889-93.

[17] In a previous chapter, the author has stated it to be his opinion that the plantations of Guatemala could be operated successfully without a peonage system. The effect of the repeal of the labor laws in Nicaragua would seem to prove the contrary, were it not for the great difference between the Indians of the two countries. In Guatemala, the Indians depend upon the planters for a living, as they have little land of their own. They were, moreover, almost wholly an agricultural people before the Spanish conquest, whereas the Indians of Matagalpa have always secured at least a portion of their food by hunting, and have never been accustomed to any but spasmodic and irregular agricultural labor. They have also great tracts of land of their own, of which, unlike the tribes in Guatemala, they have never been dispossessed.

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