Part 1

# Church History, Volume 1 (of 3) ### By Kurtz, J. H. (Johann Heinrich)

---

The Foreign Biblical Library.

EDITED BY THE REV. W. ROBERTSON NICOLL, M.A., LL.D.

_12 Volumes. Large crown 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. each._

I. =Still Hours.= By RICHARD ROTHE. Translated by JANE T. STODDART. With an Introductory Essay by the Rev. JOHN MACPHERSON, M.A.

II. =Biblical Commentary on the Book of Psalms.= By Professor FRANZ DELITZSCH, of Leipzig. From the latest edition specially revised by the Author. Translated by the Rev. DAVID EATON, M.A. In three Volumes.

III. =A Manual of Introduction to the New Testament.= By BERNHARD WEISS. Translated by Miss DAVIDSON. _In 2 Vols._

IV. =Church History.= By Professor KURTZ. Authorized Translation, from the latest Revised Edition, by the Rev. J. MACPHERSON, M.A. _In 3 Vols._

V. =Selected Sermons of Schleiermacher.= Translated by MARY F. WILSON.

VI. =A Commentary on the Book of Isaiah.= By Professor FRANZ DELITZSCH. Translated by the Rev. JAMES DENNEY, B.D. _In 2 Vols._

LONDON: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW.

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes │ │ │ │ │ │ Punctuation has been standardized. │ │ │ │ The Table of Contents has been updated to agree with the │ │ headings and subheadings of the text. │ │ │ │ The † symbol next to a date was not defined in the text. It │ │ appears to mean approximate year of death. │ │ │ │ Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. │ │ │ │ Non-printable characteristics have been given the following │ │ transliteration: │ │ Italic text: --> _text_ │ │ bold text: --> =text=. │ │ │ │ Italics have been dropped on leading alpha characters (a. b. │ │ c.) to improved readability. │ │ │ │ This book was written in a period when many words had │ │ not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have │ │ multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in │ │ the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated │ │ with a Transcriber’s Note. │ │ │ │ Many names appear with multiple spelling variations. The │ │ most common form used has been added in brackets following │ │ alternate forms to facilitate document searching. │ │ │ │ Latin words and quotations are regularly italicized in the │ │ text. Italics have been added to words missed by the printer. │ │ │ │ Footnotes are numbered consecutively through the 3 volumes │ │ and are identified in the text with a number in brackets [2] │ │ and have been accumulated in a single section at the end of │ │ the text. │ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the │ │ text or to provide additional information for the modern │ │ reader. These notes are not identified in the text, but have │ │ been accumulated in a single section at the end of the book. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

CHURCH HISTORY.

BY PROFESSOR KURTZ.

_AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION FROM LATEST REVISED EDITION BY THE_ REV. JOHN MACPHERSON, M.A.

IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. I.

_SECOND EDITION._

London: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCXCI.

BUTLER & TANNER, THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS, FROME, AND LONDON.

PREFACE.

The English reader is here presented with a translation of the ninth edition of a work which first appeared in 1849, and has obtained a most distinguished place, it might be said almost a monopoly, as a text-book of Church History in the German Universities. Since 1850, when the second edition was issued, an English translation of which has been widely used in Britain and America, Dr. Kurtz has given great attention to the improvement of his book. The increase of size has not been caused by wordy amplification, but by an urgent necessity felt by the author as he used the vast materials that recent years have spread out before the historical student. In 1870 Dr. Kurtz retired from his professorship, and has conscientiously devoted himself to bring up each successive edition of his text-book to the point reached by the very latest scholarship of his own and other lands. In his Preface to the ninth edition of 1885 he claims to have made very special improvements on the presentation of the history of the first three centuries, where ample use is made of the brilliant researches of Harnack and other distinguished scholars of the day.

In the exercise of that discretion which has been allowed him, the translator has ventured upon an innovation, which he trusts will be generally recognised as a very important improvement. The German edition has frequently pages devoted to the literature of the larger divisions, and a considerable space is thus occupied at the beginning of most of the ordinary sections, as well as at the close of many of the sub- sections. The books named in these lists are almost exclusively German works and articles that have appeared in German periodicals. Experience has shown that the reproduction of such lists in an English edition is utterly useless to the ordinary student and extremely repulsive to the reader, as it seriously interferes with the continuity of the text. The translator has therefore ventured wholly to cancel these lists, substituting carefully selected standard English works known to himself from which detailed information on the subjects treated of in the several paragraphs may be obtained. These he has named in footnotes at the places where such references seemed to be necessary and most likely to be useful. Those students who know German so thoroughly as to be able to refer to books and articles by German specialists will find no difficulty in using the German edition of Kurtz, in which copious lists of such literature are given.

The first English volume is a reproduction without retrenchment of the original; but in the second volume an endeavour has been made to render the text-book more convenient and serviceable to British and American students by slightly abridging some of those paragraphs which give minute details of the Reformation work in various German provinces. But even there care has been taken not to omit any fact of interest or importance. No pains have been spared to give the English edition a form that may entitle it to occupy that front rank among students’ text-books of Church History which the original undoubtedly holds in Germany.

JOHN MACPHERSON.

FINDHORN, _July, 1888_.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

§ 1. IDEA AND TASK OF CHURCH HISTORY.

§ 2. DISTRIBUTION OF CHURCH HISTORY ACCORDING TO CONTENTS. (1) The Various Branches Included in a Complete Course of Church History. (2) The Separate Branches of Church History.

§ 3. DISTRIBUTION OF CHURCH HISTORY ACCORDING TO PERIODS.

§ 4. SOURCES AND AUXILIARIES OF CHURCH HISTORY. (1) Literature of the Sources. (2) Literature of the Auxiliary Sciences.

§ 5. HISTORY OF GENERAL CHURCH HISTORY. (1) Down to the Reformation. (2) The 16th and 17th Centuries. (3) The 18th Century. (4) The 19th Century. (5) The 19th Century--Continued. (6) The 19th Century--Continued.

HISTORY OF THE PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY.

The pre-Christian World preparing the way of the Christian Church.

§ 6. THE STANDPOINT OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY.

§ 7. HEATHENISM. (1) The Religious Character of Heathenism. (2) The Moral Character of Heathenism. (3) The Intellectual Culture in Heathenism. (4) The Hellenic Philosophy. (5) The Heathen State.

§ 8. JUDAISM. (1) Judaism under special Training of God through the Law and Prophecy. (2) Judaism after the Cessation of Prophecy. (3) The Synagogues. (4) Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes.

§ 9. SAMARITANISM.

§ 10. INTERCOURSE BETWEEN JUDAISM AND HEATHENISM. (1) Influence of Heathenism upon Judaism. (2) Influence of Judaism upon Heathenism.

§ 11. THE FULNESS OF TIME.

THE HISTORY OF THE BEGINNINGS.

The Founding of the Church by Christ and His Apostles.

§ 12. CHARACTER OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEGINNINGS.

I. THE LIFE OF JESUS.

§ 13. JESUS CHRIST, THE SAVIOUR OF THE WORLD. (1) Year of Birth and Year of Death of Jesus. (2) Earliest Non-Biblical Witnesses to Christ.

II. THE APOSTOLIC AGE. A.D. 30-70.

§ 14. THE MINISTRY OF THE APOSTLES BEFORE PAUL. Beginning and Close of Apostolic Age.

§ 15. THE MINISTRY OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. Details of Paul’s Life.

§ 16. THE OTHER APOSTLES AFTER THE APPEARANCE OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. (1) The Roman Episcopate of Peter. (2) The Apostle John. (3) James, the brother of the Lord. (4) The Later Legends of the Apostles.

§ 17. CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP, AND DISCIPLINE. (1) The Charismata of the Apostolic Age. (2) The Constitution of the Mother Church at Jerusalem. (3) The Constitution of the Pauline Churches. (4) The Church in the Pauline Epistles. (5) Congregational and Spiritual Offices. (6) The Question about the Original Position of the Episcopate and Presbyterate. (7) Christian Worship. (8) Christian Life and Ecclesiastical Discipline.

§ 18. HERESIES IN THE APOSTOLIC AGE. (1) Jewish Christianity and the Council of Apostles. (2) The Apostolic Basis of Doctrine. (3) False Teachers.

FIRST DIVISION.

History of the Development of the Church during the Græco-Roman and Græco-Byzantine Periods.

§ 19. CONTENT, DISTRIBUTION AND BOUNDARIES OF THOSE PERIODS.

FIRST SECTION.

History of the Græco-Roman Church during the Second and Third Centuries (A.D. 70-323).

§ 20. CONTENT, DISTRIBUTION AND BOUNDARIES OF THIS PERIOD. (1) The Post-Apostolic Age. (2) The Age of the Old Catholic Church. (3) The Point of Transition from the One Age to the Other.

I. THE RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRA-CHRISTIAN PAGANISM AND JUDAISM TO THE CHURCH.

§ 21. THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY.

§ 22. PERSECUTIONS OF THE CHRISTIANS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. (1) Claudius, Nero and Domitian. (2) Trajan and Hadrian. (3) Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. (4) Septimius Severus and Maximinus Thrax. (5) Decius, Gallus and Valerian. (6) Diocletian and Galerius. (7) Maximinus Daza, Maxentius and Licinius.

§ 23. CONTROVERSIAL WRITINGS OF PAGANISM. (1) Lucian’s Satire _De Morte Peregrini_. (2) Worshippers of an Ass. (3) Polemic properly so-called.

§ 24. Attempted Reconstruction of Paganism. (1) Apollonius of Tyana. (2) Neo-platonism.

§ 25. Jewish and Samaritan Reaction. (1) Disciples of John. (2) The Samaritan Heresiarchs. a. Dositheus. b. Simon Magus. c. Menander.

II. DANGER TO THE CHURCH FROM PAGAN AND JEWISH ELEMENTS WITHIN ITS OWN PALE.

§ 26. GNOSTICISM IN GENERAL. (1) Gnosticism. (2) The Problems of Gnostic Speculation. (3) Distribution. (4) Sources of Information.

§ 27. THE GENTILE CHRISTIAN GNOSTICISM. (1) Cerinthus. (2) The Gnosticism of Basilides. (3) Irenæus’ Sketch of Basilideanism. (4) Valentinian Gnosticism. (5) Two Divisions of the Valentinian School. (6) The Ophites and related Sects. (7) The Gnosis of the Ophites. (8) Antinomian and Libertine Sects. a. The Nicolaitans. b. The Simonians. c. The Carpocratians. d. The Prodicians. (9) Saturninus. (10) Tatian and the Encratites. (11) Marcion and the Marcionites. (12) Marcion’s Disciples. (13) Hermogenes.

§ 28. EBIONISM AND EBIONITIC GNOSTICISM. (1) Nazareans and Ebionites. (2) The Elkesaites. (3) The Pseudo-Clementine Series of Writings. a. Homiliæ XX Clementis. b. Recognitiones Clementis. c. Epitomæ. (4) The Pseudo-Clementine Doctrinal System.

§ 29. MANICHÆISM. (1) The Founder. (2) The System. (3) Constitution, Worship, and Missionarizing.

III. THE DOCTRINAL DEVELOPMENT AND APOLOGETICAL

## ACTIVITY OF THE CHURCH.

§ 30. THE THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE OF THE POST-APOSTOLIC AGE, A.D. 70-170. (1) The Beginnings of Patristic Literature. (2) The Theology of the Post-Apostolic Age. (3) The so-called Apostolic Fathers. a. Clement of Rome. (4) b. Barnabas. c. Pastor Hermas. (5) d. Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch. (6) e. Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna. f. Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis. g. Epistle to Diognetus. (7) The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. (8) The Writings of the Earliest Christian Apologists. (9) Extant Writings of Apologists of the Post-Apostolic Age. a. Justin Martyr. (10) b. Tatian. c. Athenagoras. d. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch. e. Hermias.

§ 31. THE THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE OF THE OLD CATHOLIC AGE, A.D. 170-323. (1) The Theological Schools and Tendencies.

1. CHURCH FATHERS WRITING IN GREEK.

(2) Church Teachers of the Asiatic Type. a. Irenæus. (3) b. Hippolytus. (4) The Alexandrian Church Teachers. a. Pantænus. b. Titus Flavius Clement. (5) c. Origen. (6) d. Dionysius of Alexandria. e. Gregory Thaumaturgus. f. Pamphilus. (7) Greek-speaking Church Teachers in other Quarters. a. Hegesippus. b. Caius of Rome. (8) c. Sextus Julius Africanus. (9) d. Methodius. e. Lucian of Samosata.

2. CHURCH FATHERS WRITING IN LATIN.

(10) The Church Teachers of North Africa. Tertullian. (11) Cyprian. (12) Various Ecclesiastical Writers using the Latin Tongue. a. Minucius Felix. b. Commodus. c. Novatian. d. Arnobius. e. Victorinus of Pettau. f. Lucius Lactantius.

§ 32. THE APOCRYPHAL AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHICAL LITERATURE. (1) Professedly Old Heathen Prophecies. (2) Old Testament Pseudepigraphs. a. Book of Enoch. b. Assumptio Mosis. c. Fourth Book of Ezra. d. Book of Jubilees. (3) Pseudepigraphs of Christian Origin. a. History of Assenath. b. The Testaments of the XII. Patriarchs. c. _Ascensio Isaiæ_ and _Visio Isaiæ_. d. _Spelunca thesaurorum._ (4) New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigraphs. I. Apocryphal Gospels. (5) II. Apocryphal Histories and Legends of the Apostles. (6) ---- Apocryphal Monographs. (7) III. Apostolic Epistles. IV. Apocryphal Apocalypses. V. Apostolical Constitutions. (8) The Acts of the Martyrs.

§ 33. THE DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES OF THE OLD CATHOLIC AGE. (1) The Trinitarian Questions. (2) The Alogians. (3) The Theodotians and Artemonites. (4) Praxeas and Tertullian. (5) The Noëtians and Hippolytus. (6) Beryllus and Origen. (7) Sabellius; Dionysius of Alexandria; Dionysius of Rome. (8) Paul of Samosata. (9) Chiliasm.

IV. CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP, LIFE AND DISCIPLINE.

§ 34. THE INNER ORGANIZATION OF THE CHURCH. (1) The Continuation of Charismatic Endowments into Post-Apostolic Times. (2) The Development of the Episcopal Hierarchy. (3) The Regular Ecclesiastical Offices of the Old Catholic Age. (4) Clergy and Laity. (5) The Synods. (6) Personal and Epistolary Intercourse. (7) The Unity and Catholicity of the Church. (8) The Roman Primacy.

§ 35. THE ADMINISTRATION OF BAPTISM. (1) The Preparation for Receiving Baptism. (2) The Baptismal Formula. (3) The Administration of Baptism. (4) The Doctrine of Baptism. (5) The Controversy about Heretics’ Baptism.

§ 36. PUBLIC WORSHIP AND ITS VARIOUS PARTS. (1) The Agape. (2) The _Missa Catechumenorum_. (3) The _Missa Fidelium_. (4) The _Disciplina Arcani_. (5) The Doctrine of the Lord’s Supper. (6) The Sacrificial Theory. (7) The Use of Scripture. (8) Formation of a New Testament Canon. (9) The Doctrine of Inspiration. (10) Hymnology.

§ 37. FEASTS AND FESTIVAL SEASONS. (1) The Festivals of the Christian Year. (2) The Paschal Controversies. (3) The Ecclesiastical Institution of Fasting.

§ 38. THE CHURCH BUILDINGS AND THE CATACOMBS. (1) The Catacombs. (2) The Antiquities of the Catacombs. (3) Pictorial Art and the Catacombs. (4) Pictorial and Artistic Representations. a. Significant Symbols. b. Allegorical Figures. c. Parabolic Figures. d. Historical Pictures of O. T. Types. e. Figures from the Gospel History. f. Liturgical Figures.

§ 39. LIFE, MANNERS, AND DISCIPLINE. (1) Christian Morals and Manners. (2) The Penitential Discipline. (3) Asceticism. (4) Paul of Thebes. (5) Beginning of Veneration of Martyrs. (6) Superstition.

§ 40. THE MONTANIST REFORMATION. (1) Montanism in Asia Minor. (2) Montanism at Rome. (3) Montanism in Proconsular Africa. (4) The Fundamental Principle of Montanism. (5) The Attitude of Montanism toward the Church.

§ 41. SCHISMATIC DIVISIONS IN THE CHURCH. (1) The Schism of Hippolytus at Rome about A.D. 220. (2) The Schism of Felicissimus at Carthage in A.D. 250. (3) The Schism of the Presbyter Novatian at Rome in A.D. 251. (4) The Schism of Meletius in Egypt in A.D. 306.

SECOND SECTION.

The History of the Græco-Roman Church from the 4th-7th centuries. A.D. 323-692.

I. CHURCH AND STATE.

§ 42. THE OVERTHROW OF PAGANISM IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. (1) The Romish Legend of the Baptism of Constantine. (2) Constantine the Great and his Sons. (3) Julian the Apostate (A.D. 361-363). (4) The Later Emperors. (5) Heathen Polemics and Apologetics. (6) The Religion of the Hypsistarians.

§ 43. THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE AND THE ECCLESIASTICAL LAW. (1) The _Jus Circa Sacra_. (2) The Institution of Œcumenical Synods. (3) Canonical Ordinances. (4) Pseudepigraphic Church Ordinances. (5) The Apostolic Church Ordinances.

II. MONASTICISM, CLERICALISM AND HIERARCHISM.

§ 44. MONASTICISM. (1) The Biography of St. Anthony. (2) The Origin of Christian Monasticism. (3) Oriental Monasticism. (4) Western Monasticism. (5) Institution of Nunneries. (6) Monastic Asceticism. (7) Anti-Ecclesiastical and Heretical Monasticism.

§ 45. THE CLERGY. (1) Training of the Clergy. (2) The Injunction of Celibacy. (3) Later Ecclesiastical Offices. (4) Church Property.

§ 46A. THE PATRIARCHAL CONSTITUTION AND THE PRIMACY. (1) The Patriarchal Constitution. (2) The Rivalry between Rome and Byzantium.

§ 46B. HISTORY OF THE ROMAN CHAIR AND ITS CLAIMS TO THE PRIMACY. (3) From Melchiades to Julius I., A.D. 310 to A.D. 352. (4) From Liberius to Anastasius, A.D. 352 to A.D. 402. (5) From Innocent I. to Zosimus, A.D. 402 to A.D. 418. (6) From Boniface I. to Sixtus III., A.D. 419 to A.D. 440. (7) From Leo the Great to Simplicius, A.D. 440 to A.D. 483. (8) From Felix III. to Boniface II., A.D. 483 to A.D. 532. (9) From John II. to Pelagius II., A.D. 532 to A.D. 590. (10) From Gregory I. to Boniface V., A.D. 590 to A.D. 625. (11) From Honorius I. to Gregory III., A.D. 625 to A.D. 741.

III. THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.

§ 47. THE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS AND THEIR MOST CELEBRATED REPRESENTATIVES. (1) The Theological Schools and Tendencies. a. In the 4th and 5th centuries. b. Of the 6th and 7th Centuries.

1. THE MOST IMPORTANT TEACHERS OF THE EASTERN CHURCH.

(2) The Most Celebrated Representative of the Old Alexandrian School----Eusebius. (3) Church Fathers of the New Alexandrian School. a. Athanasius. (4) ---- The Three Great Cappadocians. b. Basil the Great. c. Gregory Nazianzen. d. Gregory of Nyssa. (5) e. Apollinaris. f. Didymus the Blind. (6) g. Macarius Magnes. h. Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria. i. Isidore of Pelusium. (7) ---- Mystics and Philosophers. k. Macarius the Great or the Elder. l. Marcus Eremita. m. Synesius of Cyrene. n. Nemesius, Bishop of Emesa. o. Æneas of Gaza. (8) The Antiocheans. a. Eusebius of Emesa. b. Diodorus of Tarsus. c. John of Antioch (Chrysostom). (9) d. Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia. e. Polychronius, Bishop of Apamea. f. Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus. (10) Other Teachers of the Greek Church during the 4th and 5th Centuries. a. Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem. b. Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis. c. Palladius. d. Nilus. (11) Greek Church Fathers of the 6th and 7th Centuries. a. Johannes Philoponus. b. Dionysius the Areopagite. (12) c. Leontius Byzantinus. d. Maximus Confessor. e. Johannes Climacus. f. Johannes Moschus. g. Anastasius Sinaita. (13) Syrian Church Fathers. a. Jacob of Nisibis. b. Aphraates. c. Ephraim the Syrian. d. Ibas, Bishop of Edessa. e. Jacob, Bishop of Edessa.

2. THE MOST IMPORTANT TEACHERS OF THE WESTERN CHURCH.

(14) f. During the Period of the Arian Controversy. a. Jul. Firmicus Maternus. b. Lucifer of Calaris. c. Marius Victorinus. d. Hilary of Poitiers. e. Zeno, Bishop of Verona. f. Philaster, Bishop of Brescia. g. Martin of Tours. (15) g. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. h. Ambrosiaster. i. Pacianus, Bishop of Barcelona. (16) During the Period of Origenistic Controversy. a. Jerome. (17) b. Tyrannius Rufinus. c. Sulpicius Severus. d. Peter Chrysologus, Bishop of Ravenna. (18) The Hero of the Soteriological Controversy--Augustine. (19) Augustine’s Works. a. Philosophical Treatises. b. Dogmatic Treatises. c. Controversial Treatises. d. Apologetical Treatises. e. Exegetical Works. (20) Augustine’s Disciples and Friends. a. Paulinus, Deacon of Milan. b. Paul Orosius. c. Marius Mercator. d. Prosper Aquitanicus. e. Cæsarius, Bishop of Arelate. f. Fulgentius, Bishop of Ruspe. (21) Pelagians and semi-Pelagians. I. Pelagius. II. Semi-Pelagians or Massilians. a. Johannes Cassianus. b. Vincent Lerinensis. c. Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons. d. Salvianus, Presbyter at Marseilles. e. Faustus of Rhegium. f. Arnobius the Younger. (22) The Most Important Church Teachers among the Roman Popes. a. Leo the Great. b. Gelasius I. c. Gregory the Great. (23) The Conservators and Continuators of Patristic Culture. a. Boëthius. b. Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus. c. Dionysius Exiguus.

§ 48. BRANCHES OF THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND CHRISTIAN POETRY. (1) Exegetical Theology. (2) Historical Theology. (3) Systematic Theology. a. Apologetics. b. Polemics. c. Positive Dogmatics. d. Morals. (4) Practical Theology. (5) Christian Poetry. (6) Christian Latin Poetry. (7) Poetry of National Syrian Church. (8) The Legendary History of Cyprian.

IV. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES AND HERESIES.

§ 49. THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE GENERALLY. Heretical Developments.

§ 50. THE TRINITARIAN CONTROVERSY, A.D. 318-381. (1) Preliminary Victory of the Homoousia, A.D. 318-325. (2) Victory of Eusebianism, A.D. 328-356. (3) Victory of Homoiousianism, A.D. 357-361. (4) Final Victory of the Nicene Creed, A.D. 361-381. (5) The Pneumatomachians, A.D. 362-381. (6) The Literature of the Controversy. (7) Post-Nicene Development of the Dogma. (8) Schisms in consequence of the Arian Controversy. I. The Meletian Schism at Antioch. II. The Schism of the Luciferians. III. The Schism of Damasus and Ursacius at Rome.

§ 51. THE ORIGENIST CONTROVERSIES, A.D. 394-438. (1) The Monks of the Scetic and Nitrian Deserts. (2) The Controversy in Palestine and Italy, A.D. 394-399. (3) The Controversy in Alexandria and Constantinople, A.D. 399-438.

§ 52. THE CHRISTOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY. (1) The Apollinarian Controversy, A.D. 362-381. (2) Christology of the Opposing Theological Schools. (3) The Dyoprosopic or Nestorian Controversy, A.D. 428-444. (4) The Monophysite Controversy. I. Eutychianism, A.D. 444-451. (5) II. Imperial Attempts at Union, A.D. 451-519. (6) III. Justinian’s Decrees, A.D. 527-553. (7) IV. The Monophysite Churches. (8) The Monothelite Controversy, A.D. 633-680. (9) The Case of Honorius.

§ 53. THE SOTERIOLOGICAL CONTROVERSIES, A.D. 412-529. (1) Preliminary History. (2) The Doctrine of Augustine. (3) Pelagius and his Doctrine. (4) The Pelagian Controversy, A.D. 411-431. (5) The Semi-Pelagian Controversy, A.D. 427-529.

§ 54. REAPPEARANCE AND REMODELLING OF EARLIER HERETICAL SECTS. (1) Manichæism. (2) Priscillianism, A.D. 383-563.

V. WORSHIP, LIFE, DISCIPLINE AND MORALS.

§ 55. WORSHIP IN GENERAL. The Age of Cyril of Alexandria.

§ 56. FESTIVALS AND SEASONS FOR PUBLIC WORSHIP. (1) The Weekly Cycle. (2) Hours and Quarterly Fasts. (3) The Reckoning of Easter. (4) The Easter Festivals. (5) The Christmas Festivals. (6) The Church Year. (7) The Church Fasts.

§ 57. WORSHIP OF SAINTS, RELICS AND IMAGES. (1) The Worship of Martyrs and Saints. (2) The Worship of Mary and Anna. (3) Worship of Angels. (4) Worship of Images. (5) Worship of Relics. (6) The Making of Pilgrimages.

§ 58. THE DISPENSATION OF THE SACRAMENTS. (1) Administration of Baptism. (2) The Doctrine of the Supper. (3) The Sacrifice of the Mass. (4) The Administration of the Lord’s Supper.

§ 59. PUBLIC WORSHIP IN WORD AND SYMBOL. (1) The Holy Scriptures. (2) The Creeds of the Church. I. The Nicæno-Constantinopolitan Creed. II. The Apostles’ Creed. III. The Athanasian Creed. (3) Bible Reading in Church and Preaching. (4) Hymnology. (5) Psalmody and Hymn Music. (6) The Liturgy. (7) Liturgical Vestments. (8) Symbolical Acts in Worship. (9) Processions.

§ 60. PLACES OF PUBLIC WORSHIP, BUILDINGS AND WORKS OF ART. (1) The Basilica. (2) Secular Basilicas. (3) The Cupola Style. (4) Accessory and Special Buildings. (5) Church furniture. (6) The Graphic and Plastic Arts.

§ 61. LIFE, DISCIPLINE AND MORALS. (1) Church Discipline. (2) Christian Marriage. (3) Sickness, Death and Burial. (4) Purgatory and Masses for Souls.

§ 62. HERETICAL REFORMERS. (1) Audians and Apostolics. (2) Protests against Superstition and External Observances. (3) Protests against the Over-Estimation of Doctrine.

§ 63. SCHISMS. (1) The Donatist Schism, A.D. 311-415. (2) The _Concilium Quinisextum_, A.D. 692.

VI. THE CHURCH OUTSIDE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

§ 64. MISSIONARY OPERATIONS IN THE EAST. (1) The Ethiopic-Abyssinian Church. (2) The Persian Church. (3) The Armenian Church. (4) The Iberians.

§ 65. THE COUNTER-MISSION OF THE MOHAMMEDANS. (1) The Fundamental Principle of Islam. (2) The Providential Place of Islam.

THIRD SECTION.

HISTORY OF THE GRÆCO-BYZANTINE CHURCH IN THE 8TH-15TH CENTURIES (A.D. 692-1453).

I. Developments of the Greek Church in Combination with the Western.

§ 66. ICONOCLASM OF THE BYZANTINE CHURCH (A.D. 726-842). (1) Leo III., the Isaurian, A.D. 717-741. (2) Constantine V. A.D. 741-775. (3) Leo IV., Chazarus, A.D. 775-780. (4) Leo V., the Armenian, A.D. 813-820.