Part 68

[74] Jerome reckons them at 2,000; Epiphanius at 6,000; these must include the thousands of separate epistles and homilies. Bigg, “Chr. Platonists of Alex.” Lectt. IV.-VI., Oxf., 1886.

[75] _Hexaplorum quæ supersunt._ Ed. Field, Oxon., 1871.

[76] Ed. Selwyn, Cantab., 1876; Engl. transl. of C. Celsum and De Principiis, in Ante-Nicene Library, 2 vols., Edin., 1869-1872.

[77] “Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius of Alex. and Archelaus.” transl. by Prof. Salmond, Edin., 1871.

[78] Neander, “Antignosticus, or the Spirit of Tertull.” appended to “Hist. of Planting of Chr. Church.” 2 vols., Lond., 1851. Kaye, “Eccles. Hist. of 2nd and 3rd Cents. illustr. from Wr. of Tertull.” 2 ed., Camb., 1829. Tertullian, “Works.” 3 vols., Ante-Nicene Lib., Edin., 1869.

[79] “Cyprian’s Treatises and Epistles.” Lib. of Fathers, 2 vols., Oxf., 1839, 1844. “Writings of Cyprian.” Ante-Nicene Lib., 2 vols., Edin., 1868. Poole, “Life and Times of C.” Oxf., 1840. Pressensé, “Martyrs and Apologists.” Lond., 1879, pp. 414-438.

[80] Dillmann, “Pseudepigraph. des A. Ts.” Herzog, xii. 341. Reuss, “Hist. of the N. T.” Edin., 1884. Salmon, “Introd. to N. T.” 2nd ed., Lond., 1886.

[81] “Fabricius, Codex pseudepigr. V.T.” Ed. 2., Hamb., 1722.

[82] Drummond, “Jewish Messiah.” Lond., 1877. Lawrence, “Book of Enoch.” Oxf., 1821. Schodde, “Bk. of Enoch.” Andover, 1882. Schurer, “Hist. of Jew. Peo. in Times of J. Chr.” Div. II., Vol. 3., pp. 59 ff., 73 ff., 93 ff., 134 ff.; (Enoch, Assumptio, Ezra, Bk. of Jub.). Bensly, “Missing Fragment of Lat. Transl. of 4th Bk. of Ezra.” Cambr., 1875.

[83] Sinker, “Test. XII. Patriarchum.” Cambr., 1869; Appendix, 1879. Malan, “Book of Adam and Eve.” Lond., 1882. Hort on Bks. of Adam, in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Biog.” Lond., 1877.

[84] Salmon, “Introd. to N.T.” Lond., 1885; Lect. XII., “Apoc. and Her. Gospels.” pp. 226-248.

[85] Nicholson, “The Gosp. acc. to the Hebrews.” Lond., 1879.

[86] Giles, “Cod. Apoc. N. T.” 2 vols., Lond., 1852. Tischendorf, “Evv. Apocr.” Ed. 2, Lps., 1876.

[87] Wright, “Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Syriac and English, 2 vols., Lond., 1871. Malan, “The Conflicts of the Holy Apostles.” Lond., 1871. Tischendorf, “Acta app. Apocr.” Lps., 1851.

[88] Phillips, “Addai the Apostle.” Syriac and English, Lond., 1876.

[89] Lightfoot, “Comm. on Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881; “Diss. on Paul and Seneca.” pp. 270-328; “Letters of Paul and Seneca.” pp. 329-333. Lightfoot, “Comm. on Col.” 5 ed., Lond., 1880; pp. 274-300, “The Epistle from Laodicea.”

[90] Dorner, “Hist. of Dev. of Doctr. of Person of Chr.” 5 vols., Edin., 1862. Pressensé, “Heresy and Christian Doctrine.” Lond., 1879.

[91] Deut. xviii. 15; Isa. liii. 3; Matt. xii. 32; Luke i. 35; John viii. 40; Acts ii. 22; 1 Tim. ii. 5.

[92] Tertullian says: _Ita duo negotia diaboli Praxeas Romæ procuravit, prophetiam expulit et hæresim intulit, paracletum fugavit et patrem crucifixit._--Ps.-Tertull.: _Hæresim introduxit, quam Victorinus corroborare curavit._

[93] Dorner, “Person of Christ.” Vol. ii.

[94] Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.” Lond., 1872.

[95] Hatch, “The Organization of the Early Christian Churches.” Lond., 1881; “The Growth of Church Institutions.” Lond., 1887. Bannerman, “Doctr. of the Church.” 2 vols., Edin., 1858; espec. vol. i., pp. 277-480. Lightfoot, “Comm. on Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881: “Dissertat. on Chr. Ministry.” Papers in _Expositor_, 1887, on “Origin of Chr. Ministry.” by Sanday, Harnack and others.

[96] We are not carried further than this by Irenæus, iii. 3. Similarly, too, Cyprian, _De Unitate Ecclesiæ_, iv. Tertullian also does not accept the Roman tradition as of supreme authority, but prefers that of Asia Minor in regard to the Easter Controversy, and, in the _De Pudicitia_, he opposes with bitter invective the penitential discipline of the Roman bishop Zephyrinus or Callistus. So, too, Cyprian repudiates the Roman practice in regard to heretics’ baptism (§ 35, 5); and on the same subject Firmilian of Cæsarea in Cappadocia hesitates not to write: _Non pudet Stephanum, Cyprianum pseudo-christum et pseudo-apostolum et dolosum operarium dicere: qui omnia in se esse conscius prævenit, ut alteri per mendacium objiceret, quæ ipse ex merito audire deberet._--Consult: Blondel, “Traité hist. de la primauté.” Gen., 1641. Salacious, “De Primatu Papæ.” Lugd. Bat., 1645. Kenrick, “The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated.” New York, 1848. “The Pope and the Council.” by Janus, Lond., 1869.

[97] Wall, “Hist. of Infant Baptism.” with Gale’s Reflections, and Wall’s Defence, 4 vols., Oxf., 1836. Wilberforce, “Doctr. of Holy Baptism.” Lond., 1849.

[98] Funk’s assertion that the ἀκροᾶσθαι and the γονυκλίνειν were not stages in the Catechumenate, but penal ranks in which offending Catechumens were placed, and that there was only one order of Catechumens is untenable for these reasons:

1. Because the penitential institution presupposes a falling away from the grace of baptism;

2. Because the Canon of Neo-Cæsarea with its κατηχούμενος ἁμαρτάνων, ἐὰν μὲν γονυκλίνων, ἀκροάσθω, necessarily implies that γονυκλίνειν is a stage in the Catechumenate;

3. Because this Canon provides that after the first penal procedure, not after passing through two penitential orders, the sinner will be expelled;

4. Finally, because the γονυκλίνειν of the Catechumens, just like that of the congregation in prayer, is even in expression something quite different from the ὑπόπτωσις of the penitents.--Consult:

Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.” Lond., 1879, pp. 5-36, 333.

[99] Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.” pp. 201-216, 263-286. Lechler, “Apostolic and Post-Apost. Times.” 2 vols., Edin., 1886; Vol. ii. 298. Jacob, “Ecclest. Polity of N. T.” Lond., 1871, pp. 187-319.

[100] Jacob, “Ecclest. Polit. of N.T.” Lond., 1871, Lect. vii., “The Lord’s Supper.” Waterland, “Review of the Doctrine of the Eucharist.” Lond., 1737.

[101] See, _De Doctr. Christiana._ II. ii. 15.--“Old Latin Biblical Texts.” Edited by John Wordsworth, Bp. of Salisbury, Oxford, 1885, etc.

[102] Lechler, “Apostolic and Post-Apostolic Times.” Edin., 1886, Vol. ii., pp. 301-310.

[103] Bosio, “Roma Sotteranea.” Rom., 1632. De Rossi, “Roma sott. crist.” 3 vols., Rome, 1864-1877. Northcote and Brownlow, “Roma Sotteranea.” Lond., 1869. Withrow, “The Catacombs of Rome.” Lond., 1876.

[104] Marriott, “Testimony of the Catacombs.” Lond., 1877.

[105] Zöckler, “The Cross of Christ.” Lond., 1877. Allen, “Early Christian Symbolism.” Lond., 1887. Didson, “Chr. Iconography.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886.

[106] Schmidt, “The Social Results of Early Christianity.” Lond., 1886. Brace, “Gesta Christi.” Lond., 1883. Uhlhorn, “Chr. Charity in the Ancient Church.” Edin., 1883. Pressensé, “Life and Practice in Early Church.” Lond., 1879, pp. 345-477. Ryan, “Hist. of the Effects of Relig. upon Mankind.” Dublin, 1820.

[107] Morinus, “De discipl. in administr. s. pœnitentiæ.” Par., 1651. Marshall, “Penitential Discipline of the Prim. Church for the First Four Centuries.” Lond., 1844 (1st ed., 1718). Tertullian, “De Pœnitentia.” See Transl. in Library of Fathers, Tertullian, vol. i., “Apologetic and Practical Treatises.” Oxf., 1843; XI. Of Repentance, with long and valuable notes by Dr. Pusey, pp. 349-408.

[108] J. de Soyres, “Montanism and the Primitive Church.” Cambr., 1878. Cunningham, “The Churches of Asia.” Lond., 1880, p. 159 ff.

[109] Bunsen, “Hippolytus and his Age.” Lond., 1854. Wordsworth, “St. Hippolytus and the Church of Rome.” Lond., 1852. Döllinger, “Hippolytus and Callistus.” Edin., 1876 (orig. publ. 1853).

[110] “Library of Fathers.” Oxf., 1843, Cyprian’s Treatises: v.“On Unity of the Church.” vi. “On the Lapsed.” with prefaces. Also, “Epp. of S. Cyprian.” (1844) xli.-xlv., lii. and lix.

[111] “Library of Fathers.” Oxf., 1844; “Epp. of S. Cyprian.” Ep. lii., also Ep. lv.

[112] Merivale, “Conversion of the Roman Empire.” Lond., 1864. Milman, “Hist. of Christianity to Abol. of Pag. in Rom. Emp.” 3 vols., Lond. Lecky, “Hist. of Eur. Morals.” Vol. ii., “From Constantine to Charlemagne.”

[113] Döllinger, “Fables respecting the Popes of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1871.

[114] Original source is Eusebius, “Life of Constantine.” Trans. Lond., 1842. See interesting lect. on Constantine in Stanley’s “Hist. of Eastern Church.” Lond., 1861. Madden, “Christian Emblems on Coins of Constantine I.” Lond., 1878.

[115] Neander, “The Emperor Julian and his Generation.” Lond., 1850. G. H. Rendall, “The Emperor Julian.” Lond., 1879. Newman, “Miracles in Eccl. Hist.” Oxf., 1842. Bp. Wordsworth, “Julian.” in Smith’s Dict. of Biog., vol. iii., pp. 484-523.

[116] On this whole period consult: Histories of Theodoret, Sozomen, Socrates, and Evagrius (containing much fabulous matter, but useful as contemporary records extending down to A.D. 594). Transl. in 4 vols., Lond., 1812-1846. For Theodosius I. see Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” vol. ii., p. 341 ff., Edin., 1876.

[117] A careful reconstruction of the whole as far as possible has been attempted by Neumann (Leipz., 1880), accompanied by prolegomena and a German translation.

[118] Hefele, “Hist. of Church Councils.” Edin., 1872, Vol. i., pp. 1-48. Pusey, “Councils of Ch. from A.D. 51 to A.D. 381: their constit., obj., and history.” Oxf., 1857.

[119] Its original form is probably preserved in a Syriac translation; see Bunsen’s “Analecta Antenicæna.” ii. 45-338, Lond., 1854.

[120] First published in the Greek original by Bickell under the title, inapplicable to the first part: Αἱ διαταγαὶ αἱ διὰ Κλήμεντος καὶ κανόνες ἐκκλησιαστικοὶ τῶν ἁγίων ἀποστόλων.

[121] Maitland, “The Dark Ages.” Lond., 1844. Ozanam, “Hist. of Civilization in 5th Cent.” Transl. by Glyn, 2 vols. Montalembert, “Monks of the West, from Benedict to Bernard.” 7 vols., Edin., 1861 ff.

[122] Stephens, “Chrysostom: his Life and Times.” 3rd ed., London, 1883, pp. 59 ff., 294 ff.

[123] Hatch, “Organization of the Early Christian Churches.” London, 1881, pp. 124-139. Hatch, “Ordination.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Bibl. Antiq.” Vol. ii.

[124] Hatch, “Organization of Chr. Ch.” p. 161. Bede, “Eccles. Hist.” iv. 1.

[125] Dale, “Synod of Elvira, and Christ. Life in the 4th cent.” London, 1882. Lea, “Hist. of Sacerdotal Celibacy.” Philad., 1867. Lecky, “Hist. of Europ. Morals.” London, 1877, Vol. ii., pp. 328 ff. Hefele, “Hist. of Christ. Councils.” Edin., 1872, Vol. i., pp. 150, 380, 435.

[126] Neale, “Hist. of the Holy Eastern Church.” 5 vols., London, 1847-1873. Stanley, “Lect. on the Eastern Church.” London, 1861.

[127] Greenwood, “Cathedra Petri: Pol. Hist. of Great Latin Patriarchate from 1st to 16th cent.” 6 vols., London, 1856 ff.

[128] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. ii., Edin., 1876, pp. 231 ff., 483 ff.

[129] Comp. Döllinger, “Fables Respecting the Popes of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1871.

[130] Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. i.

[131] Bright, “Hist. of Church from A.D. 313-451.” 2 ed., Cambr., 1869. Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. i.

[132] Kellett, “Pope Gregory the Great and his Relations with Gaul.” (Cambridge Essays, No. ii.), Cambridge, 1889.

[133] Engl. Transl.: “Eccles. Hist. with Life of Euseb. by Valesius.” Lond., 1843. “Theophania, or Div. Manifest. of the Lord.” from Syr. by Dr. Sam. Lee, Lond., 1843. “Life of Constantine.” Lond., 1844. “Life of Eusebius.” by Bright, prefixed to Oxf. ed. of Eccl. Hist. of 1872.

[134] “Festal Epp. of Athanasius.” (transl. from Syriac discovered in 1842 by Tattam, and first edited by Cureton in 1848), Oxf., 1854.

[135] “Treatises against Arians.” 2 vols., Oxf., 1842 (new ed., 1 vol., 1877). “Historical Tracts.” Oxf., 1843; “Select Tracts,” with Newman’s Notes, 2 vols., Lond., 1881.

[136] Newman’s, “Hist. Sketches.” Vol. ii., chap. v; Sketches of Basil, Gregory, etc. Originally publ. under title “Church of the Fathers.” Lond., 1842.

[137] Ullmann, “Gregory Nazianzen.” Oxford, 1855; and Newman “Church of the Fathers.”

[138] Cyril’s Comm. on Luke is transl. from the Syriac by Dr. Payne Smith, Oxf., 1859.

[139] A very full and admirable account of Synesius and his writings is given by Rev. T. R. Halcomb in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Biog.” Vol. iii., pp. 756-780.

[140] Neander, “Life of Chrysostom.” Lond., 1845. Stephens, “Life of Chrysostom.” 3rd ed., Lond., 1883. Chase, “Chrysostom: a Study.” Cambr., 1887. His Homilies and Addresses are transl. in 15 vols. in the “Lib. of the Fathers.” Oxf., 1839-1851. Various Eng. translations of the tract “On the Priesthood.”

[141] Newman’s “Historical Sketches.” Vol. ii., chap. i., “Theodoret.”

[142] Translated by Dean Church in “Lib. of the Fathers.” Oxf., 1838; with interesting and instructive Preface by Newman.

[143] Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philosophy.” Lond., 1872, Vol. i., pp. 349-352. Colet, “On the Hierarchies of Dionysius.” ed. by Lupton, Lond., 1869. Wescott, “Dionysius the Areopagite.” in _Contemp. Review_ for May, 1867.

[144] Etheridge, “The Syrian Churches: their Early Hist., Liturg. and Lit.” Lond., 1846.

[145] Morris, “Select Writings of Ephraim the Syrian.” Oxford, 1817. Burgess, “Repentance of Nineveh, Metrical Homily by Ephraem.” Lond., 1853. “Select Metrical Hymns and Homilies of Eph. Syr.” Lond., 1853.

[146] Newman, “Church of the Fathers.” 2nd ed., London, 1842. Reprinted in Hist. Sketches, vol. ii. Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” London, 1844.

[147] “Lib. of Fathers.” in vol. of Cyprian’s Epps., Oxf., 1844, pp. 318-384. For phrase quoted, see p. 322.

[148] A good account of the writings of Jerome is given by the late Prof. William Ramsay in Smith’s “Dict. of Grk. and Rom. Biogr.” Vol. ii., p. 460. Milman, “Hist. of Chr.” Vol. iii., ch. xi. Cutts, “St. Jerome.” Lond., 1877. Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” Lond., 1844.

[149] Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” London, 1844.

[150] Newman’s “Arians of the 4th Century.” London, 1838. Gwatkin, “Studies of Arianism.” Camb., 1882. Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vols. i. ii., Edin., 1872, 1876. Newman’s “Tracts Theolog. and Eccles.” Chap. ii.; Doctrinal Causes of Arianism. “Select Treatises of Athanasius.” Ed. by Newman, 2 vols., London, 1881, Vol. 2 containing notes on Arius, Athanasius, etc.

[151] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” I., pp. 231-447. Kaye, “Hist. of Council of Nicæa.” London, 1853. Tillemont, “Hist. of Arians and Council of Nice.” London, 1721.

[152] Newman’s “Select Treat. of Athanasius.” Vol. ii., p. 196 f. Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. ii., Edin., 1876, p. 193.

[153] Newman’s “Select Treat. of Athanasius.” Vol. ii., p. 282 ff. Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 217.

[154] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., pp. 340-373. Hort, “Two Dissertations.” ii., On the Constantinople Creed and other Eastern Creeds of the 4th cent., Camb., 1874.

[155] Swete, “The Hist. of the Doctr. of the Procession of the Holy Spirit from Apost. Age to Death of Charlemagne.” Cambr., 1876. Pusey, “On the clause ‘And the Son.’” Oxf., 1876.

[156] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 348 ff., § 97, The Tome and the Creed.

[157] Stephens, “Chrysostom.” pp. 287-305. Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 430 ff.

[158] The most useful and complete account of Chrysostom is that of Stephens. Consult also Milman, “Hist. of Chr.” Vol. iii., pp. 206 ff.

[159] Dorner, “Hist. of the Development of the Doctr. of the Person of Christ.” 5 vols., Edin., 1861.

[160] Newman, “Tracts Theological and Ecclesiastical.” Chap. iii., Apollinarianism.

[161] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. iii., pp. 1-156.

[162] Most informing about all these transactions is Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” iii., Edin., 1883; (Robber Synod, p. 241 ff.; Chalcedon, p. 451 ff.). Perry, “Second Council of Ephesus.” London, 1877. Bright, “Hist. of Church from A.D. 313-451.” Cambr., 1869.

[163] Butler, “Ancient Coptic Churches.” 2 vols., London, 1884.

[164] Döllinger, “Fables respecting the Popes of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1871. Willis, “Pope Honorius and the New Roman Dogma.” Lond., 1879. Bottalla, “Pope Honorius before the Tribunal of Reason and History.” London, 1868.

[165] Wiggers, “Augustinianism and Pelagianism.” Andover, 1840. Müller, “Chr. Doctrine of Sin.” 2 vols., Edin., 1868. Ritschl, “Hist. of Chr. Doctr. of Justific. and Reconciliation.” Edin., 1872.

[166] Laidlaw, “The Bible Doctrine of Man.” Edin., 1879. Heard, “Tripartite Nat. of Man.” 3rd ed., Edin., 1870, pp. 189-200. Delitzsch, “Biblical Psychology.” 2nd ed., Edin., 1869, pp. 128-142. Beck, “Outlines of Biblical Psychology.” Edin., 1877, p. 10.

[167] For an entirely different representation of the Augustinian system see Cunningham, “S. Austin and his Place in Hist. of Chr. Thought.” Lond., 1886; esp. chaps. ii. and iii., pp. 45-107. A good outline and defence in Hodge’s “System. Theol.” Edin., 1874, Vol. ii., pp. 333-353. Mosheim, “Eccl. Hist.” ed. by Dr. J. S. Reid, Lond., 1880, p. 210, notes 3 and 4; (pt. II., chap. v., § 25.) Mozley, “Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination.” Lond., 1855.

[168] Hodge, “Systematic Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 166-168.

[169] Lardner, “Credibility of the Gospel Hist.” Vol. iv., London, 1743.

[170] Butcher, “The Ecclesiastical Calendar.” London. Hampson, “Medii Ævi Kalend.”

[171] Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” Edinburgh, 1848, Vol. ii., pp. 141-145.

[172] Tyler, “Image Worship of Ch. of Rome contrary to Scripture and the Prim. Ch.” London, 1847.

[173] Tyler, “Worship of Virgin Mary contrary to Script. and Faith of Ch. of first 5 Cents.” London, 1851. Clagett, “Prerogatives of Anna the Mother of God.” London, 1688. Also by same: “Discourse on Worship of Virgin and Saints.” London, 1686.

[174] Cosin, “Scholastic History of Popish Transubstantiation.” Lond., 1676.

[175] Reuss, “History of the N.T. Scriptures.” Edin., 1884, § 377. Keil, “Introduction to the O.T.” Edin., 1870, Vol. ii., pp. 201-203.

[176] Swainson, “The Nicene and Apostles’ Creeds.” Camb., 1875. Westcott, “The Historic Faith.” Lond., 1883, note iii., the Creeds. Harvey, “Hist. and Theology of the three Creeds.” Camb., 1854. Hort, Two Dissertations: II. “The Constantinopolitan Creed and the Eastern Creeds of 4th cent.” Camb., 1876. Schaff, “Creeds of Christendom.” Edin., 1877, vol. i. Lumby, “History of the Creeds.” Camb., 1873. Waterland, “Crit. Hist. of Athanasian Creed.” Camb., 1724. Heurtley, “The Athanasian Creed.” Oxf., 1872. Ommaney, “Ath. Creed: an Exam. of Recent Theories respecting its Date and Origin.” Lond., 1875.

[177] Neale, “Hymns of the Eastern Church.” Lond., 1863. “Mediæval Hymns and Sequences.” Lond., 1863. Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” Vol. iii., p. 353.

[178] Hawkins, “History of Music.” Lond., 1853.

[179] Hammond, “Ancient Liturgies.” Oxf., 1878. Neale and Littledale, “Translations of Primitive Liturgies.” Lond., 1869. Neale, “Essays on Liturgiology.” Lond., 1867.

[180] Marriott, “Vestiarium Christianum: Origin and gradual development of Dress of Holy Ministry of Church.” Lond., 1868.

[181] Woltmann and Woermann, “History of Painting.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886; vol. i., “Anc., Early Chr. and Mediæval Painting.” ed. by Prof. Sidney Colvin. “Handbook of Painting: Italian Schools. Based on Kügler’s Handbook.” by Eastlake; new ed. by Layard, 2 vols., Lond., 1886.

[182] Ozanam, “Hist. of Civilization during the 5th Century.” 2 vols. Lecky, “Hist. of European Morals.” Vol. ii.

[183] Smith’s “Dictionary of Christian Biography.” vol. iii., p. 367.

[184] Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” Lond., 1840.

[185] Gieseler, “Eccl. Hist.” ii. 148.

[186] Ludolphus, “History of Ethiopia.” London, 1684.

[187] Malan, “Gregory the Illuminator: his Life and Times.” London, 1868. Article by Lipsius on Eznik in Smith’s “Dictionary of Chr. Biography.” Vol. ii., p. 439.

[188] Muir, “Life of Mohammed and Hist. of Islam.” 4 vols., Lond. Bosworth Smith, “Mohammed and Mohammedanism.” Lond., 1874. Mühleisen-Arnold, “Islam, its Hist., Chr. and Rel. to Christianity.” 3rd ed., Lond., 1874. Deutsch, “Literary Remains: Islam.” Lond., 1874. Stephens, “Christianity and Islam.” Lond., 1877. Mills, “Hist. of Mohammedanism.” Lond., 1817.

[189] Muir, “Annals of the Earlier Khalifate.”

[190] Finlay, “Hist. of Greece from Rom. Conquest.” 7 vols., Lond., 1864, new ed., 1877; vols. ii. and iii. Bower’s “Lives of Popes.” Vols. iii. and iv., Lond., 1754. Comber, “Disc. on 2nd Council of Nicæa.” Reprinted in Gibson’s “Preserv. from Popery.” Lond., 1848. Didron, “Christian Iconography.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886.

[191] Mendham, “The Seventh General Council, the Second of Nicæa.” in which the worship of images was established.

[192] Allatius, “De eccl. occid. et orient. perpetua consensione.” Colon., 1669. Swete, “Hist. of the Procession of the Holy Spirit.” Camb., 1876. Ffoulkes, “Christendom’s Divisions.” London. Neale, “Holy Eastern Church.” 5 vols., London, 1847.

[193] Popoff, “Hist. of Council of Florence.” Transl. from Russian by Neale, London, 1861.

[194] Lupton, “St. John of Damascus.” London, 1882.

[195] Badger, “The Nestorians and their Rituals.” 2 vols., London, 1852.

[196] Baring-Gould, “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1881.

[197] Murawieff, “Hist. of the Church of Russia.” Trans. from the Russ., Lond., 1842. Romanoff, “Sketches of the Rites and Customs of the Græco-Russian Church.” Lond., 1869.

[198] Potthast, “Biblioth. Hist. Modii Ævi.” Berol., 1862, with suppl. in 1868. D’Achery, “Vett. Script. Spicilegium.” (1655), 3 vols., Par., 1783. Eccard, “Corpus Hist. Medii Ævi.” 2 vols., Lps., 1723. Du Chesne, “Hist. Francorum Serr.” 5 vols., Par., 1636. Parker, “Rer. Brit. Serr. Vetust.” Lugd. B., 1587. Gale, “Hist. Brit., Saxon., Anglo-Dan. Scrr.” 2 vols., Oxf., 1691. Wharton, “Anglia Sacra.” 2 vols., Lond., 1691. Wilkins, “Conc. Brit. et Hib.” 4 vols., Lond., 1737. Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Eccles. Documents.” (Revision of Wilkins), Lond., 1879 ff. Maitland, “The Dark Ages: Essays on the State of Relig. and Lit. in 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Centuries.” Lond., 1844.

[199] Bryce, “The Holy Roman Empire.” Lond., 1866. Ranke, “History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations.” Lond., 1886.

[200] Ebrard, “Christian Apologetics.” 3 vols., Edin., 1886-1887, Vol. ii., p. 407; “The Religion of the Germans and that of the Slavs.”

[201] Mallet, “Northern Antiquities.” London, 1848. Hallam, “Europe during the Middle Ages.” Guizot, “Hist. of Civiliz. in Europe.”

[202] Hodgkin, “Italy and her Invaders: A.D. 376-476.” 2 vols., London, 1880.

[203] Scott, “Ulfilas, the Apostle of the Goths.” Cambr., 1885. Douse, “Introduction to the Gothic of Ulfilas.” London, 1886. Bosworth’s “Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels.” Oxf., 1874.

[204] Gibbon, “Decline and Fall of Roman Empire.” Chaps. xxxiii., xxxvi., xxxvii.

[205] Freeman, “Historical Essays.” 3rd series, Lond.; “The Goths at Ravenna.”

[206] Ussher, “Brit. Eccl. Antiqu.” Lond., 1639. Perry, “Hist. of English Church.” i., Lond., 1882. Lanigan, “Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.” 4 vols., 2nd ed., Dublin, 1829. Stokes, “Ireland and the Celtic Ch.” Lond., 1886. Lingard, “Hist. and Antiqu. of Anglo-Sax. Ch.” 2 vols., Lond., 1845. Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Edinb., 1865. Reeves, “The Culdees of the British Islands.” Dublin, 1864. Skene, “Celtic Scotland.” 3 vols., Edin., 1876; 2 ed., 1886. Bright, “Chapters of Early Eng. Ch. Hist.” Oxf., 1878. Pryce, “Ancient British Church.” Lond., 1886.

[207] Todd, “Life of St. Patrick.” Dublin, 1864. Cusack, “Life of St. Patrick.” Lond., 1871. O’Curry, “Lects. on Anc. Irish History.” Dublin, 1861. Writings of St. Patrick. Transl. and ed. by Stokes and Wright, Lond., 1887.

[208] Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 145-205. Adamnan, “Life of Columba.” Ed. by Dr. Reeves, Dublin, 1857. Smith, “Life of Columba.” Edin., 1798. Forbes, “Lives of Ninian, Columba, Kentigern.” in series of Historians of Scotland.

[209] Ussher, “Discourse of the Religion anciently Professed by the Irish and British.” Lond., 1631. Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 239-250. Warren, “Ritual and Liturgy of the Celtic Church.” Oxf., 1881.

[210] Soames, “The Anglo-Saxon Church.” 4th ed., Lond., 1856. Stanley, “Historical Memorials of Canterbury.” Lond., 1855. Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. i. Sharon Turner, “Hist. of Anglo-Saxons to the Roman Conquest.” 6 ed., 3 vols., Lond., 1836.

[211] Lappenburg, “Anglo-Saxon Kings.” Lond., 1845. Bede, “Eccles. History.” Book III. Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 217-238.

[212] Gildas († A.D. 570), “De excidio Britanniæ.” Engl. transl. by Giles, London, 1841. Bede († A.D. 735), “Eccles. Hist. of Engl.” Transl. by Giles, London, 1840.

[213] Lanigan, “Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.” iii., ch. 13. Innes, “Ancient Inhab. of Scotland.” in the Series of Historians of Scotland.

[214] Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” p. 435. Reeves, “The Culdees of the British Islands.” Dublin, 1864. Robertson, “Scotland under her Early Kings.” Edin., 2 vols., 1862.

[215] Merivale, “Conversion of the Northern Nations.” London, 1866. Maclear, “Apostles of Mediæval Europe.”

[216] That he first received the Latin name after his consecration as bishop in A.D. 723 is rendered more than doubtful by the fact that it is found in letters of earlier date. It is probably only a Latinizing of the Anglo-Saxon Winfrid or Wynfrith (from Vyn=fortune, luck, health; frid or frith=peace; therefore: peaceful, wholesome fortune) into the name, widely spread in Christian antiquity, of _Bonifatius_ (from _bonumfatum_, Greek: Eutyches, good luck). But the transposition into the form Bonifacius which might seem the equivalent of the Anglo-Saxon word “Benefactor” of the German people, is first met with, although even then only occasionally, in the 8th century, but afterwards always more and more frequently, and then is given to the popes and other earlier bearers of the name. By the 15th century the original and etymological style of writing the name and that used in early documents had been completely discarded and forgotten, till modern philology, diplomatics and epigraphies have again clearly vindicated the earlier form.