Chapter II
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DESECRATION OF OLD BRIDGES, 225 _et seq._, 230-6; see also “Highway Boards.”
DEVIL’S BRIDGES, 66, 67, 70, 170, 184, 296. Many other bridges have been attributed to the devil. In plate 58 of the treatise by Hann and Hosking, you will find the Devil’s Bridge over the Serchio near Lucca; there is also a very interesting account of it, p. cxxxv. It is a gabled bridge with one big arch and four smaller ones. The span of the big arch is 120 feet, and its height above low-water level is more than 60 feet. The roadway is very narrow, being only 9 feet wide, and it turns abruptly at the wings, as if to close the entrances against wheeled traffic. The quoins of the smaller arches and all the voussoirs of the wide arch are of dressed stone. Every other part of the bridge is rubble masonry bound together with most excellent mortar. The courses of stone in the wide arch vary from 8 inches to 21 inches deep, but only a few have the latter depth. Yet this slight bridge, which is nothing more than a broad arcaded wall, has withstood many centuries of floods. On October 2nd, 1836, for example, a head of water more than 30 feet deep swept roaring through the five round arches and against the four piers at the rate of 8 miles an hour; yet no harm was done. If this bridge was built about the year 1000 A.D., as Hann and Hosking say, it is somewhat older than the controversial date of Albi Bridge.
DEVORGILLA’S BRIDGE at Dumfries, 94.
DIABLE, PONT DU, St. Gotthard Pass, 67.
DIARBEKR, on the Tigris, a Roman bridge at, 202.
DION CASSIUS, on Trajan’s bridge over the Danube, built before A.D. 106 by Apollodorus of Damascus, 129, 130.
DISMANTLING OLD LONDON BRIDGE, 219, 220.
DIVERTING THE THAMES from his bed when the old bridge was built, 253, 254.
DOGS, offered as sacrifices to the evil spirits of rivers, 69.
DON ANTONIO DE ULLOA (1716-95), on the tree-bridges of South America, 135; on a Peruvian suspension bridge called the Tarabita, 146; on Capac Yupanqui’s bridge of rushes, 146-7; on large bujuco bridges, 147.
DONCASTER BRIDGE had a chapel on it, 231.
DOUBLE AND TRIPLE RINGS OF VOUSSOIRS, 305 _footnote_.
DRAGON, its use in the decorative art of Chinese bridges, 126.
DRAWBRIDGE, one arch of mediæval bridges was often a drawbridge, 260.
DROITWICH, and its very curious chapelled bridge, now destroyed, 231.
DRYOPITHECUS, 113-14.
DUNSTAN, SAINT, Archbishop of Canterbury, _b._ 924--_d._ 988, from his time the Mediæval Church regarded the building and upkeep of bridges as a work of pious charity, 207.
DURDLE DOOR, on the coast at Lulworth, a natural archway, 151.
DURHAM BRIDGES, 96, 97, 205, 231.
DUTCH, THE, of the seventeenth century wished to bury a living child under the foundations of a dam, 69.
EADS, CAPTAIN JAMES B., engineer of the Illinois and St. Louis Bridge, 352-3.
EAGLE-BEAKED TOOLS of the Pliocene Period, 119-22.
EAMONT BRIDGE, 94, 305 _footnote_.
EARLIEST LONDON BRIDGE, a timber structure destroyed by fire in 1136, 220, and _footnote_.
EARTHQUAKE AT ASCOLI in 1878, 201.
EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES, the first armourers of the Stone Age, 110; they made some slab-bridges, 123-4; earthquakes in their relation to natural arches, 152, and to bridges of stepping-stones, 114.
ECCLESIASTICAL WORKMANSHIP in a few English bridges, 303, 305; see also “Abbot’s Bridge, Bury St. Edmunds.”
EDWARD I came to the relief of Old London Bridge, 50.
EGOTISM, or the Creed of Self, a motive-power behind the strife that bridges and roads circulate, 19 _et seq._, 22-6, 39-52.
EGYPTIAN BRIDGES, 126, 155, 166.
ELEPHANTS, in Decorative Sculpture, on Chinese bridges, 312 _footnote_.
ELIZABETH, QUEEN, 332.
ELLIPTICAL ARCHES, in Babylonian work, 275 _footnote_; in ancient Mexico, 157 _footnote_; in St. Bénézet’s great bridge, 81; in the vault of Chosroes’ great hall at Selucia-Ctesiphon, 275, and to some extent in the Pons Fabricius at Rome, 196. We know not whether Bénézet was acquainted with the Pons Fabricius, or with the great hall at Selucia-Ctesiphon, two forerunners of his elliptical arch. At Florence, in every arch of the Trinità, Ammanati achieved a cycloid rather than an ellipse, 316.
EMIGRATION, its influence on old types of society, 275.
EMY, COLONEL, a writer on timber bridges, 140, 143 _footnote_.
ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, on the High Level Bridge at Newcastle, 80; on Framwellgate Bridge at Durham, 96-7; on the Porta dell’ Arco at Arpino, 156; on the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae, 158; on Roman aqueducts and bridges, 167; on the Pul-i-Kaisar at Shushter, 202-4; on the Ouse Bridge at York, 243 _footnote_; on New London Bridge, 257; on the Tay Bridge Disaster, 339, 341.
ENGINEERS, MODERN, their scorn for national defence, 15, 77-8, 79 _et seq._, 144 _footnote_, 221, 258, 295, 320, 323, 325, 339, 340, 346, 349.
ENGLISH BRIDGES, their inferiority, 9, 44; contrasted with French bridges, 281-2, 294-5; desecration of old English bridges, 225 _et seq._, 230-6.
ERASMUS, 52, 236.
ERNULPH, BISHOP, and Rochester Bridge, 243.
ESPAGNE, PONT D’, famous modern bridge, beyond Cauterets, 278.
ESPALION, THE BRIDGE AT, the controversy concerning it, 84, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93; see also the colour plate facing page 88.
ETRUSCAN ROUND ARCHES, 160-1.
EUDES, COUNT OF CHARTRES, built an early communal bridge, 240.
“EUPHUES AND HIS ENGLAND,” 220, 221.
EVANS, SIR JOHN, on the date of the Bronze Period, 21.
EVE OF EVOLUTION, 117 _et seq._
EVOLUTION, in its relation to the strife that bridges and roads circulate, 1, 32, 39; see also Chapter II .
EVOLUTION OF DEFENCELESS BRIDGES, see