Chapter III

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ROMAN CASTLES OR TOWERS to defend bridges, at Mérida, 182, at Alcantarilla, 367-8.

ROME, ANCIENT, her bridges, 193 _et seq._

RONDA AND HER BRIDGES, 183, 280, and _footnote_.

RONDELET’S “Essai Historique sur le Pont de Rialto,” 212.

ROOFED BRIDGES, the Pons Ælius is said to have had a bronze cover upheld by forty-two pillars, 195; Chinese examples, at Ching-tu-fu, 211 _footnote_, in Western China, 291; Grubenmann’s timber bridge at Schaffhausen, 141; Italian, at Pavia, 308, at Venice, 211; Sumatra, 291; Swiss, 291-2; steel-clad roofs to protect bridges from airships and aeroplanes, 358, 359.

ROPE, its first model was the twisted stem of a vine-like creeping plant, 145; bamboo ropes, 145, 348, and _footnote_; ropes of Peruvian grass, 146-7.

ROSS-ON-WYE, Wilton Bridge, an Elizabethan structure with ribbed arches and angular recesses for pedestrians, 94, 182, and _footnote_. Recently, I regret to say, this beautiful old bridge has been attacked by the highwaymen called road officials; and now she is horribly scarred all over with “pointing,” just like the mishandled Roman bridge at Alcántara. A new bridge of ferro-concrete, suitable for motor lorries and the like, would have cost the county less than this uneducated trifling with a genuine masterpiece.

ROSTRO-CARINATE, flint tools shaped like an eagle’s beak, 120.

ROTHERHAM BRIDGE AND HER CHAPEL, 93, 209, 219, 232-3.

ROTHENBURG on the Tauber, her two-storeyed bridge, 271.

ROTTO, PONTE, at Rome, 23, 192, 193.

ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES, French philosopher and writer, born in Geneva, 1712, _d._ 1778; his visit to the Pont du Gard, 168.

RULES OF WAR in the Middle Ages, curious French examples, 237, 241-2.

RUNCORN BRIDGE, dating from 1868, 275.

SAINT ANGELO’S BRIDGE at Rome, 194-5, 324.

SAINT BÉNÉZET’S BRIDGE at Avignon, frontispiece, 81, 82, 83, 217, 236-8, 262, 280 _footnote_.

SAINT-CHAMAS and the Pont Flavien, 176-7.

SAINT-CLOUD, PONT, 296.

SAINT-ESPRIT, PONT, 92, 293-8.

ST. IVES in Huntingdonshire, her chapelled bridge, 232.

ST. MARTIN’S BRIDGE at Toledo, 285, 287-8.

ST. MICHEL, PONT, Paris, 225.

ST. NEOT’S BRIDGE, 305 _footnote_.

SAINT-NICOLAS, PONT, on the road to Nîmes, 295.

SAINT-THIBÉRY, a Roman bridge near, 178.

SAINTES, BRIDGE AT, in France, and its tremendous fortifications, 300-1.

SALAMANCA, Roman bridge at, 182, 285 _footnote_.

SALARO, PONTE, 191.

SALFORD BRIDGE, its date, 250 _footnote_.

“SANS-PAREIL, LE,” Beffara’s bridge near Ardres, 305-6.

SARGISSON, C. S., pontist, vi, 61 _footnote_, 163.

SAVOY, hills of, survival there of Gaulish timber bridges, 70-1.

SCALE in the Proportion of Bridges, 256; defective in many English bridges, 256-7.

SCATCHERD, N., his writing on Wakefield Bridge Chapel, 228 _footnote_, 230.

SCHAFFHAUSEN, Ulric Grubenmann’s bridge at, 141-2.

SCHLOSS BRÜCKE at Berlin, a feeble copy of the Ponte Sant’ Angelo in Rome, 324.

SCIENTIFIC BRIDGES, Modern, 337-42, 349-53.

SCOTCH BRIDGES, 44.

SCOTCH, their neglect of ribbed arches, 94.

SEGÓVIA, the Roman Aqueduct, visited by Marshal Ney, 183-4; its technique, 189.

SEMIRAMIS, her reputed bridge over the Euphrates at Babylon, 273-4.

SENTIMENTALISTS, BRITISH, 33 _et seq._, 294, 360-1.

SEWERS, Roman, 161.

SEX IN BRIDGES, 194, 284-5, 293-4.

SEXTUS IV and the Ponte Sisto, 197, 265.

SHAKESPEARE, his debt to the Mediæval Church, 233.

SHAPUR I of Persia, 202.

SHIH-CHUAN, in Western China, its important bridge, 247.

SHOREHAM BRIDGE, OLD, in Sussex, 41-3.

SHREWSBURY, WELSH BRIDGE AT, used to be a fortified work, 261.

SHRINES, WAYSIDE, 207, 230, 236, 246-7.

SHRINED BRIDGE at Elche in Spain, picture facing page 236; at Trier over the Moselle, 247.

SHUSHTER, in Persia, the Pul-i-Kaisar, 202-4.

SICHUAN, China, bridges in this province, 126, 145, 210 _footnote_, 248, 315, 347.

SIGHS, BRIDGE OF, 307.

SIN-DIN-FU, now called Ching-tu-fu, this city’s bridges as seen by Marco Polo, 210 _footnote_.

SISTO, PONTE, 197, 265.

SLAB-BRIDGES with Stone Piers, 125-8; see also 61-3, 100-5.

SLEEP is united by bad dreams to the law of battle, vii.

SMEATON, JOHN, English civil engineer, _b._ 1724--_d._ 1792, his big “scientific” bridge over the Tyne at Hexham was a tragic failure, 339.

SMILES, SAMUEL, Scottish author and pontist, 104.

SMITH, SIR WILLIAM, English classical scholar, the Pons Sublicius, 140; the Porta dell’ Arco at Arpino, 157; the stones employed in the Pont du Gard, 171 _footnote_; the masonry of the Pont du Gard, 175 _footnote_; Roman aqueducts, 189 _footnote_; the Pons Salarus, 191; Pons Cestius, 196; Pons Neronianus, 197.

SMYRNA, Roman Bridge and Aqueduct, 164.

SOMMIÈRES, on the Vidourle, Roman bridge at, 179.

SOSPEL, GATEWAY BRIDGE AT, 276.

SOUTHWARK BRIDGE, London, its queer history, 326-7, 357.

SPAIN AND HER BRIDGES, 13, 27-9, 104-5, 179-88, 238, 285-9.

SPANS, WIDE, IN STONE BRIDGES, the Puente de San Martin, Toledo, 140 feet, 288; at Trezzo, 251 feet, 309; Grosvenor Bridge, Chester, 200 feet, 309; Trajan’s Bridge over the Tagus, 309 New London Bridge, and Waterloo Bridge, 309-10; Pont de Gignac and Pont de Lavaur, 160 feet each, 310; Bridge of Cho-Gan, China, 313-14.

SPEED-WORSHIP, and its effects on the strife that bridges and roads circulate, 48.

SPIDERS gave lessons to primitive men in the building of suspension bridges, 145.

SPIERS, R. PHENÉ, architect and writer on architecture, 190, 199.

SPRINGERS, the voussoirs at the springing of an arch.

SPRINGING OF AN ARCH, the plane of demarcation between the ring and the abutment is called the springing. In other words, the springing marks the place where a ring of voussoirs starts out on its upward curve from a pier or from an abutment.

SRÍNAGAR, capital of Kashmír, her bridges with criss-cross piers of deodar logs or trunks, 71-2.

STAIRCASE BRIDGE in China, 248.

TAHMASP, SHAH, of Persia, who reigned from 1523 to 1575, built the Pul-i-Marnun at Isfahan, 212.

TALAVERA BRIDGE, Spain, 285 _footnote_.

TARABITA, a Peruvian suspension bridge, 146.

TARRAGONA, ROMAN AQUEDUCT AT, 189.

TAVIGNANO, RIVER, in Corsica, and its old military bridge shaped like a Z, 238.

TAXES to help the building and repair of bridges, in London, 50; at Montauban, 255.

TELFORD, THOMAS, Scottish engineer, _b._ 1757--_d._ 1834; his views on Grubenmann’s bridge at Schaffhausen, 141-2; on Inigo Jones’s bridge at Llanrwst, 282 _footnote_; his foolish bridge at Craigellachie, 349.

TENNYSON, on Nature’s strife, 37; his talk with a jerry-builder, 78.

TENORIO, PEDRO, ARCHBISHOP, renewed the bridges of Toledo, fourteenth century, 287, 288-9.

TERRACE-WALK on the Pul-i-Khaju at Isfahan, 215, and on the Ali Verdi Khan, 270.

TERROR inspired by the slowness of human progress, 55-6.

TERTIARY TIMES, their handicraft, 120-1.

TESSANGES, JEAN DE, Abbot of Cluny, who commissioned the building of the Pont St. Esprit, 297.

TEWKESBURY, KING JOHN’S BRIDGE AT, 258 _footnote_.

THAMES BRIDGES, 96, 256; see also “London Bridge” and “Westminster Bridge.”

THEBES, THE TEMPLE OF AMMON-RĒ, an early arch, 155.

THEORY, defined, 11; misuse of this great word, 12.

THEORY, THE, OF PONTINE DEFENCE, 14-17, and of the universality of strife, 17-52.

THIRLMERE, a primitive structure at, which is partly a dam, partly a bridge, 131.

THORNTON, ROGER, of Newcastle, in 1429, bequeathed a hundred marks to the Tyne Bridge, 10.

THOUARS, in Deux-Sèvres, Gothic bridge at, 275.

THRIFT IN BRIDGE-BUILDING, 264-5, 325-6.

TIBER, THE, and the sacrifice of human beings, 64.

TIBERIUS, he finished the beautiful Roman bridge at Rimini, which Augustus had begun, 201.

TICINO, THE RIVER, and the covered bridge at Pavia, 308.

TILES, they have been used in some Chinese bridges, 211 _footnote_; Persian bricks resemble Roman tiles, 267; the spandrils of the Pul-i-Khaju at Isfahan are mostly filled in with modern tiles, 215.

TIMBER BRIDGES, the earliest, 3, 58, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 123; tree-bridges with stone piers, 129-32; tree-bridges with timber piles, 133-5; some typical timber bridges, 136-43; in the United States of America, 142-3, 353; see also “Criss-cross Piers.”

TIRYNS, early vaults at, 157.

TODENTANZBRUCKE AT LUCERNE, 292.

TOLEDO AND HER BRIDGES, 285-9.

TORDESILLAS BRIDGE, Spain, 285 _footnote_.

TORTOISE, SYMBOLIC, used in the decoration of some Chinese bridges, 311.

TOURNAI, PONT DES TROUS AT, 290.

TOURS, PONT DE, on the Loire, her cost and her length, 357; see the picture facing p. 344.

TOWER BRIDGE, London, 78, 327; see the two illustrations facing pages 80 and 328.

TRAJAN’S BRIDGE over the Danube, 129-30.

TRAJAN’S BRIDGE over the Tagus, 183-7, 309.

TREASURY OF ATREUS at Mycenae, 158-9.

TREE-BRIDGES, 3, 4, 58, 114, 115-19, 122, 123; tree-bridges with stone piers, 129-32; tree-bridges with timber piles, 133-5.

TREZZO BRIDGE, destroyed by Carmagnola, 309-10.

TRIANGULAR ARCHES, 157, 160-1.

TRIANGULAR BRIDGE at Crowland, see “Crowland”; in Spain, 181.

TRIER BRIDGE over the Moselle, with her shrines, 247.

TRINITÀ at Florence, 316-17.

_TRINODA NECESSITAS_, and its relation to bridges and roads, 40 _et seq._

TRIUMPHAL ARCHES, Roman, on the Pont Flavien at Saint-Chamas, 176; on the bridge at Saintes, 301, and _footnote_; on a Chinese bridge described by Gauthey, 315.

TRIUMPHALIS, PONS, 197.

TRUTH differs from fact, 11.

TRUTHS, TECHNICAL, in Bridge-building, 13.

TUDELA BRIDGE, Spain, 285 _footnote_.

TUNNELS bored under water by ants, 122; tunnels to displace many of those strategical bridges which airships and aeroplanes could wreck with bombs, 59, 358.

TURNER, J. M. W., his “Walton Bridges,” 6.

TURNPIKE ACT OF 1773, 59.

TURKISH BRIDGE at Zakho, 65-6.

TWIZEL BRIDGE and Flodden Field, 94.

ULLOA, ANTONIO DE, Spanish Admiral and traveller, _b._ 1716--_d._ 1795, his book on South America; primitive timber bridges, 135; the tarabita, a Peruvian suspension bridge, 146; the fifth Ynca’s bridge of rushes, 146-7; bujuco bridges, 147-8.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 142-3, 352-4.

UZÈS, on the road to Nîmes, the Pont Saint-Nicolas, XIII century, 295-6.

VAISON, in Vaucluse, an important Roman bridge at, 176.

VALENTRÉ, PONT, at Cahors, famous war-bridge, 27, 263-4, 282-5, and two illustrations.

VATICANUS, PONS, 197.

VAUXHALL BRIDGE, London, date and cost, 357.

VECCHIO, PONTE, Florence, 210, 222.

VENICE, the Rialto, 209, 211-12, and the picture facing page 212; Ponte della Paglia, the picture facing page 152; a canal bridge, 329.

VERONA. The fine Veronese bridges are not mentioned in this monograph; they passed from the text in a revision; but pontists know them well, and set great store by the charming Ponte di Pietra, and by the old sloping bridge with forked battlements that swaggers picturesquely across the Adige from the Castel Vecchio. The Ponte di Pietra rises from ancient foundations and she still retains two Roman arches, certainly often restored; the other spans are gracefully architectural. A circular bay for the relief of floods tunnels the spandrils above the cutwater of the middle pier.

VICENZA, two bridges of Roman origin, 199.

VIOLLET-LE-DUC, EUGÈNE EMMANUEL, French architect and historian of architecture, _b._ 1814--_d._ 1879. Gaulish bridges, 70, 71; _arcs doubleaux_, or ribbed arches, 94, 95; the millers’ bridge at Meaux, 223; some other mill bridges, 224; on the shape of cutwaters, 262; on the martial bridge at Saintes, 300, 301.

VISCONTI, BERNABÒ, founder of the bridge at Trezzo, 309.

VISCONTI, GIAN GALEAZZO, founder of the covered bridge at Pavia, 308.

VITRUVIUS, 190.

VOLCANOES, their lava hardened into a thick crust over many gaps in the land forming slab-bridges, 124.

VOUSSOIRS, or archstones; they form the compressed arc called the ring.

WAKEFIELD BRIDGE and her Chapel, 209, 226-30.

WALES, her bridges, 45, 46; see also “Brecon,” “Llangollen,” “Pont-y-Pant,” and “Pont-y-Prydd.”

WALLA BROOK, Dartmoor, 60, 100.

WALLINGFORD BRIDGE had a Chapel, 231.

WALTHAM ABBEY AND HAROLD’S BRIDGE, 163.

WAR, every sort of human enterprise must be a phase of war, for it claims a battle-toll of killed and wounded and maimed; strife everywhere is the historian of life, vii; examples of this truth chosen from the illusion named Peace, 17, 33-6; see also “Strife and Historic Bridges,” 14-52.

WAR, THE PRESENT GREAT, against Germany and Austria, vii, 33 _footnote_, 350, 358-61.

WAR-BRIDGES, vii; a broken one of the XIII century at Narni in Italy, 14, 277-8; a fine one of the XIV century at Orthez in France, 18, 278-9; how war-bridges originated, 118-19; Roman examples at Mérida, 182, and Alcantarilla, 367; the Pont des Consuls at Montauban, 254-6; Würzburg Bridge in Bavaria, 259; the drawbridge of Old London Bridge, 260-1; Warkworth Bridge, 261-2; Pont Valentré at Cahors, 263-4, 282-5; in Bhutan, India, 272 _et seq._; at Sospel, 276; Monnow Bridge at Monmouth, 281-2; the Alcántara at Toledo, 285 _et seq._; Puente de San Martin at Toledo, 287-9; defensive bridges in Flemish towns, 289-91; covered defensive bridges of timber, 291-3; Pont St. Esprit over the Rhône, 293-8; Ponte Nomentano in the Campagna, 298-300; at Laroque, near Cahors, 300; the bridge at Saintes in France, destroyed in 1843, 300-1; the evolution from fortified bridges into defenceless viaducts,

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