Part 16

=Perennial= plants arising from bulbs, corms, fibrous, or tuberous roots. =Stems= or =scapes= 2 inches to 3-4 feet high. =Leaves= parallel-veined, sheathing, and plicate, sometimes reduced to scales. =Flowers= perfect or irregular, solitary or in a spiked raceme, usually subtended by a leafy bract. =Perianth= consists of 6 segments. The =calyx=, or outer whorl, consisting of 3 parts (sepals); the =corolla=, or inner whorl, consisting of 3 parts (petals). The third petal is designated =labellum= (lip), or nectary, and is in orchids the most beautiful part, assuming grotesque shapes ornamented with spurs and fringes. The =stamens= and =pistils= are variously united with the style, forming an unsymmetrical column. =Anther=, 1, or in _Cypripedium_ 2; 2-celled. =Pollen= in 2-8 pear-shaped, usually stalked masses (_pollinia_), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery, attached at the base to a viscid disk (gland). =Stigma=, a viscid surface, facing the labellum beneath the rostellum, or in a cavity between the anther-sacs (_clinandrium_). =Seed-capsule= (ovary) inferior, long and twisted, 3-angled, 1-celled. =Ovules= minute, spindle-shaped, and numerous; =embryo= fleshy. The colors of orchids are various and beautiful; their fragrance heavy and exquisite in several species. Orchids were known and designated by Linnæus in 1753 as _Gynandrous_, meaning “stamens and pistils united to the column.” There are about 410 genera and from 6,000 to 10,000 species, widely distributed throughout the damp and wooded regions of the world. More abundant in the humid atmosphere of the tropics, where many species are air-plants or epiphytes. The orchids of the temperate and sub-arctic regions are terrestrial, drawing their nourishment from the earth.

North American Orchids, North of Mexico 150-160 New England Orchids 48-56 Hoosac Valley Orchids 40-42

Genera of Orchid Family in New England

GENERA XV. SPECIES 56.

I. _Cypripedium_ Linnæus, 1753—6 species. II. _Orchis_ Linnæus, 1753—2 species. III. _Habenaria_ Willdenow, 1805—18 species. IV. _Pogonia_ Jussieu, 1789—4 species. V. _Arethusa_ Linnæus, 1753—1 species. VI. _Gyrostachys_ Persoon, 1807—6 species. (_Spiranthes_ Richard, 1818.[64]) VII. _Listera_ R. Brown, 1813—3 species. VIII. _Peramium_ Salisbury, 1812—4 species. (_Goodyera_ R. Brown, 1813.[64]) IX. _Achroanthes_ Rafinesque, 1808—2 species. (_Microstylis_ Nuttall, 1818.[64]) X. _Leptorchis_ Thouars, 1808—2 species. (_Liparis_ Richard, 1818.[64]) XI. _Calypso_ Salisbury, 1807—1 species.[65] XII. _Corallorhiza_ R. Brown, 1813—4 species. XIII. _Tipularia_ Nuttall, 1818—1 species.[65] XIV. _Limodorum_ Linnæus, 1753—1 species. (_Calopogon_ R. Brown, 1813.[64]) XV. _Aplectrum_ Nuttall, 1818—1 species.[65]

I

Cypripedium

Linnæus, 1753

LADY’S SLIPPER—MOCCASIN-FLOWER

English—Lady’s Slipper. Latin—Calceolus D. Mariæ, or Marianus. German—Frauenschuh, or Marienschuh. French—Sabot de la Vierge, or Soulier de Notre Dame. Italian—Pontoffala, or scarpa della Madonna. Algonquin Indian—Mawcahsun, or Makkasin-Flower. North American—Indian Moccasin-Flower.

The generic name, _Cypripedium_, comes from the Greek, referring to Κύπρις, a former name of Venus, the Divine Mother of the Romans before Christ, and πόδιον, signifying sock, or slipper.

=Glandular= pubescent plants. =Anthers=, 2. =Labellum= shoe-shaped, or conical. =Sepals= and =petals= similar in texture; lower sepals wholly or imperfectly united in all species save _C. arietinum_ R. Brown. =Stem=, 6 inches to 3 feet high. =Flowers=, 1-4 in the Atlantic region and 1-12 in the Pacific region; pendulous, alternating in a bracted raceme. =Pollen= granulose, without caudicle or glands. =Fragrance= heavy, aromatic, or oily save in two exquisitely sweet species, _C. parviflorum_ Salisbury, of the Atlantic region, and _C. Montanum_ Douglas, of the Pacific slope. =Leaves=, 2-several, plicate, light green, somewhat resembling _Hellebore_ foliage, with which plants the _Cypripediums_ were early confused by the ancient herbalists. =Roots= fleshy, fibrous, with spicy, oily, or musk-like odor, used as a nervine. =Seed-capsule= long, three-angled; ovules numerous, minute, resembling saw-dust. Seedlings frequent in many stations. About 50 species for the world.

_Continental Range_—Throughout the _conifer_ wooded and bogland regions from Alaska southward to Mexico. May-July.

North American species 13 New England species 6 Hoosac Valley species 5

New England species:

1. _C. arietinum_ R. Brown, 1813. 2. _C. reginæ_ Walter, 1788. (_C. spectabile_ Salisbury, 1791.) 3. _C. candidum_ Willdenow, 1805. 4. _C. hirsutum_ Miller, 1768. (_C. pubescens_ Willdenow, 1805.) 5. _C. parviflorum_ Salisbury, 1791. 6. _C. acaule_ Aiton, 1789.

[Illustration: =The Fragrant White Moccasin-Flower.= (_Cypripedium Montanum._)

This species is a native of the Rocky Mountain region, and is closely related to our eastern Fragrant Yellow Lady’s Slipper (_Cypripedium parviflorum_): these two Cypripediums being the only really fragrant species on the continent.]

1.—CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM R. Brown, 1813

RAM’S-HEAD LADY’S SLIPPER—RAM’S-HEAD MOCCASIN-FLOWER

The specific name, _arietinum_, refers to the conical labellum resembling a ram’s head.

Small _conifer_ bogland or damp woodland orchid, with fibrous roots. Rare. May 9th-August 1st.

=Flowers=, one, terminal, mottled dull purple and white. =Labellum= conical, ½-⅔ inch, prolonged at the apex into a reflexed spur. =Sepals= all free. =Petals= narrow, similar in color, and assuming the place of horns to the ram’s-head-shaped flower. =Stem= leafy, 6-12 inches high. =Leaves=, 3-4, dark apple-green; 2-4 inches wide, smooth, without hairs. =Seed-capsule= prominently ridged.

_Continental Range_—From Quebec, Ontario southward to North Haven, Connecticut, and Mt. Toby, Massachusetts; westward to Minnesota, the Great Lake region being the centre of distribution. Limited between the 40th-50th parallels.

_New England Range_—Maine, rather abundant; New Hampshire, rare; Vermont, abundant; Massachusetts, rare; Connecticut, very rare.

2.—CYPRIPEDIUM REGINÆ Walter, 1788

(_Cypripedium spectabile_ Salisbury, 1791)

WHITE-PETALED, OR SHOWY LADY’S SLIPPER—QUEEN OF THE MOCCASIN-FLOWERS

The specific name, _reginæ_, refers to the queenly appearance of the white-petaled flowers.

Large bogland orchid, with fleshy-fibrous roots. Frequent. June 15th-July 4th.

=Flowers=, 1-4 terminal, large, showy, white, tinged with deep pink or wine; the most beautiful species among our native _Cypripediums_. =Labellum= shoe-shaped, inflated, drooping margins of the orifice inflected, crest deeply tinged with pink-purple; interior downy, ornamented with lines of deeper purple. Rarely pure white flowers occur. =Sepals= and =petals= similar, pure white; 2 lower sepals wholly united; side petals narrower than sepals. =Stem=, 1-3 feet high. =Leaves=, 5-7, alternating to top of stem; 3-7 inches long, clasping, 1-4 inches wide; 10-13 plaits; strongly pubescent, produces poisonous effect to susceptible people similar to that caused by _Rhus_.

_Continental Range_—From Nova Scotia southward to the higher mountains of North Carolina, and Huntsville, Alabama; westward to Minnesota, Walhalla Mountains, North Dakota, and the Barrens of Kentucky.

_New England Range_—Maine, frequent; New Hampshire, frequent; Vermont, common; Massachusetts, common; Rhode Island, no stations reported; Connecticut, frequent.

[Illustration: =The Showy Moccasin-Flower.= (_Cypripedium reginæ._)

This is the most gorgeous _Cypripedium_ in the world, and without doubt one of the most ancient types of the genus. The stigma is distinctly three-lobed. The plate shows the waxy texture of the white sepals and petals and the wine-colored crest of the shoe-shaped labellum, as well as the highly decorated interior.]

3.—CYPRIPEDIUM CANDIDUM Willdenow, 1805[66]

SMALL WHITE LADY’S SLIPPER—THE PRAIRIE MOCCASIN-FLOWER

The specific name, _candidum_, refers to the white labellum of this species.

Small, damp swamp-land orchid, with fleshy-fibrous roots. Rare. May 11th-June 29th.

=Flowers= small, solitary, and terminal. =Labellum= shoe-shaped, white, striped with purple interiorly; about 1 inch long; orifice small, with edges inflected. =Sepals= and =petals= lanceolate, greenish-brown and purple; lower sepals imperfectly united. =Stem= leafy, 6-12 inches high, pubescent. =Leaves=, 3-4, sheathing, erect, crowded, acute, 3-5 inches long, ⅔-1½ inches wide, several scales below, 7-9 nerved.

_Continental Range_—From Connecticut, Pennsylvania westward to Indiana, North Dakota, Columbia Plains, on the Canadian shore of St. Clair River, to the Barrens of northern Kentucky, and Fort Hill, California, which station appears doubtful; more central distribution being from central New York to North Dakota.

_New England Range_—Recently reported for Connecticut by Mr. A. W. Driggs, of East Hartford.

4.—CYPRIPEDIUM HIRSUTUM Miller, 1768

(_Cypripedium pubescens_ Willdenow, 1805)

LARGE YELLOW LADY’S SLIPPER—DOWNY YELLOW MOCCASIN-FLOWER

The specific name, _hirsutum_, refers to the whole plant being hirsute, or clothed with hairs.

Large bogland or damp mountainside orchid, with fleshy-fibrous roots. May 19th-June 15th.

=Flowers= dull chrome yellow, 1-3, terminal, shoe-shaped, 1-2½ inches long. =Labellum= shoe-shaped, inflated, convex above, chrome yellow, edges of orifice inflected, lined with downy hairs and dotted lines of carmine. =Sepals= and =petals= graceful, petals very much twisted; lower sepals imperfectly united; siskin-green and brown-purple. =Stem= leafy to top, 1-2½ high, pubescent. =Leaves=, usually 5, broadly ovate, 3-5 inches long, 1½-3 inches wide; 7-9 nerved; plicate and hirsute, said to cause poisonous irritation similar to _Rhus_. =Roots= used as a nervine.[67]

_Continental Range_—From the wooded country of the sub-arctic lands in latitude 54°-64° North, southward throughout Canada, New England, to Alabama; westward to North Dakota, Colorado, slightly beyond the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountain region.

_New England Range_—Maine, common; New Hampshire, common; Vermont, frequent; Massachusetts, abundant; Rhode Island, rare; Connecticut, rare.

5.—CYPRIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM Salisbury, 1791

SMALL YELLOW LADY’S SLIPPER—FRAGRANT YELLOW MOCCASIN-FLOWER

The specific name, _parviflorum_, refers to the small flower of this species.

Small bogland or damp hillside orchid, with fleshy-fibrous roots. May 19th-July 4th.

Flowers small, yellow, solitary, and terminal. Often intergrades with larger yellow species—(_C. hirsutum_); fragrant, the only _Cypripedium_ in the Atlantic region especially so. Labellum small, ½-1½ inch long, shoe-shaped, drooping lemon-yellow, lined with downy hairs and dotted lines of carmine. Sepals and petals brownish-purple, similar in texture; sepals 2 inches long, graceful, twisted, lower ones imperfectly united; petals glossy and twisting exceedingly. Stem leafy, slender, pubescent, 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 3-5 inches long and 1-2¼ inches wide, pubescent, 7-9 nerved; not so villose as _C. hirsutum_ Miller. Said to produce poisonous effect similar to _Rhus_.

_Continental Range_—In company with other species of New England _Cypripedium_; from Newfoundland, British Columbia, southward to Georgia; westward to the sub-humid regions of Kansas, extending slightly over the Continental Divide in Rocky Mountain region. Ascends 4000 feet altitude in Virginia.

_New England Range_—Maine, frequent; New Hampshire, infrequent; Vermont, frequent; Massachusetts, frequent; Rhode Island, not reported; Connecticut, rather rare.

6.—CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE Aiton, 1789

TWO-LEAVED LADY’S SLIPPER—STEMLESS PINK MOCCASIN-FLOWER

The specific name, _acaule_, refers to the lowly and humble (acaulescent), growth of the species, since the flower is stemless, arising from a short or subterranean stem.

Sphagnous bogland, _conifer_ or mixed woodland orchid with fleshy-fibrous roots. May 19th-June 20th.

Flowers large, pink-purple, solitary, terminal, stemless. Labellum shoe-shaped, 2-2½ inches long, bi-lobed, pendulous, with closed fissure down its whole length, edges inflected, downy interiorly; pink-purple with darker veining of purple. (Rarely pure white flowers occur, with chrome yellow sepals and petals.) Sepals and petals brown-purple and green, shorter than labellum; two lower sepals wholly united. =Stem= very short, obscured by the basal leaves. =Scape= naked, 8-18 inches high, single-flowered, terminal. Few instances where two flowers or buds in embryo have occurred. =Leaves= 2, sheathing the base of peduncle, oblanceolate 3-5 nerved, hirsute and thickened; 6-8 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, resembling the leaves of _Orchis spectabilis_ Linnæus.

_Continental Range_—From Newfoundland, and Fort Franklin, in latitude 54°-64° North; southward to Lookout Mountain, Mentone, and Cullman, Alabama; westward to northern Indiana, Minnesota, and Kentucky.

_New England Range_—Maine, common; New Hampshire, common; Vermont, abundant; Massachusetts, abundant; Rhode Island, common; Connecticut, common.

[Illustration: =The Pink Moccasin-Flower—The Stemless Lady’s-Slipper.= (_Cypripedium acaule._)

Showing the structure of the pendulous and bi-lobed labellum, and the processes of the sepals and petals. The lower sepals are wholly united in this species, and less grace or undulation appears than in the Yellow Cypripediums.]

II

Orchis

Linnæus, 1753

SHOWY ORCHIS

The generic name, _Orchis_, refers to ὄρχις, the son of a rural deity of classical mythology, in whose memory these flowers were designated.

Plants with biennial roots. =Anther= 1. =Labellum= connate with base of the column; produced below into a spur. =Sepals= separate, free to the base, similar in texture to the petals. =Flowers= small, delicate white and rose-purple, fragrant; in a short terminal spike. =Anther-sacs= divergent; pollinia granulose, 1 in each anther-sac, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland. =Glands= _enclosed_ in a pouch. =Stem=, scape-like, 5-angled, 4-12 inches high. =Leaves= 2, oblong-obovate, shining, basal, with several bracts above. =Roots= fleshy-fibrous or tuberous.

_Continental Range_—There are three reported species of this genus for the Continent. _Orchis_, as a genus, contains 80 or more species ranging throughout the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, Northern Africa, Canaries, and North America.

North American species 3 New England species 2 Hoosac Valley species 1

New England species:

1. _O. spectabilis_ Linnæus, 1753. 2. _O. rotundifolia_ (Pursh) Lindley, 1814-1835.

1.—ORCHIS SPECTABILIS Linnæus, 1753

SHOWY ORCHIS

The specific name, _spectabilis_, refers to the beautiful spectacle of a group of these plants in bloom.

Small, damp woodland orchid with fleshy-fibrous roots. April 19th-June 19th.

=Flowers= fragrant, about 1 inch long, violet-purple mixed with rose-purple and white; 3-6 flowered in a bracted raceme. =Labellum= divergent, attached to a spur, purple and white. =Sepals= and =petals= arching in a galea. =Glands= _enclosed_ in a pouch or hooded fold. Stem, scape-like, 4-12 inches high, thick, 5-angled. =Leaves= 2, basal with 1-2 scales below, and foliaceous bracts above sheathing the seed-capsules.

_Continental Range_—From New Brunswick, Ontario, southward to Georgia and Alabama; westward to the Rocky Mountains. Ascends 4000 feet altitude in Virginia.

_New England Range_—Maine, rare; New Hampshire, frequent; Vermont, frequent; Massachusetts, frequent; Rhode Island, rare; Connecticut, common.

[Illustration: =The Showy Orchis.= (_Orchis spectabilis._)

The first orchis of the season, showing the hooded fold above the orifice of the spur and the processes of the flowers on the bracted scape.]

2.—ORCHIS ROTUNDIFOLIA (Pursh) Lindley, 1814-1835[68]

SMALL ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS

The specific name, _rotundifolia_, refers to the round leaf of this species.

Small woodland or sphagnous bogland orchid with fleshy-fibrous roots. June 10th-July.

=Flowers= white, rose-purple, flecked with deeper purple, ½-⅔ inch long, subtended by bracts; =raceme= 2-6 flowered. =Labellum= 3-lobed, white, purple-spotted, longer than petals, central lobe largest, two-lobed or notched at the summit; spur slender, shorter than labellum. =Sepals= and =petals= oval, rose-color. =Glands= _enclosed_. =Stem= slender, 8-10 inches high. =Leaf= 1 near the base, orbicular or oval, 1½-3 inches long, and 1-2 inches wide, sheathing scales below.

_Continental Range_—Rare; from Greenland, southward throughout Canada, in latitude 55°-56° North in British Columbia, Rocky Mountain region to Bristol Swamps, Addison County, Vermont, and Norfolk, Connecticut (?).

_New England Range_—Maine, rare; New Hampshire, rare; Vermont, rare; Massachusetts, not reported; Rhode Island, not reported; Connecticut, doubtfully reported.

III

Habenaria

Willdenow, 1805

REIN ORCHIS—NAKED GLAND ORCHIS

The generic name, _Habenaria_, comes from _habena_, a thong or rein.

=Leafy-stemmed= plants. =Anther= 1. =Glands= _naked_. =Labellum= spreading or drooping, with a spur at base. =Sepals= and petals free, similar in structure and color. =Anther-sacs= parallel; pollinia without caudicles, powdery or granulose. =Flowers= mostly in a spiked raceme, various in colors, ornamented with spurs, fringed petals and throats. =Fragrance= delicate and exquisite in several species. =Leaves= 1-many, lanceolate, becoming bract-like above. In two species—_H. orbiculata_ (Pursh) Torrey and _H. Hookeriana_ A. Gray—the leaves are orbicular and basal, with or without bracts above. =Roots= thick, fibrous, tuberous or palmate. =Seedlings= appear numerous in many stations.

_Continental Range_—A genus containing about 450-500 species for the world, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions in Europe, Asia, and America. There are 50-55 species on the continent of North America north of Mexico.

North American species north of Mexico 50-55 New England species 18 Hoosac Valley species 13-16

New England species:

1. _H. orbiculata_ (Pursh) Torrey, 1814-1826. 2. _H. Hookeriana_ A. Gray, 1836. 3. _H. oblongifolia_ (Paine) Niles, 1865-1903. 4. _H. obtusata_ (Pursh) Richardson, 1814-1823. 5. _H. hyperborea_ (Linnæus) R. Brown, 1767-1813. 6. _H. media_ (Rydberg) Niles, 1901-1903. 7. _H. dilatata_ (Pursh) Hooker, 1814-1825. 8. _H. fragrans_ (Rydberg) Niles, 1901-1903. 9. _H. bracteata_ (Willdenow) R. Brown, 1805-1813. 10. _H. clavellata_ (Michaux) Sprengel, 1803-1826. 11. _H. flava_ (Linnæus) A. Gray, 1753-1840. 12. _H. ciliaris_ (Linnæus) R. Brown, 1753-1813. 13. _H. blephariglottis_ (Willdenow) Torrey, 1805-1826. 14. _H. holopetala_ (Lindley) A. Gray, 1835-1867. 15. _H. lacera_ (Michaux) R. Brown, 1803-1810. 16. _H. grandiflora_ (Bigelow) Torrey, 1824-1826. 17. _H. psycodes_ (Linnæus) A. Gray, 1753-1840. 18. _H. Andrewseii_ White n. sp. (per letter, 1903).

1.—HABENARIA ORBICULATA (Pursh) Torrey, 1814-1826

LARGE ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS—HEAL-ALL—SHIN-PLASTERS

The specific name, _orbiculata_, refers to the round or orbicular leaves of this plant.

Tall spiked woodland orchid, with thick fibrous roots. June 17th-July 15th-August 5th.

=Flowers= greenish-white, many in spiked raceme. =Labellum= oblong-linear, white, spur long. =Sepals= and =petals= ⅓ to ½ as long as labellum. Sepals spreading, petals smaller. =Stem= or scape 1-2½ feet high, _bracted_, occasionally producing one small stem-leaf. =Leaves= 2, basal, large, round, flat-lying, 4-7 inches in diameter.

_Continental Range_—Not uncommon, but scarcely abundant, from Newfoundland, British Columbia, Lake Superior, southward to the western mountains of North Carolina; westward to Montana, Idaho, and Washington.

_New England Range_—Maine, common; New Hampshire, common; Vermont, frequent; Massachusetts, occasional; Rhode Island, not reported; Connecticut, rather rare.

2.—HABENARIA HOOKERIANA A. Gray, 1836

SMALL, ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS—HOOKER’S ORCHIS

The specific name, _Hookeriana_, refers to Sir J. Hooker, who studied this orchid and in whose honor Dr. Gray designated it.

Damp, hilly woodland orchid with fleshy-fibrous roots. June 10th-August 22d.

=Flowers= many, subtended by small bracts in spiked raceme, yellowish-green; spike 4-8 inches long. =Labellum= linear-lanceolate, acute ⅓-½ inch long. =Sepals= and =petals= greenish, spreading; petals awl-shaped ⅓ inch long. =Stem= 8-18 inches high, _not bracted_. =Leaves= 2, oval, obovate, or orbicular, slightly ascending, 3-6 inches long.

_Continental Range_—From Nova Scotia, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, southward to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, westward to Indiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa.

_New England Range_—Maine, common; New Hampshire, frequent; Vermont, frequent; Massachusetts, occasional; Rhode Island, rare; Connecticut, rare.

3.—HABENARIA OBLONGIFOLIA (Paine) Niles, 1865-1903

SMALL OBLONG-LEAVED ORCHIS

The specific name, _oblongifolia_, refers to the oblong leaves.

Damp, hilly woodland orchid with fleshy-fibrous roots. June-August.

=Flowers= many in spiked raceme, yellowish-green similar or identical with the spike of flowers of _H. Hookeriana_. =Stem= 8-18 inches high, _not bracted_. =Leaves= 2, _oblong_, ascending.

_Continental Range_—In similar situations with _H. Hookeriana_ and _H. orbiculata_, from Nova Scotia (Macoun) Campbellton, New Brunswick, (Chalmers), Chelsea Mountains, Quebec (Fletcher’s _Flora_, Ottawa); southward to New York (Paine and Dudley), New Jersey (Mrs. Britton), and throughout New England States; westward to Iowa.

[Illustration: =A Group of Three Species of Genus Habenaria.= 1. =The Tall Northern Green Orchis.= (_Habenaria hyperborea._) 2. =The Tall Northern White Orchis.= (_Habenaria dilatata._) 3. =The Large Round-Leaved Orchis.= (_Habenaria orbiculata._)]

4.—HABENARIA OBTUSATA (Pursh) Richardson, 1814-1823[69]

SUB-ALPINE GREENISH BOG-ORCHIS

The specific name, _obtusata_, refers to the obtuse or blunt sepals and labellum of this species.

Small sub-alpine bogland orchid, with fibrous roots. June 22d-July 30th-September.

=Flowers=, greenish-yellow in loose spiked raceme 1-2½ inches long; flowers ¼ inch long. =Labellum= blunt or obtuse, deflexed, entire. =Lateral sepals= spreading, oblong and obtuse. =Petals= shorter, obtusely 2-lobed at base. =Stem= slender, _not bracted_, 4-10 inches high, 4-angled. =Leaf= 1, basal, obovate.

_Continental Range_—From Alaska, southward throughout Canada to Mt. Wachusett, Massachusetts; westward to Minnesota, Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado.

_New England Range_—Maine, frequent; New Hampshire, frequent; Vermont, rare; Massachusetts, very rare; Mt. Wachusett (Dr. G. E. Stone); Mt. Washington (Henry Baldwin); Rhode Island, not reported; Connecticut, not reported.

5.—HABENARIA HYPERBOREA (Linnæus) R. Brown, 1767-1813

TALL GREEN NORTHERN ORCHIS

The specific name, _hyperborea_, refers to the species being tall and a boreal or northern orchid.

Cold bogland or damp woodland orchid, with thick fleshy roots. May 30th-July 28th-August 18th.

=Flowers= small, greenish-yellow, on bracted spike 3-8 inches long; infrequent, said to be constructed for self-fertilization, if insects fail to visit the flowers. =Labellum= lanceolate, obtuse, and entire. =Sepals= and =petals= obtuse, ovate, ⅙-¼ inch long; upper sepal crenulate at apex. =Stem= tall, stout, leafy, 8 inches to 3 feet high. =Leaves= many lanceolate, acute. =Seed-capsule= much twisted.

_Continental Range_—From Greenland, Yakutat Bay and eastern part of Kadiak Island and vicinity of Sitka, Alaska, to Fort Franklin; southward to Pennsylvania and New Jersey; westward to Minnesota, Montana, Washington, New Mexico, and California. This species is closely allied with the Tall White Fragrant Bog-Orchis (_H. dilatata_). The latter, however, is not constructed for self-fertilization. Several species of _Habenaria_ appear to intergrade with each other more or less throughout their range.

_New England Range_—Maine, common; New Hampshire, frequent; Vermont, abundant; Massachusetts, infrequent; Rhode Island, not reported; Connecticut, rare.

6.—HABENARIA MEDIA (Rydberg) Niles, 1901-1903[70]

INTERMEDIATE BOG-ORCHIS

The specific name, _media_, refers to the intermediate form of this species between _H. hyperborea_ and _H. dilatata_.

A tall bogland orchid, with fleshy roots. June-August.

=Flowers= greenish-purplish, spike densely flowered; it has often been confused with _H. hyperborea_ and _H. dilatata_, which it closely resembles. Type specimen from Quebec. =Labellum= lanceolate, entire, obtuse, slightly dilated at the base; spur exceeding the labellum, curved and obtuse. =Sepals= ovate-oblong; petals lanceolate, obtuse. =Stem= 16 inches to 2½ feet high, rather stout. =Leaves= lanceolate, acute. Seed-capsule ⅖ inch long.

_Continental Range_—In bogs from Quebec, southward to New York and New England.

_New England Range_—There are no authoritative stations reported as yet, although the author collected intermediate forms of _H. hyperborea_ in Dimmick Swamp, Pownal, Vermont, July, 1903, answering to Dr. Rydberg’s descriptions of this form. It is also reported by Marcus White and A. LeRoy Andrews for Pownal Swamps.[71]

7.—HABENARIA DILATATA (Pursh) Hooker, 1814-1825

TALL WHITE NORTHERN ORCHIS

The specific name, _dilatata_, refers to the dilated condition of the labellum of this orchid.

A tall slender or stout bogland orchid, with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots. June 2d-August 23d.

=Flowers= white, small, in a densely flowered spike 2-10 inches long. Slightly fragrant. Not constructed for self-fertilization as the closely allied species _H. hyperborea_. =Labellum= entire, dilated, or obtusely 3-lobed at base. =Spur= blunt and incurved. =Sepals= ovate, obtuse, and small. =Stem= slender, often stout, inferring that an intermediate form exists, which Dr. Rydberg has designated specifically as _fragrans_. =Leaves= lanceolate. =Seed-capsule= much twisted.

_Continental Range_—From Ankow River, Ocean Cape, Alaska, and Unalaska in latitude 60° North; southward to Litchfield, Connecticut, Amherst, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania; westward to Minnesota, Wyoming, Colorado, also occurring in the cañons of Clear Water Valley, Idaho.

_New England Range_—Maine, common; New Hampshire, frequent; Vermont, frequent; Massachusetts, infrequent; Rhode Island, not reported; Connecticut, rare.

[Illustration: =The Spikes of Habenaria.= (_Habenaria Andrewseii_ and _Habenaria psycodes_.)]

8.—HABENARIA FRAGRANS (Rydberg) Niles, 1901-1903[72]

FRAGRANT SLENDER BOG-ORCHIS

The specific name, _fragrans_, refers to the exquisite fragrance of this species, which is so closely allied with _H. dilatata_ and of which it appears to be a form.

Slender bogland orchid, with fleshy-fibrous roots. July.

=Flowers= small, pure white, very fragrant; in a slender spiked raceme. =Labellum= narrowly linear, dilated at the base, obtuse, shorter than the curved filiform spur; otherwise as the preceding species. =Sepals= lanceolate, acutish, strongly striate. =Stem= very slender and leafy above, 8-12 inches high. =Leaves= linear, several.

_Continental Range_—Reported from a single station in Vermont. Slender forms of _H. dilatata_, very fragrant and slightly so, are present in the bogs of Pownal, Vermont, and North Adams, Massachusetts, where the writer has collected them, believing that they were forms brought about by the intergrading of the bogland _Habenarias_ closely associated. Species of _Habenaria_ appear to produce natural hybrids readily.[73]

_New England Range_—Vermont.

9.—HABENARIA BRACTEATA (Willdenow) R. Brown, 1805-1813

LONG BRACTED ORCHIS

The specific name, _bracteata_, refers to the long bracts, subtending the seed-capsules of this species.

A slender bracted bogland orchid, with fleshy-fibrous roots. May 8th-July 14th-August 12th.

=Flowers= small, greenish, in a loosely flowered spike, 3-5 inches long, subtended by long bracts. =Labellum= long, spatulate 2-3 toothed or lobed, twice as long as sac-like spur. =Sepals= ovate-lanceolate, spreading, dilated, at base; =petals= very narrow, threadlike. =Stem= leafy, slender, or stout, 6 inches to 2 feet high. =Leaves= lanceolate, oval.

_Continental Range_—From Sitka and Unalaska to the Great Plains, approaching the Rocky Mountains in latitude 55° North; southward throughout New England to North Carolina; westward to Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and Montana.

_New England Range_—Maine, common; New Hampshire, common; Vermont, common; Massachusetts, frequent; Rhode Island, rare; Connecticut, rather rare.

10.—HABENARIA CLAVELLATA (Michaux) Sprengel, 1803-1826

SMALL YELLOWISH BOG-ORCHIS—SMALL WOOD-ORCHIS

The specific name, _clavellata_, refers to the club-shaped appendages of stigma or clavate spur attached to the flowers of this species.

A small bogland or woodland orchid, with fibrous roots. May 17th (Missouri), June (Alabama); July 15th-August (Maine).

=Flowers= small greenish-yellow, in a loosely flowered spike ½-2 inches long. =Labellum= dilated, 3-toothed at apex; spur longer than ovary, clavate. =Sepals= and =petals= ovate. =Stem= 8-18 inches high. =Leaf= 1, near the base, 1-3 bracts above.

_Continental Range_—From Lake Huron, Newfoundland, southward to Alabama; westward to Indiana, and Missouri. Ascends 6000 feet altitude in North Carolina.