Chapter 3 of 19 · 3993 words · ~20 min read

Part 3

[Footnote 54: The Future Indic. and the Cond. mood of "Haber" and "Tener" are formed irregularly from the Infinitive mood, the _e_ after the root _Hab_ being dropped, and after the root _Ten_ being changed to d.]

[Footnote 55: For reference only-- _Ser_ (and not _Estar_) must be used:

(1) Before nouns; (3) When denoting possession; (2) When used impersonally; (4) Before Feliz, Infeliz, Rico, Pobre.]

VOCABULARY.

=acabar de=,[56] to have just =almacén=, warehouse =aprender=, to learn =ayudar=, to help =bañar=, to wet, to bathe, to water =bicicleta=, bicycle =certísimo=, most certain =discípulo=, pupil =disfrutar=, to enjoy =él es, ella es=,[57] it is =ello= (_neuter_),[57] it =este= (_m._), =esta= (_f._), this =esto= (_neuter_),[58] this =estos= (_m._), =estas= (_f._), these =la fecha=, the date =la gente=, the people =hermosamente=, beautifully =importancia=, importance =La India=, India =libre=, free =maestro=, master, teacher =la mayor parte=, most, the majority =el mes=, the month =mismo=, same =novísimo=, brand new =otro=, other, another =el Sena=,[59] River Seine =el Tajo=, River Tagus =el Támesis=, River Thames =también=, also, too =tienda=, shop =ventaja=, advantage

[Footnote 56: Followed by the verb in the infinitive mood, as Acabar de escribir (to have just written).]

[Footnote 57: "It" (subject) is most generally left understood, as "It is useful" (Él, ella, _or_ ello) es útil.]

[Footnote 58: Referring to a whole statement, as Esto _or_ ello es justo. This or it (what you have just said) is right.]

[Footnote 59: Names of rivers are masculine because the word "río" (river) is understood.]

EXERCISE 1 (11).

Translate into English--

1. La India es una posesión inglesa de grande importancia.

2. El Sena es un río de Francia[60] y el Támesis es un río de Inglaterra.

3. Toledo, ciudad interesantísima de España bañada por el Tajo.

4. La mayor parte de estos Españoles comen en esta fonda.

5. Este año las tiendas están hermosamente decoradas.

6. Es certísimo que los almacenes y las tiendas de esta calle disfrutan de grandes ventajas.

7. ¿De quién es esta regla? Es mía.

8. ¿En que fecha escribió V. la carta?

9. La escribí (I wrote it) ayer.

10. Juan acaba de comprar una bicicleta novísima.

11. Yo acabo de comprar cepillos de dientes y de cabello.

12. La criada compró esta mañana una escoba.

13. Necesitamos comprar manteca pero no la compramos porque no queremos gastar dinero.

14. La mayor parte de la gente no quiere gastarlo (to spend it).

15. ¿Es bueno este vino?

16. Es muy bueno y también no es caro.

[Footnote 60: Names of countries should not take the article (the rule is not very strict, however). EXCEPTIONS: La India, El Perú, El Japón (Japan).]

EXERCISE 2 (12).

Translate into Spanish--

1. Foreigners in England enjoy many advantages.

2. Yes, because England is a free country.

3. Englishmen also enjoy the same advantages in other free countries.

4. Does the teacher help his pupils?

5. He does (Sí, Señor), but the pupils must study and learn their lessons well and work diligently (diligentemente).[61]

6. This morning I was writing a letter when my sister spoke of the bicycle (which [62]) she wants to buy.

7. Did you sell the muslins and prints (which) you bought last year (el año pasado)?

8. The merchant has drawn a bill at three months' date for (por) the velvets (which [62]) he sold to the Spanish customer.

9. Little and good is better than much and bad.

10. John is a partner in that firm (casa).

11. It is necessary to work.

12. This is George's beautiful garden.

13. It is a large garden with many flowers, roses, carnations, violets and other plants (plantas).

14. Who is here?

15. Charles and Henry are here.

[Footnote 61: To form an adverb from an adjective add _mente_ as you add "ly" in English. If the adjective changes for the feminine add _mente_ to the feminine form, as rico (_m._), rica (_f._)--ricamente (richly).]

[Footnote 62: Cannot be left understood in Spanish.]

LESSON VII. (Lección séptima.)

ORDINAL NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS.

[Footnote 63: Ordinal adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany or for which they stand. Final _o_ changes into _a_ for the feminine, and the plural is formed by adding _s_.]

"Primero," "tercero," and "Postrero" drop the =O= before a masculine noun singular,[64] as--

El primer pedido: The first order. El tercer lote: The third lot. El postrer envío: The last shipment.

But--

La primera entrega (_fem._): The first delivery.

[Footnote 64: Eight words in all present this peculiarity, viz., uno, alguno, ninguno, bueno, malo, primero, tercero, postrero (these last two not always).]

After "vigésimo" ordinal numbers are generally substituted by cardinal numbers, as--

La página veintidós: Page 22nd.

Dates are expressed by cardinal numbers instead of ordinal, as--

Madrid, 20 (de) Agosto (de) 1911: Madrid, 20th of August, 1911.

EXCEPTION: El primero, as--

El 1° (primero) de Septiembre (1st September).

Numbers following names of kings, etc., are ordinal up to the tenth; then generally cardinal, as--

Felipe II. (segundo): Philip II. Alfonso XIII. (trece): Alphonso XIII.

Fractional numbers up to 1/10th are the same as ordinal numbers, except--

(Un) medio: one half. Un tercio (_not_ tercero): one-third.

From 1/11th upwards, fractions are formed from cardinal numbers adding to them the termination =avo=, as--

Un dieciseisavo[65]: 1/16.

_Un_ need not be used before the fractions 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, preceded by an integer, as--

Uno y cuarto: One and a quarter. Cuatro y tercio: Four and a third. La mitad: The half. La tercera parte: The 3rd part. La cuarta parte: The 4th part. La duodécima parte: The 12th part.

[Footnote 65: If the cardinal number ends in a vowel, this is elided, as veinte--un veintavo (1/20th). If it ends in _ce_ the _c_ is changed into _z_ as, doce--un dozavo (1/12th).]

Collective Numbers.

Un par: A pair. Una treintena: A set of 30.[66] Una decena (half a score).[66] Una centena: A set of 100.[66] Una docena (a dozen).[66] Un centenar: A set of 100.[66] Una veintena: A score.[66] Un ciento: A set of 100.[66] Un millar: A set of 1,000.[66]

[Footnote 66: Also the number approximately, as: Una treintena de libros: (about 30 books).]

[Footnote 67: This tense is formed from the first person singular of the present indicative by changing the last vowel into =e= for the 1st conjugation and into =a= for the 2nd and 3rd conjugations. These remain the ruling vowels throughout the tense.

N.B.--The Subjunctive Mood occurs only in dependent sentences when the action is not expressed in a positive manner but is doubtful or merely contingent.]

VOCABULARY.

=actual=, present =al por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail =arroz=, rice =artículo=, article =asociación de obreros=, trade union =blanquear=, to bleach =ya caigo=, I understand, I see =colocar=, to place =*conseguir=, to get =consignación=, consignment =contenido=, contents =decadencia=, decadence =delegado=, delegate =demasiado=, too, too much =difícil=, difficult =driles labrados=, figured drills =driles lisos=, plain drills =entrar á reinar=, to begin to reign =escoger, *elegir=, to choose, to select =extraño=, strange, queer, funny =el germen=, the germ =grueso=, thick, stout =hallar=, to find =ilustrado=, enlightened =incluyendo=, enclosing =limitar=, to limit =mientrastanto=, meanwhile =*obtener=, to get =peso=, weight =poder=, power =podríamos=, we should be able to, might, could =próximo=, next =rebaja=, abatement =rebajar, *reducir=, reduce, to abate =reducción=, abatement, reduction =reunión=, meeting =*salir=, to come, to go, out =*salir en=, to come to =solo= (_adj._), alone =sólo, solamente= (_adv._), only =sujeto á=, subject to =sumar=, to add =tocino=, bacon =tomar=, to take =varios=, several =verificarse=, to take place[68] =*verse obligado á=, to be compelled to[69]

[Footnote 68: Lit.: _to verify itself_.]

[Footnote 69: Lit.: _to see oneself obliged_.]

EXERCISE 1 (13).

Translate into English--

1. ¿Cuál envío han recibido Vs.?

2. Nos han llegado el primero y el cuarto, pero el tercer lote no ha llegado todavía.

3. El postrer hombre á entrar en la reunión fué el delegado de la asociación de obreros.

4. ¿(A) cuánto por libra cuesta este tocino?

5. Al por menor sale en seis peniques y cuarto, pero al por mayor podríamos darlo á cinco y tercio ó talvez un poquito menos, digamos (say) cinco y cinco dieciseisavos.

6. ¿Puede V. sumar tres dozavos y siete quinzavos?

7. Sí, Señor, esto hace ciento veintinueve cientiochentavos.

8. ¡Qué fracción tan extraña!

9. Lo es en efecto pero se da (it is given)[70] sólo por ejemplo.

10. ¡Ah, ya caigo!

11. Felipe II entró á reinar en 1556. Ningún soberano (sovereign) de Europa podía competir en poder y en Estados con él, pero ya desde ese tiempo se observan (are observed)[70] los gérmenes de la decadencia que se verificó después.

12. Alfonso XIII actual rey de España es un monarca ilustrado y constitucional.

13. La nueva España espera mucho de él.

14. El primero y el quince de cada (each) mes, la Compañía efectúa (effects) sus pagos.

15. Hoy estamos á (to-day is) cinco de Junio de 1911.

[Footnote 70: The verb with SE is _reflexive_ or _passive_: se da, _it gives itself_ or _it is given_; se observan, _they observe themselves_ or _are observed_.]

EXERCISE 2 (14).

Translate into Spanish--

1. I shall be compelled (me veré obligado á) to abandon this undertaking. It is too difficult.

2. We received a consignment of rice, but the price demanded (pedido), 2-15/16d. a lb., is too dear; we shall never be able (nunca podremos) to get it; a better quality (calidad), whiter and stouter, was placed at 2-29/32d. but (sólo) a few days ago (hace algunos días).

3. If you cannot sell your plain and figured drills at the figures quoted it will be necessary to abate the price.

4. I shall accept those bleached linens subject to an abatement of 5 per cent.

5. We shall consult our partners; meanwhile let us leave (dejemos)[71] the matter in abeyance (en suspenso).

6. He has chosen several designs (diseños, dibujos) for his lot of prints, but he finds that three of them are wrong (están equivocados).

7. Some firms always give wrong (falsos, inexactos) weights in their declarations.

8. He ordered the wrong article (un ... por otro).

9. You are wrong (V. se equivoca), it is the right (justo, exacto) article.

10. This cloth is finished on the wrong side (al revés).

11. We received your favour (su atenta) of 10th instant (del corriente), enclosing copy of your previous letter 1st ult. (p°, p°.) and have taken note of its contents.

12. By next mail (mala) we shall send you all the details required (que Vs. necesitan).

[Footnote 71: The Imperative Mood is like the Pres. Subj., except in the 2nd Person.]

LESSON VIII. (Lección octava.)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

We shall divide the Personal Pronouns into Subject Pronouns and Object Pronouns.[72]

[Footnote 72: Grammarians often give the names-- Nominative case for the Subject pronouns Accusative " " " Direct object pronouns Dative " " " Indirect object pronouns]

Instead of "Tú" or "Vosotros,-as," =V=. and =Vs=. are used in general conversation as already stated (the verb following in the 3rd person).

N.B.--These pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or where no ambiguity is possible, as--

(Yo) compro las telas: I buy the cloths. (Él) gira las letras y firma las cartas: He draws the bills and signs the letters. (Ella) ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado: She has had an interview with her barrister, lawyer or solicitor.

But--

Yo he comprado la partida de ferretería y quincalla y no V.: _I_ have bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not _you_.

=Object Pronouns=.

These are divided into two classes--1. =Disjunctive=, viz., following a preposition--

Mí (me) Nosotros-as (us) Tí (thee) Vosotros-as (you) Él (him, it, _m._) Ellos-as (them) Ella (her, it, _f._) Ello (_neuter_) (it, referring to a whole statement) V. (you, sing.) Vs. (you, pl.)

EXAMPLES--

Ellos hablan de mí: They speak of me. Nosotros trabajamos para él: We work for him. Ella confía en tí, en V.: She trusts thee, you. V. se declara contra ellos: You declare against them.

2. =Conjunctive=, viz., _direct_ or _indirect object_ of verb (without a preposition).

Él me[73] ama (he loves me) Él nos ama (he loves us) Él te ama (he loves thee) Él os ama (he loves you) Él lo _or_ le ama (he loves Él los ama (he loves them, him, it, _m._) _m._) Él la ama (he loves her, Él las ama (he loves them, or it, _f._) _f._)

[Footnote 73: N.B.--In the conjunctive form the 1st and 2nd persons are the same for both direct and indirect objects, but the 3rd pers. differs.]

EXAMPLES of _Indirect Object_--

Él me da he gives me (to me) Él te da he gives thee (to thee) Él le da he gives him (to him), her (to her), it (to it) Él nos da he gives us (to us) Él os da he gives you (to you) Él les da he gives them (to them, _m._ and _f._)

The direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the pronoun in the Disjunctive form preceded by =á=, as--

á mí me _or_ to me direct and indirect object á tí thee _or_ to thee " " " " á él him _or_ to him, " " " " it _(m.) or_ " " " " to it _(m.)_ " " " " á ella her _or_ to her, " " " " it _(f.) or_ " " " " to it _(f.)_ " " " " á nosotros-as us _or_ to us " " " " á vosotros-as you _or_ to you " " " " á ellos them _or_ " " " " to them _(m.)_ " " " " á ellas them _or_ " " " " to them _(f.)_ " " " "

We have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect object of verb--one Conjunctive, the other Disjunctive.

The =Conjunctive= form is that in general use.

The =Disjunctive= form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is required. It is seldom used alone,[74] Spaniards preferring to use it as a repetition after having used the Conjunctive form, as--

Él me ama á mí: He loves _me_.

Él nos vende á nosotros géneros estampados y á V. géneros de fantasía: He sells to _us_ printed cloth and to _you_ fancies.

Yo le quiero ver á él y no á ella: I wish to see _him_ and not _her_.

Déle V. el dinero á él y los libros á ella. Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books.

Dé V. el dinero á él y los libros á ella. Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books.

[Footnote 74: In sentences like "Le pagarán más que á mí" (they will pay _him_ more than _me_), "me pagarán" is understood after _que_.]

VOCABULARY.

=acero=, steel =antes=, before--in point of time =asunto= (_not_ =sujeto=), the subject-matter =Bolsa=, the Exchange =calcular=, to calculate =celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place =compañía anónima=, limited company =*concebir=, to conceive =conjunción=, conjunction =desfavorable=, unfavourable =donde=, where =emisión=, issue, of loans, etc. =emplearse=, to be employed, to be used =espalda=, shoulder (back) =explicar= to explain =explanar= to explain =falta de aceptación=, non-acceptance =falta de pago=, non-payment =la frase=, the phrase, sentence =ganancias y pérdidas=, profits and losses =el gerente=, the manager =*gobernar=, to govern =*haber=, there to be[75] =hay=, there is[75] =hay=, there are =el hecho=, the fact =la ley=, the law =llamar=, to call =más adelante=, later on =la mente=, the mind =los negocios=, the business =Pascua=, Easter =posición=, position =proyecto=, scheme, plan =pues, entonces=, then =regresar=, to come or go back =*saber=, to know =la semana pasada=, last week =sírvase V=., please =tenga la bondad de=, please =tratar=, to try =*valer=, to be worth =valor=, courage =*volver=, to turn, to go back, to turn back

[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha" in the Pres. Indicative.]

EXERCISE 1 (15).

Translate into English--

1. ¿Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal?

2. No, Señor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so).

3. ¿Dónde lo empleamos pues?

4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones.

5. ¿Y cómo sabemos que después de éstos se debe emplear el verbo (must be used) en subjuntivo?

6. Porque entonces la acción del verbo es representada[76] sólo como concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho.

7. ¿Nos explicará V. esta regla otra vez más adelante?

8. Sí. No hago más que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto.

9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios principian á sufrir.

10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but) habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones.

11. ¿Cuándo regresará el gerente del Banco?

12. Estará de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince.

13. Debe asistir á (attend) la reunión de Directores que se celebrará en Londres á primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month).

14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks) animación.

15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the grain).

16. ¿Cómo han salido Vs. de aquella especulación en las minas de cobre (copper mines)?

17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relación semestral (half-yearly report) de la compañía hace constar (shows) una situación muy desfavorable y no habrá dividendo este año.

18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el año próximo.

19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so).

[Footnote 76: _Or_ se representa.]

EXERCISE 2 (16).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week.

2. They calculated their profits and losses.

3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter.

4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producirá) any bad impression.

5. He called him to his house.

6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir ...).

7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting.

8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme).

9. I shall call at (pasaré por) the exchange.

10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron).

11. The "Shannon" will call at (hará escala en) Cádiz.

12. They will make a call (pedirán una cuota) of £1 per share.

13. This steel is worth much less than that.

14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying.

15. This limited company is worth (posee) £50,000.

16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado).

17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for non-payment.

18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets of the world (mundo).

19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario).

20. Kindly take due note (debida _or_ buena nota) of our signature at foot (firma al pie).

21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en vano).

22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried.

[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive.

LESSON IX. (Lección novena.)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS (_contd._).

Pronouns in the Disjunctive form occupy the same position in the sentence as they do in English.

Pronouns in the Conjunctive form precede the verb, as--

Él los compró: He bought them.

Yo le mostraré á V. mi libro mayor y mi diario: I shall show you my ledger and journal or day-book.

Mi cajero les pagará lo que les debo: My cashier will pay you what I owe you.

Nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas: He showed us his invoice book.

Me cedió los valores y efectos en cartera: He made over to me his stock of securities and bills.

El corredor le vió en la agencia de los vapores: The broker saw him at the steamship agent's.

EXCEPTIONS--

1. When a sentence begins with a verb, especially if the sentence is a long one, the Conjunctive pronoun _may_ follow the verb, _except when this is in the Subjunctive Mood_, as--

Bonificóle esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente: He credited him the amount in A/c current in order not to lose his customer.

N.B.--Students should not indulge in this liberty until they have acquired practice in the language. In conversation this change seldom occurs. When the change is used the Subject Pronoun is generally left understood.

2. When the verb is in the Infinitive Mood, Gerund, or Imperative Mood,[78] the Conjunctive Pronoun _must_ follow, and is joined to the verb to form one word: as--

Lo mejor con estos géneros es venderlos en subasta: The best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction.

Abandonándole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto: By giving up the profit to him, we shall end the matter.

Refiéralos V. á los armadores: Refer them to the shipowners.

Hágannos Vs. esta bonificación: Make us this allowance.

Cárguenos en cuenta este renglón: Debit this line to our account.

Abónenle la suma que reclama: Credit him with the amount he claims.

[Footnote 78: By Imperative Mood, we mean Imperative Mood Affirmative. In Spanish there is no imperative mood negative, its place being taken by the Present Subjunctive, as--

Háblale tú: Speak to him. No le hables tú: Do not speak to him.]

If two Conjunctive pronouns meet, contrary to the English general rule, the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun standing as direct object,[79] as--

Ellos nos lo garantizan: They guarantee it to us.

If these two pronouns are both in the 3rd person, the indirect object is changed into =Se=, as--

Nosotros se lo vendimos: We sold it to him. V. se lo mandó (á ella)[80]: You sent it to her. Nosotros se lo aconsejamos (á ellos)[80]: We gave them that advice. Yo se lo digo (á V.)[80]: I tell it to you.

[Footnote 79: Combinations of _me_ and _te_ are _very rare_, and then _te_ precedes whether direct or indirect object, the context clearly showing the meaning. In such cases it is better, however, to use a disjunctive form, for the indirect object, as--

Él te da á mí: He gives thee to me. Él me da á tí: He gives me to thee.]

[Footnote 80: _Á él, á ella, á V._, etc., may be added for clearness, when otherwise ambiguity might occur.]

VOCABULARY.