Chapter 4 of 19 · 3993 words · ~20 min read

Part 4

=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) =arancel=, custom-house tariff =aviso=, advice, notice =confianza=, trust, confidence =constantemente=, constantly =conveniente=, convenient, suitable =correo=, post, post office =*dar aviso=, to inform, to give notice to leave =*dar aviso de despedida=, to give notice of dismissal =de moda=, fashionable =devolver=, to give or send back =efectuar=, to effect =favorable=, favourable =fijar=, to fix =holgazán, haragán=, lazy =honrar=, to honour =indicar=, to indicate, to point out =largo=, long =noticia, noticias=, news =*poner en condiciones=, to enable =por=, _or_ =de, su cuenta=, on his account =el sobre=, the envelope =tomar nota=, to take note, to notice =venta=, sale

EXERCISE 1 (17).

Translate into English--

1. Me aprecia. Te necesita. Le manda. Lo cree. Nos halla. Os busca.

2. Son géneros de moda, los vende muy bien.

3. Son buenas plumas, las usamos constantemente.

4. Me escribe que te envía los sobres.

5. Le indica el medio más conveniente.

6. Nos honra con (with) su confianza.

7. Os fija sus límites.

8. Les da su cotización.

9. Creernos.

10. Mandarnos los presupuestos (estimates).

11. Venderles á crédito.

12. Dándonos sus instrucciones tan claras, nos pone en condiciones de servirle á toda su satisfacción (his entire satisfaction).

13. Dígannos Vs. (tell us) la verdad.

14. Él me lo escribió.

15. Nosotros te lo mandaremos.

16. Él nos lo explicó.

17. Yo os lo enviaré.

18. Se lo escribiremos á él.

19. Se lo explicaremos á ella.

20. Compraron los géneros y se los vendieron á ellos.

21. Vendieron las telas y se las mandaron á ellas.

22. ¿Me lo dice V. (do you say) á mí?

23. Sí, Señor, se lo digo á V. mismo (I say it to you yourself)

24. Yo mismo lo mandé.

25. V. mismo me lo ha escrito.

26. Nosotros mismos no podríamos (could not) hacerlo mejor.

27. Él me lo dió (gave) á mí, y yo se lo entregué á él.

28. Su socio es mejor que él, y él es mejor que ella.

EXERCISE 2 (18).

Translate into Spanish--

1. Did you see (vió V.) the new Custom House tariff?

2. Yes, I saw (ví) it.

3. It is more favourable to us than the old.

4. We sent it to the manager of our Liverpool branch (sucursal).

5. We sent it to him yesterday; he will return it to us after he has read it (después que lo haya leído).

6. Did you give (dió V.) it (_m._) to me or to him?

7. I gave (dí) it to you, not to him.

8. Well (bien)! he says (dice) that he will not give it to me until you tell him to do so (hasta que V. se lo diga).

9. He took it with him, and we took it with us.

10. I shall take it (_f._) with me.[81]

11. Take it with thee.[81]

12. It is a long letter, but it is necessary to write it to-day.

13. Writing it to-day you are in time (á tiempo) for the post.

14. Mr. So-and-So gave more money to you than to me.

15. We have taken notice of it.

16. Take due notice of the contents (del contenido) of the letter.

17. Give him notice (aviso) of the sales you effected on (por) his account.

18. There is nothing worthy of notice (no hay nada de particular) in our market to-day.

19. I gave him notice because he is very lazy.

20. This circumstance (circunstancia) must have escaped your notice (debe habérsele pasado por alto).

21. Do not take any notice of him (no le haga V. caso).

22. I gave notice to my landlord (propietario).

[Footnote 81: See next note.]

LESSON X. (Lección décima.)

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

These pronouns are not, of course, used as subject of the verb. They are used as the object of the verb when this and the subject are the same.

They are the same as the other personal pronouns, as--

Conjunctive form. Disjunctive form.

myself me mí thyself te tí

EXCEPTION-- 3rd person for both genders & numbers: se sí

EXAMPLES--

Él se ama: He loves himself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

María habla siempre de sí[82]: Mary is always talking about herself.

Nosotros nos divertimos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios: We enjoy ourselves at the same time as we do business.

Ellos se respetan á sí y á otros también: They respect themselves and others too.

_Mismo-a,-os,-as_, may be added to the disjunctive form for emphasis, as--

María habla siempre de sí misma: Mary always speaks of herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa á sí: She attributes the fault to herself. (more emphatic).

Ella se atribuye la culpa á sí misma: She attributes the fault to herself (still more emphatic).

[Footnote 82: After _con_ (with) _si_ becomes Sigo; same change with _mí_ and _tí_: conmigo, contigo, consigo, written in one word.]

The pronoun =Se= with any verb in the 3rd pers. sing. or plural may be used to form the passive voice, as--

Se ha cerrado el almacén: The warehouse has been closed.

Se han encaminado las reclamaciones á la Compañía de Seguros[83]: The claims have been referred to the Insurance Company.

[ootnote 83: This form is preferable when the "doer" is not mentioned.]

=Se= followed by a verb in the 3rd pers. sing.[84] translates the English "one," "people," "they" (_indefinite_), as the French "on" and the German "man," as---

Se dice que habrá un alza[85] en el mercado: They say, _or_ it is said, that there will be a rise in the market.

Se cree que no habrá Reforma Arancelaria en Inglaterra: People think, _or_ it is thought, that there will not be Tariff Reform in England.

En la vejez se goza el fruto de una juventud laboriosa: In old age one enjoys the fruits of active youth _or_ The fruits of active youth are enjoyed in old age.

[Footnote 84: Or we can use the 3rd pers. plur. of the verb without the pronoun.]

[Footnote 85: Or "una alza" (both used).]

As will be seen, this is really a form of the passive voice rendered by "se," as "se goza" instead of "es gozado." But there are more typical examples, as--

Los géneros se han fabricado en Irlanda y se los ha (_not_ han) plegado como lienzos irlandeses: The goods were made in Ireland and they folded them as Irish Linens.

A Conjunctive Reflexive Pronoun, whether direct or indirect object, always precedes any other conjunctive pronoun, as---

Yo me lo reservo: I reserve it for myself. Nosotros nos lo guardamos: We keep it for ourselves. Se me dice: It is said to me (it says itself to me). Se les venden las telas: The cloths are sold to them. Nosotros nos le confiamos: We entrust ourselves to him. Vosotros os les empeñasteis en £1,000: You pledged yourselves to them for £1,000.

[Footnote 86: This tense is formed from the Past Def. by changing the termination _ron_ of the 3rd pers. pl. into _se, ses, se, semos, seis sen_, in all the three conjugations.]

VOCABULARY.

=en la actualidad, al momento=, at present =á menudo=, often =acostumbrarse=, to accustom oneself =admitir=, to acknowledge =aparecer=, to appear =aplicarse=, to apply oneself =ayuda=, help =boletín=, form, slip, price list =caucho seco=, dry rubber =cebada y avena=, barley and oats =cifras=, figures =la compra=, the purchase =*contar (con)=, to count, to rely on =la costumbre=, custom =cualquiera=, any (_affirm._) =cuidadosamente=, carefully =declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =dirigirse=, to address oneself =escribirse=, to write to each other, to one another =escuchar=, to listen to =exacto=, exact, accurate =firmeza=, firmness =industria azucarera=, sugar industry =los informes=, information =lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself =llamarse=, to be called =el montaje=, the erection of machinery, etc. =*moverse=, to be moved, driven (machinery) =operadores=, dealers (on 'Change) =partida=, lot (of goods) =perfeccionar=, to perfect, improve (machinery) =*reconocer=, to acknowledge =recursos=, means = respetar=, to respect =sección=, section =tacharse=, to censure, to blame, oneself =tejidos=, textiles, cloths =últimamente=, lately =únicamente=, solely, only

EXERCISE 1 (19).

Translate into English--

1. Nos dirigimos á Vs. por informes sobre la casa cuyo (whose) nombre aparece en el boletín adjunto.

2. Se aplicaron á la industria azucarera y consiguieron buenos resultados.

3. Me he acostumbrado á este trabajo.

4. Te has dedicado al comercio.

5. Tiene mucha opinión de sí (mismo).

6. Cuenta (he relies) consigo únicamente.

7. Se debe pensar á sí y también á los otros.

8. Estos tejidos se llaman "uniones."

9. Las dos casas se escriben[87] en francés.

10. Estos tornos y estas sierras mecánicas (these lathes and sawing machines) se mueven por motor eléctrico.

11. Se los ha perfeccionado mucho últimamente.

12. ¿Se envían las máquinas en secciones?

13. Sí, Señor, y se las marca cuidadosamente para facilitar el montaje.

14. Se dice que llegaron grandes partidas de Cebada y Avena, ¿piensa V. que influirán en los precios?

15. Así se cree.

16. Entonces resultará (or resultará pues) alguna ventaja para los consumidores (consumers).

17. No puedo tacharme de imprevidencia (want of foresight) por no haberme abastecido (supplied, stocked) á tiempo, pues (because) carecía de los recursos necesarios para hacerlo (to do so).

[Footnote 87: Reflexive Pronouns in the plural are also Reciprocal.]

EXERCISE 2 (20).

Translate into Spanish--

1. I flatter myself that you will be pleased with (le gustarán) my purchases seeing (visto) the firmness of prices at present.

2. We consider ourselves lucky (dichosos de) not to have listened to their advice (consejo).

3. He is always speaking of himself and of his business.

4. He found himself a loser (á perder).

5. They declared themselves bankrupts (they filed their petition in bankruptcy).

6. They wrote to each other often.

7. He respects himself.

8. He himself respects old customs.

9. We acknowledge we are wrong.

10. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (acusamos recibo de).

11. We shall gratefully acknowledge (agradeceremos infinito) any help you may render (preste) to our friend.

12. We hope you will be very accurate in your figures.

13. The output (producto) for the first two months of the current year was 18,668 lbs. dry rubber.

14. The bill market (los cambios) was very firm to-day but there was little doing (poco se hizo).

15. Dealers were reluctant (se mostraron contrarios) to do business in the securities.

16. Rubber shares were lifeless (muy desanimadas), but prices were maintained (se mantuvieron).

LESSON XI. (Lección décima primera.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

A Possessive Adjective _accompanies a noun_; a Possessive pronoun _stands for a noun_.

The =Possessive Adjectives= are--

EXAMPLES--

Mi embarque: My shipment. Nuestro arreglo: Our arrangement. Su sinceridad: His, her, or their sincerity. Tu beneficio: Thy benefit. Sus fondos: His funds, capital.

_De él, de ella, de ellos, de V._, etc., may be added for the sake of clearness, but are not needed when the sense is clear without them.[88]

In the 3rd person (but not in the 1st and 2nd) instead of "su ... de él," "su ... de V.," etc., we may say "el ... de él," "el ... de V.," etc.

[Footnote 88: "De V." is added also for politeness ("V." being a title in itself--your grace).]

The =Possessive Pronouns= are--

El mío, la mía, los míos, las mías (mine). El tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (thine). El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers, theirs, yours, _polite_). El nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (ours). El vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (yours _familiar_).

The Possessive Pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except when it follows the verb "to be" ("Ser") and ownership is asserted.

EXAMPLES--

Su casa es más importante que la mía: His firm is more important than mine.

V. ha acabado su trabajo, pero yo no he principiado el mío: You have finished your work, but I have not started mine.

Estos títulos y acciones son míos: These bonds and shares are mine (viz., belong to me).[89]

[Footnote 89: If the intention is only _to distinguish_ between one object and another the article is maintained; as, Estas son mis acciones, _aquellas_ son las de V. (these are my shares, _those_ are yours).]

=Possessive Adjectives Emphatic=. If any emphasis is placed on the possessive adjectives, the forms of the possessive pronouns are used, _following the noun_, as--

Quiero la maleta mía y no la de su amigo: I want _my_ portmanteau, not your friend's.

"A friend of mine," "a customer of yours" will be translated "un amigo de los míos," "un cliente de los suyos," or also "un amigo mío," "un cliente suyo," without the preposition _de_.

The Possessive Pronoun preceded by the neuter article =lo= denotes "property in general," as--

Lo mío (mine--that which is mine). Lo nuestro (ours--that which belongs to us). Lo suyo _or_ lo propio (one's own property). Lo ajeno (other people's property (that which belongs to others)).

In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mío," etc., as--

Amigo mío: My friend. Muy Señor mío (usual introduction to a Spanish letter).

But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mío" are used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend).

[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be used instead of the Conditional Mood.]

[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after _si_ (if), by the Present Indicative.]

VOCABULARY.

=*atenerse á= to adhere to =*adherir á= to adhere to =ajustar=, to adjust =apresurarse á=, to hasten to. =asegurar=, to secure =avería=, average (damage by sea-water, etc.) =buque=, ship =buque de vapor=, steamer =buque de vela=, sailing vessel =cabida=, room, space =codiciar=, to covet =deber=, to owe, must =debido á=, owing to =dirección=, address =encaminar=, to forward =hierro=, iron =mensual=, monthly =mercado de granos=, grain market =muestra=, sample =petición=, request =pormenores, detalles=, particulars, details =por tanto=, =por eso=, therefore =proporcionado=, =adecuado=, adequate =puerto=, port =relación=, report =representante=, representative =resto, restante=, remainder =resultado=, result =riesgo=, risk (=á= _or_ =por) saldo=, (in) settlement =satisfecho=, satisfied =siguiente=, following =someter=, to submit =(la) sucursal=, branch house =surtido=, assortment, selection =vigas=, beams

EXERCISE 1 (21).

Translate into English--

1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de pocos días haré un surtido.

2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente.

3. Sírvase V. consignar los géneros á la orden mía y no á la (orden) del Sr. Fulano, como lo hacía V. antes.

4. Su casa y la mía están ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulación.

5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el próximo vapor y las (vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente.

6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Nerón" saldrá (will leave) en breve (shortly).

7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno.

8. Nuestro catálogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios.

9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano.

10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables órdenes.

11. Á nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que la suya de él.

EXERCISE 2 (22).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our market.

2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated (consignado) the present position of our grain market.

3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address.

4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request of an adequate commission.

5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque for £59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed.

6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con _or_ de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]).

7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the steamer leaving (que saldrá de) our port on the 10th prox.

[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted: q.e.s.m. (que _estrechan_ sus manos).]

LESSON XII. (Lección décima segunda.)

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

A demonstrative adjective _accompanies_ a noun and a demonstrative pronoun _stands for_ a noun.

The =Demonstrative Adjectives= are--

[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but these and other forms are obsolete.]

The difference between _Ese_ and _Aquel_ is not strictly observed. However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder," use _ese_ for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario."

The =Demonstrative Pronouns= are the same as the above, with the addition of--

Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and is used--

1. In reference to a whole sentence, as--

El mercado del algodón está muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton market is very flat; this disconcerts me.

2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the thing is,[95] as--

¿Qué es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.)

_Este, ese, aquel_, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them; _Éste_ is also used for "the latter" and _Aquél_ for "the former."[96]

Instead of _ese_, etc., _aquel_, etc., before _que_ and _de_, the definite article is generally used, as--

El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in price to-day and that we had yesterday.

La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that we are sending to-day.

El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on wine.

Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief (employer).

Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which (what) I write is the honest truth.

[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically indiscriminately.]

[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."]

[Footnote 96: Esto es--namely, that is ...]

[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it is not] so.

A preposition may precede _que_, as--

¿Qué libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It is that in which we wrote yesterday.

¿Qué carta quiere V.? La á que me referí ayer: What letter do you want? That to which I referred yesterday.

¿Qué plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribía: What pens are these? They are those with which I wrote.

_Esta_ translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market."

_Esa_ translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market."

As--

El mercado en esta está muy flojo: The market here is very slack.

Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegará á esa el 15 del mes entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town on the 15th prox.

VOCABULARY.

=á ese respecto=, in that respect =acusar=, to accuse, to show =al menos=, at least =barca á motor= motor-boat =barca automóvil= motor-boat =carriles, rieles, railes=, rails =competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour[98] =condiciones=, terms =contra=, against =deprimir=, to depress =descarga=, discharge, the discharging =desgracia=, misfortune =días de estadía=, lay days =dificultad=, difficulty =elevar=, to raise, to enhance =está visto=, it is obvious =evitar=, to avoid =fletar=, to freight =mar alborotada=, heavy sea =mercado algodonero=, cotton market =mina de carbón=, colliery =*ofrecer=, to offer =oscilación=, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs =perturbar=, to disturb =sorprendente=, surprising =suma redonda=, lump sum =*volcar=, to capsize, to overturn

[Footnote 98: Neighbour, _person living near_: vecino.]

EXERCISE 1 (23).

Translate into English--

1. Debido á la última baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos ofrecerles una reducción de diez por ciento en los precios de esos géneros.

2. Está visto que el gobierno de aquella república no sólo no se ocupa de elevar el crédito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de perturbar el mercado bursátil (the money market).

3. Se ha repetido en ésta la oscilación que hubo en la semana pasada.

4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto á 82 y la Renta Italiana á 101, habiendo bajado más tarde aquéllos á 81 1/2 y ésta á 100.

5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subió hasta (to) 103.

6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros.

7. Esto es muy natural, aquéllo es sorprendente.

8. Yo le digo ésto: lo haré.

9. Eso me conviene.

EXERCISE 2 (24).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with at least ten lay days for discharging.

2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect.

3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursión de prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volcó).

4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of £1,000.

5. The working (la explotación) of those collieries has resulted in a loss.