Part 8
11. Se supone que dicho (said) convenio será sometido al senado antes de Navidad.
12. Se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado (shipwrecked) un buque en la costa de Marruecos (Morocco) y de haber varado otro en Almería.
EXERCISE 2 (44).
Translate into Spanish--
1. I do not consider (no creo que) I have been fairly (equitativamente _or_ bien) treated.
2. Silk and Cotton Linings.--We note (nos enteramos de) your complaints but you know they were bought as job lots (imperfectos) and in buying such lots, one has to put up with (conformarse con) some imperfections (defectos, imperfecciones).
3. The hats and caps have turned out (salido) excellently.
4. The former (aquéllos) are exactly of the shape and curl you require and the latter (éstas) include (abarcan) a large variety of designs.
5. They will reach you (le llegarán) in plenty of time (con bastante anticipación) for the coming (entrante) season.
6. Please report (hacer sus comentos) on samples as soon as received (luego que las reciban).
7. Reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up (mantenerse al corriente), but reading the sensational news (noticias sensacionales) of a certain press (prensa) is wasting one's time.
8. Are you going to Spain this year?
9. I do not think so, my correspondent is coming to England.
10. We shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us (que nos envíe) a copy of the report.
11. Did you hear him saying that?
12. I regret having to inform you that once I have paid what I owe (to owe = deber), I shall not continue my transactions with your firm.
LESSON XXIII. (Lección vigésima tercera.)
THE MOODS (_contd._).
The =Indicative Mood= (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that expresses the action in a =positive manner=, as a =fact=.
The =Conditional Mood= (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the Indicative Mood in a positive manner, =but subject to a condition=.
The =Imperative Mood= is used to command or to beg. This mood has only one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as--
Habla tú: Speak thou. Hablad vosotros: Speak ye _or_ you.
The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from the Present Subjunctive.[141]
In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj. may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes apparent by the use of _Que_, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as--
Escríbalo él _or_ Que lo escriba él: Let him write it.
There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142]
[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons; (auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.]
[Footnote 141: With only one exception-- =Ir= (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.--Vayamos. 1st pers. pl., Imperative--Vayamos _or_ vamos (more used).]
[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as: No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no habléis, no hablen. The difference is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.]
=The Subjunctive Mood=.
This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs "may," "might," "should," "would."
=Note=.--The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore applied irrespective of the English construction.
GENERAL RULE.
The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as--
Yo quiero que él venga: I wish him to come. Yo quiero que él vaya: I wish him to go.
And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause, the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner (i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the mind), as--
Yo declare que él vino (_or_ vendría): I say that he came _or_ that he would come. Yo espero que él venga: I hope that he may come. Yo esperaba que él viniese: I hoped that he might, _or_ would come.
SPECIAL RULES.
I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different.
EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the Subjunctive Mood--
aconsejar (to advise) alegrarse de que (to be glad that) avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that) conceder (to grant) conseguir (to obtain) desear (to desire) esperar (to hope) evitar (to avoid) impedir (to hinder) mandar (to order) querer (to wish) rogar (to ask, to beg) sentir (to regret) temer (to fear) confiar en que (to trust)
N.B.--(_a_) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the Infinitive Mood, as--
Deseo que venga: I wish him to come. Deseo venir: I wish to come.
(_b_) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative may be used instead of the Subjunctive.
(_c_) After "mandar" (to order) the subordinate verb is often in the Infinitive instead of the Subjunctive, as--
Mándele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it. Mándeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it.
VOCABULARY.
=agradar, favorecer=, to oblige =almacenero, dependiente de almacén=, warehouseman =celebrar=, to be glad of =colorido=, colouring =*complacer=, to oblige =complazco, etc=., I oblige, etc. =(el) cortapluma=, penknife =cortésmente=, politely =coste flete y seguro=, cost, freight and insurance =*dar las gracias=, to hank =demora=, delay =*demostrar confianza=, to show confidence =deplorar=, to deplore =dictados=, dictates =en seguida=, at once =franco de avería particular=, free of particular average =*hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance =intereses=, interests =justificarse=, to justify oneself =mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly =navajas de afeitar=, razors =obrar=, to act =patines=, skates =primer dependiente=, chief clerk =propio=, own =*rogar=, to beg, to request =ruego, etc=., I beg, etc. =sin novedad=, safe and sound =tela para pantalones=, trousering =tijeras=, scissors
EXERCISE 1 (45).
Translate into English--
1. En nuestra anterior les rogámos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las telas de nuestros competidores.
2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de vía (route) que hemos adoptado para sus envíos.
3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento también que mi primer dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar.
4. Me avergüenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacén negligente haya recibido V. un género por otro (the wrong goods).
5. Nunca me avergüenzo de hablar á las claras (openly, clearly).
6. No podemos ni deberíamos querer impedir á los otros que piensen como quieran; lo que sí debemos hacer es aconsejar á todos que obren según los dictados de su propia conciencia.
7. Lo que me esté bien (is my duty) hacer lo haré.
8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones.
9. Deploro que él quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de sutiles (which do not stand the light of day).
10. Explícate para que te entienda.
11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling).
12. Explíqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about).
13. No le explique V. más de lo necesario.
[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.]
EXERCISE 2 (46).
Translate into Spanish--
1. We should like to do more business with your firm.
2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance.
3. He would do well to write it to them.
4. Let him write at once.
5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care of yourself.
6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is doing a successful (buenos) business.
7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you.
8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no difficulty.
9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated (estipulado).
10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you to realise a substantial (buena) profit.
11. Tell the clerk to write more politely.
12. Order them to do it quickly.
13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow.
14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced (nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran á manos) without delay.
15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your interests.
16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or f.p.a.[144]
17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145]
[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.]
[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.]
LESSON XXIV. (Lección vigésima cuarta.)
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (_contd._).
II. The Subjunctive Mood is used after Impersonal verbs, as
Es menester que lo haga: It is needful that he does it. Es necesario que lo haga: It is necessary that he does it.
EXCEPTIONS--
1. When the Impersonal Verb expresses certainty, as--
Es cierto que lo hará: It is certain that he will do it.
2. When the dependent verb has not its own subject, both the following constructions are correct--
Es necesario hacerlo: It must be done Es necesario que se haga: It must be done
III. The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following locations---
Antes que (before) En caso que (in case) De miedo que (lest) Por más que (however much, although) Sin que (without) Para que (so that) Á menos que (unless) Salvo que (except that) Con tal que (provided that) Sea que (whether ... or) Aunque (even if)
IV. The Subjunctive Mood is generally used after the following locations, when the action refers to future time, but the Indicative is used when the action refers to the past or present--
Después que (after) Aunque (although) De modo que (so that) No obstante que (notwithstanding) Cuandoquiera que (whenever) Hasta que (until) Luego que (as soon as) Quienquiera que (whoever) Comoquiera que (however) Cualquiera que (whichever, whoever) Dondequiera que (wherever) El 1°, 2°, 3°, etc., que (the 1st 2nd 3rd, etc., that) El único que (the only one that) El solo que (the only one that) El último que (the last that) Nada que (nothng that) Ninguo, nadie que (no one that) El mejor (or any other superlative) que (the best etc., that)
E.g.--
Escribió de modo que su padre quedó contento: He wrote so that his father remained content.
Escriba V. de modo que su padre quede contento: Write so that your father may remain content.
Le pagué aunque no hizo su trabajo: I paid him, although he did not do his work.
No le pagaré aunque haga su trabajo: I shall not pay him although he may do his work.
The above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice, generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to =as a fact= or as =a mere conception=.
V. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _cuando, así como, luego que_ and similar expressions when the action of the verb refers =to the future=, as--
Lo haré cuando tenga tiempo: I shall do it when I have time.
N.B.--The Future Subjunctive is often used in this case.
VI. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _si_ (conditional _if_) when the context requires the following verb in the past form, as--
Lo haría si tuviese (tuviera) dinero: I should do it if I had money.
N.B.--If the context requires the verb in the present form, the Indicative Present must be used, as--
Lo hago si tengo tiempo: I do it if I have time.
Lo haré si tengo tiempo: I shall do it if I have time.
When, as in the latter example a future time is indicated, the Future Subjunctive may be used instead of the Pres. Indicative, as--
Lo haré si tuviere tiempo: I shall do it if (ever) I have time.
VII. After _como_ the Subjunctive Mood is used idiomatically but not necessarily, as--
Como le vió le habló: As soon as he saw him he spoke to him.
Como le viese le habló: On seeing him he spoke to him.
VIII. After _creer, pensar, opinar,_ and similar verbs, the following verb is generally in the Indicative; but after _no creer,_ etc., the verb is in the Subjunctive mood. After _creer,_ etc., used interrogatively, the verb may be Indicative or Subjunctive.
VOCABULARY.
=abacá=, Manilla hemp =calcetines=, half-hose, socks =cáñamo=, hemp =cancelar=, to cancel =coger=, to catch *=conseguir=, to succeed in =contado (al)=, (in) cash =dificultad=, difficulty =un dineral=, a mint of money =encogerse=, to shrink =equivocarse=, to be mistaken =la gente=, the people =mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance =medias=, stockings, hose =ocurrir=, to happen =perfeccionar=, to perfect =persona=, person =por mas que=, however much, whatever *=probar=, to prove, to attempt, to try =pruebo, etc=., I try, etc. *=reconvenir=, to reprimand =repasar=, to look over *=saber=, to know =se, sabes, sabe, etc=., I know, etc. =sepa, sepas, sepa, etc=., I may know, *=ser menester=, to be necessary =telefonear=, to telephone =trabajo=, work =yute=, jute
EXERCISE 1 (47).
Translate into English--
1. Es conveniente (proper) y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe esta cuestión.
2. Es cierto que se acabará.
3. Es posible que suba el mercado; tal vez suba más de lo que se crea.
4. Es el único cliente que no haya pagado su factura.
5. Es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber (to fulfil his duty).
6. Antes que escriba V., repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que haya ocurrido alguna equivocación (mistake).
7. Á menos que pague le citaremos ante los Tribunales (we shall summon him) de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero.
8. Por más que V. diga, las medias, calcetines, y guantes no son iguales á las muestras que sirvieron de base (as a basis) al contrato.
9. Sin que V. me lo diga lo haré, salvo que intervenga algun contratiempo (any hitch should happen) y con tal que, ínterin (in the meantime) llegue su remesa.
10. Sea que llegue, sea que no, V. debería hacerlo aunque le fuese en ello todo su capital (all your capital were at stake).
11. Telefonee V. cuando quiera.
12. Celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible.
13. Así como sepa algo le telefoneare.
14. Enviaría las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera (_imp. subj._ of venir) después con quejas.
15. No creo que cueste muy cara esta seda.
16. No me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transacción.
EXERCISE 2 (48).
Translate into Spanish--
1. It is impossible for us to obtain the goods.
2. He spoke as if he were sure of it.
3. I may (es posible que) accept your price, provided you pay cash.
4. It is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching (en el blanqueo).
5. He insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to insist until he pays him something more.
6. The foreign correspondent (el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras) did his work so that his employer was satisfied.
7. Write clearly so that people may read your writing (su letra) without difficulty.
8. Whenever I spoke to him he was very polite, therefore, I shall put (diré) a word in his favour whenever I can do so.
9. I reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son, and I shall do so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man.
10. The first to come was the office-boy (muchacho, hortera [joc.]), and he will be the last to go (á salir).
11. The first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers (se cogerá los dedos).
12. He was the only one who understood us.
13. He is not the only one who is mistaken.
14. They will not be the only persons who will be mistaken.
15. Whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make (es seguro que hará) a mint of money.
16. We shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax, hemp, Manilla hemp and jute.
LESSON XXV. (Lección vigésima quinta.)
THE TENSES.
The Tenses in Spanish being mostly used as in English, we shall only call attention to such of the principal differences between the two languages as have not yet been treated.
=Present--=
The English emphatic Present, "I do say," must be expressed by "Lo digo en efecto," "lo digo de veras," "lo digo sí."
"I do" with a verb understood after, as "Do you understand? I do" is translated by "Sí," "Sí, señor," or "Sí entiendo."
"Are you an engineer? Yes, I am"; "He is generous with me, and I am with him"; "He is my surety, and I am his"; must be translated by "Es V. ingeniero? Sí, lo soy"; "Es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con él"; "Él es mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo."
=Past--=
The English language has one form of Simple Past--I wrote.
In Spanish this is translated by--
Yo escribía (Imperf. Indic.) or
Yo escribí (Past Definite), according to sense.
It is most important to learn the difference between the Imperfect Indicative and the Past Definite (or Preterite), because these two tenses admit of no compromise in Spanish.
The =Imperfect Indicative=[146] _describes_ an action or state which was _present_ when another past action took place, or another past state existed.
[Footnote 146: Or Descriptive Past.]
The =Past Definite= or =Preterite=[147] _narrates_ an event.[148]
[Footnote 147: Or Narrating Past (this is why it is often called the Historical Past).]
[Footnote 148: "Napoleon I died in 1821" is an event. "I fell" is grammatically also an event.]
Consequently, it will be understood that whilst the Past Def. refers to "one point of time" or "several =separate= points of time," the Imperfect embraces a whole indefinite period.
The following examples will show clearly the different functions of these two tenses--
Le escribí una vez (_or_ dos o tres veces) mientras él viajaba en Argentina: I wrote to him once (or two or three times) whilst he travelled[149] in Argentina.
[Footnote 149: Travelled--was travelling, but notice that in Spanish we would also have the progressive form--"estaba viajando."]
Encontré á Luis, quien llevaba levita negra: I met Louis, who wore[150] a black frock-coat.
[Footnote 150: Wore--was wearing. Here in Spanish the progressive form "estaba llevando" would not be admissible because there is _no real progressive action_.]
Hacía grandes negocios cuando residía en Chile: I had a large business when I resided in Chili.
Los Cartagineses eran un pueblo comercial y emprendedor: The Carthagenians were a commercial and enterprising people.
Él estaba allí cuando yo llegué: He was there when I arrived.
Él leía al entrar yo en el bufete del abogado: He was reading when I entered the lawyer's office.
En Inglaterra trabajaba[151] ocho horas cada día: In England I worked (used to work) eight hours a day.
[Footnote 151: As will be seen, the English "was" followed by a pres. part. or the expression "used to be" may always be rendered by the Spanish Imperfect, but the Spanish progressive form also exists: "Estaba leyendo" (he was reading), and "used to" has its equivalent "solía":--"Solía trabajar 8 horas" (he used to work 8 hours).]
Cada mes recibiamos nuestro sueldo: Each month we received (used to receive) our pay.
Ayer cerré el contrato: Yesterday I signed the contract.
Las pipas de vino resultaron averiadas: The casks of wine were damaged.
Trabajé en Inglaterra 5 años[152]; Viví dos años en Londres y tres en Manchester: I worked 5 years in England; I lived two years in London and three in Manchester.
[Footnote 152: This _is_ "a period of time," but it is _definite_.]
As will be seen in all the examples of the Imperfect, the action or state is described as "existing in the past."
VOCABULARY.
=abarrotado=, glutted, cram full =acorazado=, iron-clad =ajo=, garlic =alerta=, on the alert, on the look out =brisa=, breeze =cebollas=, onions =conducta=, conduct, behaviour =contrabando=, contraband =cosecha=, harvest, harvest-time, crop *=dar en el clavo=, to hit it =dátiles=, dates =encogido=, shrivelled, shrunk =fruta=, fruit =granadas=, pomegranates =guardias aduaneras=, custom house officials =higos=, figs =inmaturo=, verde, unripe =limones=, lemons =llevar=, to carry, to wear =matute=, smuggling =mirar=, to look =moscatel=, muscatel grapes =naranja=, orange ¡=ojo=! attention! =olvidar=, to forget =pasas de Corinto=, currants =podrido=, rotten =por decirlo así=, so to say, as it were *=querer decir=, to mean =recobrar=, to recover =reprensible=, objectionable =resumir=, to recapitulate, to state briefly =sinnúmero=, a large number, innumerable =travesía=, journey by sea
EXERCISE 1 (49).
Translate into English--
1. Cuando yo era más joven y me gustaba viajar, hacía la travesía de Liverpool á Las Palmas todos los años.
2. Estuve allí la última vez en 1905 principalmente para recobrar mi salud, pero como viaje de negocios también tuvo muy buen éxito.
3. No había entonces como la hay hoy en día tanta competencia en ese comercio.
4. Cuando llegó el buque á La Coruña había un sinnúmero de guardias aduaneras alerta, pues se decía que llevaba muchos géneros de contrabando.
5. ¿Qué quiere decir género de matute?
6. De matute es lo mismo que de contrabando y matutero ó contrabandista es el que introduce tales géneros.
7. No sabía esta palabra antes, pero ya no la olvidaré.
8. ¿Ha aprendido V. bien la diferencia entre el preterito y el imperfecto?
9. Perfectamente y voy á resumírsela en dos palabras--El uno es pasado, pasado y nada más, el otro es un presente de lo pasado por decirlo así; ¡mire V.! "Encontré á Carlos": pasado absoluto; "Llevaba sombrero blanco"; pasado _hoy_, presente _entonces_; ¿qué le parece á V.?
10. Me parece que V. ha dado en el clavo y estoy satisfecho.
11. Y ahora ¡ojo! en la aplicación y ¡no olvidar!
EXERCISE 2 (50).
Translate into Spanish--
1. I believe his behaviour is most (muy) objectionable.
2. And I do also.
3. Did you receive the B/L for the cargo (cargamento) of oranges and grapes from Seville?
4. I did; and I expect a good parcel (partida) of muscatels from Valencia as well.
5. Are these the lemons, onions and pomegranates you were expecting?
6. They are.
7. I am sorry they were delayed so long because now the market is glutted with fruit.
8. He is my friend and I am his.
9. We received this year three cargoes of bananas from the Canary Islands (Islas Canarias). Six were consigned to us last year, but we used to receive many more when we sent our traveller in those islands at harvest time.
10. Ten thousand boxes of currants, 3,000 of figs, and 4,561 of dates were sold by auction.
11. There had not been such large quantities offered for a long time (hacía mucho tiempo que).
12. The iron-clad "Achilles" left yesterday for Vigo. The sea was perfectly calm although a light breeze blew, _or_ was blowing (soplaba _not_ estaba soplando), from the S.W. (sudoeste).
13. The commission-agent (comisionista) went by the three o'clock train.
14. When I went to say good-bye to him (para despedirme de 61) he was writing (escribía _or_ estaba escribiendo) a letter.
15. The cargo was examined and it was found that some of the fruit was unripe, some shrivelled or frost-bitten (tomada por la escarcha), and a parcel of garlic was rotten and had to be destroyed.
LESSON XXVI. (Lección vigésima sexta.)
THE TENSES (_contd._).
Uses of the Past Definite (or Preterite) and the Present Perfect (as: Yo he comprado: I have bought).