chapter 12._
ALSO IN: _T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, volume 2, chapters 143, and 156-159._
_Treaties and Conventions between the United States and other countries (edition of 1889), page 438._
_W. Barrows, Oregon._
OREGON: A. D. 1859. Admission into the Union, with a constitution excluding free people of color.
"The fact that the barbarism of slavery was not confined to the slave States had many illustrations. Among them, that afforded by Oregon was a signal example. In 1857 she formed a constitution, and applied for admission into the Union. Though the constitution was in form free, it was very thoroughly imbued with the spirit of slavery; and though four fifths of the votes cast were for the rejection of slavery, there were seven eighths for an article excluding entirely free people of color. As their leaders were mainly proslavery, it is probable that the reason why they excluded slavery from the constitution was their fear of defeat in their application for admission. … On the 11th of February, 1859, Mr. Stephens reported from the Committee on Territories a bill for the admission of Oregon as a State. A minority report, signed by Grow, Granger, and Knapp, was also presented, protesting against its admission with a constitution so discriminating against color. The proposition led to an earnest debate;" but the bill admitting Oregon prevailed, by a vote of 114 to 103 in the House and 35 to 17 in the Senate.
_H. Wilson, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, volume 2, chapter 49._
----------OREGON: End--------
OREJONES, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.
ORELLANA, and his discovery of the Amazons River (1541).
See AMAZONS RIVER.
ORESTÆ, The.
See MACEDONIA.
ORIENTAL CHURCH, The.
See CHRISTIANITY: A. D. 330-1054; ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY; and FILIOQUE CONTROVERSY.
ORIFLAMME, The.
"The Oriflamme was originally the Banner of the Abbey of St. Denis, and was received by the Counts of the Vexin, as 'Avoués' of that Monastery, whenever they engaged in any military expedition. On the union of the Vexin with the Crown effected by Philip I., a similar connexion with the Abbey was supposed to be contracted by the Kings; and accordingly Louis the Fat received the Banner, with the customary solemnities, on his knees, bare-headed, and ungirt. The Banner was a square Gonfalon of flame-coloured silk, unblazoned, with the lower edge cut into three swallow-tails."
_E. Smedley, History of France, part 1, chapter 3, foot-note._
"The Oriflamme was a flame-red banner of silk; three-pointed on its lower side, and tipped with green. It was fastened to a gilt spear."
_G. W. Kitchin, History of France, volume 1, book 3, chapter 5, foot-note._
ORIK, OR OURIQUE, Battle of (1139).
See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1095-1325.
ORISKANY, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1777 (JULY-OCTOBER).
ORKNEYS: 8-14th Centuries. The Norse Jarls.
See NORMANS: 8-9TH CENTURIES; and 10-13TH CENTURIES.
ORLEANISTS.
See LEGITIMISTS.
ORLEANS, The Duke of: Regency.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1715-1723.
----------ORLEANS, The House of: Start--------
ORLEANS, The House of: Origin.
See BOURBON, THE HOUSE OF.
ORLEANS, The House of: A. D. 1447. Origin of claims to the duchy of Milan.
See MILAN: A. D. 1447-1454.
----------ORLEANS, The House of: End--------
----------ORLEANS, The City: Start--------
ORLEANS, The City: Origin and name.
"The Loire, flowing first northwards, then westwards, protects, by its broad sickle of waters, this portion of Gaul, and the Loire itself is commanded at its most northerly point by that city which, known in Caesar's day as Genabum, had taken the name Aureliani from the great Emperor, the conqueror of Zenobia, and is now called Orleans."
_T. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, book 2, chapter 3 (volume 2)._
See, also, GENABUM.
ORLEANS, The City: Early history.
See GAUL: B. C. 58-51.
ORLEANS, The City: A. D. 451. Siege by Attila.
See HUNS: A. D. 451.
ORLEANS, The City: A. D. 511-752. A Merovingian capital.
See FRANKS: A. D. 511-752.
ORLEANS, The City: A. D. 1429. Deliverance by Joan of Arc.
In the summer of 1428 the English, under the Duke of Bedford, having maintained and extended the conquests of Henry V., were masters of nearly the whole of France north of the Loire. The city of Orleans, however, on the north bank of that river, was still held by the French, and its reduction was determined upon. The siege began in October, and after some months of vigorous operations there seemed to be no doubt that the hard-pressed city must succumb. It was then that Joan of Arc, known afterwards as the Maid of Orleans, appeared, and by the confidence she inspired drove the English from the field. They raised the siege on the 12th of May, 1429, and lost ground in France from that day.
_Monstrelet, Chronicles, book 2, chapters 52-60._
See FRANCE: A. D. 1429-1431.
ORLEANS, The City: A. D. 1870. Taken by the Germans. Recovered by the French. Again lost. Repeated battles.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1870 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER); and 1870-1871.
----------ORLEANS, The City: End--------
ORLEANS, The Territory of.
See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1804-1812; and 1812.
ORMÉE OF BORDEAUX, The.
See BORDEAUX: A. D. 1652-1653.
{2404}
OROPUS, Naval Battle at.
The Athenians suffered a defeat at the hands of the Spartans in a sea fight at Oropus, B. C. 411, as a consequence of which they lost the island of Eubœa. It was one of the most disastrous in the later period of the Peloponnesian War.
_Thucydides, History, book 8, section 95._
ORPHANS, The.
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434.
ORSINI, OR URSINI, The.
See ROME: 13-14TH CENTURIES.
ORTHAGORIDÆ, The.
See SICYON.
ORTHES, Battle of (1814).
See SPAIN: A. D. 1812-1814.
ORTHODOX, OR GREEK CHURCH, The.
See CHRISTIANITY: A. D. 330-1054; also, ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY, and FILIOQUE CONTROVERSY.
ORTOSPANA.
The ancient name of the city of Cabul.
ORTYGIA.
See SYRACUSE.
OSAGES, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY, and SIOUAN FAMILY.
OSCANS, The.
"The Oscan or Opican race was at one time very widely spread over the south (of Italy]. The Auruncans of Lower Latium belonged to this race, as also the Ausonians, who once gave name to Central Italy, and probably also the Volscians and the Æquians. In Campania the Oscan language was preserved to a late period in Roman history, and inscriptions still remain which can be interpreted by those familiar with Latin."
_H. G. Liddell, History of Rome, introduction, section 2_.
See, also, ITALY: ANCIENT.
OSCAR I., King of Sweden, A. D. 1844-1859.
Oscar II., King of Sweden, 1872-.
OSI, The.
See ARAVISCI; also, GOTHINI.
OSISMI, The.
See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.
OSMAN. OSMANLI.
See OTHMAN.
OSMANLIS.
See TURKS (OTTOMANS): A. D. 1240-1326.
OSNABRÜCK: A. D. 1644-1648. Negotiation of the Peace of Westphalia.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1648.
OSRHOËNE, OSROËNE.
A small principality or petty kingdom surrounding the city of Edessa, its capital, in northwestern Mesopotamia. It appears to have acquired its name and some little importance during the period of Parthian supremacy. It was a prince of Osrhoëne who betrayed the ill-fated army of Crassus to the Parthians at Carrhæ. In the reign of Caracalla Osrhoëne was made a Roman province. Edessa, the capital, claimed great antiquity, but is believed to have been really founded by Seleucus. During the first ten or eleven centuries of the Christian era Edessa was a city of superior importance in the eastern world, under dependent kings or princes of its own. It was especially noted for its schools of theology.
_G. Rawlinson, Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,