chapter 1._
NO POPERY RIOTS, The.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1778-1780.
NOBLES, Roman: Origin of the term.
"When Livy in his first six books writes of the disputes between the Patres or Patricians and the Plebs about the Public Land, he sometimes designates the Patricians by the name Nobiles, which we have in the form Nobles. A Nobilis is a man who is known. A man who is not known is Ignobilis, a nobody. In the later Republic a Plebeian who attained to a curule office elevated his family to a rank of honour, to a nobility, not acknowledged by any law, but by usage. … The Patricians were a nobility of ancient date. … The Patrician nobility was therefore independent of all office, but the new Nobility and their Jus Imaginum originated in some Plebeian who first of his family attained a curule office. … The true conclusion is that Livy in his first six books uses the word Nobiles improperly, for there is no evidence that this name was given to the Patres before the consulship of L. Sextius."
_G. Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, volume 1, chapter 11._
See, also, ROME: B. C. 146.
NOËTIANS AND SABELLIANS.
"At the head of those in this century [the 3d] who explained the scriptural doctrine of the Father, Son, and holy Spirit, by the precepts of reason, stands Noëtus of Smyrna; a man little known, but who is reported by the ancients to have been cast out of the church by presbyters (of whom no account is given), to have opened a school, and to have formed a sect. It is stated that, being wholly unable to comprehend how that God, who is so often in Scripture declared to be one and undivided, can, at the same time, be manifold, Noëtus concluded that the undivided Father of all things united himself, with the man Christ, was born in him, and in him suffered and died. On account of this doctrine his followers were called Patripassians. … After the middle of this century, Sabellius, an African bishop, or presbyter, of Ptolemais, the capital of the Pentapolitan province of Libya Cyrenaica, attempted to reconcile, in a manner somewhat different from that of Noëtus, the scriptural doctrine of Father, Son, and holy Spirit, with the doctrine of the unity of the divine nature." Sabellius assumed "that only an energy or virtue, emitted from the Father of all, or, if you choose, a particle of the person or nature of the Father, became united with the man Christ. And such a virtue or particle of the Father, he also supposed, constituted the holy Spirit."
_J. L. von Mosheim, Historical Commentaries, 3d Century, sections 32-33._
NÖFELS, NAEFELS, Battle of (1388).
See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1386-1388.
Battle of (1799).
See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).
NOLA, Battle of (B. C. 88).
See ROME: B. C. 90-88.
NOMBRE DE DIOS: Surprised and plundered by Drake (1572).
See AMERICA: A. D. 1572-1580.
NOMEN, COGNOMEN, PRÆNOMEN.
See GENS.
NOMES.
A name given by the Greeks to the districts into which Egypt was divided from very ancient times.
NOMOPHYLAKES.
In ancient Athens, under the constitution introduced by Pericles, seven magistrates called Nomophylakes, or "Law-Guardians," "sat alongside of the Proedri, or presidents, both in the senate and in the public assembly, and were charged with the duty of interposing whenever any step was taken or any proposition made contrary to the existing laws. They were also empowered to constrain the magistrates to act according to law."
_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 46._
NOMOTHETÆ, The.
A legislative commission, elected and deputed by the general assembly of the people, in ancient Athens, to amend existing laws or enact new ones.
_G. F. Schömann, Antiquity of Greece: The State, part 3, chapter 3._
NONCONFORMISTS, DISSENTERS, English: First bodies organized. Persecutions under Charles II. and Anne.- Removal of Disabilities.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1559-1566; 1662-1665; 1672-1673; 1711-1714; 1827-1828.
NONES.
See CALENDAR, JULIAN.
NONINTERCOURSE LAW OF 1809, The American.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1804-1809.
NONJURORS, The.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1689 (APRIL-AUGUST).
NOOTKAS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: WAKASHAN FAMILY.
NOPH.
See MEMPHIS.
NÖRDLINGEN, Siege and Battle (1634).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1634-1639.
Second Battle, or Battle of Allerheim (1645).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1640-1645.
NORE, Mutiny at the.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1797.
NOREMBEGA.
See NORUMBEGA.
----------NORFOLK, VIRGINIA: Start--------
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA: A. D. 1776. Bombardment and destruction.
See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1775-1776.
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA: A. D. 1779. Pillaged by British marauders.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778-1779 WASHINGTON GUARDING THE HUDSON.
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA: A. D. 1861 (April). Abandoned by the United States commandant. Destruction of ships and property. Possession taken by the Rebels.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (APRIL).
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA: A. D. 1862 (February). Threatened by the Federal capture of Roanoke Island.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-APRIL: NORTH CAROLINA).
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA: A. D. 1862 (May). Evacuated by the Confederates.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862 (MAY: VIRGINIA) EVACUATION OF NORFOLK.
----------NORFOLK, VIRGINIA: End--------
NORFOLK ISLAND PENAL COLONY.
See AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1601-1800.
NORICUM.
See PANNONIA; also, RHÆTIANS.
----------NORMANDY: Start--------
NORMANDY: A. D. 876-911. Rollo's conquest and occupation.
See NORMANS. NORTHMEN: A. D. 876-911.
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NORMANDY: A. D. 911-1000. The solidifying of Rollo's duchy. The Normans become French.
The first century which passed after the settlement of the Northmen along the Seine saw "the steady growth of the duchy in extent and power. Much of this was due to the ability of its rulers, to the vigour and wisdom with which Hrolf forced order and justice on the new community, as well as to the political tact with which both Hrolf and William Longsword [son and successor of Duke Rollo or Hrolf, A. D. 927-943] clung to the Karolings in their strife with the dukes of Paris. But still more was owing to the steadiness with which both these rulers remained faithful to the Christianity which had been imposed on the northmen as a condition of their settlement, and to the firm resolve with which they trampled down the temper and traditions which their people had brought from their Scandinavian homeland, and welcomed the language and civilization which came in the wake of their neighbours' religion. The difficulties that met the dukes were indeed enormous. … They were girt in by hostile states, they were threatened at sea by England, under Æthelstan a network of alliances menaced them with ruin. Once a French army occupied Rouen, and a French king held the pirates' land at his will; once the German lances were seen from the walls of their capital. Nor were their difficulties within less than those without. The subject population which had been trodden under foot by the northern settlers were seething with discontent. The policy of Christianization and civilization broke the Normans themselves into two parties. … The very conquests of Hrolf and his successor, the Bessin, the Cotentin, had to be settled and held by the new comers, who made them strongholds of heathendom. … But amidst difficulties from within and from without the dukes held firm to their course, and their stubborn will had its reward. … By the end of William Longsword's days all Normandy, save the newly settled districts of the west, was Christian, and spoke French. … The work of the statesman at last completed the work of the sword. As the connexion of the dukes with the Karoling kings had given them the land, and helped them for fifty years to hold it against the House of Paris, so in the downfall of the Karolings the sudden and adroit change of front which bound the Norman rulers to the House of Paris in its successful struggle for the Crown secured the land for ever to the northmen. The close connexion which France was forced to maintain with the state whose support held the new royal line on its throne told both on kingdom and duchy. The French dread of the 'pirates' died gradually away, while French influence spread yet more rapidly over a people which clung so closely to the French crown."
_J. R. Green, The Conquest of England,