chapter 21 (volume 4)._
ALSO IN: _J. H. Newman, History of my Religious Opinions (Apologia pro Vita Sua)._
_J. H. Newman, Letters and Correspondence to 1845._
_R. W. Church, The Oxford Movement._
_W. Palmer, Narrative of Events Connected with the Tracts for the Times._
_T. Mozley, Reminiscences._
_Sir J. T. Coleridge, Life of John Keble._
OXFORD UNIVERSITY.
See EDUCATION, MEDIÆVAL: ENGLAND, and after.
OXGANG.
See BOVATE.
OXUS, The.
Now called the Amoo, or Jihon River, in Russian Central Asia.
OYER AND TERMINER, Courts of.
See LAW, CRIMINAL: A. D. 1285.
P.
PACAGUARA, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.
PACAMORA, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.
PACHA.
See BEY.
PACIFIC OCEAN: Its Discovery and its Name.
The first European to reach the shores of the Pacific Ocean was Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, who saw it, from "a peak in Darien" on the 25th of September, 1513 (see AMERICA: A. D. 1513-1517). "It was not for some years after this discovery that the name Pacific was applied to any part of the ocean; and for a long time after parts only of it were so termed, this part of it retained the original name of South Sea, so called because it lay to the south of its discoverer. The lettering of the early maps is here significant. All along from this time to the middle of the 17th century, the larger part of the Pacific was labeled 'Oceanus Indicus Orientalis,' or 'Mar del Sur,' the Atlantic, opposite the Isthmus, being called 'Mar del Norte.' Sometimes the reporters called the South Sea 'La Otra Mar,' in contradistinction to the 'Mare Oceanus' of Juan de la Cosa, or the 'Oceanus Occidentalis' of Ptolemy, as the Atlantic was then called. Indeed, the Atlantic was not generally known by that name for some time yet. Schöner, in 1520, terms it, as does Ptolemy in 1513, 'Oceanus Occidentalis'; Grynæus, in 1532, 'Oceanus Magnus'; Apianus, appearing in the Cosmography of 1575, although thought to have been drawn in 1520, 'Mar Atlicum.' Robert Thorne, 1527, in Hakluyt's Voy., writes' Oceanus Occiden.'; Bordone, 1528, 'Mare Occidentale'; Ptolemy, 1530, 'Occean Occidentalis'; Ramusio, 1565, Viaggi, iii. 455, off Central America, 'Mar del Nort,' and in the great ocean, both north and south, 'Mar Ociano'; Mercator, 1569, north of the tropic of cancer, 'Oceanius Atlanticvs'; Hondius, 1595, 'Mar del Nort'; West-Indische Spieghel, 1624, 'Mar del Nort'; De Laet, 1633, 'Mar del Norte'; Jacob Colon, 1663, 'Mar del Nort'; Ogilby, 1671, 'Oceanus Atlanticum,' 'Mar del Norte,' and 'Oceanus Æthiopicus'; Dampier, 1699, 'the North or Atlantick Sea.' The Portuguese map of 1518, Munich Atlas, iv., is the first upon which I have seen a name applied to the Pacific; and there it is given … as 'Mar visto pelos Castelhanos,' Sea seen by the Spaniards. … On the globe of Johann Schöner, 1520, the two continents of America are represented with a strait dividing them at the Isthmus. {2409} The great island of Zipangri, or Japan, lies about midway between North America and Asia. North of this island … are the words 'Orientalis Oceanus,' and to the same ocean south of the equator the words 'Oceanus Orientalis Indicus' are applied. Diego Homem, 1558, marks out upon his map a large body of water to the north-west of 'Terra de Florida,' and west of Canada, and labels it 'Mare leparamantium.' … Colon and Ribero call the South Sea 'Mar del Svr.' In Hakluyt's Voy. we find that Robert Thorne, in 1527, wrote 'Mare Australe.' Ptolemy, in 1530, places near the Straits of Magellan, 'Mare pacificum.' Ramusio, 1565, Viaggi, iii. 455, off Central America, places 'Mar del Sur,' and off the Straits of Magellan, 'Mar Oceano.' Mercator places in his atlas of 1569 plainly, near the Straits of Magellan, 'El Mar Pacifico,' and in the great sea off Central America 'Mar del Zur.' On the map of Hondius, about 1595, in Drake's' 'World Encompassed,' the general term 'Mare Pacificvm' is applied to the Pacific Ocean, the words being in large letters extending across the ocean opposite Central America, while under it in smaller letters is 'Mar del Sur.' This clearly restricts the name South Sea to a narrow locality, even at this date. In Hondius' Map, 'Purchas, His Pilgrimes,' iv. 857, the south Pacific is called 'Mare Pacificum,' and the central Pacific 'Mar del Sur.'"
_H. H. Bancroft, History of the Pacific States, volume 1, pages 373-374, foot-note._
PACTA CONVENTA, The Polish.
See POLAND: A. D. 1573.
PACTOLUS, Battle of the (B. C. 395).
See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.
PADISCHAH.
See BEY; also CRAL.
----------PADUA: Start--------
PADUA: Origin.
See VENETI OF CISALPINE GAUL.
PADUA: A. D. 452. Destruction by the Huns.
See HUNS: A. D. 452; also VENICE: A. D. 452.
PADUA: 11-12th Centuries. Rise and acquisition of Republican independence.
See ITALY: A. D. 1056-1152.
PADUA: A. D. 1237-1256: The tyranny of Eccelino di Romano. The Crusade against him. Capture and pillage of the city by its deliverers.
See VERONA: A. D. 1236-1259.
PADUA: A. D. 1328-1338. Submission to Can' Grande della Scala. Recovery from his successor. The founding of the sovereignty of the Carrara family.
See VERONA: A. D. 1260-1338.
PADUA: A. D. 1388. Yielded to the Visconti of Milan.
See MILAN: A. D. 1277-1447.
PADUA: A. D. 1402. Struggle of Francesco Carrara with Visconti of Milan.
See MILAN: A. D. 1277-1447; and FLORENCE: A. D. 1390-1406.
PADUA: A. D. 1405. Added to the dominion of Venice.
See ITALY: A. D. 1402-1406.
PADUA: A. D. 1509-1513. In the War of the League of Cambrai. Siege by the Emperor Maximilian.
See ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513.
----------PADUA: End--------
PADUCAH: Repulse of Forrest.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (APRIL: TENNESSEE).
PADUS, The.
The name by which the river Po was known to the Romans. Dividing Cisalpine Gaul, as the river did, into two parts, they called the northern part Transpadane and the southern part Cispadane Gaul.
PÆANS.
"The pæans [among the ancient Greeks] were songs of which the tune and words expressed courage and confidence. 'All sounds of lamentation,' … says Callimachus, 'cease when the Ie Pæan, Ie Pæan, is heard.' … Pæans were sung, not only when there was a hope of being able, by the help of the gods, to overcome a great and imminent danger, but when the danger was happily past; they were songs of hope and confidence as well as of thanksgiving for, victory and safety."
_K. O. Müller, History of the Literature of Ancient Greece, volume 1, page 27._
PÆONIANS, The.
"The Pæonians, a numerous and much-divided race, seemingly neither Thracian nor Macedonian nor Illyrian, but professing to be descended from the Teukri of Troy, … occupied both banks of the Strymon, from the neighbourhood of Mount Skomius, in which that river rises, down to the lake near its mouth. … The Pæonians, in their north-western tribes, thus bordered upon the Macedonian Pelagonia, —in their northern tribes upon the Illyrian Dardani and Autariatæ,—in the eastern, southern and south-eastern tribes, upon the Thracians and Pierians."
_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 25._
Darius, king of Persia, is said to have caused a great part of the Pæonians to be transported to a district in Phrygia, but they escaped and returned home.
PAGANISM: Suppressed in the Roman Empire.
See ROME: A. D. 391-395.
PAGE.
See CHIVALRY.
PAGUS.
See GENS, ROMAN; also, HUNDRED.
PAIDONOMUS, The.
The title of an officer who was charged with the general direction of the education and discipline of the young in ancient Sparta.
_G. Schömann, Antiquities of Greece: The State, part 3, chapter 1._
PAINE, Thomas, and the American Revolution.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776 (JANUARY-JUNE) KING GEORGE'S WAR MEASURES.
PAINTED CHAMBER.
See WESTMINSTER PALACE.
PAINTSVILLE, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE).
PAIONIANS, The.
See ALBANIANS.
PAIRS, Legislative.
See WHIPS, PARTY.
PAITA: A. D. 1740. Destroyed by Commodore Anson.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1739-1741.
PAITA, The.
See CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA.
PALACE, Origin of the name.
The house of the first of the Roman Emperors, Augustus, was on the Palatine Hill, which had been appropriated by the nobility for their residence from the earliest age of the republic. The residence of Augustus was a quite ordinary mansion until A. U. C. 748 (B. C. 6) when it was destroyed by fire. It was then rebuilt on a grander scale, the people contributing, in small individual sums—a kind of popular testimonial—to the cost. Augustus affected to consider it public property, and gave up a large part of it to the recreation of the citizens. His successors added to it, and built more and more edifices connected with it; so that, naturally, it appropriated to itself the name of the hill and came to be known as the Palatium, or Palace.
_C. Merivale, History of the Romans,