Part 14
DRESS--Primitively the men dressed in deerskin shirts, hip-leggings, moccasins, and native blankets. These were superseded by what has been the more universal costume during the present generation: close-fitting cotton or velvet shirt, without collar, cut rather low about the neck and left open under the arms; breeches fashioned from any pleasing, but usually very thin, material, and extending below the knees, being left open at the outer sides from the bottom to a little above the knees; deerskin moccasins with rawhide soles, which come to a little above the ankles, and brown deerskin leggings from moccasin-top to knee, held in place at the knee by a woven garter wound several times around the leg and the end tucked in. The hair is held back from the eyes by a head-band tied in a knot at the back. In early times the women wore deerskin waist, skirt, moccasins, and blanket, but these gradually gave place to the so-called "squaw-dress," woven on the blanket loom, and consisting of two small blankets laced together at the sides, leaving arm-holes, and without being closed at top or bottom. The top then was laced together, leaving an opening for the head, like a poncho. This blanket-dress was of plain dark colors. To-day it has practically disappeared as an article of Navaho costume, the typical "best" dress of the women now consisting of a velvet or other cloth skirt reaching to the ankles, a velvet shirt-like waist cut in practically the same manner as that of the men, and also left open under the arms. Many silver and shell ornaments are worn by both sexes. The women part their hair down the middle and tie it in a knot at the back.
DWELLINGS--Whatever its form or stability, the Navaho house is called _hogan_. In its most substantial form it is constructed by first planting four heavy crotch posts in the ground; cross logs are placed in the crotches, and smaller ones are leaned from the ground to these, the corner logs being longer, forming a circular framework, which is covered with brush and a heavy coating of earth. The entrance is invariably at the east. The building of a hogan and its first occupancy are attended with ceremony and prayer. For the great nine-day rites hogans like those used as dwellings, but larger, are built. Generally they are used for the one occasion only, but in localities where there are very few trees the same ceremonial hogan may be used for a generation or more. For summer use a brush shelter, usually supported by four corner posts and sometimes protected by a windbreak, is invariably used, supplanting a once common single slant shelter.
PRIMITIVE FOODS--See the list in the vocabulary.
ARTS AND INDUSTRIES--The Navaho are known the world over for their skill in weaving. Practically every Navaho woman is a weaver, and the blanketry produced is one of the most important handicrafts of any tribe of North American Indians. A few baskets, of a single form, are made, and for ceremonial use only, most so-called Navaho ceremonial baskets being manufactured by neighboring tribes. The Navaho are also skilful silversmiths, having learned the art of metal-working from the Spaniards. Their first work of this character, however, was in iron, but this was superseded by the more easily worked silver. Some pottery is made, but it is rather crude in form, black in color, and without decoration.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION--The government of the Navaho is rather loose; indeed, inasmuch as they have no head-chief strictly such, it may be said that they have no _tribal_ government. Their code of ethics and morals is governed almost entirely by their religious beliefs. There is always a man who is denominated the head-chief, but his influence is seldom much greater than that of any one of the many subordinate chiefs who are the recognized heads of small groups only.
CLANS--Descent is reckoned through the mother, and a man and a woman belonging to the same clan may not marry. There are also related clans, forming phratries, within which marriage is also prohibited by tribal custom. In the Navaho creation myth it is related that four pairs of men and women were made by Yolkai Estsan at her home beyond the western ocean, whence they migrated eastward, far inland, joining others of their kind created but a short time previously. Each parent pair was given a sacred jewel wand with which to bring water from the earth if no springs were found during the journey. The first man brought water with ease, remarking, "The water is close," owing to which circumstance he came to be termed To Ahani, Water Is Close. In a similar way the other three pairs received the names of To Dichini, Bitter Water; Hashkli{~COMBINING BREVE~}shni, Mud; and Kinya Ani, Houses in the Cliffs. It required four days to make the journey from the ocean to what was to be their homeland. On the first day children were born to the several pairs; they matured by nightfall and camped apart from the parents as though they were not of kin, and received in turn a family name derived from their camp surroundings, from peculiarity of dress or form, or from remarks they made. These in turn bore children on the following day, who gave birth to others on the third. Thus were produced three new generations from each parent pair. All these then became clanship groups bearing names now applied to various Navaho clans. The four generations, including the original pairs, formed phratries, which have no names. The clans in each phratry in the order of generations are as follows:
To Ahani - Water Is Close Tzilh Klaani - Mountain Corner Tane Zani - Scattered Mounds Hone Gani - Goes Around
To Dichini - Bitter Water Tsins Akani - Under the Trees Bin Betoni - Deer Spring To Dakoshe - Salty Water
Hashkli{~COMBINING BREVE~}shni - Mud To Tsu{~COMBINING BREVE~}hni - Big Water Bitani - Folds her Arms Hluha Dine{~COMBINING BREVE~} - Reed People
Ki{~COMBINING BREVE~}nya Ani - Houses in the Cliffs Be Aani - Fallen Leaves Tzilh Tad - In Front of the Mountains Ki{~COMBINING BREVE~}nya Ani - (An inferior clan of the same name as the first of this group)
Cliff people already occupying the country formed three clans: Tsenijikinne{~COMBINING BREVE~}, In the Rock Houses; To Het Kli{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni, Where the Waters Come Together; and Tzilhnuhodinli, Beside the Mountain. An old woman joined the Navaho from the salt lakes to the south, heading the Ashihin clan. People from Jemez formed the Mai Deshkis, or Coyote Pass, clan; Apache from the Cibicu canon, the Deschini clan, or Red-light People, and families from Zuni the Nashtezhe{~COMBINING BREVE~}, Blackened Eyebrows, clan, and Tuh'chini, Red Heads, clan, so called from their painted faces and bodies. There are numerous other clanship groups derived from adopted peoples now recognized as being distinctly Navaho; the first sixteen clans here named are accepted in the tribe as being strictly Navaho in origin.
MARRIAGE--The girl's consent is necessary to marriage, but tribal custom demands that the intended husband compensate her parents, the usual price being fourteen horses and a silver belt. Indeed, the bringing of the horses is a part of the ceremony. When a young man desires to marry, but does not have the necessary number of horses, his friends aid him by presenting horses until he has the required number. The marriage ceremony takes place at night under the direction of a medicine-man.
[Illustration: _Ga__n__askidi_ - Navaho]
_Ga__n__askidi_ - Navaho
_From Copyright Photograph 1904 by E.S. Curtis_
ORIGIN--Mythical First People produced from corn, rain, pollen, and precious stones in a miraculous manner by four gods and the Winds.
PERSONS OF MIRACULOUS BIRTH--Naye{~COMBINING BREVE~}nezgani and Tobadzischi{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni are the sons of the Sun and Water respectively, and the virgin Yolkai Estsan, White-Shell Woman. Man-destroying monsters, symbolic of earthly evils, infested the earth until destroyed by these two miraculous personages.
CEREMONIES--The Navaho life is particularly rich in ceremony and ritual, second only to some of the Pueblo groups. Note is made of nine of their great nine-day ceremonies for the treatment of ills, mental and physical. There are also many less important ceremonies occupying four days, two days, and one day in their performance. In these ceremonies many dry-paintings, or "sand altars," are made, depicting the characters and incidents of myths. Almost every act of their life--the building of the hogan, the planting of crops, etc.--is ceremonial in nature, each being attended with songs and prayers.
BURIAL--The Navaho dead are buried by others than immediate relatives in unmarked graves. No ceremonies are held, for the dead are considered evil and are feared. The hogan in which death occurs is forever abandoned, often burned. Sometimes a hogan is demolished over the dead and then left to decay.
AFTER-WORLD--An under-world whence came the spirit people who created man and to which spirits return.
NAMES FOR INDIAN TRIBES--
Acoma - Haqoni (An Acoma word) Apache - Tzlih A Gon (On the Mountains) Chiricahua - Kli{~COMBINING BREVE~}shni (Red War-paint) Cochiti - To Gad (Cedar Water) Comanche - Ana Tlu{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni (Many Enemies) Havasupai - Gohni{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni (A term borrowed from the Hopi) Hopi - Aya Kinne{~COMBINING BREVE~} (Hole Houses) Isleta - Ana To Ho (Tribe by the Water) Jemez - Mai Deshkis (Coyote Pass) Laguna - To Tlu{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni (Have much Water) Mohave, Pima, Maricopa, Yuma, Papago - Be Esa Ntsai (With large Jars) Navaho - Dine{~COMBINING BREVE~} Sandia - Kin Nodozi (Striped Houses) San Felipe - To Hachele (Pull up Water) San Ildefonso - Tse Tu Kinne{~COMBINING BREVE~} (Houses between Rocks) San Juan - Kin Klechini (Red-house People) Santa Clara - Ana Su{~COMBINING BREVE~}shi (Tribe like Bears--from skunkskin moccasins, first thought to be of bearskin) Santo Domingo - Kin Klekai Ni (White Houses) Sia - Tlogi (Hairy) Taos - To Wolh (Water Gurgles) Zuni - Nashtezhe{~COMBINING BREVE~} (Blackened Eyebrows)
SOUTHERN ATHAPASCAN COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY
ANATOMICAL TERMS _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ ankle-joint ko-ka{~COMBINING BREVE~} ke{~COMBINING BREVE~}t-sin a-ke{~COMBINING BREVE~}ts-in ilh-ru-nu-ni-wu arm ko-gun gon a-gan blood dilh ti{~COMBINING BREVE~}l-the dilh bone its-i{~COMBINING BREVE~}n i{~COMBINING BREVE~}ts-in ts'in chest i-ti{~COMBINING BREVE~}l ko-ye{~COMBINING BREVE~}-te a-je-i{~COMBINING BREVE~}ts-in chin ko-ye{~COMBINING BREVE~}-da is-e{~COMBINING BREVE~}-ta a{~COMBINING BREVE~}-yats-in ear id-ja id-ja a-ja elbow ko-gun id-an-hla osh-le ilh-ru-nu-ni-wu eye in-da{~COMBINING BREVE~} it-a an-an face ko-ni in-ni an-in finger ko-lu-zhuzh in-la shi-la finger-nail ko-lu-gun in-la-go{~COMBINING BREVE~}n shi-la{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-gan foot ko-ke{~COMBINING BREVE~} i-ka ke hair tsi-ra it-se{~COMBINING BREVE~} tsi-gha{~COMBINING BREVE~} hand ko-gun u-la shi-la head kots-its-i{~COMBINING BREVE~}n i{~COMBINING BREVE~}ts-its-in si{~COMBINING BREVE~}ts-its-in heart kod-ji ko-cha a-je-id-i{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-jalh did-ju-la knee ko-qut i-ko a-whod leg kod-jak i-jad a-jad lip su-su-ba-ne{~COMBINING BREVE~} i-ta a-da lungs kod-ji i-ta-le{~COMBINING BREVE~} a-je mouth ko-za i-ze{~COMBINING BREVE~} si-ze neck ko-gus i-ko{~COMBINING BREVE~}s ak-as nose ko-chi i-chin a-chi{~COMBINING BREVE~}n nostril ko-ni{~COMBINING BREVE~} in-ne{~COMBINING BREVE~} a-ni{~COMBINING BREVE~}n shoulder ko-hwas ih-hwas a-hwas toe ko-ke-zhuzh ih-ke{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh a-ke{~COMBINING BREVE~} toe-nail ko-ke-gun ih-ke{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-gon a-ke{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-gan tongue ko-za ih-za-te a-tso tooth ko-wu ih-gwo a-hwo
ANIMALS (See also FOODS) _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ antelope ja-ge ta-ga-te ju{~COMBINING BREVE~}-di badger bu-nta-le{~COMBINING BREVE~} na-as-chid na-gans-chi-tn bat cha-ba-ne{~COMBINING BREVE~} cha-na-mi-in ja-a-ba-ni bear sush shash sush beaver cha cha cha blue-bird rush-ta do-lo do-li du-tli{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh buffalo bi-shish-jik a-yan-de a-ya-ni buzzard chi-sho-gi ta-cha-ze je-sho chipmunk gu-sus-si in-se-zu-so tsid-i{~COMBINING BREVE~}t-i{~COMBINING BREVE~}-ni coyote ban tsil-i-te{~COMBINING BREVE~}n mai crow ga-ge ka-ge ga-ge deer bin bin bin eagle tsa-cho i-tsa a-tsa elk bin-nal-de{~COMBINING BREVE~} tzes tze gopher na-ilh-tli-gi ma-i-ne-lin na-a-zi-si hawk it-sa it-se{~COMBINING BREVE~}-so-ye g'i{~COMBINING BREVE~}-ni mountain lion ndu-chu en-to-ye nash-tu-i-tso mountain sheep de-be{~COMBINING BREVE~}-chu tse-tu{~COMBINING BREVE~}-de-be zi-de-be{~COMBINING BREVE~} owl bu yi-ye nas-cha rat (wood) klosh-chu kle{~COMBINING BREVE~}-tso kle-e{~COMBINING BREVE~}-tso skunk gu-lizh-i kel-din-she{~COMBINING BREVE~}n wo-li{~COMBINING BREVE~}-zhi spider na-alht-lo-le{~COMBINING BREVE~} mans-che{~COMBINING BREVE~} nash-je'i squirrel tse-skus-si na-jil-kai-i t'la-zi turkey ta-zhi ka-zhi ta-zhi wolf ban-chu bai-e{~COMBINING BREVE~}-tso mai-i{~COMBINING BREVE~}-tso
[Illustration: _Zahadolzha_ - Navaho]
_Zahadolzha_ - Navaho
_From Copyright Photograph 1904 by E.S. Curtis_
CARDINAL POINTS _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ north na-ak-ku-se{~COMBINING BREVE~} na-ko-su no{~COMBINING INVERTED BREVE~}-ho-kos bi-ya-yo bi-ya-ye{~COMBINING BREVE~} south nu-dit-u{~COMBINING BREVE~} sha-ti ai-ye{~COMBINING BREVE~} shu-tu-u{~COMBINING BREVE~} bi-ya-yo east hu-na-it-u{~COMBINING BREVE~}kh sha-ha ai-ye{~COMBINING BREVE~} ha-i bi-ya-yo west on-ud-u{~COMBINING BREVE~}kh sha-i ai-ye{~COMBINING BREVE~} i-yu-u{~COMBINING BREVE~} bi-ya-yo zenith nokh-ge{~COMBINING BREVE~}h-yo ya-alh-ni-gi nadir nokh-tluh-yo a-ya-i des-a-i-gi
COLORS _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ black di{~COMBINING BREVE~}lh-kih di{~COMBINING BREVE~}lh-i-li di{~COMBINING BREVE~}lh-kih blue du-tli{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-i da-tlish do-tli{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-i brown hish-tli{~COMBINING BREVE~}zh kli-pa di{~COMBINING BREVE~}-nil-zhin gray qul-ba tne-na-tlish kle-pa green tloh-du-tli{~COMBINING BREVE~}zh-a ye-da-tlish do-tlish red tli-chu kli-chi kle-chi white tli-kai kli-kai kle-kai yellow tli-tso kli-tso kle{~COMBINING BREVE~}-tso
FOODS (PRIMITIVE) _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ acorns chid-ji{~COMBINING BREVE~}l na-to-ka-tse che{~COMBINING BREVE~}-chil bi-na antelope ja-ge ta-ga-te ju{~COMBINING BREVE~}-di beans (native) be{~COMBINING BREVE~}s-tsoz na-o-hle-tsos-tet nu{~COMBINING BREVE~}-o-hli cedar berries dil-tu-hla kal-tu-ste-ih dit-ze{~COMBINING BREVE~} du-tli{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-i corn na-tan na-tan na-tan deer bin bi^{n) bin elk bin nal-de{~COMBINING BREVE~} tzes tze grapes (wild) duh-tsa tut-ze{~COMBINING BREVE~} tut-ze{~COMBINING BREVE~} juniper berries dil-tu-hla chil-ha-zhe mescal (agave) na-ta na-ta na-ta mountain sheep de-be{~COMBINING BREVE~}-chu tse-tu{~COMBINING BREVE~}-de-be zi-de-be{~COMBINING BREVE~} pinon nuts o-be{~COMBINING BREVE~} nes-chi nes-chi potatoes (wild) ilh-tsu pi-ji-ne{~COMBINING BREVE~} na-ma-si si-tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~}n-ni prairie-dogs an klun klun pumpkins belh-kun na-yi-ze na-yi-zi-chi rabbits (jack) gah-chu gah-tso gah-tso rabbits gah-chi-le{~COMBINING BREVE~} gah-chi-she{~COMBINING BREVE~} gah (cottontail) rats (wood) klosh-chu kle{~COMBINING BREVE~}-tso kle-e{~COMBINING BREVE~}-tso squash go-chi belh-kun na-yi-ze na-yi{~COMBINING BREVE~}-zi yucca fruit gu-sku{~COMBINING BREVE~}n kash-kan kush-kan
HANDICRAFT _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ arrow-point besh-go-li{~COMBINING BREVE~}n be{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-te bes-est-a-gi arrow-shaft tsi-ga ki-ish-tlu-ze{~COMBINING BREVE~} ts'ak-a{~COMBINING BREVE~} basket (tray) tsa-nas-ku{~COMBINING BREVE~}-di ts'a i-tsa basket (burden) tu{~COMBINING BREVE~}t-za i-tsa-nas-ka tsi-zi{~COMBINING BREVE~}s bow ilh-ti{~COMBINING BREVE~} it-kin-chai alht-hin cap cha cha cha deerskin e-pu{~COMBINING BREVE~}n e-pu{~COMBINING BREVE~}n e-pu{~COMBINING BREVE~}n fire-sticks koh-til-di t'te wolk-an head-band tsi-noz-de tsi-naz-de cha house ko-wa ko-zhan ho-gan leggings is-kle{~COMBINING BREVE~} tli-kai is-kle{~COMBINING BREVE~} e-pu{~COMBINING BREVE~}n is-kle{~COMBINING BREVE~} loin-cloth chosh-ta tsa-a-te t'lests-os moccasins e-pu{~COMBINING BREVE~}n ke ke{~COMBINING BREVE~}'it-ze ke pottery nulh-ki-de bi i-tsa{~COMBINING BREVE~} i-de{~COMBINING BREVE~} kush-ti{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh shirt e-pun-tle-sis e{~COMBINING BREVE~}'it-ze e-pun'e{~COMBINING BREVE~} sweat-lodge ka-che{~COMBINING BREVE~} ke{~COMBINING BREVE~}lh-cha ta-che{~COMBINING BREVE~} water bottle kun-che-e to-zus tus
MONTHS (MOONS)(8) _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ January It-sa Bi-zha{~COMBINING BREVE~}zh Ku-wan-de{~COMBINING BREVE~} Yas Nlht'es February Buh Is-chi{~COMBINING BREVE~}t Is-sai-za A-tsa{~COMBINING BREVE~} Bi-yash March T'a Nu-chi{~COMBINING BREVE~}l It-a-na Chi-tai Wozhch'td April T'a Nu-chu It-a-na Tso At-an Chil May Shosh-ke{~COMBINING BREVE~} Ku-ski It-chi At-an Tso June Bin-ni-tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~} Ta-ge It-chi Nesh-ja Chil-i Dilh-tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~}k July Bin-ni-tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~} Bi It-chi Nesh-ja Tso Chi-e{~COMBINING BREVE~} August Bi-ni-tun Tsos-se{~COMBINING BREVE~} Ke-tle-pe{~COMBINING BREVE~} Lak-tai-ke Bint-an Ts'an-si September Bi-ni-t[u.]n It-ha-sti-ki{~COMBINING BREVE~}h Bint-an Tso Chu October Ran-zhi Iz-te{~COMBINING BREVE~}-o-e Ghan-ji November Ka-ruh-nul-gus Bin-za-ki-a Nlhch-i Ts'an-si December Sos-nalh-tus Bin-nai-a-she{~COMBINING BREVE~} Nlhch-i Tsa
[Illustration: _Hasche{~COMBINING BREVE~}lti_, _Haschebaad_, _Zahadolzha_--Navaho]
_Hasche{~COMBINING BREVE~}lti_, _Haschebaad_, _Zahadolzha_--Navaho
_From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis_
NATURAL PHENOMENA _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ ashes ilh-chi kus-chi-ish hlesh-ch'ai charcoal tli-te{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh kus-chi t'esh cloud ya-ko{~COMBINING BREVE~}s kos kos darkness chalh-ke{~COMBINING BREVE~}lh klin cha-halh-kelh day dji djin jin earth ni-go-stu{~COMBINING BREVE~}n ni-to-gus-an ni-ho-es-tsan fire koh ku kun ice ti i-la tqin lake tu-si-ka ko-zilh-ka to light go-ti go-tih a-di{~COMBINING BREVE~}n-din lightning ha-dilh-kih i-dilh-chil a-tsin-il-klish Milky-way I-ku{~COMBINING BREVE~}tl ba-ha Tsos-pai Kle-kai sta-i mist at ku-be-zha-zi i-dzi moon kle-ga-na-ai kle-na-ai kle-ho-na-ai mountain tzilh tzilh tzilh night kle kli kle-je Pleiades Nus-ka-o-u-hu Sons-chi-ste{~COMBINING BREVE~} Di{~COMBINING BREVE~}l-ge-het rain na-il-ti na-golh-kin nit-su{~COMBINING BREVE~}n rainbow hi-tsa-tlul it-sun-to-le{~COMBINING BREVE~} nads-i-lid river tu-ndli ko-dle{~COMBINING BREVE~} to rock tse tsi tse shooting-star titl-son-se{~COMBINING BREVE~} sush-na-tse{~COMBINING BREVE~} son-a{~COMBINING BREVE~}-dal-dsid (meteor) nul-tu{~COMBINING BREVE~} sky ya-dilh-kih ya ya-dilh-kih smoke tlik kli hlid snow sos zos yas star titl-so{~COMBINING BREVE~}n-se sons son sun chu-ga-na-ai chun-na-ai che-ho-na-ai thunder i-da-ndi i-dilh-ni i-ni water tu ko to wind ni{~COMBINING BREVE~}l-chi nl-chi ni{~COMBINING BREVE~}l-chi
NUMERALS _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ one hla-i hla-i hla-i two na-ki na-ki na-ki three ta-gi ka-i ta four din-i din-i din five ash-tla-i a{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-tle a{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-dla six gus-tan kus-ku{~COMBINING BREVE~}n has-tan seven gus-tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~}-gi kus-tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~}t-i tsosts-ed eight tsa-bi tsa-bi tse-bi nine ngus-ta-i nkus-ta-i naas-dai ten gu-nez-na ku-nez-ni ne{~COMBINING BREVE~}z-na eleven hla-za-ta hla-i-za hla-za{~COMBINING BREVE~}-ta twelve na-ki-za-ta na-ki-za na-ki-za-ta thirteen ta-za-ta ka-za ta-za-ta _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ fourteen din-za-ta din-za din-za-ta fifteen ash-tla-a-ta ash-tle-za ash-dla-a-ta sixteen gus-ta-a-ta kus-kun-za has-tan-a-ta seventeen gus-tsi-za-ta kus-tsit-za tsosts-ed-za-ta eighteen tsa-bi-za-ta tsa-bi-za tse-bi-dza-ta nineteen ngus-ta-dza-ta nkus-ta-za naas-dai-dza-ta twenty na-di{~COMBINING BREVE~}n na-tin na-din twenty-one na-di{~COMBINING BREVE~}n-hla na-tin-hla na-din-hla thirty ta-di{~COMBINING BREVE~}n ka-tin ta-din forty dis-di{~COMBINING BREVE~}n dis-tin di{~COMBINING BREVE~}s-din fifty ash-tla-din ash-tle{~COMBINING BREVE~}-tin a{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-dla-din one hundred ne{~COMBINING BREVE~}z-na-din gu-nez-na-din ku-nez-ni-tin
PERSONAL TERMS _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ aunt ko-ba{~COMBINING BREVE~}-zhe ku-ba-zhe shi-bi{~COMBINING BREVE~}-zhi baby me o-ja-zi{~COMBINING BREVE~} a-we{~COMBINING BREVE~} boy skhin ish-ki-in skhi brother ku-i-zha si{~COMBINING BREVE~}-tsi-li (younger) ko-ki{~COMBINING BREVE~}zn ko-ka-ge{~COMBINING BREVE~} na-ra-hi{~COMBINING BREVE~} brother (elder) ku-na-a shi{~COMBINING BREVE~}-nai ko-ki{~COMBINING BREVE~}zn un na-ra-hi{~COMBINING BREVE~} child cha-ra-she ilh-chi{~COMBINING BREVE~}n shi-ya{~COMBINING BREVE~}zh clan nde-az-di-i i-chu-ge-de{~COMBINING BREVE~} di-ne{~COMBINING BREVE~}-e enemy e-na ko-nda a-na father ko-ta{~COMBINING BREVE~} ku-ka-i shi-zhe{~COMBINING BREVE~}-e girl na-li{~COMBINING BREVE~}n ish-te{~COMBINING BREVE~}tn at-e{~COMBINING BREVE~}d man nde tin-de{~COMBINING BREVE~} di-ne{~COMBINING BREVE~} medicine-man di-gi{~COMBINING BREVE~}n tin-da-ko-ka-tle{~COMBINING BREVE~} ha-ta-li mother ko-ma ku-si sha-mu{~COMBINING BREVE~} people ko-ki she-tin-de{~COMBINING BREVE~} di-ne{~COMBINING BREVE~} (tribesmen) people tluh-go nde{~COMBINING BREVE~}-hi ta-a-tso a-na (strangers) person tsilh-ki{~COMBINING BREVE~}dn ti-ni di-ne{~COMBINING BREVE~} sister ko-di-zhe{~COMBINING BREVE~} she-la shi-de-zhi (younger) sister (elder) ko-lu she-nda-te{~COMBINING BREVE~} shu{~COMBINING BREVE~}d-di uncle ko-da-u{~COMBINING BREVE~} she-ka-na-tle{~COMBINING BREVE~}n shi-bi{~COMBINING BREVE~}-zhi woman ist-so{~COMBINING BREVE~}n es-tsan es-tsan
TREES _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ cedar ga-il-li kalh-te gad cottonwood t'is tu-as t'is juniper dil-tut-hle-chi gad naz-si oak chi-chi{~COMBINING BREVE~}l shun-chi-le{~COMBINING BREVE~} che{~COMBINING BREVE~}-chil pine ndil-chi nus-chi ndish-chi pinon o-be-tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~}n i-zen-chi cha{~COMBINING BREVE~}-olh spruce dju-utlh kon-ske-le{~COMBINING BREVE~} dishl-bai willow gai ki{~COMBINING BREVE~}-i k'a-i
[Illustration: Navaho Women]
Navaho Women
_From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis_
MISCELLANEOUS _English_ _Apache_ _Jicarilla_ _Navaho_ arm ko-gun gon a-gan food chi-zu{~COMBINING BREVE~}n ai-ta-i chi-an forest gud-nlh-chil ku-don-chil tsin god ya-a-diz-tan bi-tsa-she-nda-i ye jewels tse-ru-de{~COMBINING BREVE~}n-lig-ge n'kliz large n'chai n'tsai n'tsa pollen ha-din-tin tlash ta-di-tin small al-chi{~COMBINING BREVE~}-se uns-tse{~COMBINING BREVE~}s-te ya-zhe spirits chidn kuts-ain tsi*n-di spirit-land chidn-tuh-yo bits-ain be-ke-ya tobacco tzilh-na-to na-to-te n'at'o turquoise du-tli{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-i da-tli{~COMBINING BREVE~}sh-e do-tlish
INDEX
_Abalone_, cross of, on medicine cap, 40 in Navaho myth, 91, 92, 97, 103, 104, 115
_Acoma_, Navaho name for, 138
_Acorns_ eaten by Apache, 19
_Acosta_, an Apache, conference with, 7
_Adilhkih_ (Black Fog) of Navaho myth, 91, 96, 97
_After-world_ in Apache belief, 134 in Jicarilla belief, 135 in Navaho belief, 137
_Agave._ _See_ MESCAL
_Agocho._ _See_ PIGEON
_Agriculture_ of the Navaho, 73
_Ahani clan_ of the Navaho, 137
_Aiaha__n__ clan_ of the Apache, 22
_Aklolh._ _See_ RAINBOW
_Alabama_, Apache sent to, 10
_All-color Corn Girl_ of Navaho myth, 96
_Alphabet_ used for Indian terms, vi
_Anatomical terms_, Athapascan, 139
_Animal chiefs_ in Navaho under-world, 80
_Animals_, Athapascan terms for, 139 deified by Apache, 29 in Apache myth, 27, 35 represented in Jicarilla dry-painting, 57 spirits of, prayers to, 39
_Anltsistn_, a Jicarilla god, 60, 61 _See_ WHIRLWIND
_Antelope monster_ in Navaho myth, 99, 106
_Antelope skin_ used in maternity belt, 39
_Apache_, account of the, 1-49 and Navaho compared, 81 application of term, 53 character of the, xix Jicarilla name for, 135 Navaho name for, 138 people among Navaho, 137 tribal summary of, 131-134 vocabulary of, 139-144
_Apache-Mohave_ assigned to reservation, 8 character of, 5-6 subdued by Crook, 8 _See_ MOHAVE
_Apaches del Perrillo_ mentioned, 53
_Apaches de Nabaju_ mentioned, 53
_Apaches Faraones_ mentioned, 53
_Apaches Gilenos_ mentioned, 53
_Apaches Lipanes_ mentioned, 53
_Apaches Llaneros_ mentioned, 53
_Apaches Tejua_ mentioned, 53
_Apaches Vaqueros_ mentioned, 53
_Apatieh_, application of term, 5
_Arapaho_, Jicarilla name for, 135
_Arivaipa_, Apache name for, 134 clans of the, 133
_Armor_ in Navaho myth, 104, 105
_Arrow-point_ as knife in ceremony, 118
_Arrows_ in Jicarilla myth, 63, 65, 68 in Navaho myth, 89, 99, 105, 107-108, 114
_Art_, graphic, of the Apache, 20 _See_ PAINTING
_Arts_ of the Apache, 132 of the Jicarillas, 135 of the Navaho, 74, 136 _See_ BASKETRY; HANDICRAFTS; INDUSTRIES; POTTERY; SILVER-WORK
_Astse Estsan_, First Woman of the Navaho, 84, 90-95
_Astse Hastin_, First Man of the Navaho, 84, 90-96
_Atsosi Hatal._ _See_ FEATHER CHANT
_Aya Kinne{~COMBINING BREVE~}_, a traditional people, 106-107
_Badger_ in Jicarilla mythology, 61 in Navaho mythology, 90
_Badger People_ of the Navaho, 84, 95
_Bahozhonchi_, a Navaho priesthood, 83 songs of the, 125
_Balil_, sacred wand of the Navaho, 93, 114, 116, 118
_Basket_ in Jicarilla mythology, 68 medicine, in Navaho Night Chant, 118 wedding, of the Navaho, 126, 127
_Basket drum_ of the Jicarillas, 57 in Navaho Night Chant, 119, 121
_Basketry_ of the Apache, 20-21, 42, 132 of the Jicarillas, 54, 135 of the Navaho, 77, 136 sacred symbol prescribed for, 20, 21, 42, 44 _See_ WATER BOTTLE
_Baskets_, burden, used by Apache, 17, 19, 132 Jicarilla, traded for corn, 134, 135
_Bat_ in Jicarilla mythology, 67-68
_Bathing_ by the Apache, 16 following puberty rite, 47 _See_ HAIR-WASHING; WASHING
_Bead Chant_ of the Navaho, 78
_Beads_, cross and crescent worked in, 42 of precious stones in Navaho myth, 104 shell, in Navaho mythology, 106-107 shell, mixed with pollen, 38 silver, of the Navaho, 76, 77 symbolic of prayer, 34 used in puberty rite, 46, 47 white, on medicine caps, 40
_Beans_ depicted in dry-painting, 121
_Bear People_ of Navaho mythology, 111
_Bears_ in Apache mythology, 35 in Jicarilla mythology, 56, 58, 64 in Navaho dry-painting, 79 in Navaho mythology, 97, 102, 106 tabooed as food by Apache, 20 tabooed as food by Jicarillas, 135
_Bear Springs_ valley, 11
_Bear, Tracking_, a Navaho monster, 99, 106
_Beasts of burden_ in Apache myth, 35
_Beaver_ in Jicarilla mythology, 61
_Beds_ of the Apache, 16
_Begging ceremony_ of the Navaho, 120, 121
_Belts_, maternity, used by Apache, 38-39 silver, of the Navaho, 76, 126, 137
_Big Dipper_ in Apache myth, 25, 27, 29 in Navaho myth, 92
_Big God_ in Navaho myth, 98, 105
_Bilh Ahati{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni_, a Navaho mythic character, 112-116
_Binayeagani_, a Navaho monster, 106
_Bird People_ of Navaho mythology, 95
_Birds_, creation of, in Apache myth, 27
_Birth._ _See_ CHILDBIRTH
_Black Cloud_ of Navaho myth, 91, 96, 97 _See_ CLOUDS
_Black Fog._ _See_ ADILHKIH
_Black God_, the Navaho Fire God, 103-104
_Black Man._ _See_ HASCHI{~COMBINING BREVE~}N DI{~COMBINING BREVE~}LHILI
_Black river_, Arizona, 17
_Blankets_ in Navaho mythology, 94, 95 medicine-men compensated with, 125 of the Navaho, 74-75, 136 used in marriage settlement, 133
_Blindness_, fear of, by initiates, 120 from looking upon mother-in-law, 126
_Blowing_ to expel spirits, 48
_Bluebird song_ of Yebichai ceremony, 124
_Blue Corn Boy_ of Navaho myth, 96
_Bosque Redondo_, Navaho removed to, 83 plan to remove Apache to, 7 _See_ MESCALERO RESERVATION
_Bounty_ offered for scalps, 6
_Bourke_, John G., cited, 48
_Bowl_ of pearl in Navaho mythology, 92 of shell used for medicine, 117, 120 of turquoise in Apache myth, 33
_Bows._ _See_ ARROWS
_Bracelets_, silver, of the Navaho, 76
_Breech-cloth._ _See_ CLOTHING; LOIN-CLOTH
_Buckskin._ _See_ DEERSKIN
_Buffalo_ hunted by Jicarillas, 54 in Jicarilla after-world, 135 horns, myth concerning, 61, 62
_Buffalo skin_, tipis of, of the Jicarillas, 134 used in Jicarilla ceremony, 57
_Bumping Rocks_ of Navaho myth, 101 _See_ ROLLING STONE
_Burial._ _See_ Mortuary Customs
_Butterfly_ in Jicarilla mythology, 56, 58
_Buttons_, silver, of the Navaho, 77
_Buzzard People_ of the Navaho, 84
_Cabezon mountain_, mythic creation of, 90
_Cactus_, fastened to Apache clothing, 38 _See_ FOOD
_Cairns_, Apache, 133
_Camp life_ of the Apache, 16
_Canon de Chelly_, Navaho defeated in, 83 Navaho farms in, 73 _See_ TSE{~COMBINING BREVE~}GYII
_Caps_ of the Apache, 131, 133 sacred, prescribed in Messiah religion, 44 _See_ CLOTHING; HEADDRESS; MEDICINE CAP
_Cardinal points_ and Apache prayer, 133 color symbolism of, 60, 61, 64, 66, 84, 87, 90-92, 103, 115, 118 considered in dance circle, 48 in Apache ceremony, 41 in wedding ceremony, 126, 127 prescribed order of, in Night Chant, 118 represented by gods, 48 terms for, 140 _See_ ORIENTATION
_Carleton_, Gen. J. H., in Apache campaign, 7 Navaho subdued by, 83
_Carrizo_, stream in Apache-land, 11
_Carson_, Col. Kit, Navaho defeated by, 83
_Cassari_, conference with, 7
_Catamenia_, mythic significance of, 30
_Cedar_, use of, in dance, 48, 49 used in effacing footprints, 80-81
_Ceremonies_, Apache, summary of, 133 of the Jicarillas, 135 of the Navaho, 4, 77-79, 116-127, 136, 138 puberty, of Apache, 46, 133 _See_ DANCE; MARRIAGE; PUBERTY CEREMONY
_Chalhke{~COMBINING BREVE~}lh Nali{~COMBINING BREVE~}n._ _See_ NIGHT GIRL
_Cha__n__zhni{~COMBINING BREVE~}_, Jicarilla clowns, 59
_Chato_, raids by Apache under, 9
_Chehonaai_, the Sun of Navaho myth, 92, 95, 97 _See_ CHUGANAAI; CHUNNAAI; SUN
_Chiefs_ among the Jicarillas, 55 among the Navaho, 81, 136 of the Apache, 132 of the Jicarillas, 135