Part 16
_Red river_ of Navaho mythology, 89
_Reeds_, use of, in Navaho myth, 88, 100
_Religion_ of the Apache, 29, 42, 133 _See_ AFTER-WORLD; CEREMONIES; MESSIAH CRAZE; MYTHOLOGY
_Religious character_ of the Navaho, 79
_Reptiles_, creation of, in Navaho myth, 90
_Rio Grande_, creation of, in Navaho myth, 90
_Ritual._ _See_ CEREMONIES; MYTHOLOGY; RELIGION
_Rivers_, creation of, in Apache myth, 28 creation of, in Navaho myth, 90
_Rolling Stone_, a mythical monster, 68, 99, 106 _See_ BUMPING ROCKS
_Ruins_, pueblo, in Navaho mythology, 96
_Running_, symbolic in puberty rite, 47
_Sacrifice_ of property at death, 55, 81, 134, 135
_Saddle bags_, sacred symbol prescribed for, 44
_Sait Nde_, a Jicarilla division, 54, 135
_Salt_ tabooed during puberty rite, 47, 125
_Salvador_, an Apache, conference with, 7
_San Carlos_, Apache established at, 8, 9 Apache flee from, 9
_San Carlos agency_, number of Apache under, 131
_San Carlos Apache_, native name of, 134
_San Carlos reservation_, property disputes on, 23
_Sand altars._ _See_ DRY-PAINTINGS
_Sandia_, Navaho name for, 138
_Sand People_, a Jicarilla band, 54
_San Felipe_, Navaho name for, 138
_San Ildefonso_, Navaho name for, 138
_San Juan_, Navaho name for, 138
_San Juan river_, creation of, in Navaho myth, 90
_San Xavier del Bac_, mission of, 4
_Santa Clara_, Navaho name for, 138
_Santo Domingo_, Navaho name for, 138
_Scalp bounty_ offered, 6
_Scalping_ mentioned in Navaho myth, 107
_Scouts_, Apache, at Fort Apache, 10
_Scratching_ prohibited during maturity rite, 47, 125
_Seed planting_ in Navaho mythology, 85, 86, 90, 96
_Seeds_ borne by Ganaskidi, 121 how prepared by Apache, 15 _See_ CORN
_Sheep_ of the Navaho, 73, 74 purchased for Navaho, 83 used in marriage settlement, 126
_Shell_ beads mixed with pollen, 38 beads of the Navaho, 77 ornaments of the Navaho, 136 symbolic of prayer, 34 used as medicine bowl, 117, 120 used in puberty rite, 46, 47 white, in Navaho myth, 84, 91, 92, 97, 101, 103, 104, 108, 115 _See_ YOLKAI ESTSAN; YOLKAI NALI{~COMBINING BREVE~}N
_Shield_ of Navaho Sun God, 103
_Shirts._ _See_ CLOTHING
_Shooting Chant_ of the Navaho, 78 contest in Navaho myth, 107, 108
_Shrines_ of the Apache, 133
_Sia_, Navaho name for, 138
_Sierra Madre_, Apache captured in, 10
_Silver_ ornaments used in marriage settlement, 126
_Silver-work_ of the Navaho, 76-77, 136
_Si{~COMBINING BREVE~}snaji{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni_, a Navaho sacred mountain, 90
_Skin_, painted, of Apache, 29-35 _See_ ANTELOPE SKIN; BUFFALO SKIN; DEERSKIN
_Skirts_, sacred, used in childbirth, 39 _See_ CLOTHING
_Skunk_ in Jicarilla mythology, 61
_Sky_, creation of, in Apache myth, 27, 28 creation of, in Navaho myth, 91
_Sky God_ of the Apache, 27, 28, 31, 33 of the Navaho, 98
_Sky Messengers_ of Apache myth, 31, 32
_Slaves_ made of captives by Navaho, 82
_Small Dipper_, creation of, in Navaho myth, 93
_Smoking._ _See_ PIPES; TOBACCO
_Snake Girl._ _See_ KLI{~COMBINING BREVE~}SHCHO NALI{~COMBINING BREVE~}N
_Snake, Great_, in Navaho myth, 97 in Jicarilla myth, 56, 58, 64 in Navaho myth, 90, 102 represented in Jicarilla dry-painting, 57
_Snake People_ in Navaho myth, 111
_Snipe Man_ in Navaho myth, 102
_Social customs_ of the Jicarillas, 55 _See_ MARRIAGE; MORTUARY CUSTOMS; PUBERTY; WOMEN
_Songs_ addressed to God of Health, 33 employed in maturity rite, 46, 125 in Apache ceremony, 41-42 in Jicarilla myth, 57 in Navaho ceremonies, 138 in Navaho mythology, 84, 86, 94, 111, 112, 115 in Night Chant, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124 of Apache medicine-men, 32, 36 of gods in Apache myth, 26, 27, 32 of the Jicarillas, 58
_Sonora_, Apache raids into, 14 scalp bounty offered by, 6
_Sorcery_, penalty for, among Jicarillas, 135 _See_ WITCHCRAFT
_Souls_, belief in, by Jicarillas, 56
_Spanish_ missionaries and the Apache, 4, 6 origin of Navaho metal-work, 136
_Sparrow-hawk People_ in Navaho myth, 88
_Spider_ in Jicarilla myth, 62
_Spider Woman_ in Navaho myth, 100
_Spirit Dance_ of the Apache, 48, 133
_Spirits_, Navaho dread of, 80 of the dead of the Apache, 134
_Spruce_ used in Jicarilla ceremony, 57-60 used in Navaho Night Chant, 118-120
_Squashes_ represented in dry-painting, 121
_Squirrel._ _See_ PINE SQUIRREL
_Stars_, creation of, in Apache myth, 30 in Navaho myth, 92-93
_Stenatliha__n_, an Apache goddess, 20, 21, 24-33, 133 represented in Apache painting, 20 symbolized on maternity belt, 39, 40
_Storage baskets_ of the Apache, 21, 132
_Suicide_ among Apache, 14
_Sumac_, berries used by Apache, 19 used in making water bottles, 132
_Sun_, creation of, in Apache myth, 30 creation of, in Navaho myth, 92 in Jicarilla mythology, 62 the father of Twin Gods, 99 _See also_ SUN GOD
_Sunbeams_ in Navaho mythology, 96, 98
_Sun-dogs_ in Navaho dry-painting, 79
_Sunflower_, stalks of, used for flutes, 84
_Sun God_ in Navaho mythology, 98-106 _See_ CHEHONAAI; CHUGANAAI; CHUNNAAI
_Sush Nalkai_, a Navaho mythic bear, 106
_Sweat_, mythic creation from, 24, 25
_Sweat-bath_ in Apache myth, 33 in Night Chant ceremony, 117, 118
_Sweat-house_ in Apache myth, 26-27 in Navaho myth, 104
_Symbol_ of faith among Apache, 43
_Symbolism_, ancient, discarded by Apache, 44, 45 color, of the Apache, 84 color, of the Jicarillas, 60, 61, 64, 66 color, of the Navaho, 84, 87, 90-92, 103, 115, 118 on Apache caps, 131 on Apache maternity belt, 38-39 on Apache medicine skin, 20, 30-36
_Taboo_ of bear and fish, 20, 135 of conversation while masked, 123 of flesh in puberty ceremony, 47 of houses of the dead, 76 of mother-in-law among Navaho, 126 of names of the dead, 34 of salt in puberty ceremony, 47, 125 of scratching in puberty ceremony, 47, 125 of _tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~}ndi hogan_ by Navaho, 81
_Tadtitin_, Navaho name for pollen, 119 _See_ HADINTIN; POLLEN
_Talking God._ _See_ HASCHE{~COMBINING BREVE~}LTI
_Taos_, Jicarilla contact with, 53 mentioned in Jicarilla myth, 64 Navaho name for, 138
_Tarantula_ in Apache myth, 25
_Tattooing_ among Apache, 42
_Tazhi{~COMBINING BREVE~}._ _See_ TURKEY
_Temperature_ of White Mountain reservation, 13
_Texas_, Apache raids into, 9, 14
_Tipis_ of the Jicarillas, 134
_Tizwin._ _See_ TULAPAI
_To Ahani clan_, origin of, 97, 137
_Tobacco_ depicted in dry-painting, 121 in Navaho myth, 103, 108-109, 115
_Tobadzischi{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni_, a Navaho deity, 3, 138 birth and adventures of, 98-106 personated in Night Chant, 118 _See also_ KOBADJISCHINI; TUBADZISCHI{~COMBINING BREVE~}NI
_To Dichini clan_, origin of, 97, 137
_Toi Hatal_. _See_ WATER CHANT
_Tonenili_, Navaho Rain God, 107, 115 personated in begging ceremony, 120
_Tontos_, Apache name for, 134 assigned to reservation, 8 population of, 131 subdued by Crook, 8
_Tracking Bear_, a Navaho monster, 99
_Trade_ of the Jicarillas, 54
_Travelling_, Apache method of, 16, 17
_Treaties_ with the Navaho, 82-83
_Tree, Little_, in Jicarilla myth, 69
_Trees_, creation of, in Apache myth, 27 terms for, 143
_Tsa__n__nati{~COMBINING BREVE~}_, Jicarilla clowns, 59
_Tse{~COMBINING BREVE~}gyii_, a Navaho locality, 114, 116 _See_ CANON DE CHELLY
_Tse{~COMBINING BREVE~}nagai._ _See_ ROLLING STONE
_Tse Nahali_, preying Mountain Eagle, 106
_Tsetahi{~COMBINING BREVE~}dzilhtuhli_, a Navaho monster, 106
_Tsilite{~COMBINING BREVE~}n._ _See_ COYOTE
_Tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~}ndi_, meaning of, 80
_Tsi{~COMBINING BREVE~}ndi hogan_ defined, 76 taboo of, 81 _See_ HOGAN
_Tsotzilh_, a Navaho sacred mountain, 91, 105
_Tubadzisci{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni_, an Apache deity, 31, 133 function of, 33 represented in Apache painting, 20 symbolized on maternity belt, 39, 40 _See also_ KOBADJISCHINI; TOBADZISCHI{~COMBINING BREVE~}NI
_Tulapai_ drunk by the Apache, 19-20
_Tule_, pollen of, used by Apache, 38
_Tu Ntelh_, an Apache god, 40
_Turkey_ in Apache myth, 28 in Navaho myth, 88 prayer-sticks with feathers of, 117
_Turquoise_, bowl of, in Apache myth, 33 clothing of, in Jicarilla myth, 63 in Apache myth, 26 in Jicarilla myth, 64
_Turquoise_ in Navaho myth, 91, 92, 97, 101, 103, 104, 106-107, 115 jewelry of the Navaho, 76 lance of Apache War God, 32 man born of, in Navaho myth, 84 pipe in Navaho myth, 108
_Turquoise Boy_ of Apache myth, 31, 33
_Turquoise Woman_ of Navaho myth, 97 _See_ DUTLI{~COMBINING BREVE~}SHI NALI{~COMBINING BREVE~}N
_Turtle monster_ in Jicarilla myth, 64-65
_Tus._ _See_ WATER BOTTLE
_Twin Gods_ of the Navaho, 98 _See_ NAYE{~COMBINING BREVE~}NEZOANI; TOBADZISCHI{~COMBINING BREVE~}NI
_Tzes._ _See_ ELK
_Tzilhki{~COMBINING BREVE~}chi Hatal._ _See_ MOUNTAIN CHANT
_Tzilhnuhodihli_, sacred mountain, created, 91, 96, 98, 104, 105
_Underworld_, Navaho origin in, 80, 83, 138 _See_ GENESIS
_Ute_, Jicarillas influenced by, 134 Jicarilla name for, 135
_Valleys_, creation of, in Apache myth, 28
_Vegetation_ of White Mountain reservation, 13, 17 _See_ TREES
_Victorio_, conference with, 7 surrender and death of, 9
_Visions_, God of, in Apache cosmology, 31 knowledge gained through, 32 medicine-men influenced by, 42, 43
_Vocabulary_, Southern Athapascan, 139-144
_Walapai_ join in Apache hostilities, 8 tribal name of, 5
_Walnuts_ eaten by Apache, 19
_War_ ceremonies, God Dance a part of, 48 of extermination against Apache, 6, 7
_War Gods_, Navaho. _See_ NAYE{~COMBINING BREVE~}NE{~COMBINING BREVE~}ZGANI; TOBADZISCHI{~COMBINING BREVE~}NI
_Washing_ of hands in marriage ceremony, 126, 127 _See_ BATHING; HAIR-WASHING
_Water_, miraculous creation of, 97, 137 relation of Tubadzischi{~COMBINING BREVE~}ni with, 133 Yolkai Estsan conceives from, 98 _See_ YOLKAI ESTSAN
_Water bottle_ in Apache myth, 27-28, 30 in marriage ceremony, 126 in Navaho myth, 94 of the Apache, 16, 21, 132 of the Navaho, 77 sacred symbol prescribed for, 44
_Water Chant_ of the Navaho, 78
_Water God_ of the Apache, 33, 35 _See_ RAIN GOD
_Water Monsters_ in Navaho mythology, 87
_Water Sprinkler_, a Navaho Rain God, 107, 115, 120
_Weapons_, Jicarilla, origin of, 69
_Weasel_ in Navaho myth, 97
_Weaving._ _See_ BLANKETS
_Wheels_ in Jicarilla mythology, 62, 64 medicine, made by Apache, 10, 11
_Whips_, yucca, of the Navaho, 120-121
_Whirling log_ represented in dry-painting, 120-121
_Whirlwind_ in Navaho myth, 110
_Whirlwind God_ of the Jicarillas, 60, 61 _See_ WINDS
_White Corn Boy_ of Navaho myth, 96
_White Mountain Apache_, population of, 131
_White Mountain reservation_, Apache placed on, 9 character and area of, 13 "medicine" craze on, 10 property disputes on, 23
_White objects_ created by Yolkai Skhin, 33 symbolic of prayer, 34
_White river_, Arizona, 11, 15, 17
_White-Shell Boy_ of Apache myth, 31, 33
_White-Shell Girl._ _See_ YOLKAI NALI{~COMBINING BREVE~}N
_White-Shell Man_ of Navaho myth, 97
_White-Shell Woman._ _See_ YOLKAI ESTSAN
_Wildcats_ in Jicarilla mythology, 64
_Wind People_ of Navaho mythology, 95, 99
_Winds_, function of, in Navaho belief, 93, 95 how regarded by Apache, 35 in Apache myth, 25, 26 in Navaho mythology, 90, 93, 96, 97, 102, 110, 138 participation of, in Jicarilla creation, 61 pollen scattered to, 133
_Witchcraft_, penalty for, in future world, 56 _See_ SORCERY
_Wolf_ in Navaho myth, 97
_Wolf People_ of the Navaho, 84, 87, 90, 95
_Women_, Apache, descent traced through, 22 Apache, dress of, 131 Apache, houses built by, 13 Apache, modesty of, 16
_Women_, Apache, property right of, 22 Apache, status of, 13-14 chiefs in Navaho mythology, 84 how treated, in Jicarilla ceremony, 59 Jicarilla, dress of, 134 Jicarilla, hair-dressing of, 134 Jicarilla, modesty of, 58 Navaho, blanket weavers, 75 Navaho, clothing of, 136 Navaho, hair-dressing of, 136 Navaho, status of, 76 Navaho, work of, 85 separated from men in Navaho myth, 85 _See_ CHILDBIRTH; MARRIAGE; PUBERTY CEREMONY
_Wool_ blankets, in Navaho myth of, 94
_Wosakidi._ _See_ GRASSHOPPER PEOPLE
_Yadilhkih Binalze{~COMBINING BREVE~}_, Sky Messengers, of Apache myth, 31
_Yadilhkih Skhin._ _See_ SKY GOD
_Yakosha Skhin_, an Apache deity, 31, 35 _See_ APACHE-MOHAVE
_Yavapai_, application of name, 6, 53
_Yebichai_ and Apache dance compared, 47 dance of the Navaho, 121 gods of the Navaho, 114 order, initiation into, 120, 121 signification of, 116
_Yeitso_, Big God of the Navaho, 98, 105
_Yellow-Corn Girl_ of Navaho myth, 96
_Yiye._ _See_ OWL
_Yoi Hatal._ See Bead Chant
_Yolkai Estsan_, a Jicarilla goddess, 62, 64, 68, 135 a Navaho goddess, 94-96, 98, 99, 105, 137, 138
_Yolkai Nali{~COMBINING BREVE~}n_, an Apache goddess, 31 function of, 34, 35 guardian of spirit-land, 134 how supplicated, 40
_Yolkai Skhin_, White-Shell Boy, of Apache, 31, 33
_Yuadiistan_, an Apache god, 24
_Yucca_ fruit eaten by Apache, 19 root in Navaho mythology, 94 root, washing with, 115, 125 used for head-band, 131 whips made of, 120-121
_Yuma_, Jicarilla name for, 135 Navaho name for, 138
_Yuman_ and Apache relations, 5 and Jicarilla ceremony compared, 56
_Zahadolzha_, Fringe-mouth gods of Navaho, 109, 113, 114, 123
_Zuni_, Apache name for the, 134 Navaho name for, 138 people among Navaho, 137
THE END OF VOLUME I
The University Press, Cambridge, U.S.A.
FOOTNOTES
1 The agave or maguey plant, locally called mescal, for which reason the latter term is here employed.
2 This medicine skin was owned by Hashke Ni{~COMBINING BREVE~}lnte and was considered one of the most potent belonging to any of the medicine-men. During the lifetime of Hashke Ni{~COMBINING BREVE~}lnte it was impossible for any white man even to look upon this wonderful "medicine." After reaching extreme age he was killed, presumably by his wife, from whom this valuable and sacred object was procured.
3 Possibly a legendary reminiscence of a home in the far north and the subsequent migration to the south.
4 The myth and ritual of this ceremony are given on pages 111-116.
5 Versions differ as to the number of worlds through which the progenitors of the Navaho passed. Some give three before this one, others but one. The version adopted by the Bahozhonchi, a religious order or medicine society whose rites and ceremonies are the oldest and most widely known of any in the tribe, treats of two worlds only: the one below, from which the Digi{~COMBINING BREVE~}n, or Holy People, migrated in the form of insects, birds, and beasts, and to which the dead return; and the present, into which was born man in his present image, created of pollen, corn, white shell, turquoise, and rain by the Digi{~COMBINING BREVE~}n. These Digi{~COMBINING BREVE~}n were the animals which never assumed absolute material form on this earth, and the gods who perfected the creation. The creation of the world below, together with all food products, plant life, and animals known to the Navaho, is credited to First Man and First Woman, Astse Hastin and Astse Estsan; but the myth does not go back to that creation, nor, save for the plant and animal life and a little earth used in making mountains, does it assume the use of any part of the underworld in the making or completion of this. So far as the inhabitants now found in the image of man are concerned, they were made, and first existed, on this earth, and did not develop from a lower order.
6 The Navaho sometimes vary the assignment of their directional colors by relating, like the Apache of Arizona, black to the east and white to the north.
7 These four names still survive among the Navaho, applied to as many clans.
8 Our months, of course, only approximate the moons of the Indians.