Part 4

=Beyrout=, Syria. 34N. 35E. Destroyed by Tryphon, 140 B.C.; taken by Arabs, 635; by Baldwin, 1111; re-captured by Saladin, 1187; by Turks, 1763. Lamartine's only daughter died here, 1832. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Bhadaur=, Punjab. 30N. 75E. F. by Sirdar Dunna Singh, 1718; res. of Bhadaur chiefs.

=Bhagalpur=, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Contains famous Jain temples, and native monument to Augustus Cleveland.

=Bhagwangola=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Unsuccessfully besieged by Mahrattas, 1743; burnt by Mahrattas, 1750. Temporary res. of Surajah Dowlah.

=Bhainsrorgarh=, Rajputana. 25N. 76E. Said to have been f. by Bhainsa Sah; captured by Ala-ud-din, c. 1303.

=Bhanpura=, Rajputana. 25N. 76E. Res. and burial-place of Jaswant Rao Holkar.

=Bhartpur= ('city of Bhurat'), Rajputana. 27N. 78E. Unsuccessfully stormed by Lord Lake, 1805; taken by Lord Combermere, 1826. Under British administration, 1853. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Bhatner=, Punjab. 30N. 74E. Captured and partially destroyed by Tamerlane, 1398.

=Bhilsa=, Rajputana. 24N. 78E. Contains mosques built by Akbar, 1583; by Aurungzebe, 1682. Plundered by Altamsh, 1235; seized by Ala-ud-din, 1290.

=Bhojpur=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Contains stones bearing ancient carvings and inscription dating from c. 200 B.C.

=Bhubaneswar=, Bengal. 20N. 86E. Sacred city of the followers of Siva; of great antiquity.

=Bhuj=, Bombay. 23N. 70E. Taken by storm by Sir William Kier, 1819.

=Bidar=, Haidarabad. 18N. 78E. Captured by Ulugh Khan, 1321; by Aurungzebe, 1656.

=Biderra=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Colonel Forde conquered Dutch under Colonel Roussel, 1759. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Bijanagur= ('city of triumph'), Madras. 16N. 77E. F. in 1336; destroyed by Mohammedan kings, 1564. Contains temples made of granite.

=Bijapur= ('city of victory'), Bombay. 17N. 76E. Taken by Aurungzebe, 1686; given to Rajah of Satara by British, 1818.

=Bilsa=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Remarkable Buddhist remains discovered by English travellers, 1822; contains tomb of Mussulman, Djelal-ed-din Bhokhary.

=Bimlipatam=, Madras. 18N. 83E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1754; ceded to British by Dutch, 1825.

=Bindraban=, Bengal. 26N. 88E. Krishna is supposed to have passed his childhood here, and several temples are erected in his honour.

=Birsinha=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, writer of 'Sitar Banabas.'

=Bisauli=, United Provs. 28N. 79E. Res. and burial-place of Dunde Khan.

=Bithur=, United Provs. 27N. 80E. One of chief centres of worship of Brahma. Nana Sahib here defeated by Havelock during Mutiny, 1857.

=Bitlis=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 42E. Supposed to have been f. by Alexander the Great. Taken by Arabs, 648. Scene of defeat of Solyman by Persians, 1554.

=Blagovieshtchensk= ('city of the annunciation'), Siberia. 50N. 146E. F. in 1856; capital of Amur district, 1858. Attacked unsuccessfully by Chinese, 1900. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')

=Boca Tigris= ('the tiger's mouth'), China. 23N. 114E. Entrance to the Canton river, containing fortified islands taken by British, 1841, 1856.

=Bodinayakkanur=, Madras. 10N. 77E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1776.

=Bokhara= ('a church'), Turkestan. 40N. 65E. Burnt by Djenghis-Khan, 1221. Contains 360 mosques and many colleges. Scene of youth of Zelica and Azim in Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.'

=Bombay=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Ceded to Portugal, 1530; part of marriage-portion of Catherine of Portugal, 1661; British established themselves here, 1666.

=Borsad=, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Res. of Rangoji, 1741; here made prisoner, 1748.

=Botad=, Bombay. 22N. 72E. Town near which is tomb of Pir Hamir Khan, Mussulman saint.

=Brahmakund=, Bengal. 28N. 96E. Pool which was the scene of an incident in which Parasu Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, took part.

=Brahmapuri=, Bombay. 18N. 76E. Res. of Aurungzebe from 1695 to 1700.

=Brahmini=, Bengal. 21N. 86E. Famous as scene of wooing of Matsya Gandha, mother of alleged compiler of 'Mahabharata' and the Vedas.

=Broach=, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Captured by British, 1772; ceded to Scindia, 1783; re-captured by British, 1803.

=Brusa=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 29E. Former capital of Bithynia. F. by Prusus II., King of Bithynia. Captured by Sultan Orkhan of Turkey, 1326; plundered by Tartars, 1402; suffered from earthquakes, 1855.

=Budaun=, United Provs. 28N. 78E. Supposed to have been f. c. 905. Seized by Kutb-ud-din, 1196; joined in Mutiny, 1857. Res. of Ala-ud-din.

=Buddha-Gaya=, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Formerly centre of worship of Buddha, and contains sacred pipal-tree under which Sakyamuni reached Buddhahood. Visited by Hieun Tsiang, 635.

=Budihaul=, Madras. 14N. 76E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1771, 1790.

=Budrum=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 27E. F. on site of ancient Halicarnassus. Contains a fortress built by the knights of Rhodes, 1402. Bp. of Herodotus and Dionysius.

=Burhanpur=, Central Provs. 21N. 76E. F. by Nasir Khan, c. 1400; adorned by Akbar, 1600. Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1685; captured by Wellesley, 1803.

=Buxar=, Bengal. 26N. 84E. Mir Kasim defeated by Sir Hector Munro, 1764. Of literary interest as res. of writers of Vedic hymns.

=Cæsarea=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. F. by Herod the Great on site of Strato's Tower. Famous in biblical history as city in which St. Peter preached to Cornelius, and St. Paul was incarcerated for two years. Vespasian became emperor, 69; Eusebius was bishop, 315-318; captured by Crusaders but regained by Saladin, 1101; destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 1265. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Calah=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. One of ancient capitals of Assyria; f. by Shalmaneser I., c. 1300 B.C.; rebuilt by Asurnazirpal, 880 B.C. Ruins discovered by Sir A. H. Layard, 1845.

=Calcutta=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. F. by Governor Job Charnock, 1686; Fort William established, 1696; besieged by Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal, and captives imprisoned in the 'Black Hole,' 1756; recaptured by Clive, 1757; chief seat of British government, 1773. (See Kipling's 'City of Dreadful Night.')

=Calicut=, Madras. 11N. 76E. Covilham landed here, 1486; Vasco da Gama, 1498; Captain Keeling, 1615. Don Fernando Coutinho repulsed, 1509; devastated by Hyder Ali, 1765; taken by British, 1782; by Tippoo Sahib, 1788; re-taken by British, 1790. (See Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains,' also 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Cambay=, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Taken by General Goddard, 1780; given to Mahrattas, 1783; ceded to British, 1803. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Cana=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Famous in biblical history as scene of Christ's first miracle. Bp. of his disciple Simon.

=Cannanore=, Madras. 12N. 75E. Visited by Vasco de Gama, 1498.

=Canton=, China. 23N. 113E. Bogue forts captured by British, 1841; city occupied by French and British forces, 1857. (See Little's 'Far East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')

=Capernaum= ('village of Nahum'), Palestine. 33N. 36E. City in which Christ resided, and performed many miracles; home of St. Matthew. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Carchemish=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 38E. Captured by Tiglath-pileser I., c. 1120 B.C.; Josiah killed by Necho II. of Egypt, 609 B.C.; Necho vanquished by Nebuchadnezzar, 605 B.C.

=Carmel=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Mountain on which Elijah slaughtered the priests of Baal. Napoleon used one of the monasteries situated here as a hospital, 1799. Visited by Lamartine, 1832.

=Cawnpur= ('city of Krishna'), United Provs. 26N. 80E. Scene of the massacre of Europeans by Nana Sahib during Mutiny, 1857. (See Trevelyan's 'Cawnpore.')

=Cayster=, Asia Minor. 38N. 28E. River made famous by Virgil in the 'Georgics' and Ovid in the 'Metamorphoses.' Remains of Ephesus are near its mouth.

=Celebes=, Malay Archipelago. 4S. 121E. Discovered by Portuguese, 1512; established fort at Macassar, 1525; driven out by Dutch, 1660; taken by British, but yielded to Dutch, 1814.

=Ceylon=, Indian Ocean. 8N. 81E. Visited by Portuguese, 1505; driven from island by Dutch, 1658; ceded to Britain by Treaty of Amiens, 1802; annexed, 1815.

=Chakan=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Captured by Malik Ahmad, 1486; by Shaista Khan, 1662; by Lieut.-Col. Deacon, 1818.

=Chakdaha=, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Bp. of Karta Baba, who f. the Kartabhaja sect.

=Champaner=, Bombay. 22N. 74E. Taken by Mahmoud Begara, 1484; plundered by Humayun, 1535.

=Chanar=, United Provs. 25N. 83E. Supposed to have been f. by Bhartrinath. Taken by Humayun, 1537; by Akbar, 1575; attempted seizure by Major Munro, 1763. Near fort is tomb of Saint Shah Kasim Sulaimani.

=Chandaur=, Bombay. 20N. 74E. Taken by the Mogols, 1635; by Aurungzebe, 1665; by Colonel Wallace, 1804; British possession, 1818.

=Chanderi=, Central India. 25N. 78E. Seized by Ghiyas-ud-din, 1251; by Mahmoud Khilji I., 1438; by Jean Baptiste Filose, 1811; by Sir Hugh Rose, 1858.

=Chandernagore= ('city of the moon'), Bengal. 23N. 88E. Ceded to French by Aurungzebe, 1688; taken by British, 1757; restored to French, 1816.

=Chandragiri=, Madras. 14N. 79E. Said to have been f. by Immadi Narashima Yadava Rayalu, 1000. Res. of deposed Vijayanagar kings. Conquered by Hyder Ali, 1782.

=Charsadda=, Punjab. 34N. 72E. Mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian; visited by Hieun Tsiang.

=Chaul=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1516; pillaged by Gujerat troops, 1529; Ahmadnagar army defeated by Portuguese, 1594; taken by Mahrattas, 1740.

=Chemulpo=, Korea. 37N. 127E. In Russian-Japanese war, Russians defeated by Admiral Urin, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')

=Chengalput=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Said to have been f. by Timmarajah. Captured by French, 1751; by Clive, 1752; place of refuge of British troops, 1780.

=Chetwai=, Madras. 11N. 76E. Occupied by Dutch, 1717; taken by Hyder Ali, 1776; British possession, 1790.

=Chhapia=, United Provs. 27N. 82E. Bp. of Swami Narayan, incarnation of Krishna.

=Chidambaram= ('the atmosphere of wisdom'), Madras. 11N. 80E. Taken by French, 1753; unsuccessfully attacked by British, 1759; captured by Major Monson, 1760; unsuccessfully attacked by Sir Eyre Coote, 1781.

=Chi-fu=, China. 38N. 122E. Convention held between Sir Thomas Wade and Li Hung Chang, 1876; meeting-place of blockade runners, 1904-5.

=Chiknayakanhilli=, Madras. 13N. 77E. Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1791. Burial-place of Dodda Deva Rajah.

=Chillianwallah=, Punjab. 33N. 74E. Sikhs defeated in doubtful battle by Lord Gough, 1849. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Chinchvad=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Res. of Moroba, incarnation of Ganpati, and scene of his miracles.

=Chin-Kiang=, China. 35N. 108E. Partially destroyed by Tai-pings, 1853.

=Chinsurah=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. F. by Dutch, 1656; routed by British under Colonel Forde, 1758; occupied by British, 1795; restored to Dutch, 1814; ceded to British, 1825.

=Chitakul=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Captured by Portuguese, 1752; by Fazl-ullah Khan, 1763.

=Chitrakut=, United Provs. 25N. 81E. Mentioned in the 'Ramayana' as scene of wanderings of Rama and Sita, and here they were sought out by Bharat.

=Chittagong=, Burma. 22N. 92E. Visited by Portuguese, 1618; belonged to Mogol empire, 1666; taken by British, 1760.

=Chupni=, Bengal. 25N. 92E. Bp. of Akhay Kumar Datta, prose-writer of Bengal.

=Cnidus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 27E. Supposed to have been f. by Triopas. Famous for the worship of Venus. Near the coast of Cnidus Conon defeated the Spartan fleet, 314 B.C. Bp. of Eudoxus, Ctesias, and Sostratus.

=Cochin=, Madras. 10N. 76E. Taken from the Portuguese by Dutch, 1633; captured by British, 1795; ceded by treaty to British, 1814. Visited by Vasco da Gama, 1502; by St. Francis Xavier, 1530. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Coimbatore=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Taken by British from Tippoo Sahib, 1799.

=Colgong=, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Death of Ghiyas-ud-din Mahmoud, last king of Bengal, took place here, 1539.

=Colombo=, Ceylon. 7N. 80E. Taken by Portuguese, 1517; ousted by Dutch, 1603; conquered by British, 1796.

=Colophon=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Supposed to have been f. by Andracmon of Pylos or by Mopsus. Bp. of Homer, Mimnermus, and Nicander.

=Colossæ=, Asia Minor. 38N. 29E. Now represented by Khonas, bp. of Nicetas Khoniates. Mentioned by Xenophon and Herodotus. St. Paul sent a letter to its church during his imprisonment at Rome.

=Conjeveram=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Captured by Mussulmans, 1310, 1646; by Mahrattas, 1677; by Clive, 1752; burnt by French, 1757.

=Coringa=, Madras. 17N. 82E. Became British possession, 1759. Inundated and partially destroyed by ocean, 1787, 1832.

=Cossimbazar=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. British defeated by Surajah Dowlah, 1757. Contains tomb of first wife of Warren Hastings.

=Covelong=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Captured by French, 1750; by Clive, 1752.

=Cranganore=, Madras. 10N. 76E. Fortress erected by Portuguese, 1505; ceded to Dutch, 1660; sold to Rajah of Travancore.

=Cunaxa=, Asiatic Turkey. 33N. 44E. Cyrus the Younger killed here in a battle with his brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, 401 B.C.

=Cydnus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 35E. River up which Cleopatra sailed to meet Antony.

=Cyprus=, Asiatic Turkey. 35N. 33E. Seat of worship of Aphrodite; bp. of Barnabas. Conquered by Arabs, 646; retaken by Greeks, 648; secured by Haroun-al-Raschid, 802; by Comnenus, 1184; ruled by Guy de Lusignan, 1193; occupied by Turks, 1570; ruled by British, 1878. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Dafar=, Arabia. 17N. 54E. Described in 'Travels of Marco Polo' as Dulfar.

=Damalcheruvu Pass=, Madras. 13N. 79E. Mahrattas defeated and killed Nawab Dost Ali, 1740.

=Daman=, Bombay. 20N. 73E. Portuguese possession since 1531.

=Damascus=, Syria. 34N. 36E. Supposed to have been f. by Uz. Conquered by David, by Jeroboam II., Tiglath-Pileser, Sennacherib, and Nebuchadnezzar. Subdued by Pompey, 64 B.C.; by Mohammedans, 635; conquered by Nureddin, 1154; Saladin died here, 1193; Egyptians defeated by Tamerlane, 1401; taken from Turks by Selim I., 1516; captured by Ibrahim Pasha, 1832; ceded to Turkey, 1840. Massacre of Jews, 1840; of Christians, 1860. The English historian Buckle died here. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')

=Daminya=, Bengal. 25N. 88E. Bp. of Mukunda Ram Chakrabarti.

=Daulatabad= ('abode of prosperity'), Haidarabad. 20N. 75E. F. by Bhillama I., c. 1187 A.D.; seized by Ala-ud-din Khilji, 1294; by Mohammedans, 1307, 1310; Rajah Harpal flayed alive, 1318; captured by Nijam Shakis from Bahmanis, 1526; from Emperor Akbar, 1595; taken by Malik Amber, 1607; by Shah Jahan, 1633; Abul Hasan imprisoned here by Aurungzebe, 1687.

=Dead Sea=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Frequently mentioned in biblical history. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')

=Deglur=, Haidarabad. 19N. 78E. Contains tomb of Shah Zia-ud-din Rifai.

=Delhi=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Captured by Mohammedans, 1193; by Tamerlane, 1398; Sultan Baber established Mogol dynasty, 1526; burnt by Mahrattas, 1736; taken by Persians, who plundered it of treasures, including Koh-i-noor diamond, 1739; recaptured by Mahrattas, 1789; seized by Lord Lake, 1803; scene of terrible massacre of British in Mutiny, 1857; Durbar of Edward VII. held here, 1903; of George V., 1911. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'On the Face of the Waters' and 'India through the Ages,' Madhu Sudan Datta's 'Captive Ladie,' Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.')

=Deogarh=, United Provs. 25N. 78E. Contains carvings dating from 1097. Captured by Colonel Baptiste, 1811.

=Deogurk=, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Contains many temples to Siva, and is famous place of pilgrimage.

=Deraiyeh=, Arabia. 25N. 46E. Ancient capital of Wahabis; destroyed by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, 1818.

=Devanhalli=, Madras. 15N. 78E. F. in 1501; captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791. Bp. of Tippoo Sahib.

=Devikottai=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Taken from Pratap Singh by British, 1749; occupied by British garrison, 1760.

=Dhampur=, United Provs. 29N. 79E. Captured by Dunde Khan, c. 1750; by Amir Khan, 1805.

=Dhar=, Central India. 23N. 75E. Destroyed by Jaya Sinha, 1020; yielded to Aurungzebe, 1658. Bp. of Baji Rao II., and contains mausoleum of Abdullah Shah Changal, Mohammedan saint.

=Dharapuram=, Madras. 11N. 78E. Taken by Colonel Wood, 1768; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.

=Dharwar=, Bombay. 15N. 75E. Fort said to have been f. by Dhar Rao, 1403; captured by Ali Adil Shah, 1573; by Aurungzebe, 1685; by Hyder Ali, 1778; British possession, 1818.

=Dholka=, Bombay. 23N. 72E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1736; ceded to British, 1804.

=Dholpur= ('the town of Dholan'), Rajputana. 27N. 78E. Alleged to have been f. by Dholan Deo. Taken by Sikander Lodi, 1501; by Babar, 1526.

=Dhulia=, Bombay. 21N. 75E. Devastated by Holkar, 1803; British possession, 1818.

=Diarbekr=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 40E. F. on the site of ancient city of Amida. Fortified by Constantius, 340; captured by Persians, 502; by Arabs, 640; by Sultan Selim I., 1515.

=Dig=, Rajputana. 27N. 77E. Fell to Najaf Khan, 1776; General Frazer conquered Holkar in the vicinity, 1804.

=Dindigull=, Madras. 10N. 78E. Overcome by Rajah of Mysore, 1755; taken by British from Tippoo Sahib, 1783, but given back, 1784; ceded to British, 1792.

=Dipalpur=, Punjab. 31N. 74E. Conquered by Tamerlane, 1398; besieged by Babar, 1524; by Mahrattas, 1758.

=Diu=, Bombay. 21N. 71E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1515; fortified, 1535; plundered by Arabs, 1670.

=Dolon-nor=, Mongolia. 42N. 116E. Contains many Buddhist temples, and the ruins of Changtou described by Marco Polo are near this city.

=Dondra Head= ('island's end'), Ceylon. 6N. 80E. Most southernly point of island, considered sacred by the Hindus. Ibn Batouka, the Arabian geographer, visited this place, 1344. Destroyed by Portuguese, 1587.

=Dumdum=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Scene of Sepoy rising in Mutiny, 1857.

=Dwarka=, Bombay. 22N. 69E. Taken by British, 1816. Associated with Krishna, and sometimes said to be his birthplace.

=Ecbatana= ('an assembly'), Persia. 35N. 48E. Ancient capital of Media, supposed to have been f. by Deioces, c. 705 B.C.; now known as Hamadan. Conquered and plundered by Seleucus, 313; by Alexander, 331 B.C. Contains tombs alleged to be those of Mordecai and Esther, also mosque of Avicenna.

=Efsene=, Turkestan. 40N. 65E. Bp. of Avicenna, Persian philosopher and physician.

=Ekron=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city of Philistia, frequently mentioned in the Bible. Taken by Thothmes III., c. 1500 B.C.; by Sennacherib, 701 B.C.

=Elburz=, Persia. 37N. 50E. Mountains, on one of which Saum exposed his son Zalzer. (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name.')

=El Elah=, Arabia. 26N. 39E. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Elephanta=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Sacred island in Hindu mythology, containing many temples.

=Ellichpur=, Berar. 21N. 77E. F. by Rajah Ellon. Besieged by Mahrattas, 1772; taken by Ala-Eddin, 1794.

=Ellora=, Haidarabad. 20N. 75E. Contains wonderful temples to Buddha hewn out of rock. The Kailasa temple possesses sculptures of scenes from the 'Ramayana' and the 'Mahabharata.'

=Endor=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Place where witch summoned before Saul the spirit of Samuel, who foretold his defeat and death.

=Engedi= ('goat's spring'), Palestine. 31N. 35E. Frequently mentioned in the Bible, especially as the wilderness to which David fled from Saul. Pliny refers to it as a ruin.

=Enoshima=, Japan. 35N. 140E. An island near Yokohama containing celebrated shrine. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')

=Ephesus=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Said to have been f. by Amazons, or by Androcles, son of Codrus. Taken by the Arabs from the Persians, 1283. Famous as a sacred city of Artemis. The first Christian church established here, of which Timothy was bishop. John the Baptist and the Virgin Mary are said to have died in this city. Bp. of Heraclitus, Hermodorus, Hipponax, and Parrhasius. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress.')

=Erbil=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 44E. Darius finally defeated by Alexander, 331 B.C.

=Erivan=, Transcaucasia. 40N. 45E. Taken by the Turks 1582; by Shah Abbas, 1604; stormed by Turks, 1615; unsuccessfully attacked by Heraclius, 1780; by Russians, 1804; taken by Paskevich, 1827; ceded to Russia, 1828. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1679. (See Bodenstedt's 'Tausend und ein Tage im Orient' for Tatar poem in celebration of Russian victory.)

=Erode=, Madras. 11N. 78E. Captured by British, 1768; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.

=Erzerum=, Turkish Armenia. 40N. 41E. Taken by Seljuks, 1201; by Mogols, 1242; by Turks, 1517; by Russians, 1828, 1878; but restored to Turks, 1878. Experienced severe earthquake, 1859.

=Erzingan=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 40E. Home of St. Gregory. Greatly suffered from earthquake, 1774.

=Esdraelon= ('God has sown'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. Plain frequently occurring in biblical history, notably at the time of Barak's defeat of Sisera, Gideon's victory over Midianites, and Philistines over Saul, also in the time of Ahab.

=Eskishehr=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 30E. Contains several tombs of Mohammedan saints. Near the city Godfrey of Bouillon defeated Soliman.

=Etchmiadsin=, Transcaucasia. 40N. 44E. Ecclesiastical capital of Armenia, with famous monastery. Taken by Russians during Russo-Persian war, 1827; ceded to Russians, 1828.

=Euphrates=, Asiatic Turkey. 30N. 48E. Most important river of the world. One of the four rivers of Eden; on its banks Nimrod f. the Babylonian empire, and the Old Testament patriarchs dwelt.

=Eurymedon=, Asia Minor. 37N. 31E. River at whose mouth Persians were defeated by Cimon, 466 B.C.

=Everest=, Mount, Nepal. 28N. 87E. Highest known peak in the world, the altitude of which was discovered by Sir George Everest, 1841; named in his honour by Sir Andrew Waugh, 1856.

=Falta=, Bengal. 22N. 88E. Scene of British retreat after capture of Calcutta, 1756.

=Famagousta=, Cyprus. 35N. 34E. F. by Ptolemy Philadelphus. Taken by Richard Coeur de Lion, 1191; Guy de Lusignan crowned here. Captured by Genoese, 1376; yielded to Turks, 1571.

=Fatehgarh=, United Provs. 27N. 80E. F. by Nawab Mohammed Khan, c. 1714; stormed by Mahrattas, 1751; Lord Lake defeated Holkar, 1804.

=Ferozeshah=, Punjab. 31N. 75E. Sir Hugh Gough and Sir Henry Hardinge defeated Sikhs, 1845. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Firospur= ('city of Firuz'), Punjab. 28N. 77E. Battle fought between Sikhs and British, which gave Punjab to Britain, 1845.

=Formosa= ('beautiful'), China. 24N. 121E. Portuguese landed, 1590. Dutch f. Fort Zelandia, 1624; withdrew, 1662. Attached to China, 1683; opened to foreigners, 1858; Anping and Zelandia occupied by British, 1868, but restored to China; island invaded by Japanese, 1874; captured by French, 1884; ceded by China to Japan, 1895. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Fort St. David=, Madras. 12N. 80E. F. by Hindu, Chinnia Chetti; purchased by British, 1690; Clive became its governor, 1756; captured by French under Lally, 1758; given up, 1760; recaptured, 1782; restored to British, 1785.

=Fu-chau= ('happy region'), China. 26N. 119E. The walled capital of Fu-kien. Open to foreign trade, 1842; contains an arsenal constructed by two Frenchmen, 1867; bombarded by French, 1884.

=Fuji Yama=, Japan. 35N. 139E. Supposed to have sprung up in a single night, 285 B.C. Highest mountain in Japan, held in religious veneration, famous in legend, poetry, and art. It is volcanic, the last outbreak taking place in 1707. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')

=Fulia=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Krittibas, translator into Bengali of 'Ramayana.'

=Furruckabad= ('happy abode'), Bengal. 25N. 88E. Lord Lake defeated Mahratta Holkar, 1805.

=Futtehghur=, Rajputana. 26N. 75E. Nearly entire European inhabitants massacred, 1857.

=Futtipur-Sikri= ('city of victory'), United Provs. 27N. 78E. F. by Akbar, 1570. Res. and burial-place of Saint Salim Chishti. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'Prince of Dreamers.')

=Fyzabad=, Afghanistan. 37N. 70E. Destroyed by Murad Beg, 1829; rebuilt by Faiz Muhammed Khan, 1865.

=Galle=, Ceylon. 6N. 80E. F. by Portuguese, 1518; taken by Dutch, 1642; by British, 1796.

=Galna=, Bombay. 21N. 75E. Pillaged by Sivaji, 1679; captured by Aurungzebe, 1705; by Colonel Wallace, 1804.

=Gamala=, Palestine. 33N. 36E. Unsuccessfully besieged by Agrippa; captured by Vespasian in Jewish war, 66-70.

=Gaur=, Bengal. 25N. 88E. Ancient capital of Bengal. Seized by Mohammedans, 1204; embellished by Akbar, 1575. (See Burton's 'Vikram and the Vampire,' 7th story.)

=Gaya=, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Sacred city of the Buddhists, being the bp. of Buddha.

=Gaza=, Palestine. 32N. 34E. City from which Samson is said to have taken the gates. Burnt by Syrian king, Alexander Jannæus, 96 B.C.; captured by Omar, 634; occupied by Templars, 1152; taken by Saladin, 1187. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Gerasa=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Taken by Alexander Jannæus, 83 B.C.; rebuilt by Romans, 65 B.C.

=Gethsemane=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Scene of Christ's vigil on the eve of his crucifixion. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')

=Ghaziabad=, United Provs. 29N. 77E. F. by Ghazi-ud-din, 1740. Suraj Mal killed by Rohillas, 1763.

=Ghazipur=, United Provs. 26N. 84E. Capital of district of Ghazipur; contains many magnificent ruins. Lord Cornwallis died here, 1805. (See Kipling's 'In an Opium Factory.')

=Ghazni=, Afghanistan. 34N. 68E. Seized by Nadir Shah, 1738; by Lord Keane, 1839; by General Nutt, 1842. Contains tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni, 1030.

=Gheriah=, Bombay. 17N. 73E. Bombarded by British fleet under Admiral Watson, and captured by Clive, 1756; British possession, 1818.

=Ghodbandar=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Mahrattas unsuccessfully stormed town, 1672; captured from Portuguese, 1737.

=Ghoraghat=, Bengal. 25N. 89E. Mentioned in the 'Mahabharata' as place of refuge of Virat Rajah.

=Gibeah=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Res. of King Saul, and alleged to be his birthplace.

=Gibeon=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Famous in Old Testament history, especially for Joshua's defence of the city against the Amorites.